2-1 anglo-saxon period
The Anglo-Saxon Period
the Jutes, possibly from the Jutland peninsula (in modern Denmark; Danish: Jylland).
Beowulf
Beowulf ( /beiwʊlf/; in Old English [beːow̯ ʊlf] or [beːəwʊlf]) is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature.
The term Anglo-Saxon is used by some historians to designate the Germanic tribes who invaded and settled the south and east of Britain beginning in the early 5th century and the period from their creation of the English nation up to the Norman conquest. The Anglo-Saxon era denotes the period of English history between about 550 and 1066.[1][2] The term is also used for the language, now known as Old English, that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in England (and part of southeastern Scotland) between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century
美国文学史及选读中古英语时期的名词解释
美国文学史及选读中古英语时期的名词解释中古英语时期的名词解释1.Old English period (the Anglo-Saxon period): The Old English Period, extended from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of the seventh century did the Anglo-Saxons, whose earlier literature had been oral, begin to develop a written literature.2. Alliteration: Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word.3. Prose: Prose is an inclusive term for all discourse, spoken or written, which is not patterned into the lines either of metric verse or free verse.4. Couplet: A couplet is a pair of rhymed lines that are equal in length.5. Meter: Meter is the recurrence, in regular units, of a prominent feature in the sequence of speech-sounds of a language.6. Foot: A foot is the combination of a strong stress and the associated weak stress or stresses which make up the recurrent metric unit of a line. The relatively stronger-stressed syllable is called, for short, “stressed”; the relatively weaker-stressed syllables are called “light,” or most commonly, “unstressed”. The four standard feet distinguished in English are: (1) Iambic (the noun is “iamb”): an unstressed syllable followed by a s tressed syllable. (2) Anapestic (the noun is “anapest”): twounstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. (3)Trochaic (the noun is “trochee”): a stressed syllable. (4) Dactylic (the noun is “dactyl”): a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.A metric line is named according to the number of feet composing it:Monometer: one footDimeter: two feetTrimester: three feetTetrameter: four feetPentameter: five feetHexameter: six feetHeptameter: seven feetOctameter: eight feet7. Ballad (popular ballad): Ballad is also known as the folk ballad or traditional ballad. It is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. Ballads are thus the narrative species of folk songs, which originate, and are communicated orally, among illiterate or only partly literate people.8. Arthurian legend: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity.9. Courtly love: It is a doctrine of love, together with an elaborate code governing the relations betwe4en aristocratic lovers, which was widely represented in the lyric poems and chivalric romances of Western Europe during the Middle Ages.10. Romance: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, withlegendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. The name refers to Romance languages and originally denoted any lengthy composition in one of those languages. Later the term was applied to tales specifically concerned with knights, chivalry, and courtly love. Romances were written by court musicians, clerics, scribes, and aristocrats for the entertainment and moral edification of the nobility. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur Charlemagne. Later prose and verse narratives, particularly those in the 19th-century romantic tradition, are also referred to as romances; set in distant or mythological places and times, like most romances they stress adventure and supernatural elements.。
英语的历史
英语的历史古英语时期（又称盎格鲁-撒克逊时期the Anglo-Saxon Period）日耳曼部落在不列颠定居以后，各自占领一些地区。
盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰大部分地区和苏格兰的低地，朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区，撒克逊人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区。
各个部落建立了一些小王国，出现了英语史上的七国时代（the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy）。
直到公元830年，阿尔弗烈德大王（Alfred the Great）才统一了整个英格兰地区。
由于全国长期没有统一，所以古英语时期存在着多种方言，主要的方言有四种：西撒克逊语（West Saxon）、肯特语（Kentish）、莫西亚语（Mercian）和北恩布瑞安语（Northumbrian）。
这四种方言都曾一度占主导地位。
西撒克逊语保存下来的手稿最多，其它方言在形成英语的过程中也起到了重要的作用。
古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日耳曼语族的特点。
这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法，复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。
据统计，在史诗《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf）3183行的诗句中，竟有1069个复合词。
有些复合词中不重读的部分，渐渐失去独立地位，而演变为词缀，如for-，in-，-ful等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用，共有24个名词后缀、15个形容词后缀，-dom，-hood，-ship，-ness，- the，-ful，-ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。
古英语时期诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法，即头韵（alliteration），由此产生的许多短语一直保留至今，如might and main（全力地），friend and foe（敌友），a labour of love（出自喜爱而做的事）。
古英语时期有两个重要历史事件，给英语词汇带来较大影响。
第一件事是基督教传入英语。
公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁（Augustine）的牧师从罗马来到英国传教。
英国文学史知识点
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类: pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作: The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵(写作手法)例子: of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise、二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士与绿衣骑士) 就是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里、乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups、朝圣者都就是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层与社会团体小说特点:each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character、这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格。
英国历史的英语介绍带翻译
通过对英国历史的英语介绍，我们可以理解这个国家的文化和传统的形成过程。对于学习英国文化和了解世界历史的人来说，深入了解英国历史是非常有价值的。无论是古罗马时期、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期、诺曼底征服时期，还是宪法发展和工业革命，这些重要的时期和事件塑造了英国的现代社会和文化面貌。
二、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期 Anglo-Saxon Period
5世纪至11世纪是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期。在这一时期，来自日耳曼地区的盎格鲁-撒克逊人占领了不列颠，并建立了七主要王国。这段时期见证了英国基督教的传入，以及英语作为主要语言的形成。盎格鲁-撒克逊文化对英国文化产生了深远的影响，英国的传统节日和习俗中仍可以看到其痕迹。
五、工业革命 Industrial Revolution
18世纪的英国经历了工业革命，这次革命对英国和世界产生了深远的影响。领导着全球工业变革的英国通过发明和创新推动了工业化进程，从而带动了经济繁荣。工业革命改变了英国社会结构，也引发了许多社会问题。然而，这段时期同时也催生了现代科学、技术和制度的重大进步。
anglo-saxons名词解释
1. 什么是Anglo-Saxons?Anglo-Saxons 意为"盎格鲁-撒克逊人"，是指在中世纪早期（5世纪至11世纪）占领和居住在英国的一裙日耳曼民族。
他们最初来自欧洲北部地区，主要包括来自丹麦、德国和荷兰等地的日耳曼部落。
随着时间的推移，Anglo-Saxons 不断扩张并定居在英格兰地区。
2. 文化特点Anglo-Saxons 民族的文化特点主要体现在他们的语言、宗教和社会结构方面。
在语言方面，他们使用的是一种叫做古英语的日耳曼语言，这种语言后来成为了现代英语的基础。
在宗教方面，Anglo-Saxons最初信仰异教，崇拜北欧神话中的众神，后来随着基督教的传入，他们逐渐皈依基督教。
在社会结构方面，Anglo-Saxons 社会是以贵族和部落为基础的，他们的部落领袖被称为"酋长"。
3. 政治组织在政治组织方面，Anglo-Saxons 社会采用了一种称为"郡县制"的制度，将土地分割成若干个郡县，每个郡县由一位叫做"伯爵"的官员来管理。
还设立了中央政府，国王负责统领全国的事务。
在国王下设立了财政、司法和军事等部门，这种政治组织体系在一定程度上保障了国家的稳定。
4. 经济生活在经济生活方面，Anglo-Saxons 人以农业为主。
除了种植农作物外，他们还养殖牲畜，特别是耕种小麦、大麦和豌豆等农作物。
Anglo-Saxons 人还以渔业和手工业为主要经济来源，他们制作布匹、陶器和金属器具等产品，并通过交换与贸易获取生活所需。
5. 文化影响在文化方面，Anglo-Saxons 的影响主要体现在英国的语言、宗教和政治组织等方面。
古英语成为了英国的冠方语言，为后来的英语语言奠定了基础。
Anglo-Saxons 人在英国传播了基督教，为英国的宗教文化奠定了基础。
Anglo-Saxons 的政治制度也在一定程度上影响了英国的政治组织。
英国文学总结一览表
英国的文学复习资料1 Old and medieval period中古时期的文学1 The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)The Story of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》：the poetry represents the highest achievement of the old english.2 The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章romance 传奇文学代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟12、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：《the Canterbury Tales 》坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
英国文学 Anglo-Saxon时期
盘古
Ymir尤弥尔
女娲
Frigga 奥丁的妻子和女儿
炎帝
Beowulf
伏羲
奥丁
轩辕黄帝
亚瑟王
• 家庭生活： curtain,chair,cushion,blanket,towel, closet,etc． 打猎： kennel,falcon,chase,warren,covert, quail,etc． 艺术与科学： art,painting,sculpture,cathedral,ma nsion,etc． 医药： medicine,physician,surgeon,plague ,pain,remedy,etc．
Alliteration
• Is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.头韵
• End rhyme 尾韵
The origin of myths and legends
• 1. human v.s. nature: • sea, forest, animals • dense swamp fog • harsh winter • • 2. the blending of myth and legend
French
政府： government,authority,sovereign,parl iament,treaty,alliance,mayor,etc． 宗教： clergy,cardinal,parson,vicar,commu nion,faith,etc． 法律： bar,judge,suit,jury,evidence,defend ant,verdict,etc． 陆、海军： army,battle,spy,enemy,captain,arch er,etc．
Anglo-Saxon Period
Christianity Christianity
Christianity first arrived in Britain in the 6th Century, brought by St. Augustine and his followers They gradually converted the population until the 9th Century when most Britons were Christian Latin was introduced to the Anglo Saxons who integrated Old English with Latin Vocabulary Ex… Area, bacteria, cancer, circus, complex, equilibrium, fungus, pauper, peninsula Instilled a literary tradition in Anglo Saxon society
(完整word版)英国文学复习填空题全
Chapter 1 The Anglo—Saxon Period1 The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the Celts, who originally lived in the upper Rhineland and migrated to the British Isles about 600 B。
C。
2. About 400 to 300 B。
C. ，the Brythons，a branch of the Celts，came to the British Isles and from them came the name Britain。
The culture of the Celts belonged to an early stage of the iron age.3 From 55 B。
C。
to 407 A。
D. , the British Isles were under the rule of the Roman Empire。
At that time the Roman Empire was a slave society。
4 It ruled over Europe and had a high level of the civilization. The Romans defeated the Celts and became the master of the British Isles. It was during the Roman occupation that London was founded。
5 The first Roman general who came to British was the famous Julius Caesar who crossed the Dover Strait in 55 B. C。
英美文学英国部分练习题
英美文学英国部分练习题EnglandReviewChapter 11、In Anglo-Saxon period, Beowulf represented the_______ poetry.A. paganB. religiousC. romanticD.sentimental2、The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the _______ century.A. 6thB. 7thC. 8thD. 10th3、Beowulf describes the exploits of a ______ hero, Beowulf, in fighting against themonster Grendel, his revengeful mother, and a fire-breathing dragon.A. DanishB. ScandinavianC. EnglishD. Norwegian4、English literature began with the ______ settlement in England.A. Anglo-SaxonB. RomanC. NormanD. Britain5、The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is the _______.A. novelB. dramaC. romanceD. essay6、The theme of ______ to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.A. loyaltyB. revoltC. obedienceD. mockery7、_______ was the first to be buried in the Poet?s Corner of Westminster Abbey.A. ChaucerB. ShakespeareC. MarloweD. SpenserAnswers: ABBAC AAChapter 21、_______was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.A. Thomas WyattB. William ShakespeareC. Philip SidneyD. Thomas Campion2、The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama. It was______ who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.A. Christopher MarloweB. Thomas LogeC. Edmund SpenserD. Thomas More3、In the conclusion of the prose_______ the author points out that the root of poverty is the private ownership of social wealth.A. Advancement of LearningB. UtopiaC. TamburlaineD. Henry IV4、English Renaissance Period was an age of_______.A. prose and novelB. poetry and dramaC. essays and journalsD. ballads and songs5、＂Liberty, Fraternity and Equality＂were first uttered in the book_______.A. The Shepherd?s CalendarB. UtopiaC. The Rights of ManD. The Declaration of Independence6、＂Denmark is a prison＂. In which play does the hero summarize his observation of his world into such a bitter sentence? _______A. Charles IB. OthelloC. Henry VIIID. Hamlet7、In which play does the hero show his profound reverencefor man through the sentence：＂What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty!＂_______A. Romeo and JulietB. HamletC. OthelloD. The Merchant of VeniceAnswers: AABBB DBHow much do you know about America?1、American Revolutionary War, also called American War of Independence, lasted from 1775 to 17832、The United States of America (also referred to as the America) is comprising fifty states and a federal district3、The official motto of America is In God We Trust4、The capital of America is Washington, D.C. or New York City?5、What does the name Washington, D.C. signify?Chapter 31、Which was not written by John Milton?________A. Paradise LostB. LycidasC. L?AllegroD. Song to Celia2、John Milton wrote his best-know prose work, _______, in the form of a speech addressed to the Houses of Parliament, in which he appealed for the freedom of the press.A. AreopagiticaB. LycidasC. L?AllegroD. Of Reformation in England3、In which famous pamphlet did Milton thus write: ”Ourking made not us, but we him. Nature has given fathers to us all, but we ourselves appointed out own king; so that the people are not for the king, but the king for them”?_____A. Second Defence of the English People 《未为英国人民再辩》B. The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free CommonwealthC. Of Reformation in EnglishD. Defence of the English People 《为英国人民申辩》4、The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and ______is often regarded as the real hero of the poem.A. GodB. SatanC. AdamD. Raphael5、Another school of poetry prevailing in 17th century was that of ____,i.e. those verse-writers, often knights and squires, who sided with the King against the Parliament and Puritans.A. Metaphysical PoetsB. Cavalier PoetsC. John MiltonD. John Dryden6、Explain the” Puritanism” during the English Revolution.Answers: DADB__Chapter 41、____was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Westem Europe in the 18th century.A. The RenaissanceB. The EnlightenmentC.The Religious ReformationD. The Chartist Movement2、Most of the English writers in the 18th century were enlighteners. They fell into two groups, one is______, and the other is______.A. the moderate group; the radical groupB. the passive Romantic poets; the active Romantic poetsC. the Metaphysical poets; the Cavalier poetsD. the lakers; the sentimentalists3、_______was the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.A. Richard SteeleB. Joseph AddisonC. Alexander PopeD. Samuel Richardson4、”Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” This sentence is said by___, one of the greatest masters of English prose.A. Alexander PopeB. Henry FieldingC. Daniel DefoeD. Jonathan Swift5、As a journalist, _____had learned how to make his reporting vivid and credible bya skillful use of circumstantial detail. This power to make his characters alive and his stories credible is an inimitable gift.A. Joseph AddisonB. Daniel DefoeC. Samuel RichardsonD. Tobias Smollett6、_____was the real founder of the realistic novel in England. His novels unfold a panorama of life in all sections of Englishsociety.A. Alexander PopeB. Henry FieldingC. Daniel DefoeD. Jonathan Swift7、Henry Fielding?s first novel ______was written in connection with Pamela of Samuel Richardson.A. Tom JonesB. Joseph AndrewsC. Jonathan WildD. Amelia8、_____,written in heroic couplet by Alexander Pope, was a manifesto of English neo-classicism as he put forward his aesthetic theories in it.A. An Essay of Dramatic PeosyB. An essay on CriticismC. The Advance of LearningD. An Essay on Man9、____was Alexander Pope?s poem which satirized the idle and artificial life of the aristocracy.A. The Rape of the LockB. The Rape of LucreceC. The School for ScandalD. Every Man in His Humor10、_______compiled The dictionary of the English Language which became the foundation of all the subsequent English dictionaries.A. Ben JohnsonB. Samuel JohnsonC. Alexander PopeD. John Dryden11、Which play is regarded as the best English comedy since Shakespeare?A. She Stops to ConquerB. The RivalsC. The School for ScandalD. The Conscious Lovers Answers: BB__DBBB__BCChapter 51、The Romantic Age began with the publication of The Lyrical Ballads which waswritten byA. William WordsworthB. Samuel JohnsonC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. Wordsworth and Coleridge2、The English Romantic Age produced two major novelists. They areA. George Gordon Byron and Percy Bysshe ShelleyB. William Wordsworth and Samuel T aylor ColeridgeC. Walter Scott and Jane AustenD. Charles Lamb and William Hazlitt3、As contrasted with the classicists who made reason, order and the old, classicaltraditions the criteria in their poetical creations, based his own poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”A. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB. George Gordon ByronC. Percy Bysshe ShelleyD. William Wordsworth4、Was made poet laureate in 1813 but most of his works, according ormodem critics, are “the product of literary industry, not of literary creation”A. William WordsworthB. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC. Robert SoutheyD. George Gordon Byron5、Which of the following statements is not true about Don Juan?A. Don Juan was written in Italy during the years 181-1823.B. The story describes Don Juan?s,an English youth of noble birth, life and adventures in many countries.C. In a Greek island, Don Juan met his sweetheart, Haidee, and feel in love with her.D. The last cantos are taken up with a satirical description of the English ruling classes, whose reactionary policy has aroused the hatred from the other nations.E. In Don Juan Byron displayed his genius as a romanticist and a realist simultaneously.6、Which of the following statement is not true about George Gordon Byron?A. Byron?s early ears had been far from happy for he was born with a clubfoot, in the frequent family scenes his mother called him” you lame brat” .B. Byron died in Italy and was deeply mourned by the Italian people and by all progressive people throughout the world.C. The reactionary criticism of the 19th century trued to belittle Byron?s genius and his role in the development of English literature, but Byron remains one of the most popular Englishpoets both at home and abroad.D. Since the May 4 Movement in 1919, more and more of Byron?s poems have been translated into Chinese and well received by the poets and young readers. Byron has now become one of the best-known English poets in our country.7、The first poem in The Lyrical Ballads is Coleridge?s masterpiece .A. Kubla KhanB. The PreludeC. The Rime of Ancient MarinerD. Tintern Abbey8、In1805, Wordsworth completed a long autobiographical poem entitledA. William WordsworthB. The PreludeC. Lucy PoemsD. The Lyrical Ballads9、For his pamphlet .Percy Bysshe Shelley was expelled from Oxford anddisowned by his father.A. Address to the Irish PeopleB. Vindication of the Rights of WomenC. Masque of AnarchyD. The Necessity of Atheism10、Which of the following poem is written by Percy Bysshe Shelley on thedeath of John Keats?A. Peter Bell the ThirdB. HellasC. AdonaisD. The Cenci11、is regarded as the most wonderful lyricist England has everproduced mainly for his poems on nature ,on love, and on politice.A. William WordsworthB. John KeatsC. George Gordon ByronD. Percy Bysshe Shelley12、Which of the following statement is not true about Percy Bysshe Shelley?A. Prometheus Unbound is Percy Bysshe Shelley?s masterpiece, a long epic poem.B. At Eton Percy Bysshe Shelley was known as “Mad Shelley”, for his obstinate opposition to the brutal fagging system, according to which the younger school-boys were obliged to obey the old boys and bear a great deal of cruel treatment.C. George Gordon Byron called Percy Bysshe Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.D. Percy Bysshe Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and expoiters.13、The unfinished long epic has been regarded as John Keats?s greatestachievement in poetry.A. EndymionB. IsabellaC. HyperionD. When I Have Fear14、…s pursuit of beauty in all things bespoke an aspirationafter a betterlife than the sordid reality under capitalism . His leading principle is. ”Beauty is truth , truth beauty”.A. Percy Bysshe ShelleyB. George Gordon ByronC. William WordsworthD. John Keats15、Which is Percy Bysshe Shelley?s masterpiece?A. Queen MabB. Prometheus UnboundC. Prometheus BoundD. The Revolt of Islam16、Walter Scott?s first novel appeared anonymously in 1841 withimmediate success.A. Great UnknownB. Rob RoyC. Guy ManneringD. Waverley Answers: DCDCB BCBDC DACDB DChapter6、71. In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend called _______ appeared. And it flourished in the forties and in the early fifties.a. romanticismb. naturalismc. realismd. critical realism2. _____ described the life of the laboring people and criticized the privileged classes, but the power of exposure became much weaker in her work. The significance of her worklies rather in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life.a. Emily Charlotteb. Emily Brontec. Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskelld. George Eliot3. _____ wrote a number of little sketches of “cockney characters”. He sighed them “Boz”, which was his nickname for his young brother. His first book, Sketches by Boz appeared in 1836.a. Elizabeth Gaskellb. William M. Thackerayc. Charles Dickensd. Jane Austen4. _______ has been called “the supreme epic of English life”.a. A Tale of Two Citiesb. David Copperfieldc. Pickwick Papersd. Oliver Twist5. _____, written in 1843-1844, is one of Charles Dickens?s masterpieces of social satire, famous for its criticism of both the British and American bourgeoisie.a. Pickwick Papersb. The Old Curiosity Shopc. Great Expectationsd. Hard Times6. The pride of wealth, or “purse-pride”, is the theme of the novel ________.a. Dombey and Sonb. A Tale of Two Citiesc. Little Dorritd. Bleak House7. “Of all my books,” wrote Dickens, “I like this the best.” Which work does it refer to? ______.a. A Tale of Two Citiesb. David Copperfieldc. Pickwick Papersd. Oliver Twist8. The theme underlying ______ i s the idea “Where there is oppression, there is revolution”.a. a. A Tale of Two Citiesb. David Copperfieldc. Pickwick Papersd. Oliver Twist9. The _____ Movement appeared in the thirties of the 19th century. It showed the English workers were able to appear as an independent political force and were already realizing the fact that the industrial bourgeoisie was their principal enemy.A Enlightenment b. Renaissance c. Chartist d. Romanticist10. Which novel makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois system of education and bourgeois utilitarianism? ________.a. Oliver Twistb. Hard Timesc. Great Expectationsd. A Tale of Two Cities11. Which novel is a great satire upon the society and those people who dream to enter the higher society regardless of the social reality? ___C___.a. A Tale of Two Citiesb. David Copperfieldc. Great Expectationsd. Dombey and Son12. In the novel __C__, Charles Dickens describes the Chartism Movement.a. Great Expectationsb. A Tale of Two Citiesc. Hard Timesd. Oliver Twist13. _B__ is often regarded as the semi-autobiography of the author Dickens in which the early life of the hero is largely based on the author?s early life.a. Tom Jonesb. David Copperfieldc. Oliver Twistd. Great Expectations14. In 1864, Dickens published his last complete novel __C .a. The Old Curiosity Shopb. Pickwick Papersc. Our Mutual Friendd. Little Dorrit15. The sub-title of Vanity Fair is _C .a. A Pure Woman Faithfully Portrayedb. The Spirit and the Fleshc. A Novel Without a Herod. Sense and SensibilityCCBCC16. George Eliot was the pseudonym of _____.a. Mark Twinb. Mary Ann Evansc. Ellis Belld. Samuel Langhorne Clemens17. ____ written by George Eliot is largely autobiographical in its early chapters.a. Adam Bedeb. The Mill of the Flossc. Felix Holt and Radicald. Mary Barton18. As a poet, ______ provides an example of “a sick individual in a sick society”. Many of his poetic works express a tone of regret, disillusion and melancholy.a. John Ruskinb. Thomas Carlylec. Matthew Arnoldd. Thomas Babington Macaulay19. ______ has been praised as a “gallant, courageous and high-hearted figure,” well-known for buoyant optimism.a. Robert Louis Stevensonb. Laurence Sternec. Robert Browningd. Percy Bysshe Shelley20. The theory of “art for art?s sake” was first put forward by the poet ____.a. Oscar Wildeb. Walter Paterc. Robert Louis Stevensond. Theophile Gautier21. Which lament was written by Alfred Tennyson for the death of his friend Hallam? ____.a. In Memoriamb. Lycidasc.Adodaisd. Elegy written in a Country Churchyard22. My last Duchess is ______.a. a dramatic monologueb. a short lyricc. a noveld. an essay23. _____ tells the tale of a young Englishman who serves as mate on the steam ship “Patna”.a. Lord Jimb. Nostromoc. Youthd. The Old Wives? Tale24. ____ was born in New York and educated in America. He never married, never took part in public affairs, and lived a life of an observer of his limited world of Americans in Europe.a. John Galsworthyb. Henry Jamesc. Thomas Stearns Eliotd. James Joyce25. Who is regarded as a forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century? ___a. John Galsworthyb. Henry Jamesc. Thomas Stearns Eliotd. James Joyce26. ______?s admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of English language.”a. David Herbert Lawrenceb. Thomas Stearns Eliotc. James Joyced. William Butler Yeats27. _____ was the biographer, critic and editor of the Dictionary of National Biography.a. Virginia Woolfb. Thomas Stearns Eliotc. James Joyced. William Butler Yeats28. ____ is the climax of Virginia Woolf?s experiments in novel form.a. The Windowb. Time Passesc. The Lighthoused. The Waves29. David Herbert Lawrence?s representative work ____ was positively taken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the Oedipus Complex in fiction, as the result of Lawrence?s long-range study of the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud.a. Sons and Loversb. The Waste Landc. Lady Chatterley?s Loverd. Women in L ove30. Which of the following plays deals with the story that a linguist trains a flower girl to speak the so-called high-civilized English? _____a. Major Barbarab. Pygmalionc. Mrs. Warren?s Professiond. Man and Superman31. Saint Joan was written by George Bernard Shaw. It is a_____.a. historical playb. novelc. poemd. ballad32. In 1923, ____ was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.a. William Butler Yeatsb. Samuel Butlerc. Thomas Stearns Eliotd. David Herbert Lawrence33. Thomas Stearns Eliot defined his belief as ____.a. classicist in literatureb. royalist in politicsc. Anglo-Catholic in religiond. all of the above34. In which poem are the sterility and chaos of the contemporary world after WWI expressed? ____.a. Ode to the West Windb. The Solitary Reaperc. Lamiad. The Waste Land35. Which poem concerns Thomas Stearns Eliot?s faith and emotional satisfaction in the church? ____.a. Murder in the Cathedralb. The Solitary Reaperc. Ash Wednesdayd. The Waste LandAnswer:。
2023年大学_《英国文学史及选读》(吴伟仁著)课后答案
2023年《英国文学史及选读》(吴伟仁著)课后答
案
《英国文学史及选读》(吴伟仁著)内容简介
PART I THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD
Beowulf
PART II THE ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
PART III GEOFFREY CHAUCER
The Canterbury Tales
(General Prologue)
Popular Ballads
Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale
Get Up and Bar the Door
Sir Patrick Spens
PART IV THE RENAISSANCE
PART V THE 17TH CENTURY
PART VI THE 18TH CENTURY
《英国文学史及选读》(吴伟仁著)目录
本书是作者根据英国文学历史的`顺序结合作品选读所编写的一套适合我国高等教院校英语专业使用的教材。
由于课时有限，历史部分只作了简明扼要的概述，作品选读部分，尽可能遴选了文学史上的重要作家和重要作品。
这部“史”、“选”结合的教材，分为两册出版，第一册是古代至18世纪英国文学，第二册是19划纪至20世纪英国文学。
教材内容丰富，观点正确，选文具有代表性，可作高校外文系英语专业英国文学史和文学作品选读课程的课本或参考书，也是广大中学英语教师及具有一定程度的英语自学者和英美文学爱好者进修的理想读物。
英国文学简史
A Brief Outline of British Literature1.Anglo-Saxon Period盎格鲁-撒克逊时期（Around the 5th century BC to the 8th century AD, the earliest inhabitants of the British islands are Celtics that invaded the British Isles and settled there for nearly 500 years. This long period of time is called the Anglo-Saxon period. ）*Beowulf is seen as the early British epic poem, a long narrative poem about the making of a nation and the fate of its people.2.Medieval Period 中世纪时期（It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire (476) and merged into the Renaissance(15th- 17th century).）*Geoffrey Chaucer(1343-1400) with his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales is regarded as the father of English poetry. （The Canterbury Tales is a collection of short stories in verse, depicting realistically the panorama of life in the 14th century England.）3.Renaissance period (Elizabethan period )文艺复兴时期Late 15th c.–early 17th c.Renaissance is the great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Age and the beginning of the modern world.The Middle Age is also called Dark Age, during which Christianity dominated all the western world and many famous scientists like Copernicus, Bruno, Galileo, were executed because of their scientific findings.The key ideology of this age is humanism, whose emphasis is on the truthfulness of science and the individualism of man.RepresentativeWriters of British Renaissance：*Thomas More托马斯·莫尔(1478-1535): Utopia《乌托邦》, a novel about idealistic socialism.*Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞(1552 -1599): Farie Queen《仙后》, an incomplete English epic poem. It was the first work written in Spenserian stanza (9-line stanza). It is an allegorical work as a praise of Queen Elizabeth I.*Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛(1564–1593): His masterpiece of drama is The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》. It is commonly referred to as Doctor Faustus, a play based on the German story Faust《浮士德》, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power and knowledge.Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》The Jew of Malta《马耳他岛的犹太人》*Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根（1561-1626）: He is best remembered as the first important essayist in England. He was famous for his Collection of Fifty-eight Essays.《论说文集》His other works include New Instrument (Novum Organum)and Advancement of Learning. These works entitled him as the founder of modern science.*William Shakespeare威廉·莎士比亚(1564–1616), with his 154 sonnets and 37 plays, is the most influential writer of English literature.It is said that the three most important cultural sources include Greek literature, Bible, and Shakespeare.Four Great Tragedies: Hamlet《哈姆莱特》, Othello《奥赛罗》,King Lear《李尔王》, Macbeth《麦克白》Four Great Comedies: The merchant of V enice《威尼斯商人》A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》Twelfth Night《第十二夜》; As you like it《皆大欢喜》Great Histories: the life and death of Julius Caesar《裘力斯·凯撒》King Henry Ⅳ《亨利四世》The life of King Henry Ⅴ《亨利五世》The Life and Death of King Richard Ⅲ《理查三世》Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》The Tempest《暴风雨》The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》*Ben Johnson本·琼生（1573-1637）：Every Man in His Humor《人人高兴》Volpone《狐狸》The Alchemist《练金术士》4.Restoration literature王朝复辟时期（It is also called 17th Century Literature. When Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, King Charles was beheaded and the republic of Great Britain was founded. After Charles II restored his reign, the Restoration age began. And more bourgeois writers appeared. Literature of this period is known as Restoration literature, chiefly to praise the harmony of the age and the glorious reign of King Charles II. ）Representative writers of Restoration literature：*John Milton (1608–1674): Paradise Lost《失乐园》（dramatizes the Biblical account of humanity‘s banishment from Paradise.）Paradise Regained《复乐园》（is Milton‘s sequel to Paradise Lost, in which Jesus triumphantly resists Satan and regains the Paradise lost by Adam and Eve.）Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》（Milton employed the Old Testament story ofSamson to inspire the defeated English Puritans with the courage to triumph through sacrifice. This is a rather revolutionary work at that time. We can guess that the first two masterpieces tend to foreshadow the purpose of this work.）*John Dryden约翰·德莱顿(1631 -1700) a laureate poet, an influential essayist and dramatist :Marriage A-la-Mode《時尚婚姻》(1672) All for Love《一切为了爱情》(1678) ―Song for St. Cecilia’s Day‖ is a famous short poem of irregular ode to sing a high praise of the power of music.*John Bunyan约翰·班扬：Th e Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》*William Congreve威廉·康格里夫：Love for Love《以爱还爱》The Way of the World《如此世道》5.Age of Enlightenment(18th-century Literature)启蒙时期（The British literature before 18th century chiefly belonged to the Age of neoclassicism, a term derived from classicism in Greek literature. Neoclassic writers in Britain esteemed such virtuous qualities as objectivity, harmony, rationality, dignity, proportion, and moderation.The 18th century is regarded as the Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment or Age of Reason).It was a cultural movement of intellectuals to emphasize reason and individualism rather than old moral and tradition. Its purpose was to reform society using reason, to challenge conventional ideas, and to advance knowledge through scientific methods. ）Enlightenment Writers：*Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏(1688 -1744): a student of John Dryden and a poet. He wrote poems in the famous form heroic couplet (iambic pentameter rhyming in pairs). 是新古典主义诗歌的代表Essay on Criticism《论批评》Essay on Man《人论》The Rape of the Lock《秀髮劫》*Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特(1667 -1745): Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》，a novel as a political satire to lay bare the narrow-minded struggles between the two parties of Whigs and Tories in England. The Tories were the conserve party and the Whigs were known as the Liberal Party.*Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊(1709 – 1784):As a real critic in English history, he wrote The Preface to Shakespeare《莎士比亚集》Lives of the poets《诗人传》As a linguist, he wrote Dictionary of the English Language for the first time in English history.*James Boswell詹姆斯·鲍斯韦尔(1740 -1795)：He is famous in the English world as the first real biographer in English for his The Life of Samuel Johnson《约翰逊传》*Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福(1660 –1731)：Regarded as the father of English novels英国小说之父. His masterpiece is Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨孙漂流记》Through describing Crusoe‘s marvelous capacity to survive on the isolated island, his boundless energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles, Defoe glorifies human labor and gives people the inspiration to realize their personal values through intelligent hard work.*Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁:Tom Jones《汤姆·琼斯》*Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯: The Deserted Village《荒村》*James Thomson詹姆斯·汤姆：The Seasons《四季歌》*William Collins威廉·柯林斯：Ode to Evening《黄昏颂》*Thomas Gray托马斯·格雷：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园哀歌》6.Romanticism (1798 – 1832) 浪漫主义时期（Romanticism is a school of literature opposed to Neoclassicism. The main form of literature for romanticists is poetry. During the early part of the 19th century, class conflicts became more and more severe. The rational method could not solve the existing social problems. New approaches had to be found.For romanticists, intuitions and emotions were more crucial than reason and common sense. They held that one could find truth through one‘s feelings and that not everything in this world could be explained by reason.Romanticists emphasized the power of passion and the value of individualism. They believe that radical actions could provide effective solutions to the existing social problems. ）Romantic Poets：*William Blake威廉·布莱克(1757 – 1827): pioneer of Pre-romantic Movement. He wrote two collections of poems: Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. These are two books of his collected poems, in which he adopts irony and severely criticizes the injustices of the cruel capitalist society.*Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯(1759 – 1796)：He is a Scottish peasant poet, and wrote poems about the misery of the poor working class people. ―To a Mouse‖, ―A Red, RedRose‖, ―Auld Lang Syne‖ are just a few of his famous poems.Lake Poets：*William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(1770 –1850), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 -1834) and Robert Southey were regarded as the three great "Lake Poets‖ or ―three great Lakers‖.Lyrical Ballads, co-authored by Wordsworth and Coleridge, was thought of as the declaration of Romanticism Movement.*George Gordon Lord Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦(1788–1824)：Don Juan《唐璜》（is Byron‘s masterpiece written in the prime of his creative power. His aim was to remove the cloak of the high society. He called this long poem an epic satire.）Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》*Percy Bysshe Shelley 珀西·比希·雪莱(1792-1822)：A high-spirited revolutionary poet.Queen Mab 《麦布女王》The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰的反叛》Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》The Mask of Anarchy《暴政的假面具》Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》A song: Men of England《给英格兰人的歌》*John Keats约翰·济慈（1795—1821）：To Keats, poetry exists for its own sake. By describing the beauty of nature, he wishes to arouse the reader‘s heart to love nature and escape from the worldly worries.―Ode To a Nightingale‖《夜莺颂》, ―Ode to the Grecian Urn‖《希腊古瓮颂》, ―To Autumn‖《秋颂》are just few of his many romantic poems.7.Period of Realism (1830 – 1918)批判现实主义时期（Realism(Victorian Literature) , during the reign of Queen Victoria, is based on the accurate, unromantic observation of human experiences. Realists insist on precise description, authentic action, true-to-life dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness toward social realities. The purpose of realism is to present an intense exposure and sharp criticism of greed and hypocrisy of the ruling class and the injustices of the society.）Novelists of Realism：*Jane Austen简·奥斯汀(1775 –1817): As a pre-realist, she paved a way for the later women writers, best at describing young girls from middle-class families.Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Emma《爱玛》Persuasion《劝导》Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Mansfield Park 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》*Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯（1812－1870) ：A radical, he uses humor and satire to write his works. He said, ―The greatest literature was literature for the people.‖Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》Hard Times《艰难时世》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》Great Expectations《远大前程》*Three Bronte sisters勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂·勃朗特(1816 -1855): Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Bronte艾米丽·勃朗特(1818-1848): Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Anne Bronte 安妮·勃朗特(1820-1849): Agnes Grey《阿格尼斯·格雷》*William Makepeace Thackeray威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷(1811 –1863) ：His masterpiece is Vanity Fair《名利场》. The book‗s title comes from John Bunyan‘s allegorical story The Pilgrim‘s Progress《天路历程》. In that work, "Vanity Fair" refers to a stop along the pilgrim's progress: a never-ending fair held in a town called Vanity, which is meant to represent man's sinful attachment to worldly things. *Thomas Hardy托马斯·哈代(1840-1928)：Far from the Madding CrowdMayor of the Casterbridge 《卡斯特桥市长》Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德》Tess of the Durbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》（presents the tragic fate of a ―pure‖ young peasant woman at the time of capitalist invasion into the countryside in the 19th-century England.）Poets of Realism：*Robert Browning罗伯特·布朗宁(1812–1889):Pippa Passes《皮帕走过了》The Ring and the Book《指环与书》My Last Duchess 《我的前公爵夫人》*Mathew Arnold 马修·阿诺德(1822–1888): Dover Beach《多佛海滩》Realism Dramatists：*Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹(1751-1816) :The School for Scandal《造谣学校》（This play can be considered as a Comedy of Manners. One of the characteristics of the Comedy of Manners is the hypocrisy of the characters. ）*Oscar Wilde奥斯卡·王尔德(1854-1900)：The Importance of Being Earnest 《不可儿戏》/《真诚最要紧》，*George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳(1856-1950)：Pygmalion 《卖花女》（《皮格马利翁》）Major Barbara《巴巴拉少校》Mrs. Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的职业》Saint Joan《圣女贞德》8.Modernism (1918 – 1945) 现实主义时期（Background: The catastrophe of the First World War had shaken the faith in the moral basis of Western civilization and raised doubts about the adequacy of traditional literary modes in presenting the harsh realities of the postwar world.Influenced by different ideas, thoughts, and various social realities, modernism was made up of many facets in composing literature: naturalism自然主义, surrealism超现实主义, existentialism存在主义, symbolism象征主义, imagism意象主义, fantasy幻想, stream of consciousness意识流, and the like. ）Modernist Writers：*D. H. Lawrence 戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯(1885-1930):Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》: the study of man-woman relations.Women in Love《恋爱中的女人》The Rainbow《虹》Lady Chatterley’s Lover《查泰莱夫人的情人》*William Golding威廉·戈尔丁(1911-1993)：Lord of the Flies《蝇王》（It‘s an anti-Utopian novel. A group of boys stranded on an island. They try to civilize nature, but instead descend into savagery of killing one another. This work successfully penetrates into the evilness of human nature.）*George Orwell乔治·奥威尔(1903-1950):Animal Farm《动物庄园》is considered an allegory about the corruption of absolute power.Nineteen Eighty-Four《1984》is Orwell's prophetic vision about the tragic results of totalitarianism.*Joseph Conrad约瑟夫·康拉德(1857 – 1924) is well known for his use of Stream of Consciousness to reveal a character‘s complex psychology. Stream of Consciousness is a writing device to demonstrate the inner workings of people‘s mind. One‘s present was believed to be the sum total of his past. Time was no longer a series of chronological moments to be presented in sequence, but a continuous flow in the conscious mind of the individual character.Heart of Darkness 《黑暗之心》, a novel.*Virginia Woolf 艾德琳·弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙(1882 -1941) is also a writer of stream of consciousness.Mrs. Dalloway《达洛维夫人》To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》*J ames Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882–1941) Another novelist of stream of consciousness from Dublin.Ulysses 《尤利西斯》Dubliners 《都柏林人》*T. S. Eliot 托马斯·斯特尔那斯·艾略特(1888 – 1965)The Waste Land《荒原》Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock《普鲁弗洛克》*William Butler Yeats威廉·巴特勒·叶芝(1865-1939) a poet of symbolism―The Lake Isle of Innisfree‖, ―Sailing to Byzantium‖驶向拜占庭, ―The Second Coming‖, and many more poems.9.Contemporary Literature（1945- ）当代文学*Doris Lessing 多丽丝·莱辛(1919-2013):The Grass Is Singing 《野草在歌唱》The Golden Notebook 《金色笔记》.*Samuel Becket 塞缪尔·贝克特( 1906 -1989 ): Waiting for Godot 《等待戈多》, a representative drama of absurd theater.*John Osborn (1929 - ): Look Back in Anger --- initiative drama.。
英语的形成
英语的形成古英语时期（又称盎格鲁-撒克逊时期 the Anglo-Saxon Period）日耳曼部落在不列颠定居以后，各自占领一些地区。
盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰大部分地区和苏格兰的低地，朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区，撒克逊人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区。
各个部落建立了一些小王国，出现了英语史上的七国时代（the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy）。
直到公元830年，阿尔弗烈德大王（Alfred the Great）才统一了整个英格兰地区。
由于全国长期没有统一，所以古英语时期存在着多种方言，主要的方言有四种：西撒克逊语（West Saxon）、肯特语（Kentish）、莫西亚语（Mercian）和北恩布瑞安语（Northumbrian）。
这四种方言都曾一度占主导地位。
西撒克逊语保存下来的手稿最多，其它方言在形成英语的过程中也起到了重要的作用。
古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日耳曼语族的特点。
这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法，复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。
据统计，在史诗《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf）3183行的诗句中，竟有1069个复合词。
有些复合词中不重读的部分，渐渐失去独立地位，而演变为词缀，如 for-，in-，-ful等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用，共有24个名词后缀、15个形容词后缀，-dom，-hood，-ship，-ness，- the，-ful，-ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。
古英语时期诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法，即头韵（alliteration），由此产生的许多短语一直保留至今，如 might and main（全力地），friend and foe（敌友），a labour of love（出自喜爱而做的事）。
古英语时期有两个重要历史事件，给英语词汇带来较大影响。
第一件事是基督教传入英语。
公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁（Augustine）的牧师从罗马来到英国传教。
英国文学考试重点(上下两册)
1、The Anglo-Saxon Period盎格鲁撒克逊时期(strength & somberness)The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions---pagan 异教and Christian基督教Cynewulf 基涅武甫the author of poem on religious subject 宗教诗Caedmon 凯德蒙the father of English song 用诗歌的形式译圣经The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England's national epic and its hero Beowulf--- one of the national heroes of the English people.作者不明Grendel格伦德尔-a monster half-humanThe only existing manuscript of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1705.The whole epic consists of 3182 lines and is to be decided into 2 parts with an interpolation between the two.The forefathers of the Jutes2、The Anglo-Norman Period盎格鲁-诺曼底时期（bright，romantic tales of love and adventure English language became)The three chief effects of the conquest were: 1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England 2. the growth of nationality 3. the new language and literature, which were proclaimed in ChaucerThree classes: the Matter of France, the Matter of Greece and Rome, the Matter of BritainKing Arthur「亚瑟王」Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文骑士和绿衣骑士3、Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里•乔叟(首创heroic couplet)，the ＂father of English poetry" and one of the greatest narrative poets of England. It is characteristic that his allegories and symbols are already tinged with realistic images.English tonico-syllabic verseLondon dialectThe Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（本应有32个香客，128个故事，最终只完成了24个）Prologue总引is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. In this poem Chaucer's realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. His work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking, so characteristic of the age of Renaissance whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus became.4、The Renaissance 文艺复兴The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism蒙昧主义They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Thus Wyatt 怀亚特was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.Christopher Marlowe made blank verse无韵体诗William Shakespeare was one of the first founder of realism. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life. “to be or not to be”.Francis Bacon培根his work of three classes: philosophical, literary, professional works. The largest and important works Maxims of the law and Reading on the Statute of Uses. Of Truth & Of studies5、Revolution & RestorationMetaphysical poets玄学诗Restoration（witty and clever, but on whole immoral and cynical）John Milton约翰弥尔顿（文艺复兴之子）his greatest work Paradies lost presents the his views in an allegoric religious form. Paradies lost(12 books marked for its intricate and contradictory composition, based on the bible legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race, Adam, Eve, Satan)John Bunyan班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程written in the old-fashion, medieval form of allegory and dream.6、Enlightenment (man)Three main divisions: the reign of so-called classism, the revival of romantic poetry, the beginning of the modest novel. Prose rather than poetry.代表人物Joesph Addison& Richard SteelePope( elaborate heroic couplets) Henry Field and Tobias George Smollet are the real founders of bourgeois realistic novel. The most outstanding personality of the epoch of Enlightenment in England was Jonathan Swift---Gulliver’s Travels. -(Lilliput) Sentimentalism---Laurence Sterne Pre-romanticism“Gothic Novel”Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe7、The Romantic PeriodWilliam Blake and Robert Burns represented the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism.William Wordsworth’s Lyrical BalladsThe most important and decisive factor in the development of literature is economics. It was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution.Thus, a new class, proletariat, had sprung into existence.The Revolution proclaimed the natural rights of man and the abolition of class distinctions.“liberty, equality and fraternity”The Reform Bill of 1832 shifted the center of political power to the middle class.Romanticism beginning with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads, ending with Walter Scott’s death.The 18th century was distinctively an age of prose.Poetry is the highest form of literary expressionColeridge and Southey, Wordsworth, so-called Lake PoetsThe great literary impulse the age is the impulse of Individualism in a wonderful variety of forms.Byron拜扬（Don Juan）Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱（To the skylark-waking or asleep; teach me half the gladness）John Keats (Ode on a Grecian Urn-beauty is truth, truth beauty) Walter Scott (the father of Europe historical novel) Jane Austen (pried and prejudice) 8、The Victorian AgeCritical realismThe greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens(Oliver Twist雾都孤儿）.Another critical realist - William Makepeace Thackeray was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray’s novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society.Chartist literature宪章文学, the struggle of the proletariat for its rightsR. Browning, humanismCharlotte Bronte (Jane Eyre简爱) Emily Bronte (Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄）9、The 20th Century LiteratureThe first disturbing factor was imperialism帝国主义Another factor that influenced literature for the worse was a widespread demand for social reform of every kind.Thomas Hardy (Tess of the D’Urebervilles)wrence (Oedipus complex 恋母情结）“art for art’s sake”with Oscar Wilde奥斯卡维尔德Anti-realistic art and literature反现实文学Oscar Wilde is the most conspicuous 颓废派writer and poet of the English decadence.Virginia Woolf & James Joyce are novelist of Stream-of-consciousness。
(完整word版)英国文学史及选读复习资料整理(word文档良心出品)
Old English Period— Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)1.The History•From 55 BC to 410 AD, the Romans conquered the land and transplanted its civilization.2.The LiteratureTwo divisions:Pagan & ChristianPaganThe Seafarer水手; The Fight at Finnisburg芬尼斯郡之战; The Wanderer流浪者; Waldhere瓦登希尔;The Battle of Maldom马尔登战役Widsith(威德西斯); The complaint of Deor迪奥的抱怨•The wife’s Lament妻子的哀歌; Ruin毁灭are good examples.Beowulf, England’s national epic.Writing featuresnot a Christian but a pagan poem of all advanced pagan civilization,The use of the strong stress and the predominance of consonants are very notable in this poem. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half has two heavy stressesThe use of alliteration is another notable feature and makes the stresses more emphatic. There are a lot of metaphors and understatements in this poemAnglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)The literature•The Growth of the Arthurian Legends•The legends of King Arthur and his knights had existed as an oral tradition since the time of the Celts.The 17th CenturyA Brief Introduction of the 17th century⏹The contradictions between the feudal system and bourgeoisie⏹James I：1603-1625 political and religious tyranny⏹Charles I: 1625-1649⏹Oliver Cromwell : commonwealth protector: 1653-1658⏹Charles II: 1660-1688 the Restoration⏹James II：1685-1688⏹William of Oranges: 1688-1702 “Glorious Revolution”⏹The Bill of Rights 权利法案：1689John Donne代表作：The FleaMetaphysical PoetryHoly Sonnet 10SongA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning 别离辞：节哀John Milton⏹the early phase of reading and lyric writing⏹the middle phase of service in the Puritan Revolution and the pamphleteering for it⏹the last --- the greatest --- phase of epic writingParadise Lost--- the great epicParadise Regained；Samson AgonistesJohn BunyanThe Pilgrim’s Progress（essay）The 18th-century LiteratureThe Rise of English NovelsThe historical backgroundComparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688.England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century.With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes.The rise of the English novel.代表作：Daniel Defoe Robinson CrusoeJonathan SwiftThe Battle of the Books; 《书籍之战》The Tale of a Tub; 《一只桶的故事》The Drapier’s Letter; 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal; 《一个温和的建议》Journal to Stella; 《给斯黛拉的日记》Gulliver’s Travel. 《格列夫游记》Satirical features⏹Swift offered an opportunity of self-scrutiny.（自我审视）⏹The Lilliputians （小人国居民）and their institutions were all about people and theirinstitutions of England.⏹The Brobdingnagians were incredible Utopians.⏹The scientists and philosophers represented the extremes of futile theorizing andspeculations in all areas of activity such as science, politics, and economics with their instinct-killing tendencies.⏹The picture of the Yahoos made a clear statement about man and his nature.Henry FieldingTom JohnsonSocial significanceThe writer shows his strong hatred for all the hypocrisy and treachery in the society of his age and his sympathy for the courageous young rebels in their righteous struggleThe 18th-century Literature (II)The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandThe rapid development of social life•On the economic scene, the country became increasingly affluent.•On the political scene, a fragile of balance between the monarch and the middle class existed.•On the religious scene, deism came into existence代表Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard● a masterpiece of lyric●Theme: a sentimental meditation upon life and death, esp. of the common rural people,whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and meaning●Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABAB●Mood: melancholy, calm, meditative●Style: neoclassic---vivid visual painting,---musical/rhythmic,---controlled and restrained,---polished languageSection 1 It sets the scene for the poet’s visit to the churchyard. It is enveloped in gloom and grief, which is archetypal of graveyard, poets’fascination with night, graves, and death. The tone is echoed by the last part of the poem●Section 2 It tells about the people entombed there and recalls their life experiences. Whenthe “rude forefathers of the hamlet”lived. They got up early at the twittering of swallows, or a rooster’s wake-up call or a hunter’s horn, enjoyed family bliss with wife and kids in the evening, or were happily busy with farm work in the fields, but now that they lie in their “narrow cells”, their “useful toil”and “homely joys”happen no more. The tone is one of melancholy and regret for the dead.●Section 3 It warns the rich and powerful not to despise the poor since all are equal in faceof death and the grave levels off all distinction. All nobility, power, and wealth “await alike”the inevitable end and “the paths of glory lead but to the grave”. Nothing could●ever bring anything back to life.Section 4●It expresses, on the one hand, the poet’s regret that their life had not been congenial tothe growth and full play of the poor farmers’native gifts and talents and, on the other, his feeling of “a blessing in disguise”for them in the sense that, because they did not commit any crimes to humankind nor have to play the obsequious social climber against one’s integrity.Section 5●It asserts the notion that, even though they lived a less eventful life, there is no reason toforget these farmers.Section 6●It portrays the scenario that the poet envisions would happen after his own death. Avillager would say of him: he got up early to go uphill to the lawn and lay there meditating under the tree until noon. He would wander in the wood, smiling at one moment, muttering to himself at the next, sad and pale, like one “in hopeless love”. Then for a couple of days he did not show up, and on the third day he was buried in the churchyard.Section 7●As he shows sympathy for the poor, he gains the friendship of man and God. He asks thepassers-by not to get to know any more about his merits and weaknesses as he waits in his grave for God’s judgment.●The poem touches the readers to the quick with its notable sadnessOliver Goldsmith’s《The Vicar of Wakefield》•Pre-Romantic Poems (I)William BlakeThe Songs of Experience；THE LAMB；The Tyger；The Sick RoseRobert Burns⏹1) Political poems --- The Tree of Liberty;⏹2) Satirical poems --- Holy Willie’s Prayer, Two Dogs⏹3) Lyrics --- My Heart’s in the Highlands, A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang SyneBurns’s position and his features⏹ A great Scottish peasant poet; a national poet of Scotland⏹Numerous are Burns’s songs of love and friendship.⏹His great success was largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent masteryof the old song traditions.⏹His poetry have a musical quality that helps to perpetuate the sentimentBurns ushered a tendency that prevailed during the high time of RomanticismThe Romantic Period (I)⏹“The Lakers”：湖畔诗人William WordsworthSamuel ColeridgeRobert Southey•William Wordsworth•Lyrical Ballads；Lines Written in Early Spring；To the Cuckoo ；The Daffodils I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；My Heart Leaps Up；Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyComments on WordsworthWordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by simplicity and purity of his language which was spoken by the peasants who convey their feelings and emotions in simple and unelaborated expressions.•George Gordon Byron•Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage；Don Juan•What is Byronic hero?•Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry.•Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is right to all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and he would fight single--handedly against all the misdoings.•Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions •Byronic heroes•heroic of noble birth•passionate•rebellious•individual•Summery•This is a love poem about a beautiful woman and all of her features. Throughout the poem, Byron explains the depth of this woman’s beauty. Even in the darkness of death and mourning, her beauty shines through. Her innocence shows her pureness in heart and in love. The two forces involved in Byron’s poems are darkness and light --- at work in the woman’s beauty and also the two areas of her beauty --- the internal and the external •The theme•This poem shows that mourning does not necessarily imply melancholy or extreme sadness.•Rhetorics•Byron uses many antonyms to describe this woman --- face, eye, hair, cheek, brow, etc. to portray a perfect balance within her.•He often uses opposites like darkness and light to create this balance.• A simile was shown in line one which stated: “She walks in beauty, like the night”, which is also the basis of the poem.•Rhyme and meter•The poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter, with an “ababab cdcdcd efefef” rhyme. •Percy Bysshe Shelley•Comments on Shelley• 1. Shelley is one of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry. And he is also one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.• 2. Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free life for mankind.• 3. One of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.❖ 4. He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.❖ 5. He and Byron are justifiably (justly, rightly) regarded as the two great poets of the revolutionary romanticism in England.❖ 6. Byron, his best friend, said of Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.❖7. Wordsworth said, “Shelley is one of the best artists of us all”.❖Ode to the West Wind❖Stanza 1❖It describes the power of the west wind and its double role as both destroyer(ll.2-5) and preserver(ll.6-12).❖Line 14 sums up the wind’s two basic characteristics, which also constitute the thematic focus of the poem❖Stanza 2❖I t focuses on the adumbration of the wind’s power driving clouds before it and bringing storms with it (ll.15-23) with lightning, rain, fire and hail (ll. 23-28).❖It also describes its destructive aspect of “closing night” enveloping all under its dome ofa vast tomb (ll. 24-25).❖Stanza 3❖It talks about the wind’s impact upon the sea, its first touching on the calm of the Mediterranean (ll. 29-36), and then on the turbulence of the Atlantic (ll.36-42).❖The Mediterranean sleeps in serenity in the summer but is waken up by the wind to see the quivering of the shadows of ancient palaces and towers (ll. 29-35) and the Atlantic cleaving asunder into gigantic chasms (ll. 35-38).❖Even the vegetation at the bottom of the sea “grow gray with fear./tremble and despo il themselves”.❖Stanza 4❖It expresses the poet’s emotional response to the west wind.❖The poet says to the wind (ll.43-47) that he wishes to be spirited away like the leaves, to dance like the clouds, to breathe like the waves, and enjoy a share of the win d’s strength like the storm though with a lesser degree of freedom of movement.❖The poet takes a nostalgic backward glance at his free, uncontrollable boyhood when he could fly like a swift could like the wind, and even outstrip it in speed (ll.47-51), and wishes for the wind to lift him up like a leaf or wave or a cloud (l. 54). But it is only a figment of his imagination.❖He has to face “the horns of life” that he has fallen upon, chained and weighed down, and no longer “tameless, swift, and proud” like the wind (ll.54-56).❖Stanza 5⏹It expresses both the poet’s request for the wind to help spread the words of his poem“among mankind” and wake it up from its deep stupor (ll. 66-69) and his prophecy that spring will come in the wake of winter (ll.69-70).⏹The poem ends upon a note of confidence and hope.⏹John Keats one of the greatest English poets and a major figure in the Romanticmovement⏹Ode on a Grecian Urn The Eve of St. Agnes To a NightingaleWalter Scott He is the creator and a great master of the historical novelJane AustenPride and Prejudice；Sense and Sensibility；Mansfield Park；Emma；Northanger Abbey；PersuasionCritical Realism Victorian PeriodFeatures of Dickens’s novels♦Charles Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation; criticize the vices of capitalist society.Charles Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist society♦Charles Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter and tell much of the experiences of his childhood. Almost all his novels have happy endings.The story of some major novels♦Oliver Twist♦David Copperfield♦Great Expectation♦ A Tale of Two CitiesWilliam Makepeace ThackerayVanity Fair•The Brontë sisters•Charlotte•Jane eyre (1847)•Shirley (1849)•Villette (1853)•The professor (1857)•Emily•Wuthering Heights (1847)•Anne•Agnes Grey (1847)•The tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》Alfred Lord Tennyson•the poet laureate after the death of Wordsworth in 1850•The Princes (1847),•In Memoriam (1850),•Maud (1855),•Enoch Arden (1864),•The Idylls of the King (1869-1872) Break, Break, Break ；Ulysses；Crossing the Bar Robert BrowningMy Last Duchess a dramatic monologueThe transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatureThomas Hardy◆Under the Greenwood Tree◆Far from the Madding Crowd◆The Return of the Native◆The Mayor of Casterbridge◆Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Jude the ObscureOscar Wilde♦The Picture of Dorian Gray♦Lady Windermere’s Fan♦ A Woman of No Importance♦An Ideal Husband♦The Importance of Being Earnest♦Salome♦The Happy Prince and Other TalesGeorge Bernard Shaw♦ a prolific writer;♦winning Nobel Prize in 1925Mrs. Warren’s professionD. H. Lawrence•Novels•Sons and Lovers•The Rainbow•Women in Love•Lady Chatterley's Lover•Novellas•St Mawr•The Virgin and the Gypsy•The Escaped Cock“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs. Dalloway》《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce Araby附读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。
文学2-Anglo-Saxon &Norman Period
b. characteristics and theme
the bravest of knights a test of his virtue and truth one of the best told stories in all the medieval literature of Europe
The Anglo-Saxon period The Old English Period (449-1066)
1. Why is it called Anglo-Saxon (Old English ) period?-----historical background: p.1 Three conquests: Roman conquest in 43 AD; AngloSaxon conquest in 449; Norman conquest in 1066 43 AD, Roman conquered Britain ,making the latter a province of Roman Empire; the withdrawal of Roman troops ,the Teutonic tribes, esp., the Anglos conquered the island and called it Angle-land, then England, their language is AngloSaxon old English (p.2).
美国文学史及选读中古英语时期的名词解释
中古英语时期的名词解释1.Old English period (the Anglo-Saxon period): The Old English Period, extended from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of the seventh century did the Anglo-Saxons, whose earlier literature had been oral, begin to develop a written literature.2. Alliteration: Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word.3. Prose: Prose is an inclusive term for all discourse, spoken or written, which is not patterned into the lines either of metric verse or free verse.4. Couplet: A couplet is a pair of rhymed lines that are equal in length.5. Meter: Meter is the recurrence, in regular units, of a prominent feature in the sequence of speech-sounds of a language.6. Foot: A foot is the combination of a strong stress and the associated weak stress or stresses which make up the recurrent metric unit of a line. The relatively stronger-stressed syllable is called, for short, “stressed”; the relatively weaker-stressed syllables are called “light,” or most commonly, “unstressed”. The four standard feet distinguished in English are: (1) Iambic (the noun is “iamb”): an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. (2) Anapestic (the noun is “anapest”): two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. (3)Trochaic (the noun is “trochee”): a stressed syllable. (4) Dactylic (the noun is “dactyl”): a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.A metric line is named according to the number of feet composing it:Monometer: one footDimeter: two feetTrimester: three feetTetrameter: four feetPentameter: five feetHexameter: six feetHeptameter: seven feetOctameter: eight feet7. Ballad (popular ballad): Ballad is also known as the folk ballad or traditional ballad. It is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. Ballads are thus the narrative species of folk songs, which originate, and are communicated orally, among illiterate or only partly literate people.8. Arthurian legend: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity.9. Courtly love: It is a doctrine of love, together with an elaborate code governing the relations betwe4en aristocratic lovers, which was widely represented in the lyric poems and chivalric romances of Western Europe during the Middle Ages.10. Romance: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. The name refers to Romance languages and originally denoted any lengthy composition in one of those languages. Later the term was applied to tales specifically concerned with knights, chivalry, and courtly love. Romances were written by court musicians, clerics, scribes, and aristocrats for the entertainment and moral edification of the nobility. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King ArthurCharlemagne. Later prose and verse narratives, particularly those in the 19th-century romantic tradition, are also referred to as romances; set in distant or mythological places and times, like most romances they stress adventure and supernatural elements.。
专八考试英国文学复习资料(整理)
专八考试英国文学复习资料（按时间顺序）整理一The Anglo-Saxon period(449-1066)1代表作：The Song of Beowulf贝奥武夫（民族史诗national epic）采用了隐喻手法2写作手法：押头韵例子：to his kin the kindest ,kennest for praise二The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)1 Canto 诗章romance传奇文学（romance was a prevaliling form of literature in the medieval period）2代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士，是一首押头韵的长诗三Geffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1 he is the father of English poetry 他是英国诗歌之父2 heroic couplet 英雄体对句Pentameter 五步抑扬格3代表作：the Canterbury tales 坎特伯雷故事集（英国文学史的开端）、小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner ,thus revealing his own views and charactors.小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness.he is anxious to see man freed from superstitons and a blind belief in fate.4大众民谣popular ballads:a story hold in 4-lines stanzas with second and foruth line rhymed.ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.代表人物：Bishot Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕西主教Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林戴尔四Renaissance(16世纪)文艺复兴时期DramaCanto1 key words:humanism人文主义：admire the bueaty and huamn achievement2 代表人物：1）Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦2）Francis Bacon 佛朗西斯.培根，他是第一个散文家，“the trumpeter of a new age”(his essaies invlve bueaty,love and studies)3)Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特，他是引入十四行诗的第一人（另外写十四行诗的还有Henry Howard ,Sidney,Spenser）4)John Lyly 约翰.黎里Eupheus夸饰文体5)Edmund Spenser 埃蒙德.斯宾塞被称作诗人中的诗人poet’s poet，代表作有the fairy queen仙后，The Shepherd’s Calendar牧羊人日志。
anglo-saxon 写作手法
anglo—saxon写作手法盎格鲁—撒克逊时期（Anglo—SaxonPeriod）1、撒克逊时期主要文学（古英语阶段）历史背景方面，撒克逊时期，无非就是三个部落定居，后来遭到维京人、丹麦人入侵，阿尔弗莱德带领人民击退外敌，解放英国的背景，这里不详述，直接从文学上看。
首先，从文学题材上来看，撒克逊时期的文学主要可以分为异教文学（Pagan）和基督教文学（Christian）还有史诗（Epic），异教文学当中的诗歌主要是撒克逊民族从北欧带过来的，撒克逊民族来自北欧，是无神论的民族，但是相信北欧神话。
他们的诗歌主要是由游吟诗人在宴会上唱给首领和武士听的英雄史诗，其中最著名的就是贝奥武夫（Beowulf），基督教文学则是由精通文学的僧侣们发展起来的，尤其是他们带来了拉丁语，对当时的诗歌和散文影响极大。
至于史诗当时应该是希腊比较繁荣，史诗描写的民族形成过程中战胜各种困难的故事。
其次，从文体上来讲，撒克逊时代的文学主要古英语短诗和古英语散文，诗歌当中除了贝奥武夫这样的英雄史诗，还留存下来一些短诗，其中包括《瓦地尔》、《威德西斯》等等，关于基督教的有很多，比如说凯德蒙、琴涅武甫写的诗歌，凯德蒙是听过僧侣们讲过的圣经故事，以圣经为内容写诗（头韵体），代表作有两篇《创世纪》，琴涅武甫则写圣徒行传，代表作有《十字架之梦》等。
撒克逊时期的散文从8世纪开始出现，散文成就比较高的有比德和阿尔弗莱德（Alfred），比德被称为“英国历史之父”，他的主要作品就是五卷《英国人民宗教史》，关于诗人凯德蒙的传说就源于此。
关于阿尔弗莱德，他是一名传奇的英雄式的国王，九世纪的英国还屡遭丹麦入侵，他带领人民击退敌军，统一王国，此后，阿尔弗莱德大兴教育，召集学者翻译拉丁文著作，复兴文化。
尤其，他本人还主编了《盎格鲁一撒克逊编年史》（TheAnglo—SaxonChronicle），由此他被称为“英国散文之父”，编年史亦可以视作英国散文的开端。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Prose
The earliest prose written in Anglo-Saxon England was in Latin, known sometimes as Anglo-Latin writings. With his “Ecclesiastical History” Bede earned his place as Father of English History. The book covers practically the whole stretch of early English history, from the Roman invasion to Britain under Julius Caesar in the first century B.C., to A.D.731, four years before the author’s death, and it has remained to this day the most important source book on this historical period.
Beowulf 贝奥武夫---National Epic of England
• • • •
Protagonist Subject matter (main incidents) Theme Poetic Form---Alliteration(押头韵)
the literature of the period
Anglo-Saxon literature, that is, the Old English literature is almost exclusively a verse literature in oral form and written down long after its composition. The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions----pagan and Christian 1)the earliest poetry of England has religious coloring 2)the effect of Latin language can also be seen in English early prose and poetry.
The early Anglo-Saxon poets : Caedmon ----paraphrase of the Bible (Caedmon could be the first British poet whose name we know from the historical documents.) Cynewulf---- the author whose poems were on religious subjects
Anglo-Saxon or Old English
social condition:
tribal society---- feudalism After the conquest of Britain, the social constitution of the Anglo-Saxon went through some rapid changes. Therefore the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.
the Celtic tribes----the invasion of Caesar ----the fall of Roman Empire in 410 A .D----the coming of Teutonic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes from the continent---thus began the Anglo-Saxon period in English history---the Norman Conquest 1066 marked the end of the Anglo-Saxon period.
The making of the nation
from the following formula, we can know that the English people are of a mixed blood: Anglos Britons (a tribe of celts) +Saxons+Dane+Normans= English Jutes
Prose
In late9th century King Alfred the Great(A.D 849-901) of the Kingdom of Wessex successfully led the English people in a protracted war against the invading Danes who were threatening to overrun the whole country. All the kingdoms in England were united into one. Alfred the Great’s main contribution to English literature was the role he played in the launching of the “AngloSaxon Chronicle” (A.D.1----1154,2cs after his death, written in local language), father of English prose.
Kinds of Poetry
（In terms of metre）:
1) Metrical Poems（格律诗）
Regular Rhyme; Regular Rhythm; Definite Number of Lines
2) Free Verse（自由诗） Irregular Rhyme and Rhythm; Irregular Number of Lines 3) Blank Verse（无韵诗） Without Rhyme ; With Rhythm
Unknown scribes---- Widsith, Traveller’s song, The seafarer and The Song of Beowulf
Caedmon
Prose
In
the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon prose appeared. The famous prose writers of that period were Venerable Bede and Alfred the Great.
•
the kingdom of the East Anglia in east midland England or land of Angles
Wessex, Essex and Sussex in southern part
Kent in the southeastern corner of the island
Metre（格律）: In listening to the human voice we can always hear that some words and syllables are stressed and others unstressed. When the stressed recurs at quite regular intervals — that is, when the rhythm has a pattern — the result is meter.
Part I Early and Medieval English Literature
the historical background
The
earliest inhabitants of the island: Celtics ( about 600 BC.) people from the Northern Europe (before 2000 years BC.) people from France and lowlands (about 2000 years BC.) Roman Invasion: Roman troops led by Julius Caesar (55 BC, 54 BC.) (54 BC—410 AD) the southeast area of Britain was under the rule of Roman Empire
பைடு நூலகம்
The English Conquest:
Three tribes from Northern Europe • • • The Angles The Saxons The Jutes
Landed on the British coast, drove the Britons west and north
Julius Caesar
The Beginning of Anglo-Saxon time
Teutonic tribes Jutes: 449 AD Saxons: 477 AD Angles: 547 AD
The Main Anglo-Saxon Peoples in about 600
the historical background
Kinds of Poetry
(In terms of content） :
lyre (里拉) 1) Lyrical Poems（抒情诗） Song（韵文) ode （颂诗） Elegy（挽诗）Sonnet (十四行 诗) Epigram (讽刺短诗) Pastoral Poetry (田园诗/牧歌) 2) Narrative Poems（叙事诗） Epic (史诗) ( heroic poems) ballad（民谣） Romance （传奇） 3) Dramatic Poems（戏剧诗） Milton: Paradise Lostblank verse usu. in dialogue; in 《失乐园》