Biosorption of Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) Ions by Aqueous Solutions of Novel AlkalophUlic Streptomyce
助剂对聚醋酸乙烯酯乳胶涂料黏度和光泽度的影响
第52卷第11期 辽 宁 化 工 Vol.52，No.11 2023年11月 Liaoning Chemical Industry November，2023基金项目：广东轻工职业技术学院2021年度大学生科研项目（项目编号：XSKYL202121）；广东轻工职业技术学院第二十一届“挑战杯”大学生课外学术科技作品竞赛立项项目；广东轻工职业技术学院2022年度创新创业精致育人项目（项目编号：JZYR202218）；广东轻工职 业技术学院2022年度创新创业教育教学改革项目（项目编号：CYJG202210）。
收稿日期： 2022-10-14助剂对聚醋酸乙烯酯乳胶涂料黏度和光泽度的影响范欣蕾，刘颖诗，梁家宪，侯欣桦，佘家康，谢梓良，蔡楚冰，李永莲*，罗媛媛（广东轻工职业技术学院 生态环境技术学院，广东 广州 510300）摘 要：为了研究几种常见助剂对聚醋酸乙烯酯乳胶涂料黏度和光泽度的作用及影响，探索了丙烯酸钠盐、羟乙基纤维素、十二酯醇、OP -10、丙二醇等助剂在不同使用量时聚醋酸乙烯酯乳胶涂料的黏度和光泽度。
结果表明：随着分散剂丙烯酸钠盐用量的增大，乳胶涂料的黏度也随之增大，然后减小，分散剂丙烯酸钠盐的合适用量为6.0 g；增稠剂羟乙基纤维素用量增大时，乳胶涂料的黏度也增大；成膜助剂十二醇酯用量增加时，乳胶涂料的黏度先降低再增加，十二醇酯合适用量为2.0 g；乳化剂OP -10的用量增多时，乳胶涂料的黏度总体有下降趋势，OP -10合适添加量为 0.3 g。
聚醋酸乙烯酯乳胶涂料的光泽度都在2.2%~2.3%之间，各助剂的增减对其影响不大。
关 键 词：聚醋酸乙烯酯乳胶涂料；丙烯酸钠盐；羟乙基纤维素；OP -10；十二酯醇；黏度；光泽度 中图分类号：TQ633 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1004-0935（2023）11-1581-04聚醋酸乙烯酯（PVAc）乳胶涂料，是一种重要的乳液胶黏剂，其优点很多，例如原料来源丰富且价格低廉、操作工艺简单、初期黏接强度高等。
医学药理学 英文名词解释
absorption吸收:是指药物从给药部位进入血液循环的过程。
adrenaline reversal肾上腺素升压作用的翻转:a受体阻断药酚妥拉明等可取消去氧肾上腺素的升压作用，可以部分阻断去氧肾上腺素所致升高血压作用，使肾上腺素的升压作用翻转为降压作用，称为肾上腺素升压作用的翻转。
Adrenoceptor ag.肾上腺素受体激动药：一类化学结构与药理作用和肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素相似的药物，与肾上腺受体结合后激动受体，产生肾上腺素样作用，又称拟肾上腺素药。
adverse reaction不良反应：是指上市的合格药品在常规用法、用量情况下出现的，与用药目的无关，并给患者带来痛苦或危害的反应。
Afterdepol.后除极：一个动作电位中0相除极后发生的除极，其频率较快、振幅较小，频荡性波动，膜电位不稳定，易引起异常冲动。
根据时间分为早后除极和晚后除极。
after effect后效应：指细菌接触抗生素后，当药物消除或浓度降到最低抑菌浓度以下时，细菌的生长在一段时间内仍受持续抑制的效应。
agonist激动药:是指既有亲和力又有内在活性的药物，它能与受体结合并激动受体而产生效应。
分为完全激动药和部分激动药。
allergic reaction变态反应:是药物引起的免疫反应，反应性质与药物原有效应无关，其临床表现包括免疫反应的各种类型。
致敏原可以是药物本身或药物代谢产物，亦可能是制剂中的杂质或辅剂。
antagonist拮抗药:是指具有较强的亲和力，而无内在活性，拮抗药与受体结合但不能激动受体。
antibacterual spectrum抗菌谱:指抗菌药物的抗菌作用范围。
antibacterual activity抗菌活性:是指抗菌药物抑制或杀灭病原菌的能力，这是由于各种病原菌或者同一菌种的不同菌株对同一种抗菌药的敏感性不同的关系。
aspirin asthma阿司匹林哮喘:有些哮喘患者服用阿司匹林或某些解热镇痛药后可诱发支气管哮喘，称为“阿司匹林哮喘”。
两步培养法提高栅藻的生物量及油脂含量
两步培养法提高栅藻的生物量及油脂含量李小妹;廖兴辉;王明兹;陈必链【摘要】Scenedesmus sp. was cultured to stationary phase under the conditions of low illumination in-tensity with nitrogen,and then cultured in medium with high illumination intensity and nitrogen deficiency to accumulate oil. The results showed that in nitrogenous BG11 medium with low illumination intensity, the optimal illumination intensity for the growth of Scenedesmus sp. was 2 000-2 400 lx,culturing for 10 d; in nitrogen deficiency BG11 medium with high illumination intensity, the suitable illumination intensi-ty for oil accumulation of Scenedesmus sp. was 6 000-6 500 lx,culturing for 6 d. The biomass and oil con-tent of Scenedesmus sp. cultured by two-step method were (0. 957±0. 126) g/L and (23. 35±0. 2)% re-spectively, increasing by 35. 74% and 100% than that cultured by common one-step method.%采用两步法培养栅藻,即在低光强-含氮条件下,培养栅藻至稳定期积累生物量,然后将栅藻转移至高光强-缺氮培养基中积累油脂。
PrescribingInformationDUPHASTON：处方信息duphaston
Prescribing InformationDUPHASTONTabletsName of the medicinal productDuphaston 10mg film-coated tabletsQualitative and Quantitative CompositionDydrogesterone film-coated tablets contain 10 mg dydrogesterone per tablet. Pharmaceutical FormA round, biconvex, scored, white coloured film-coated tablet, one side bearing the inscription , the other side bearing the inscription ‘155’ on either side of the break markThe score line is only to facilitate breaking for ease of swallowing and not to divide into equal doses.IndicationsProgesterone deficienciesTreatment of progesterone deficiencies such as:-Treatment of dysmenorrhoea-Treatment of endometriosis-Treatment of secondary amenorrhoea-Treatment of irregular cycles-Treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding-Treatment of pre-menstrual syndrome.-Treatment of threatened and habitual abortion, associated with proven progesterone deficiency-Treatment of infertility due to luteal insufficiencyDosage and administrationDysmenorrhoea : 10 mg twice daily from day 5 to day 25 of thecycle.Endometriosis : 10 mg two or three times daily from day 5 today 25 of the cycle or continuously. Dysfunctional bleeding : 10 mg twice daily for five to seven days.(to arrest bleeding)Dysfunctional bleeding : 10 mg twice daily from day 11 to day 25 of the (to prevent bleeding) cycle.Amenorrhoea : an oestrogen once daily from day 1 to day 25 ofthe cycle, together with 10 mg dydrogesteronetwice daily from day 11 to day 25 of the cycle. Pre-menstrual syndrome : 10 mg twice daily from day 11 to day 25 of the cycle.Irregular cycles : 10 mg twice daily from day 11 to day 25 of the cycle.Threatened abortion : 40 mg at once, then 10 mg every eight hoursuntil symptoms remit.Habitual abortion : 10 mg twice daily until the twentieth week ofpregnancy. Infertility due to luteal : 10 mg daily from day 14 to 25 of the cycle. Insufficiency Treatment should be maintained for at least sixconsecutive cycles. It is advisable to continuetreatment for the first few months of pregnancyas described under 'Habitual abortion'. Duphaston is not recommended for use in children below age 18 due toinsufficient data on safety and efficacy.ContraindicationsHypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.Known or suspected progestogen dependent neoplasms.Undiagnosed vaginal bleedingSpecial warnings and precautions for useBefore initiating treatment with dydrogesterone for abnormal bleeding, the etiology for the bleeding should be clarified.Treatment with dydrogesterone has infrequently been associated with alterations in liver function, sometimes accompanied by clinical symptoms. Thus, dydrogesterone should be used with caution in patients with acute liver disease or a history of liver disease as long as liver function tests have failed to return to normal. In cases of severe hepatic impairment treatment should be discontinued.Breakthrough bleeding may occur in a few patients.Conditions which need supervisionIf any of the following conditions are present, have occurred previously, and/orhave been aggravated during pregnancy or previous hormone treatment, thepatient should be closely supervised. It should be taken into account that these conditions may recur or be aggravated during treatment with Trademark, in particular:1. Porphyria2. DepressionOther conditionsPatients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interactionNo interaction studies have been performed.Pregnancy and lactationIt is estimated that altogether roughly 35 million women have been treated with dydrogesterone. Although the number of pregnancies is difficult to estimate, as an approximation it can be assumed that in utero foetuses were exposed to dydrogesterone in around 9 million pregnancies1. From spontaneous surveillance systems to date, there is no evidence that dydrogesterone can not be used during pregnancy.No other relevant epidemiological data on dydrogesterone are available.However, a recent US case-control study investigating 502 cases with hypospadias and 1286 healthy controls suggested at least a 2-fold increased risk of second/third degree hypospadias among boys born by mothers who took progestogens (predominantly progesterone) shortly prior or during early pregnancy (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-5.0). The causality is unclear as the indication for progesterone in pregnancy may be potential risk factors for hypospadias. For dydrogesterone, the risk of hypospadias is unknown.Animal studies have been conducted, however, are insufficient with respect to pregnancy, embryonal /fetal, or postnatal development due to major difference in metabolism between rats and humans (for details see section “preclinical safety data”. The potential risk for humans is unknown.Limited animal safety data suggest that dydrogesterone has delaying effects on partuition, which is consistent with its progestogenic activity.Dydrogesterone is excreted in the milk of nursing mothers. A risk to the suckling child cannot be excluded. Dydrogesterone should not be used during breast-feeding.There is no evidence that dydrogesterone decreases fertility at therapeutic dose.Effects on ability to drive and use machinesDydrogesterone has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.1This high exposure in pregnancy is due to the fact that dydrogesterone has pregnancy related indications inlarge parts of the world.Undesirable effectsThe undesirable effects reported in clinical trials and/or in post marketing experience following dydrogesterone therapy are:MedDRA system organ class Common>1/100, <1/10Uncommon>1/1,000,<1/100Rare>1/10,000,<1/1,000Very rare<1/10,000 incl.isolated reportsBlood and the lymphatic system disorders Haemolytic anaemiaImmune systemdisordersHypersensitivityNervous system disorders Migraines/ headacheHepatobiliary disorders hepaticfunctionabnormal (withjaundice,asthenia ormalaise, andabdominal pain)Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Dermatitisallergic (e.g.rash, pruritus,urticaria)AngioedemaReproductive system and breast disorders Metrorrhagia Breastpain/tendernessGeneraldisorders andadministrationsite conditionsOedemaOther adverse reactions obtained from the market with unknown frequency in association with dydrogesterone treatment:Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps)Increase in size of progestogen dependent neoplasms (e.g.meningioma) (see section 4.3). Psychiatric disordersDepressed moodReproductive system and breast disordersBreast swellingOverdoseLimited data are available with regard to overdose in humans. Dydrogesterone was well tolerated after oral dosing (maximum daily dose taken to date in humans 360 mg). No reports of ill-effects from overdose have been recorded. If a large overdose is discovered within two or three hours and treatment seems desirable, gastric lavage is recommended. There are no specific antidotes and treatment should be symptomatic. Aforementioned information is also applicable for overdosing in children. Pharmacological propertiesPharmacodynamic propertiesPharmacotherapeutic group: Genito Urinary system and sex hormones,ATC code: G03DB01Dydrogesterone is an orally-active progestogen which produces a complete secretory endometrium in an oestrogen-primed uterus thereby providing protection for estrogen induced increased risk for endometrium hyperplasia and/or carcinogenesis. It is indicated in all cases of endogenous progesterone deficiency. Dydrogesterone has no estrogenic, no androgenic, no thermogenic, no anabolic and no corticoid activity. Pharmacokinetic propertiesAfter oral administration of labeled dydrogesterone on average 63% of the dose is excreted into the urine. Within 72 hours excretion is complete. Dydrogesterone is completely metabolized. The main metabolite of dydrogesterone is 20α-dihydrodydrogesterone (DHD) and is present in the urine predominantly as the glucuronic acid conjugate. A common feature of all metabolites characterized is the retention of the 4,6diene-3-one configuration of the parent compound and the absence of 17α-hydroxylation. This explains the lack of estrogenic and androgenic effects of dydrogesterone.After oral administration of dydrogesterone, plasma concentrations of DHD are substantially higher as compared to the parent drug. The AUC and C max ratios of DHD to dydrogesterone are in the order of 40 and 25, respectively. Dydrogesterone is rapidly absorbed. The T max values of dydrogesterone and DHD vary between 0.5 and 2.5 hours.Mean terminal half lives of dydrogesterone and DHD vary between 5 to 7 and 14 to 17 hours, respectively.Dydrogesterone is not excreted in urine as pregnanediol, like progesterone. Analysis of endogenous progesterone production based on pregnanediol excretion therefore remains possible.Preclinical safety dataReceptor binding studies and functional activity studies revealed antiandrogenic potency of progesterone, dydrogesterone and its metabolite dihydrodydrogesterone (DHD). The antiandrogenic potency of dydrogesterone and its metabolite DHD is probably noticeably weaker than that of progesterone. With regard to antiandrogenic effects mediated by inhibition of 5α-reductase type II, an important enzyme for differentiation of the maleexternal genitalia, progesterone is as potent as the synthetic enzyme inhibitor finasteride, whereas dydrogesterone and DHD are inactive.The overall potential to act as antiandrogenic endocrine disruptors may be rated as highest for Progesterone, lower for Dydrogesterone and lowest for DHD. Embryofoetal developmental studies were conducted in rats and rabbits using high dosages of dydrogesterone. No structural adverse effects were recorded in the foetal offspring. In a subsequent peripostnatal developmental study pregnant rats were treated with similar dosages of dydrogesterone during the period of gestation, and pups were raised. There were occasions of hypospadias in the male offspring but only at the highest dose. The next lower dose of dydrogesterone showed a sufficient safety margin in rat plasma exposure (>80 fold) compared to the estimated exposure at the maximum human daily dose of 60 mg. However, due to major species differences in metabolism between rats and humans, no adequate margin of exposure could be determined for the main human metabolite dihydrodydrogesterone.Limited animal safety data suggest that dydrogesterone has delaying effects on parturition, which is consistent with its progestogenic activity.Dydrogesterone has been used in several animal models and has been proven to be an entity with low toxicity, not having mutagenic or carcinogenic properties. Pharmaceutical particularsList of excipientsLactose monohydrate, methylhydroxypropylcellulose, maize starch, colloidal anhydrous silica, magnesium stearate, Opadry Y-1-7000 whiteIncompatibilitiesNone knownShelf-life5 years.Special precautions for storageDo not store above 30˚C. Keep in a dry place.Keep the blister in the outer carton, in order to protect from moisture.Nature and contents of container- Blister strips of aluminium foil and PVC film, coated with PVDCof 20 tabletsSpecial precautions for disposalAny unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.Manufacturer: Solvay PharmaceuticalsImporter: Perrigo Israel Agencies Ltd.22.2.2010 The format of this leaflet was determined by the Ministry of Health and its content was checked and approved by it in February 2010.。
霍格兰营养液配方
COMMENTS FOR THE AUTHOR:Reviewer #1: The manuscript CEMN-D-12-01363 by Chen and collaborators describes the expression and distribution of the transcription factor FOXO3a and the kinase inhibitor p27kip1 in the retina of the DBA/2J mouse relative o the C57/BL6 mice.The manuscript contains some original observations.SUMMARY:While Foxo3a inhibits cell cycle progression via control of p27kip1 (cyclin kinase inhibitor) during the G1-S phase transition in various cell lines, the authors believe these two genes/gene products are worthy candidates for study in differentiated neurons and glia in a mouse model for glaucoma.They looked for the spatial and temporal distributions in the retinas of the DBA/2J mice (D2) grouped by factors such as age, IOP, slit lamp and ophthalmoscope inspection to delineate non-glaucomatous,pre-glaucomatous and glaucomatous animal groups.The authors used light microscopy, RT-PCR, and immunocytochemistry to look at the spatial and temporal distributions and expression levels of foxo3a and p27kip1 and made use of TUNEL and antibodies to activated caspase-3 as measures of cell death.Their results indicated that - Westerns: foxo3a and p27kip proteins were reduced in time/condition relative to control mice retina; RT-PCR: p27kip mRNA may also be reduced with time/condition.Immuno-histology was used to show that - foxo3a and p27kip are diffusely expressed in retina of D2 and B6 mice and decreased in Muller (GS+) and astrocytes (GFAP+). However, foxo3a increased in RGCs (neuN+) of D2 mice and activated caspase 3 was evident in RGCs (NeuN+) of D2 mice. TUNEL was evident in RGC layer of D2 miceThe authors concluded that - foxo3a and p27kip1 are involved in neural cell loss in D2 miceCRITIQUE:INTRODUCTION:The experimental plan to group the animals into 3 groups is a good idea, although, it has been shown previously that there are changes the expression of some genes that occur prior to the full blown glaucomatous condition. In this case, it appears that FOXO3a and p27kip1 may be somewhat late and perhaps downstream to the primary signaling events leading to loss of vision."ubiquitously" seems to be redundant in first sentence of second paragraph. The listed citations do not give appropriate credit to many important studies. For example:1) The introduction to this paper needs additional references for the second sentence in the 1st paragraph, especially for each of themechanisms suggested as primary causes of RGC cell death. The author should add excitotoxicity as one of the postulated mechanisms here - especially as foxo3a has been implicated in apoptosis.2) Paragraph 4 of the introduction - the authors may want to cite the 2001 Nobel laureates for their discoveries of the role of cyclins and CDKs in cell cycle progression.3) The authors must cite Ophthalmol Eye Dis. 2010 March 11; 1: 23-41, a microarray study where up-regulation of GFAP (Muller cells and astrocytes) and Iba1 (microglia) were shown and where a CDI was also shown to be increased in the DBA/2J mouse retina. At the very least this should be in the last paragraph of the introduction, and probably, also used in the discussion.4) The authors should also cite Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:977-85 another important gene expression study. This should also go, at least in the last paragraph of the introduction.METHODS:Can the authors state how they determined an illumination level of 50-60 lux for housing the animals? Just curious.I would like to see a table for the 3 DBA/2J animal groups with the various factors used to assign animals to this or that group. This might be helpful to investigators who use these animals.Catalogue numbers should be used to identify the antibodies that were used. RESULTS:In second and fifth lines of the first paragraph, what is meant by the term "control group" here? Are these B6 or are they D2- non glaucomatous mice? You also use the term "control" for no-primary controls, for example, in the figure legends. So always be specific.The last sentence of the first paragraph states that neurodegeneration induced a decrease in foxo3a and p27kip1. The term "induced" may be inappropriate here.The second paragraph speaks of a decrease in immuno-staining. This is difficult to discern, perhaps due to the use of cresyl violet as a counterstain. It might be better to not use a nuclear counterstain. I cannot see the translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm. Again this might have been possible without the dark blue counterstain.I cannot see much overlap between foxo or p27 with the Muller cell glutamine synthase in figure3. While the author has boxed a possible example, there are many instances where the labeling is either red or green. There are hints of foxo and p27 in the middle layer of the INL and in the OPL, but the figure could be improved.There is some evidence in Figure 4 for double labeled cells containing both markers for GFAP and Foxo but all-GFAP or all-Foxo labeled cells are also to be seen. Can the authors explain this?The statement indicating a cause and effect relationship between FOXO andp27 may be misplaced, at least in this part of the results section. There does appear to be a correlation between the relative abundance of FOXO and p27 in the retina as judged from western blots of the whole retina, but you have also made a case for increased abundance of FOXO in RGCs. Thus, it is not clear that your argument is consistent at the cellular level, or at least, it is not made clear to this reviewer.It is not clear that figure 8 adds anything that has not already been reported and the data are not that convincing anyway. It might have been useful to show the presence of cleaved caspase or TUNEL in double labeled cells containing FOXO or p27 because the direct connection between FOXo and p27 with cell death is somewhat tenuous in this manuscript. DISCUSSION:Much is lost in translation and this is particularly true of the discussion section where misleading statements such as "The present data reveal that down-regulation of p27kip1 through FOXO transcriptional inhibition was associated with ----" and "our results demonstrated that Foxo3a as a positive regulator of p27kip1 was associated with ---" can be found. There is little integration with the existing data on the DBA/2J mouse or any other animal model of glaucoma.Reviewer #2: In this study the authors show that the transcription factor FOXO3a and its downstream gene p27kip1 are decreased in glaucomatous DBA/2J retinas. The decreased expression of these proteins was found in the Müller cells and astrocytes. The authors also found increased expression of FOXO3a in RGCs from glaucomatous retinas. The latter finding seems to be correlated with the apoptosis of RGCs, observed with TUNEL and Caspase3 staining in glaucomatous retinas.Major points:1) The authors were able to show that FOXO3a and p27kip1 expression levels are changing in glaucomatous retinas, however the study lacks a direct connection between their findings and the cellular processes in which these proteins are involved. Downregulation of FOXO3a and p27kip1 have been proposed to be involved in cell proliferation, while upregulation of FOXO3a in neurons is associated with apoptosis. It will be interesting if the authors are able to establish the connection between the expression of these proteins and the cellular events mentioned above. A previous study has shown the involvement of the PTEN-Akt-FOXO3a pathway in neuronal apoptosis in brain development after hypoxia-ischemia (Li et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2009). In this study, the expression of Bim, an apoptosis related protein that is downstream of FOXO3a, is increased as a response of FOXO3a nuclear translocation. The authors could demonstrate the link between FOXO3a and apoptosis byshowing dephosphorylation in the PTEN-Akt-FOXO3a pathway and the consequent increased levels of Bim in glaucomatous RGCs. In this way the authors might propose a possible mechanism of apoptosis that could betargeted therapeutically in glaucoma.2) It is necessary to include an optic nerve assessment of degeneration for the establishment of glaucoma in these mice. The use of an axonal antibody in the optic nerve could be a good alternative.。
英文文献原文及对应翻译
Adsorption char acter istics of copper , lead, zinc and cadmium ions by tourmaline(环境科学学报英文版) 电气石对铜、铅、锌、镉离子的吸附特性JIANG Kan1,*, SUN Tie-heng1,2 , SUN Li-na2, LI Hai-bo2(1. School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China. jiangkan522@; 2. Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shenyang University, Shenyang 110041, China)摘要：本文研究了电气石对Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附特性，建立了吸附平衡方程。
研究四种金属离子的吸附等温线以及朗缪尔方程。
结果表明电气石能有效地去除水溶液中的重金属且具有选择性：Pb2+> Cu2+> Cd2+> Zn2+。
电气石对金属离子吸附量随着介质中金属离子的初始浓度的增加而增加。
电气石也可以增加金属溶液的pH值；发现电气石对Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的最大吸附量为78.86、154.08、67.25和66.67mg/g；温度在25-55℃对电气石的吸附量影响很小。
此外研究了Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的竞争吸附。
同时观察到电气石对单一金属离子的吸附能力为Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd，在两种金属系统中抑制支配地位是Pb>Cu，Pb>Zn，Pb>Cd，Cu>Zn，Cu>Cd，和Cd>Zn。
关键字：吸附；重金属含量；朗缪尔等温线；电气石介绍重金属是来自不同行业排出的废水，如电镀，金属表面处理，纺织，蓄电池，矿山，陶瓷，玻璃。
真菌吸附重金属离子的研究
７３
比较２种吸附剂的吸附能力（图１，图２），发现 简青霉对Ｐｂ２＋吸附效果稍好，二者对Ｃｄ２＋离子吸 附能力差别很小． ２．１．２溶液ｐＨ值对吸附的影响
调节溶液ｐＨ值在１．５至６．Ｏ之间变化，其他 条件不变．随着ｐＨ值的增大，２种吸附剂对Ｐｂ”离 子和Ｃｄ２＋离子的吸附量都经历了先增加再降低的 过程．综合比较，发现简青霉对２种金属离子都有较 强的吸附能力．
， １叻 ∞ Ｅ ｇ 心
ｐＨ
图４溶液ｐＨ对Ｃｄ２＋吸附的影响
Ｆｉｇ．４ Ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ ｐＨ ｏｎ ｂｉｏｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｃｄ２＋
ｆ／ｈ 图５ 吸附时间对Ｐｂ２＋吸附的影响 Ｆｉｇ．５ Ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ ｔｉｍｅ ｏｎ ｂｉｏｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｐｂ２＋
￡ｆｈ
图６吸附时间对Ｃｄ２＋吸附的影响 Ｆｉｇ，６ Ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ０ｆ ｔｉｍｅ ｏｎ ｂｉｏｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｐｂ２＋
过滤收集经扩大培养的霉菌菌丝球，蒸馏水洗涤 ２～３次，８０℃下烘干２４ ｈ，并将其研磨成粉末状，过 筛制成颗粒状的生物吸附剂，干燥器中保存备用． １．３金属溶液
分别用Ｐｂ（ＮＯ，）：，Ｃｄ（ＮＯ，）。·４Ｈ２０和 Ｚｎ（Ｎ０３）：·６Ｈ：Ｏ（分析纯）配制成１ ０００ ｍｇ几的金 属储备溶液．实验中所需不同浓度的工作液由储备 液稀释得到． １．４ 吸附实验
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ：Ａｓ户ｅ厂ｇ“Ｚ“ｓ以ｉｇ仃；ＰＰ规瑟ｉＺＺｉ“行。矗优户Ｚ瑟ｉ５ｓｉｍ“优；ｂｉｏＳｏｒｐｔｉｏｎ；ｈｅａＶｙ ｍｅｔａｌｓ；ｉｓｏｔｈｅｒｍ ｍｏｄｅｌ
某些微生物能够吸附重金属离子并将其沉积在 细胞外表面或吸附到细胞内部，从而把金属离子从 溶液中分离出来，这一过程称为微生物吸附…．微生 物吸附具有处理痕量离子效果好、吸附速度快、易再 生、易操作等优点‘２。３１，因而受到广泛关注。近年来
藻类对氮磷的吸收作用综述
湖南农业大学课程论文学院：资源环境学院班级：08级环境工程一班姓名：潘玲学号：200840408114课程论文题目：藻类对氮磷吸收作用的综述课程名称：课程论文设计（环工）评阅成绩：评阅意见：成绩评定教师签名：日期：年月日藻类对氮磷吸收作用的综述学生：潘玲(资源环境学院环境工程一班，学号200840408114)摘要：利用藻类处理污水具有低成本、高效率、无二次污染等特点，具有广阔的前景。
本文归纳分析国内外利用藻类吸收氮磷的相关研究数据和结果，综述了国内外利用藻类吸收氮磷的现状和发展方向，为以后的研究提供借鉴作用。
关键词：发展及现状藻类发展前景去除前言本文针对各种藻类对氮磷的吸收效果进行总结概括，为以后该方面的研究奠定一定的基础。
随着工业进步和社会发展，水污染现象日趋严重。
目前，废水二级处理后出水的进一步脱氮和除磷问题已成为国内外研究的热点。
传统的生化二级处理除磷工艺使大量的磷从污水中转移到剩余污泥中，不能从根本上消除磷对生态环境的影响。
藻类为自养型生物，其生长对废水中的营养要求较低，主要以光能为能源，利用N、P等营养物质合成复杂的有机质，因此藻类可降低水体中氮磷的含量[1]。
一、藻类技术的发展及现状引用藻类进行水质净化的研究，自20世纪50年代起，至今已有近60年的历史[2]，早期主要是应用微型藻悬浮培养技术进行污水处理，相关技术有藻菌氧化塘、高效藻类塘，活性藻[3]等。
由于微型藻悬浮培养技术在实际应用中不易捕捞，仍在水体有残余，更多的焦点集中在固着藻类的研究与应用上，如固定化藻类技术[4]与藻菌生物膜技术。
DaCosta[5] 的研究结果证明，固定化藻类不但能有效去除污水中的氮磷营养，对去除镉和锌等重金属离子也效果显著。
由于受限于固定藻类用载体的成本较高，以致该项技术仅停留在实验室规模的研究和探索阶段，至今未见大规模实际应用的报道。
二、典型性的藻类（一）小球藻小球藻是一种理想的蛋白质资源，富含蛋白质、氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、维生素、矿物质和色素等，是一种重要的微藻资源，具有增强免疫力、降血脂和抗原微生物等保健作用。
生物等效性豁免指南中英对照
GUIDANCE FOR INDUSTRY1Waiver of In Vivo Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms Based on aBiopharmaceutics Classification System基于生物制剂分类系统的速释固体口服制剂体内生物利用度和生物等效性研究豁免指南I. INTRODUCTION 引言 (3)II. THE BIOPHARMACEUTICS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 生物制剂分类系统 (3)A. Solubility 溶解 (4)B. Permeability 渗透 (4)C. Dissolution 分解 (5)III. METHODOLOGY FOR CLASSIFYING A DRUG SUBSTANCE AND FOR DETERMINING THE DISSOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DRUG PRODUCT 药物分类和制剂溶解特性测定方法 (5)A. Determining Drug Substance Solubility Class 判定原料药的溶解度分类 (5)B. Determining Drug Substance Permeability Class 判定原料药渗透性分类 (6)1. Pharmacokinetic Studies in Humans 人体内药代动力学研究 (7)2. Intestinal Permeability Methods 肠道通透性检测方法 (7)3. Instability in the Gastrointestinal Tract 胃肠道稳定性研究 (10)C. Determining Drug Product Dissolution Characteristics and Dissolution Profile Similarity 测定药物的溶解特性和溶解相似性 (11)IV. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR REQUESTING A BIOWAIVER 生物豁免请求其他注意事项 (12)A. Excipients 辅料 (12)B. Prodrugs 药物前体 (13)C. Exceptions 不适用情况 (13)1. Narrow Therapeutic Range Drugs 治疗范围狭窄的药品 (13)2. Products Designed to be Absorbed in the Oral Cavity 口腔吸收制剂 (13)V. REGULATORY APPLICATIONS OF THE BCS BCS的申请 (13)A. INDs/NDAs (13)B. ANDAs (14)C. Postapproval Changes 批准后变更 (14)VI. DATA TO SUPPORT A REQUEST FOR BIOWAIVERS 生物豁免请求支持数据 (15)A. Data Supporting High Solubility 支持高溶解度的数据 (15)B. Data Supporting High Permeability 高渗透性支持数据 (15)C. Data Supporting Rapid and Similar Dissolution 快速及相似溶出支持数据 (16)D. Additional Information 其他信息 (17)ATTACHMENT A 附录A (18)I. INTRODUCTION 引言This guidance provides recommendations for sponsors of investigational new drug applications (INDs), new drug applications (NDAs), abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs), and supplements to these applications who wish to request a waiver of in vivo bioavailability (BA) and/or bioequivalence (BE) studies for immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms. These waivers are intended to apply to (1) subsequent in vivo BA or BE studies of formulations after the initial establishment of the in vivo BA of IR dosage forms during the IND period, and (2) in vivo BE studies of IR dosage forms in ANDAs. Regulations at 21 CFR part 320 address the requirements for bioavailability (BA) and BE data for approval of drug applications and supplemental applications. Provision for waivers of in vivo BA/BE studies (biowaivers) under certain conditions is provided at 21 CFR 320.22. This guidance explains when biowaivers can be requested for IR solid oral dosage forms based on an approach termed the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS).本指南给INDs、MDAs、ANDAs和增补申请主办方为速释固体口服制剂请求获得生物利用度和/或生物等效性研究豁免提供建议。
铅的吸附
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering2(2014)1018–1026Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Environmental Chemical Engineeringj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e:w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e/j e c eBiosorption of lead(II)ions from aqueous solution by peanutshells:Equilibrium,thermodynamic and kinetic studiesS¸eyda Ta s¸ar*,Fatih Kaya,Ahmet¨OzerDepartment of Chemical Engineering,Firat University,23279Elazig,Turkey.a r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received4December2013Accepted19March2014Keywords:Lead(II)Peanut shellsBiosorptionThermodynamic and kinetic parametersa b s t r a c tIn this study,the biosorption of Pb(II)ions onto peanut shells from an aqueous solution was studied in a batchsystem as a function of temperature,pH of the solution,contact time,initial concentration of Pb(II)ions,andpeanut shell concentration.It was determined that the biosorption capacity of the peanut shells decreased asthe temperature was increased.Several kinetic models were used to determine the biosorption mechanism.It was determined that the biosorption system obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model by taking intoaccount the correlation coefficient value.Calculated activation energy value(E a)was33kJ/m ol and indicatesthat physical biosorption mechanisms occurred.This value indicated that physical biosorption mechanismsoccurred.The linear forms of the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were applied to the biosorption data,andit was concluded that the Langmuir isotherm gave a betterfit than the Freundlich model based on the valuesof the correlation coefficients(R2).The maximum Langmuir biosorbent capacity(q m ax)was approximately39mg/g.The thermodynamic parameters were calculated for the process by which Pb(II)ions were removedby the peanut shells.According to these parameters,it was observed that the biosorption of Pb(II)ions bythe peanut shells is exothermic and spontaneous.c 2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved. IntroductionHeavy metals,such as lead,iron,nickel,copper,and cadmium,havedeleterious effects on the health of many biological species and onthe environment.Lead is especially known to be the most toxic metalamong heavy metals,even at low concentrations in the aquatic envi-ronment.Current USEPA drinking water standard for lead300μg/L.When present above0.05mg/L in drinking water,Pb(II)is a potentneurotoxic metal[1].Acute lead poisoning in humans affects the cen-tral nervous system,the gastrointestinal system,the liver,and thekidneys,and it can directly or indirectly cause serious health issues,such as anemia,hepatitis,nephritic syndrome,and encephalopathy[2,3].Heavy metals have been used in many different processes and in-dustries such as electroplating,galvanizing,textiles manufacturing,tanneries,pigment manufacturing,metallurgical facilities,and paintproduction,for thousands of years[2,4].It is known that waste wa-ter of these small-and large-scale processes and industries containconsiderable amounts of toxic metal ions.Pb(II)ions discharge con-centration range is5–66mg/L for battery industry,0.02–2.5mg/Lfor mining industry,125–150mg/L for the oil industry[5,6].It isnecessary to remove metal ions from industrial waste waters in or-der to protect the public health before they are discharged.Many*Corresponding author at:Firat University,Faculty of Engineering,Department ofChemical Engineering,23279Elazig,TurkeyE-mail address:sydtasar@fi.tr(S.Ta s¸ar).physicochemical methods such as extraction,ion exchange,chemi-cal precipitation,membranefiltration,adsorption,and electrodialysishave been developed for the removal of heavy metals from aqueoussolutions,but most of these methods have significant disadvantages.They have a relatively high cost and low feasibility for use in smallscale industries[7,8].In contrast,biosorption is cheaper and moreeffective than conventional technologies(precipitation,ion exchangeand membrane),so it has become one of the most preferred methodsfor the removal of heavy metals in recent years[7,9–12].Accordingto previous research[13–16],the process is a technically feasible andeconomically attractive alternative to the conventional methods forthe removal of heavy metals from industrial waste water.Howevertwo parameters are very important in the biosorption process,i.e.,(1)the maximum sorption capability of the sorbent and(2)the ability toregenerate and reuse the sorbent.Obviously,these parameters havedirect and indirect effects on the cost of the biosorption process[7].In this study,peanut shells,which was an agricultural waste prod-uct,were used as a biosorbent for the removal of Pb(II)ions.Thepeanut shells were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy to identifytype of chemical bonds in the molecules present in peanut shells.Chemical composition and proximate analysis of peanut shells weredetermined using appropriate techniques.The uptake of Pb(II)ions bythe peanut shells was investigated under different experimental con-ditions,including pH,temperature,biomass concentration,biosorp-tion time,and initial concentration of the Pb(II)ions.The experimentaldata were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich models.In addi-tion,kinetic and thermodynamic parameters and maximum sorption2213-3437/$-see front matter c 2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.jece.2014.03.015S.Ta s¸ar et al./Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering2(2014)1018–10261019capability were calculated and compared with those of some tradi-tional sorbents.Materials and methodsPreparation of biosorbent and solutionsPeanut shells provided from a local market in Adana were used in this study.The sample was dried at room temperature under atmo-spheric conditions and then dried in an oven at80◦C.Prior to using the peanut shells in this study,the sample was sieved to obtain the −50mesh fraction.The fraction of peanut shells between−50and +100mesh was stored in desiccators throughout the duration of the study.Stock solutions of Pb(II)ions with a concentration of1000mg/L were prepared from analytical reagent grade Pb(NO3)2that was sup-plied by Merck.Experimental solutions of specified concentrations were prepared using these stock solutions during the study.The pH values of the solutions were adjusted to the desired values by using 0.1M solutions of NaOH or HNO3.Preparation of all working solutions and dilutions were carried out using distilled water.Analysis of the peanut shell samplesProximate analysisProximate analyses of the peanut shell samples were conducted using conventional ASTM standard methods.For this purpose,ASTM D-1102and ASTM E-872were used to determine ash and volatile matter content of the samples,respectively.Also,the moisture con-tent of the peanut shell samples was determined using a Mettler LJ16 moisture measurement device at105◦C.BET analysisThis was performed by the adsorption of N2at77K using Micro-metrics Surface Area Analyzer(ASAP2020,Micromeritics Inc.,USA). Before measuring the adsorption of N2,the sample was subjected to degassing for6h at afinal pressure of133.32×10−4Pa.The total pore volume(V p)was estimated from the volume of N2(as liquid) held at a relative pressure(P/P0)of0.95.FTIR analysisThe chemical properties of the peanut shells were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.FTIR spectra were acquired using a FTIR spectrometer(ATI Unicam Mattson1000) by averaging16scans in the range of400–4000cm−1.For FTIR analy-sis the3mg peanut shell samples were homogenized with297mg KBr to obtain mass ratio of1:99.This mixture was pressed for two min at a pressure of5000kg f/c m2using a hydraulic press to prepare pellets with1mm thickness.The pellets were dried at80◦C for120min.andthen stored in a desiccators.Pure KBr pellet of300mg was used as a reference.Chemical analysisThe chemical composition of the peanut shells(lignin,hemicellu-loses,cellulose,and extractive components)was determined follow-ing conventional analytical methods[17].The peanut shell samples that have particle size ranging from30to50mesh were used for this analysis method.Analysis of extractives:A dried peanut shell sample of6g(G0)was leached with a mixture of benzene and ethanol(benzene:ethanol of 2:1)by stirring with a magnetic stirrer in a250mLflask at a constant temperature for3h.The residue was separated from the mixture by filtration and dried in an oven at80◦C until the weight was constant. The residue was cooled to room temperature in a desiccator and then weighed(G1).The extractive materials wt%was calculated by the following equations:W1=G0−G1G0×100(1)Analysis of hemicelluloses:After the leach process as described above, the rest of the6g sample(G1)was place in a250mLflask and a 150mL of0.5M NaOH solution was added to theflask.The mixture was boiled for3.5h under reflux.The residue was separated from the mixture byfiltration and washed until no Na+ions were detected in the supernatant.The dried residue was cooled to room temperature in a desiccator and weighed(G2).The wt%of hemicellulosic material was calculated with the following equations.W2=G1−G2G0×100(2)Analysis of lignin:About1g of the residue from the extractive anal-ysis described above was put into a150mL weighedflask and was dried in an oven at105–110◦C until a constant weight was reached. Then,the sample was cooled in a desiccator and weighed(G3).Thirty milliliters of sulfuric acid(72%)were poured slowly onto the sample. This mixture was kept at14◦C for24h,after which it was transferred into a250mLflask and diluted with300mL of distilled water.The sample was boiled for1h under reflux.After cooling andfiltering,the residue was washed until no sulfate ions were present in thefiltrate. Then,the residue was dried in an oven at80◦C,cooled to room tem-perature in a desiccator,and weighed(G4).The percentage of lignin (wt%)was calculated with the following equations:W3=G4×(1−W1)G3×100(3)Analysis of cellulose:The cellulose wt%was calculated with the fol-lowing equations:W4=100−(W1+W2+W3+ash)(4) Equipment and procedureThe experiments were performed in14parallel erlenmeyerflasks using a mechanical shaker equipped with a thermostatic water bath at an agitation speed of180rpm.The content of all erlenmeyerflasks were prepared in the same conditions.At the end of the certain contact time,the eachflask was taken from the water bath.The biosorbent was separated from the aqueous phase by centrifugation at5000rpm for5min.During the experiments,solid liquid ratio was protected in this way.The residual concentration of Pb(II)in thefiltrate was analyzed by an atomic adsorption spectrophotometer(PerkinElmer AAnalyst-400AAS).Each experiment was conducted by mixing50mL of Pb(II)solu-tions with a certain amount of the peanut shell sample in a100mL erlenmeyerflasks.The pH of the solution was adjusted with1.0M HNO3or1.0M NaOH.The experiments in which the effect of temper-ature,pH,contact time,biosorbent concentration,and initial concen-tration of Pb(II)ions were examined.The ranges of these considered parameters were20–40◦C,1.5–6.0,5–240min,2–15g/L,and100–350mg/L,respectively.In the experiments related to kinetic studies, a50mL sample of100ppm Pb(II)ions solution was adjusted to the desired pH(5.5±0.02)and then mixed with0.1g of sorbent.1020 S. Ta s ¸ar et al. / Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2 (2014) 1018–1026Fig. 1. FTIR spectra of peanut shell sample.The amount of Pb(II) ions removed by the biosorbent phase ( q e, mg / g ) was calculated from the expression: q e =v ×( C 0 −Ce ) m(5)The biosorption percentage of Pb(II) ions was calculated using theequation expressed as follows: Biosorption yield ( % ) =C 0 −Ce C 0×100(6)where C 0 andC e are the initial and final (equilibrium) concentrations of the Pb(II) ions in solution (mg / L ), respectively, m is the mass of the biosorbent (g), and νis the volume of the solution (L).The experiments were performed in duplicate at least and the mean values of the results were considered. In order to ascertain the reproducibility of results, a group of experiments were repeated a number of times and the results were found to vary within ±5%. Results and discussionThe main components of the peanut shell determined by chemical and proximate analysis are given in Table 1 . It is seen that cellulose is the dominant macromolecular component in the peanut shells, and lignin is the second richest group.According to the results, it can be said that the peanut shells pos- sess typical lignocellulosic structure which contain –OH groups as main functional groups. According to the ASTM standard, the averagebulk density of peanut shells was found to be 730 kg / m 3 .Single point BET surface area of the peanut shell was determinedby the nitrogen adsorption method as 0.8444 m 2 / g , and the averagepore diameter was found as 20.72 ˚A using a Micromeritics ASAP 2020apparatus. The pore volume was calculated as 0.000471 cm 3 / g .In order to provide qualitative information of the characteristic functional groups which exist in the peanut shells structure, the FTIR spectra of the samples were taken and the results were shown in Fig. 1 .The –OH stretching vibrations at 3398 cm −1 indicated the presenceof phenols and alcohols, which confirms the presence of cellulose and lignin in the peanut shell samples. Cellulose and lignin molecules contain –OH groups, but the phenolic structure is a measure of lignin which consists mainly of p-coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol molecules.The C −H stretching vibrations of lignocellulosic components at2936 cm −1 indicated the presence of methyl and methylene groups[ 18 ]. The presence of a peak at 1742 cm−1 was ascribable to C O stretching vibrations of hemicelluloses. The absorbance peak at1653 cm −1 represented aromatic C O stretching vibrations in con-jugated carbonyl of lignin, and the C C stretching vibrations of aro-matic ring of lignin at 1517 cm −1 . In addition, the presence of thesepeaks, aromatic methyl ( −CH 3) group vibrations at 1460 cm −1 wereFig. 2. Effect of initial pH of the solution on the biosorption of Pb(II) by peanut shell (initial concentration 100 ppm; contact time: 240 min; peanut shell concentration:2 g/ L ; temperature: 20 or 30 ◦C). compatible with the presence of aliphatic part of lignin. Other sig-nificant peaks were 1377 cm −1 : aliphatic C −H stretching in methy and phenol alcohols; 1261 cm −1 : syringyl ring breathing and C −Ostretching in lignin and xylan; 1050 cm −1 : C −OH stretching vibrationof cellulose and hemicelluloses [ 19 ]. Effect of pHIt is well know that the pH of the solution is one of the most important parameters in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. The pH of the solution has an ability to affect the surface charges of the biosorbent, the concentration of the counterions on the functional groups of the biosorbent, the degree of ionization of the biosorbent during biosorption, and the forms of the metal ions in aqueous solutions [ 20 –23 ].In this study the effect of pH on the biosorption of Pb(II) ions on the peanut shell was investigated. These experiments were carried out by changing the initial pH of the solutions from 1.5 to 6.0, while the other operational parameters were kept constant. The pH dependent experiments were not conducted at higher pH values than that of 6.0 to avoid the precipitation of lead ions as hydroxide. Fig. 2 shows the effects of final pH on the biosorption yield of Pb(II) ions by peanut shell.It is clear that the percentages of Pb(II) ions removed by biosorp- tion is very low at the pH range of 1.5–2. This situation may be ex- plained on the basis on electrostatic repulsion forces between posi-tively charged H 3O + and Pb 2 + ions [ 23 ]. Biosorption yield of Pb(II) ions increased by increasing pH of the solution up to a maximum value and thereafter the removal yield decreased. The percentage of Pb(II) ions removed by biosorption reached a plateau value, and there are no significant differences among removal percentage of Pb(II) ions at the pH values between 3.5 and 5.5. When the pH level increased, the cov-ered H 3O + left the peanut shell surface and made the sites available to Pb(II). This condition suggests that an ion-exchange mechanism may be included in the biosorption of Pb(II) [ 8 ]. It is well know that the hydrolysis and precipitation of Pb(II) ions affects biosorption by changing the concentration and form of soluble metal species, which are available for biosorption. The different species of Pb(II) ions takes place depending upon the pH of the aqueous solution. Therefore, a de- crease in biosorption was observed above pH 6 [ 23 ]. The optimum pH for the removal of Pb(II) ions on peanut shell was selected as 5.5 ±0.2 at which there is no precipitation of Pb(II) ions. Further experiments were only conducted at that value of pH.A Similar trend was reported for biosorption of Pb(II) ions by someother materials [ 3 , 9 , 11 , 23 ]. ¨Ozer [ 23 ] has reported optimum pH as 6for Pb(II) adsorption on sulfuric acid-treated wheat bran. In otherS.Ta s¸ar et al./Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering2(2014)1018–10261021Table1Proximate and chemical analyses of peanut shell used in this study.Proximate analysis wt%Chemical analysis wt%Volatiles(wt%)76.02Extractives13.76Ash(wt%) 5.49Hemicelluloses a8.95Moisture(wt%) 1.70Lignin a31.6Fixed carbon b(wt%)16.78(Cellulose+ash)b40.2a Extractive matter free.b Calculated by difference.Fig.3.Effect of contact time on the biosorption of Pb(II)by peanut shell(initial con-centration:100ppm;pH:5.5±0.02;peanut shell concentration:2g/L;temperature: 20◦C).study,the effect of pH was investigated in the pH ranging from2.0 to8.0[11].In the study carried out by activated carbon from sea-buckthorn stones,the optimum pH was reported as6.In the other work carried out by biomatrix prepared from rice husk,the optimum pH was given as6[9].The maximum removal of Pb(II)ions by pine cone activated carbon was at a pH of about6.7[3].However,according to Liang et al.[24]Pb(II)sorption seemed not to be related to solution pH.The other researchers found that the biosorption of Pb(II)ions increased with an increase in pH.When it reached a maximum,and there is no significant increase in the removal of Pb(II)ions with an increase in pH of the working pH range by some other materials [8,12,25,26].Effect of contact timeThe biosorption efficiency of Pb(II)ions was evaluated as a function of contact time.The initial concentration of Pb(II)ions was100ppm. The relationship of percentage Pb(II)ions removal by peanut shells with contact time is shown in Fig.3,which shows that the biosorption is relatively rapid in the initial45min.because the biosorption sites were vacant,and Pb(II)could easily interact with these sites,with 60%of the Pb(II)ions being biosorbed by that time.In addition,the biosorption efficiency increased with contact time and reached a max-imum value(65.73%)after approximately120min.After120min.,the biosorption efficiency was almost constant such that it could be con-sidered the equilibrium time of the Pb(II)biosorption.To ensure that sufficient contact time was obtained,further biosorption experiments were carried out for180min.Fig.4.Effect of biosorbent concentration on the biosorption of Pb(II)by peanut shell (initial concentration:100ppm;pH:5.5±0.02;temperature:20◦C;contact time 180min).Table2Effect of biosorbent concentration on the biosorption of Pb(II)by peanut shell. Biosorbent concentrate(g/L)Biosorbent capacity(mg/g)118.40232.87516.02108.79015 6.020Effect of biosorbent concentrationThe effect of the concentration of peanut shell biosorbent was studied using50mL solutions of Pb(II)with different biosorbent con-centrations ranging from1to15g/L.The other operational param-eters were kept constant.The experimental results are presented in Fig.4.It is well know that the removal efficiency of metals depend on the type and quantity of the biosorbent.An increase in biosorption concentration generally increases the biosorbed Pb(II)ion concen-tration because of large biosorption surface area.However a further increase in biosorbent concentration decreased the Pb(II)ion uptakes. It was observed that the removals of Pb(II)ions increased as the con-centration of biosorbent increased,but the efficiency of biosorption did not change linearly with the concentration of biosorbent.According to Table2the capacity of biosorbent increased from 18.4to32.87mg/g by increasing biosorbent concentration from1to 2g/L and then these values decreased from16.02to6.02mg/g by increasing biosorbent concentration5–15g/L.Therefore,additional experiments were conducted with a biosorbent concentration of2g/ L.The same trend has also been reported in the removal of Pb(II)ions by some other materials[3,25]and the removal of the other heavy metal ions and dye by some other materials[7,10,15,20,27,28].1022S.Ta s¸ar et al./Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering2(2014)1018–1026Fig.5.Effect of temperature on the biosorption of Pb(II)by peanut shell(peanut shellconcentration:2g/L;initial concentration:100ppm;pH:5.5±0.02;temperature:20,30,40◦C;contact time180min).Effect of temperature and biosorption kineticsTemperature has a significant effect on the biosorption process.The influence of temperature on the removal of Pb(II)by the peanutshell was studied by varying the temperature,and the results areshown in Fig.5.The other biosorption parameters were kept constant.Fig.5shows that the equilibrium uptake of Pb(II)ions to the biosor-bent decreased as the temperature increased to40◦C due to thedecreased surface activity.The maximum biosorption efficiency ofapproximately66%was obtained at20◦C.The decreasing removal ofPb(II)with increasing temperature showed the exothermic nature ofthe biosorption process.It is known that the biosorption process is time-dependent,there-fore it is important to know the rate of biosorption when designinga process and biosorption reactor.To this end,the biosorption datawere analyzed with two kinetic models,i.e.,pseudofirst-order andpseudo second-order kinetic models.Pseudofirst-order kinetic modelThe pseudofirst-order expression of Lagergren is given as[29]:dq tdt=k1(q e−q t)(7)This equation is rate expression for pseudo-first order reaction,whereq e(mg/g)is the amount of biosorbate biosorbed on the surface of thebiosorbent at equilibrium,q t(mg/g)the amount of biosorbate at anycontact time,t is the contact time(min).k1(min−1)is the rate constantof biosorption reaction and its unit is depending upon the order of thereaction.The integration of Eq.(7)for the boundary conditions t=0to t=t results in the following:ln(q e−q t)=ln q e−k1t(8)The values of the biosorption rate constant(k1)for Pb(II)biosorptionon peanut shells can be determined from the plot of ln(q e−q t)againstt(F ig.6).Pseudo second-order kinetic modelThe pseudo second-order model is expressed as[30]:dq tdt=k2(q e−q t)2(9)where t is the contact time(min),k2is the pseudo second-order rateconstant(g/m g min),q t(mg/g)is the amount of biosorbate at anycontact time and q e(mg/g)is the amount of biosorbate biosorbed onthe surface of the biosorbent at equilibrium.The linearized integratedform of Eq.(9)is given as:t q t =1k2q e2+tq e(10)Fig.6.Pseudo-first-order kinetic plots for the removal of Pb(II).Fig.7.Pseudo-second-order kinetic plots for the removal of Pb(II).The rate parameters k2and q e can be obtained directly from theintercept and slope of the plot of(t/q t)against t(F ig.7).Values of k1,k2,q ec1,q ec2,and the correlation coefficient R2arelisted in Table3.It suggests that k and q e c values are affected by thebiosorption temperature.According to Table3,the pseudo-second-order kinetics model achieved a larger correlation coefficient andbetween q ec2and q e differences achieved less.As a result,the pseudosecond-order kinetic model was more representative than the pseudofirst-order kinetic model for simulating the kinetic data.Table3in-dicates that the values of q ec2,decreased and k2increased as thetemperature increased.These results show that the biosorption Pb(II)ions by peanut shell is faster at higher temperatures.The activation energy can be thought of as the minimum kineticenergy required for a particular reaction to occur and as such it pro-vides a measure of energetic barrier that the sorbate ions have toovercome prior to beingfixed by the biosorption sides.To determinethe activation energy of biosorption process of Pb(II)ions by peanutshell,pseudo second order rate constants are used.The relationshipbetween the rate constant and temperature may be described by thelinear form of the Arrhenius equation,as expressed in Eq.(11):ln k2=ln A−E aRT(11)where E a(J/m ol)is the activation energy,A(g/m g min)is the Ar-rhenius constant,k2(g/m g min)is the rate constant of biosorption,R(8.314J/m ol K)is the ideal gas constant,and T(K)is the temper-ature of the solution.To calculate the activation energy(E a)for thebiosorption process,ln k2was plotted versus1/T(F ig.8).The valueof activation energy(E a)was determined to be approximately33kJ/mol.These values indicate that physical biosorption mechanisms oc-curred.S.Ta s¸ar et al./Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering2(2014)1018–10261023Table3Kinetic parameters for the removal of Pb(II)by peanut shell.Temperature(◦C)q e(mg/g)Pseudo-first-order kinetic modelModel equation R2k1×103(min−1)q e c1(mg/g) 2032.87ln(q e−q t)=−0.0232t+2.12750.99923.28.43027.36ln(q e−q t)=−0.0184t+1.12680.99918.4 3.14026.13ln(q e−q t)=−0.0183t+0.86280.98618.3 2.4Temperature(◦C)q e(mg/g)Pseudo-second-order kinetic modelModel equation R2k2×103(g/m g min)q e c2(mg/g) 2032.87t/q t=0.038t+0.05580.9990.246733.73027.36t/q t=0.0362t+0.06930.9990.522427.64026.13t/q t=0.0297t+0.12040.9990.681026.3Fig.8.Plot of activation energy(E a)vs.temperature.Effect of the initial concentration of Pb(II)ions and the biosorption isothermsFig.9shows the heavy metal ion biosorption efficiencies of peanut shell as a function of the initial concentration of Pb(II)ions within the aqueous solution.When Fig.9was analyzed,it was determined that the Pb(II)removal efficiency decreased by about35–44%for initial Pb(II)concentrations of100–350mg/L for all of the temperature values.This result caused lower biosorption yields at the higher con-centrations due to the saturation of the biosorption sites.In addition it was obtained that the amount of Pb(II)ions biosorbed per unit mass of peanut shell increased by increasing the initial Pb(II)ion con-centration.The dilute concentration(100mg/L)the amount of Pb(II) biosorbed per unit mass of peanut shell was33mg/g(20◦C)and 26mg/g(40◦C).In the case of the concentrated solution(350mg/L) an increase to39mg/g(20◦C)and32mg/g(40◦C)was observed. This increase could be due to the increase in electrostatic interactions (related to covalent interactions),involving sites of progressively lower affinity for Pb(II)ions.Therefore,more Pb(II)ions were left un-biosorbed in solution at higher concentration levels.These results were in agreement with the results of previous studies[23,31,32].It is known that the equilibrium biosorption isotherm is funda-mentally important in the design of a biosorption system,because equilibrium studies of biosorption are used to determine the capac-ity of the biosorbent.And the biosorption equilibrium is established, when the concentration of sorbate in bulk solution is in dynamic bal-ance with that on the liquid-sorbent interface.The relationship be-tween the initial concentration and the amount of sorbent is known as the degree of the sorbent affinity for the sorbate which determines its distribution between the solid and liquid phases.Several models are often employed to interpret the equilibrium data.In the present research,the Langmuir and the Freundlich models were utilized to explain the experimental data.Fig.9.Effect of initial ion concentration on the biosorption yield of Pb(II)by peanut shell(peanut shell concentration:2g/L;pH:5.5±0.02;temperature:20◦C;contact time180min).ngmuir isotherm.Langmuir isothermThe Langmuir sorption isotherm,which is based on a monolayer coverage of the sorbate on the surface of the sorbent,is the most widely used model for the biosorption process.The linear form of the Langmuir isotherm model can be represented by Eq.(12)[33]:C e(x/m)=1q m ax K+C eq m ax(12) where(x/m=q e)is the amount of biosorbate biosorbed at equi-librium(mg/g),K is the Langmuir constant related to the energy of biosorption(L/m g),q m ax is the maximum sorption capacity cor-responding to complete monolayer coverage(mg/g),and C e is the equilibrium solute concentration(mg/L).A plot of C e/q e versus C e should be a straight line with a slope of1/q m ax and an intercept at1/ Kq m ax(F ig.10).The Langmuir constants(q m ax and K)were calculated from the plots in Fig.10.。
2024届炎德英才联考湖南省长沙市第一中学模拟试题(一)英语试题
2024届炎德英才联考湖南省长沙市第一中学模拟试题（一）英语试题一、听力选择题1．What will the speakers do next?A．Pack bags.B．Gas up their car.C．Get into a taxi.2．What did Alice think of her first week in the new job?A．It was fun.B．It was difficult.C．It was easy.3．What is Ben going to do later?A．Go home from work.B．Have dinner with Sarah.C．Visit his doctor.4．Who is the man?A．A gardener.B．A flower seller.C．A private chef.5．What are the speakers talking about?A．Their favorite fruit.B．Items on a menu.C．Drink orders.听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。
6．How does the woman mostly spend her time now?A．Starting a business.B．Making money.C．Looking for a job.7．When did the man finish his career?A．20 days ago.B．Half a year ago.C．30 years ago.听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。
8．Where are the speakers?A．In a supermarket.B．At a university.C．At home.9．Which career does the man probably prefer now?A．Writing.B．Accounting.C．Engineering.10．What does the woman worry about?A．Whether the man will change majors.B．Whether the man will find a suitable job.C．Whether the man will get good school grades.听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。
牛骨髓蛋白的酶解工艺优化及其理化性质和抗氧化特性
古丽米热·阿巴拜克日，帕尔哈提·柔孜，则拉莱·司玛依，等. 牛骨髓蛋白的酶解工艺优化及其理化性质和抗氧化特性[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（20）：171−181. doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022100246ABABAIKERI Gulimire, ROZI Parhat, SEMAYI Zelalai, et al. Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Bovine Bone Marrow Protein and Its Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(20): 171−181. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022100246· 工艺技术 ·牛骨髓蛋白的酶解工艺优化及其理化性质和抗氧化特性古丽米热·阿巴拜克日，帕尔哈提·柔孜*，则拉莱·司玛依，阿力木·阿布都艾尼，曹 博，杨晓君（新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院，新疆乌鲁木齐 830052）摘 要：探讨牛骨髓蛋白(Bovine bone marrow protein, BBMP)酶解工艺并评价其理化性质和抗氧化活性，挖掘其潜在药用和保健功效物质基础，提升牛骨的综合利用价值。
以水解度（DH ）、蛋白含量、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基（DPPH·）清除率为评价指标，结合结构表征，筛选最佳酶种。
以酶解时间、酶添加量、pH 、酶解温度为自变量，采用响应面法优化牛骨髓蛋白的酶解工艺，并研究其酶解物的理化性质和抗氧化活性。
河南省许昌2023-2024学年高三下学期5月月考试题 英语含答案
2023-2024学年高三下学期5月测试英语（答案在最后）注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名和座位号填写在答题卡上。
2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
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第一部分：听力（共两节，满分20 分）1．How long did it take the man to finish his paper?A．Not more than half an hour. B．Less than an hour and a half.C．More than an hour and a half.2．What is the man trying on probably?A．Shoes.B．A T-shirt.C．A walking stick. 3．When is the history exam to be taken?A．On Monday.B．On Tuesday.C．On Wednesday.4．What is the girl looking for?A．A backpack.B．School papers.C．A jacket.5．What happened to the woman?A．She fell and cut her knee. B．She hurt her left arm. C．She slipped over on the ice.听下面一段长对话，回答以下小题。
6．What are the speakers going to do this weekend?A．Go to the beach.B．Climb a mountain.C．Go for a bicycle-ride. 7．What do we know about Paul and Mary?A．They did some riding yesterday. B．They might be the speakers’ friends.C．They’ve decided to join the speakers.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
学术英语(第二版)医学教师用书Unit 8
UNIT 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsTeaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 8, Ss are expected to accomplish the following objectives:To know the boundaries between medical research and practice To have a clear understanding of the moral principles and behavioral guidelines for the biomedical research and medical practice To understand the boundaries drawn between medical research and practice To know three basic ethical principles of research involving human subjects To learn the requirements when basic principles are properly applied in research To be more prepared for a life-or-death decision in medical practice To get more insights into the ethical justification of dilemmas in medical practice To know some building blocks in medical terminologyTo be familiar with expressions used to define key termsTo further develop awareness of formal and informal language To get familiar with the Cornell note-taking system To know the two approaches to medical decisions: traditional paternalistic mode and more recent collaborative modeTo learn how to develop a strong conclusion To know the format requirements of the reference listTo be able to make a reference list according to style requirements To be aware of the balance between medical authority and patients ’ autonomyProfessionalknowledgeReadingAcademic vocabulary anddiscourseViewingSpeakingWritingResearchingTeaching Activities and ResourcesPart 1 ReadingText ALead-inSuggested teaching plan1. To draw Ss’ attention and to raise their awareness of the importance ofbiomedical ethics, T is advised to relate the discussion of this unit to the real-world happenings.Before starting the class,search the media for the latest news reports,either at home or abroad,about controversial events in medicine community or healthcare settings.2. Start the class by doing Task / Lead-in and relate the content of the video clip toyour findings in the pre-class searching.Key to the task2) Death4) Patient rightsScriptWell,advancements in medical science have afforded us the opportunity to live decades longer than in previous generations.For every new possibility offered, we now face an equal number of challenges and we find ourselves confronting decisions that are unprecedented in human history.When does life begin?When should life end? How do we define death when we have the ability to keep people technically alive,or we should say,technologically alive long after their discrete body parts no longer function? Welcome to “Matter and Beyond . ” I’m your host MaryLynn Schiavi.In this program we’re going to explore issues around medical science that are forcing us to define life, death, quality of life, patient rights, and confront the moral and ethical questions that arise when facing critical healthcare decisions.3. Introduce the topic of Text A as a natural continuum of Lead-in .Text Comprehension1. Make good use of Lead-in video clip as it serves as a perfect introduction to thetopic of this unit. Elaborate on the connection of its content with the latest events in the real world. Naturally, ask Ss how medicine differs from other branches of natural science, especially when human subjects are involved in the research. Here are some hints:2. Analyze the text and lead Ss to discuss, integrating Task 2 / Critical reading andthinking / Text A into analysis and discussion. The presentation topics should be assigned to individual Ss for preparation at least one week in advance. Ask other Ss to preview the text with the guidance of presentation topics.3. Integrate Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A when a careful definition ofkey terms is covered.4. When analyzing the text, ask Ss to pay special attention to the sentences listed inLanguage focus below.5. If time allows, ask Ss to do Task 1 / Critical reading and thinking / Text A inabout five minutes. Check out the task by asking one or two Ss to read their answers. This is done to get an overview about the text.Language focus 1. … described in a formal protocol that sets forth an objective … (P185, Para.2)set forth 是动词词组，表示用清晰、具体的方式解释或描述，多用于正式的 书面语中。
生物制药学CD名词解释
生物制药学CD名词解释1 Biologics生物制品：一般指的是用微生物（包括细菌，噬菌体，立克次体病毒等）为生物代谢产物，动物毒素，人或动物的血液或组织等加工而制成的预防，治疗和诊断特定传染病或其他有关疾病的免疫制剂，主要指菌苗，疫苗，毒素，应变原与血液制品等。
2 Electroporation电穿孔：是指在高压电脉冲的作用下使细胞膜上出现微小的孔洞，外界环境中的DNA穿孔而入，进入细胞，最终进入细胞核内部得的方法。
该方法既适合于贴壁生长的细胞，也适合用于悬浮生长的细胞，既可用于瞬时表达也可用于稳定转染。
3 Microcarrierculture微载体培养：微载体培养是使细胞贴附在微小颗粒载体上，它创造了相当大的贴附面积，供细胞贴附生长、增殖。
载体体积很小，比重较轻，在轻度搅拌下即可使细胞自由悬浮于培养基内，充分发挥悬浮培养的优点。
4 Conventionalfiltration常规过滤：是指料液流动方向和过滤介质垂直的过滤方式。
常规过滤时，固体颗粒易被填塞在过滤介质上，形成滤饼。
料液必须穿过滤饼和过滤介质的微孔。
恒压下，随着滤饼厚度的增加，滤液不断减慢。
5 SCF超临界流体：是指处于超临界温度（TC）和超临界压力（PC）以上的特殊流体。
当气体物质处于其临界温度和临界压力以上时，不会凝缩为液体，只是密度增大，因此，超临界流体相既不同于一般的液相，也有别于一般的气相，具有许多特殊的物理化学性质。
6 Adsorptionmethod吸附法：指利用吸附作用，将样品中的生物活性物质或杂质吸附于适当的吸附剂上，利用吸附剂对活性物质和杂质间吸附能力的差异，使目的物和其他物质分离，达到浓缩和提纯目的的方法。
7 Compoundaffinity复合亲和力：即吸附剂的亲和结合过程，既涉及离子效应的应用，又有疏水作用，且这两种弱的作用还彼此增强，其结果使亲和力大大增强。
8 Thymushormones胸腺激素：胸腺是一个激素分泌器官，对免疫功能有多方面的影响。
磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能
中国环境科学 2018,38(4)：1364~1370 China Environmental Science 磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能蒲生彦1,2,3*,王可心1,2,马慧1,2,杨曾1,2,候雅琪1,2,陈虹宇1,2(1.成都理工大学,地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川成都 610059；2.成都理工大学,国家环境保护水土污染协同控制与联合修复重点实验室,四川成都 610059；3.香港理工大学,土木及环境工程学系,中国香港)摘要：以壳聚糖为原材料,通过原位共沉淀法和柠檬酸钠交联法制备了一种新型多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球吸附剂CS-citrate/Fe3O4.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TG)对吸附剂进行了表征.结果表明,吸附剂内部具有发达的孔隙结构,并均匀分布有平均直径为(4.79±1.09) nm的Fe3O4纳米颗粒;吸附剂中引入Fe3O4后,仍存在羟基、氨基和羧基等功能基团,且吸附剂磁性良好可用于磁场分离;吸附剂对Pb(II)的吸附等温线和动力学研究表明,吸附过程以化学吸附为主,最大吸附容量可达178.25mg/g.关键词：多孔结构；生物质吸附剂；磁性壳聚糖；凝胶微球；重金属中图分类号：X703 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-6923(2018)04-1364-07Adsorption properties ofmagnetic chitosan hydrogelmicrospheres to Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. PU Sheng-yan1,2,3*, WANG Ke-xin1,2, MA Hui1,2, YANG Zeng1,2, HO U Ya-qi1,2, CHEN Hong-yu1,2 (1.State Key Laboratory of Geological Prevention and Geological Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China；2.State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China；3.Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China). China Environmental Science, 2018,38(4)：1364~1370Abstract：In this study, the magnetic porous chitosan hydrogel microsphere was fabricated by a combination of in situ-coprecipitation and sodium citrate crosslinking technique using chitosan as raw material. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) were conducted for the characterization of this novel adsorbent. The hydrogel microsphere present a well developed porous inner structure and the Fe3O4nanoparticles with an average diameter of (4.79±1.09) nm dispersed uniformly. The functional group of chitosan, the hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups, remained after the introduction of the Fe3O4, and the magnetic adsorbent could be separated by the addition of external magnetic field. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic study for the Pb () removal from the aquatic environment indicatingⅡthat the adsorption process was dominated by the chemical adsorption and the maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 178.25mg/g.Key words：porous structure；biomass adsorbent；magnetic chitosan；hydrogel microsphere；heavy metal重金属在生物物质循环和能量交换中不能被分解破坏,只能改变其物理化学形态或转移其存在位置,加之重金属在环境中的迁移转化几乎涉及了所有可能的物理、化学和生物过程,因而治理难度很大[1].伴随现代工业的快速发展,重金属废水已成为对环境污染最严重的工业废水之一[2].现有重金属废水处理技术,如离子交换法、电解法、化学沉淀法等常规方法普遍存在处理工艺复杂,运行成本高,对低浓度重金属废水处理效果差的问题[3].相比之下,吸附法则具有适用范围广、反应速度快、可适应不同反应条件、环境友好等优点,受到了研究人员的高度关注[4].近年,研究较多的吸附材料有活性炭[5]、沸石[6]、膨润土[7]等.这些吸附剂对废水中重金属有一定的去除效果,但吸附完成后难以与水体分离,容易造成环境收稿日期：2017-09-18基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目(51408074,41772264)* 责任作者, 教授, pushengyan@4期蒲生彦等：磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能 1365二次污染.与非生物质吸附剂相比,生物质基吸附剂富含大量吸附功能基团,对重金属离子有很强的吸附能力和较高吸附容量,而且具有资源丰富,可再生易降解,环境友好成本低的优点,较为适合水中重金属离子的富集与分离[8-9].常见的天然高分子吸附剂,如:壳聚糖[10]、纤维素[11]、木质素[12]等,其中以壳聚糖及其衍生物研究最为活跃.壳聚糖是一种成本低廉,环境友好的天然生物高分子,其分子主链上大量氨基、羟基等官能团可络合金属离子,且这些官能团具有良好的反应性,可功能化改性[13].若将壳聚糖赋予磁性后,采用磁分离技术可使吸附剂回收和再生变得简易[14].目前,磁性壳聚糖吸附剂的制备方法有原位共沉淀法[15]、微乳液法[16]和水热法[17]等,其中原位共沉淀法通过溶液中的化学反应直接得到均一的材料,相比其他方法制备过程简单且环境友好,是应用最普遍的方法之一[18].目前已有的原位共沉淀法包括电喷雾技术[19],静电液滴(ESD)技术[20]和反向共沉淀法[21]等.本研究采用原位共沉淀法结合柠檬酸钠交联制备了一种新型多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球,在对其微观结构、物化性能进行充分表征的基础上,选取Pb(II)作为目标污染物考察了该凝胶微球的吸附性能,以期能为水中重金属富集去除提供一种新的思路和方法.1 材料与方法1.1 材料试剂:壳聚糖(Chitosan,CS,脱乙酰度80%~ 95%)购于上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;冰醋酸、氢氧化钠、柠檬酸钠购于成都科龙化学试剂厂;六水合氯化铁、四水合氯化亚铁和硝酸铅购于志远化学试剂厂;实验用水均采用超纯水.仪器:KW-400恒温水浴振荡器,上虞佳星仪器厂;SCIENTZ-50F冷冻干燥机,宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;GGX-9火焰原子吸收分光光度计,北京海光仪器有限公司.1.2 多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球的制备将0.8g壳聚糖溶于24mL 2%的乙酸溶液中,机械搅拌30min,使得壳聚糖充分溶解;之后向溶液中加入2mL摩尔比为2:1的Fe3+/Fe2+混合溶液,继续搅拌30min,溶液由亮黄色变为棕红色后,将混合溶液用蠕动泵滴入NaOH/柠檬酸钠混合浸泡液(NaOH 1.25mol/L, 柠檬酸钠0.1mol/L)中,静置陈化10h;磁分离后用超纯水多次洗涤,除去残余的NaOH和柠檬酸钠,冷冻干燥30h.无磁壳聚糖凝胶微球(CS)在不加Fe3+/Fe2+混合溶液的条件下以相同方法制得作为实验对照组.1.3 表征方法采用德国Sigma300型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察样品表面形貌,采用日本FEI Tecnai-G20型透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察样品内部形貌,采用美国Nicolet-1170SX型傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)进行红外谱图分析,采用美国STA6000型热重分析仪(TGA)考察在壳聚糖凝胶微球中引入Fe3O4纳米颗粒的热力学效应.1.4 对Pb(II)的静态吸附实验将0.05g磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球投加到50mL200mg/L的Pb(II)溶液中,在25℃下恒温振荡(150r/min),测定吸附量q随时间t的变化情况.吸附量采用公式(1)进行计算.()/tq c c V M=− (1) 式中:c0和c t为在Pb(II)溶液的初始浓度和吸附t时间后的浓度,mg/L;V为Pb(II)溶液的体积,L;M为吸附剂的投加量,g.2 结果与讨论2.1 多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球制备首先,壳聚糖溶液与Fe3+/Fe2+(摩尔比为2:1)经螯合作用形成Fe3+-CS-Fe2+混合溶胶,然后,将混合溶胶通过蠕动泵滴入NaOH/柠檬酸钠混合浸泡液形成凝胶微球.在此过程中,发生Fe3+/Fe2+原位共沉淀反应生成Fe3O4纳米颗粒,壳聚糖和柠檬酸钠发生交联反应.最后,将制得吸附剂用于水中重金属离子的静态吸附,并利用外加磁场将吸附剂分离回收,从而达到回收再利用,减少二次污染的目的.多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球制备及重金属吸附实验流程如图1所示.本实验所制得的磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球平均1366 中国环境科学 38卷粒径约为(2.91±0.65)mm,将其冷冻干燥处理后平均粒径约为(2.42±0.51)mm,干燥后平均粒径约减小16.8%,冷冻干燥后凝胶微球较好地保留原有圆球状形态及内部多孔结构.图1 磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球制备与重金属吸附实验流程Fig.1 Schematic illustration of preparation of magnetic chitosan hydrogel microspheres and its adsorption process2.2 多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球吸附剂表征图2(a)~(d)为不同放大倍数下多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球吸附前后外观扫描电镜图,由图可知多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球为形态良好、表面光滑的球型结构,在吸附后吸附剂表面粗糙,覆盖有Pb(II)的结晶产物,孔道堵塞严重;图2(e)和(f)为多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球和壳聚糖凝胶微球的内部结构扫描电镜图.由图可知,与壳聚糖凝胶微球内部紧密的结构相比,磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球内部具有良好的多孔结构,增大了吸附剂的比表面积,有利于吸附作用发生.图2 壳聚糖凝胶微球和磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球SEMFig.2 SEM characterization results of chitosan hydrogel microsphere and magnetic chitosan hydrogel microspheres磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球(a)吸附前外观,×30;(b)吸附前外观,×300;(c)吸附后外观,×30;(d)吸附后外观,×300;(e)内部结构SEM 图,×250;(f) 壳聚糖凝胶微球内部结构SEM 图,×7004期蒲生彦等：磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能 1367为深入了解多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球中Fe3O4纳米颗粒的形态,对样品进行了TEM分析.由图3可知,Fe3O4纳米颗粒在壳聚糖微球内部分布较均匀,未出现明显团聚现象,其平均粒径约为(4.79 ±1.09)nm(图3(b)).图3 磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球TEM图Fig.3 TEM characterization results of magnetic chitosanhydrogel microspheres(a)TEM图;(b)Fe3O4纳米颗粒粒径分布图图4为壳聚糖凝胶微球及吸附前后多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球红外光谱图.壳聚糖、柠檬酸钠和Pb(II)之间的相互作用会影响特征峰的位置和强度,在壳聚糖凝胶微球的光谱中,1082cm-1, 1027cm-1两处为C-OH键的伸缩振动吸收峰, 1383cm-1处为伯醇组-C-O键的伸缩振动吸收峰.1425cm-1处为C-N键的伸缩振动峰.壳聚糖固有的O-H和N-H伸缩振动峰出现在3444cm-1附近,在多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球的两个光谱中也可观察到这一较宽的吸收峰.在吸附前多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球的光谱中,1648cm-1处的N-H 伸缩振动吸收峰移动到1640cm-1处.由于柠檬酸钠的交联和Fe3O4与壳聚糖之间的弱相互作用,导致酰胺峰强度降低.在吸附前、后磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球光谱中,586cm-1处出现了Fe3O4的特征吸收峰,对应的是Fe-O的伸缩振动峰,说明磁性纳米颗粒Fe3O4已成功嵌入吸附剂中.而吸附了Pb(II)的凝胶微球光谱图4(b)和(d)中,1383cm-1和1425cm-1处特征吸收峰形状发生变化表明Pb(II)离子和壳聚糖发生络合反应,同时说明多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球的羟基、氨基和羧基可以高效吸附金属阳离子.图4 吸附前后壳聚糖凝胶微球和磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球的红外谱Fig.4 FTIR spectra of pure chitosan hydrogelmicrospheres, and magnetic hydrogel chitosanmicrospheres before and after adsorption(a)壳聚糖凝胶微球Cs;(b) 壳聚糖凝胶微球/吸附后Cs/Pb;(c)磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球Cs-citrate/Fe3O4;(d) 磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球/吸附后Cs-citrate/Fe3O4/Pb通过热重分析表征了壳聚糖凝胶微球中引入的Fe3O4纳米颗粒的热力学效应.图5为壳聚糖凝胶微球和多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球的热重曲线图.图5 磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球的热重分析曲线Fig.5 Thermo gravimetric curves of magnetic chitosanhydrogel microspheres由热重分析曲线可知,壳聚糖凝胶微球重量损失发生在3个阶段.第一阶段,当温度升至90℃左右,吸附剂中的自由水及通过氢键形成的结合水减少;第二阶段,在90~320℃范围内,壳聚糖发生分解;第三阶段,壳聚糖发生碳化分解,1368 中国环境科学 38卷在800℃时所对应的重量为热解最终产物残余碳.多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球在25~120℃的范围内脱去自由水和结合水;在320℃时壳聚糖完全分解;在600℃时,Fe3O4与碳反应生成单质铁;在800℃时残余重量为碳和单质铁.多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球的分解起始温度比壳聚糖凝胶微球高,说明Fe3O4的存在有效地提高了吸附剂的热稳定性.2.3 吸附时间和初始浓度对吸附效果的影响图6(a)讨论了在0~840min内壳聚糖凝胶微球和多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球对Pb(II)吸附量的变化.图6 时间和初始浓度对Pb(II)吸附的影响Fig.6 Influence of time and initial concentration on adsorption of Pb(II)可以看出,壳聚糖凝胶微球的吸附作用主要发生在0~120min内,在120min后达到吸附平衡,平衡吸附量为16.1mg/g.多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球对Pb(II)的吸附与壳聚糖凝胶微球呈现相同的变化趋势,但平衡吸附量达到了45.3mg/g,为壳聚糖凝胶微球的2.8倍,这是磁性复合吸附剂的高度多孔结构提供了较大的比表面积,使更大数目的活性基团与Pb(II)接触产生的结果.吸附剂吸附量在0~120min内升高较快,说明Pb(II)与多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球的基团发生螯合反应,被成功地吸附到样品表面上,使得溶液中Pb(II)浓度下降.随着吸附反应的进行,吸附到多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球的Pb(II)逐渐占据了大部分活性基团,导致活性基团的数目下降,在120min时吸附量趋于平衡.本研究将铅离子初始浓度设置为100、200、300、400、500mg/L对多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球的吸附性能进行了考察(图6(b)).多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球对不同初始浓度Pb(II)的吸附呈现类似的变化趋势,随着初始浓度增大,多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球对Pb(II)的吸附量逐渐增大.2.4 吸附动力学及吸附等温线表1 Pb(II)吸附动力学方程的拟合Table 1 Fitting results of lead ions adsorption kinetics equations准一级动力学准二级动力学初始浓度(mg/L) q exp(mg/g)k1(min-1)(×10-2) q cal(mg/g) R2k2(min-1)(×10-2)q cal(mg/g) R2 100 30.88 0.805 16.53 0.794 0.163 31.34 0.9983 200 45.73 1.976 23.52 0.845 0.263 46.23 0.9995 300 64.97 0.799 23.34 0.562 0.136 65.40 0.9990 400 89.16 2.003 51.94 0.799 0.123 90.01 0.9994 500 105.99 1.651 35.39 0.775 0.182 106.61 0.9999 2.4.1 吸附动力学采用准一级和准二级动力学模型对动力学数据进行拟合,计算出相应的速4期 蒲生彦等：磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能 1369率常数,研究其吸附过程的动力学行为并探讨吸附机理.所用拟合方程的线性表达式如下: e e 1ln()ln t q q q k t −=− (2)22e e /1/()/t q k q t q =+ (3)式中:q t 为t 时刻吸附剂对Pb(II)的吸附量,mg/g;q e为平衡吸附量,mg/g;k 1为准一级速率常数,min -1; k 2为准二级速率常数,mg/(g ⋅min).q e 、k 2可分别由截距和直线斜率求得.分析结果见表1和图7.准一级动力学相关系数最高为0.845,而准二级动力学相关系数均高于0.99,因此准二级动力学方程能更好地描述整个吸附过程.这证实了多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球吸附剂对Pb(II)的吸附为化学吸附,比表面积是吸附的重要影响因素.l n (q e-q t )图7 吸附动力学曲线 Fig.7 Absorption kinetic curve2.4.2 吸附等温线 使用Langmuir 和Freundlich 吸附等温线模型来解释吸附机理. Langmuir 方程假设吸附过程为单层吸附,线性表达式如下:e e m e m /1/()/c q kq c q =+ (4) 式中:q e 表示吸附质的吸附量,mg/g;c e 表示其在溶液中的平衡浓度,mg/L;b 为Langmuir 吸附平衡常数,L/mg;q m 为在吸附剂上单层形成的最大吸附能力,mg/g.c e/q e (g /L )c e (mg/L)图8 等温吸附曲线 Fig.8 Sorption isothermFreundlich 等温线是用于描述非均相表面的经验方程,它的线性表达式如下:e F e ln ln (1/)ln q K n c =+ (5) 式中:K F 是Freundlich 常数;1/n 为吸附指数.将Pb(II)起始浓度范围为100~500mg/L 的5组吸附实验数据进行吸附等温线拟合,结果见图8和表2. Langmuir 模型和Freundlich 模型均具有良 好的拟合度,且后者线性拟合相关系数更高,大于0.95,可能是由于吸附剂表面基团分布不均,导致吸附过程呈现非均质吸附特性.吸附指数1/n 的值为0.3749,有报道称1/n <1表明吸附容易进行[22].相较其他生物质基吸附材料吸附铅离子研究,如甘蔗渣对铅最大吸附量为41.32mg/g [23],改性木质素磺酸钠对铅最大吸附量为55.22mg/ g [24],N -(2-磺乙基)壳聚糖对铅最大吸附量为1370 中国环境科学 38卷99.79mg/g [25],本研究中磁性壳聚糖微球对铅的吸附容量178.25mg/g 均大于上述吸附材料.表明磁性壳聚糖微球对Pb(II)具有良好的吸附效果.表2 Pb(II)吸附等温线拟合参数Table 2 Fittingof lead ions adsorption isotherm equationsLangmuir 等温吸附 Freundlich 等温吸附q m (mg/g)178.25K F (mg/g) 3.2541 k 0.0093 1/n 0.3749R 20.9219 R 2 0.95363 结论3.1 采用原位共沉淀法和柠檬酸钠交联法制备得到的多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球内部孔隙丰富,比表面积大,磁性良好,可外加磁场分离.Fe 3O 4纳米颗粒在壳聚糖基质中分布均匀,增加了吸附剂的热稳定性.3.2 多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球对水中Pb(II)具有良好的吸附性能,约在2h 达吸附平衡,当Pb(II)初始浓度从100mg/L 增加到500mg/L 时,平衡吸附量从30.88mg/g 增加到105.99mg/g.3.3 吸附剂对水中Pb(II)的吸附过程满足准二级动力学方程,并较好的符合Freundlich 等温吸附方程,最大吸附容量可达178.25mg/g.参考文献：[1] 唐 黎,李秋华,陈 椽,等.贵州普定水库沉积物重金属分布及污染特征 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(12):4710-4721. [2] 范小杉,罗 宏.工业废水重金属排放区域及行业分布格局 [J].中国环境科学, 2013,33(4):655-662.[3] Fu F, Wang Q. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: Areview [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2011,92(3): 407-418.[4] Bailey S E, Olin T J, Bricka R M, et al. A review of potentiallylow -cost sorbents for heavy metals [J]. Water Research, 1999, 33(11):2469-2479.[5] 包汉峰,杨维薇,张立秋,等.污泥基活性炭去除水中重金属离子效能与动力学研究 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2013,33(1):69-74. [6] 孙 岩,吴启堂,许田芬,等.土壤改良剂联合间套种技术修复重金属污染土壤:田间试验 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2014,34(8): 2049-2056.[7] 丁述理,孙晨光.膨润土吸附水中Cr(Ⅵ)的影响因素研究 [J].非金属矿, 2006,(3):45-48.[8] 梁 莎,冯宁川,郭学益.生物吸附法处理重金属废水研究进展[J]. 水处理技术. 2009,(3):13-17.[9] 王建龙,陈 灿.生物吸附法去除重金属离子的研究进展 [J].环境科学学报, 2010,(4):673-701.[10] 张安超,向 军,路 好,等.酸-碘改性壳聚糖-膨润土脱除单质汞特性及机理分析 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2013,33(10):1758- 1764.[11] 周书葵,曾光明,刘迎九,等.改性羧甲基纤维素对铀吸附机理的试验研究 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2011,31(9):1466-1471.[12] 路 瑶,魏贤勇,宗志敏,等.木质素的结构研究与应用 [J]. 化学进展, 2013,(5):838-858.[13] Muzzarelli R A A. Potential of chitin/chitosan -bearing materialsfor uranium recovery: An interdisciplinary review [J].Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011,84(1):54-63.[14] Feng Y , Gong J, Zeng G , et al. Adsorption of Cd (II) and Zn (II)from aqueous solutions using magnetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as adsorbents [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2010,162(2):487-494.[15] Kim D K, Zhang Y , V oit W, et al. Synthesis and characterizationof surfactant -coated superparamagneticmonodispersed iron oxide nanoparticles [J]. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2001,225(1/2):30-36.[16] Gupta A K, Gupta M. Synthesis and surface engineering of ironoxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications [J]. Biomaterials, 2005,26(18):3995-4021.[17] Li G , Jiang Y , Huang K, et al. Preparation and properties ofmagnetic Fe 3O 4-chitosan nanoparticles [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2008,466(1/2):451-456.[18] 宋艳艳,孔维宝,宋 昊,等.磁性壳聚糖微球的研究进展 [J]. 化工进展, 2012,31(2):345-354.[19] Liu Z, Bai H, Sun D D. Facile fabrication of porous chitosan/TiO 2/Fe 3O 4 microspheres with multifunction for water purifications [J]. NEW Journal of Chemistry, 2011,35(1):137-140.[20] Wang C, Yang C, Huang K, et al. Electrostatic droplets assisted insitu synthesis of superparamagnetic chitosan microparticles for magnetic -responsive controlled drug release and copper ion removal [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2013,1(16): 2205-2212.[21] 程三旭,李克智,齐乐华,等.反向共沉淀法制备纳米Fe 3O 4及其粒径控制 [J]. 材料研究学报, 2011,(5):489-494.[22] Bulut Y , Gozubenli N, Aydin H. Equilibrium and kinetics studies foradsorption of direct blue 71from aqueous solution by wheat shells [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007,144(1/2):300-306.[23] 王珏珏,张越非,池汝安,等.改性木质素磺酸钠对铅离子的吸附行为研究 [J]. 武汉工程大学学报, 2017,39(1):12-18.[24] 涂艳梅,杨汉培,聂 坤,等.磺乙基化与传统壳聚糖对比研究其对水体中铅有效性降低效应 [J]. 环境科技, 2016,29(2):1-6.[25] 王春云,闫新豪,符纯美.基于甘蔗渣生物吸附重金属污染物的研究 [J]. 当代化工. 2017,(1):61-63.作者简介：蒲生彦(1981-),男,甘肃酒泉人,教授,博士,主要从事水土污染协同控制、土壤地下水污染预警与环境基准相关的研究.发表论文30余篇.。
william henry perkin雅思阅读原文
william henry perkin雅思阅读原文
摘要：
1.威廉·亨利·珀金其人
2.威廉·亨利·珀金的重大发现
3.威廉·亨利·珀金的影响和贡献
正文：
【威廉·亨利·珀金其人】
威廉·亨利·珀金（William Henry Perkin）是一位英国化学家，他在19 世纪末20 世纪初做出了重大贡献。
珀金出生在一个富有的商业家族，他的父亲是英国一位著名的商人。
尽管家族生意繁忙，但珀金依然选择了追求自己的科学梦想。
【威廉·亨利·珀金的重大发现】
珀金的重大发现是合成了第一个合成染料——苯胺紫。
在此之前，所有的染料都是从天然植物中提取的，而珀金的这一发现开创了合成染料的先河。
这一发现纯属意外，他原本试图合成一种抗疟疾药物，但却意外合成了苯胺紫。
【威廉·亨利·珀金的影响和贡献】
珀金的发现对世界产生了深远影响。
他的合成染料不仅极大地降低了染料的成本，也使得染料的质量和稳定性大大提高。
在珀金的发现之前，染料的供应受限于自然，植物的生长和气候的变化都会影响染料的供应。
而珀金的合成染料则完全摆脱了这些限制。
此外，珀金的发现也催生了现代化学的发展，许多新的化学技术和理论都
在这一过程中诞生。
他的工作不仅改变了化学，也改变了人类的生活方式。
of
APTES改性介孔二氧化硅的制备及其对重金属离子的吸附
APTES改性介孔二氧化硅的制备及其对重金属离子的吸附孙静静;许利剑;李文;汤建新【摘要】以介孔二氧化硅为载体,3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)为改性剂,成功制备了氨基硅烷改性介孔硅球.并利用透射电子显微镜、能量色散X射线光谱仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等对制备的介孔硅球进行了表征,同时考察了改性后的介孔硅对重金属铅的吸附效应.结果表明:通过改性处理,3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷被成功接枝到介孔硅表面；氨基功能化介孔硅溶胶吸附剂对重金属Pb2+具有选择吸附特性,且吸附量随反应原料中APTES含量的提高呈现出相应的增加趋势.【期刊名称】《湖南工业大学学报》【年(卷),期】2013(027)002【总页数】5页(P16-20)【关键词】介孔硅;3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷;改性硅球;重金属吸附【作者】孙静静;许利剑;李文;汤建新【作者单位】湖南工业大学绿色包装与生物纳米技术应用湖南省重点实验室,湖南株洲412007;湖南工业大学绿色包装与生物纳米技术应用湖南省重点实验室,湖南株洲412007;湖南工业大学绿色包装与生物纳米技术应用湖南省重点实验室,湖南株洲412007;湖南工业大学绿色包装与生物纳米技术应用湖南省重点实验室,湖南株洲412007【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ424.260 引言随着近代工农业的发展，重金属己成为当今世界倍受关注的一类公害，常见重金属有Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg和As等。
这些重金属离子进入人体后会存留、累积，达一定量时会引发一系列毒副作用[1-2]。
重金属去除的方法众多，有沉淀法、电化学法、生物化学法、物理吸附法等[3]，这些方法能解决高浓度的重金属污染，但采用这些方法耗时、耗量且浪费资源[4]。
近年来，采用纳米级具吸附功能粒子去除微量重金属离子的方法受到研究者们的青睐。
其中，纳米有机-无机复合粒子吸附剂吸引了众多研究者们的关注[5-10]，以纳米SiO2为无机材料制备复合粒子更是其研究热点[11]。
六种观赏型水生植物对水体中铜、锌、铅的净化研究
六种观赏型水生植物对水体中铜、锌、铅的净化研究摘要：培养六种观赏型水生植物，研究其对模拟重金属污水中铜、锌、铅的去除效果。
结果表明，黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）对模拟污水中铜的去除效果最好，而对锌富集去除效果最佳的为菖蒲（Acorus calamus L.），在对铅的去除方面，与其他植物相比，水竹芋（Thalia dealbata）表现出最佳的去除效果。
水竹芋和菖蒲对铜、锌、铅均有较高的去除率，重金属去除效果较均衡，故水竹芋和菖蒲是较好处理农业灌溉水中铜、锌、铅的水生植物。
关键词：水生植物；重金属；去除效果中图分类号：Q948.8 文献标识码：A 文章编号：0439-8114（2016）02-0327-02DOI：10.14088/ki.issn0439-8114.2016.02.014随着工业的迅速发展，大量污水的排入，使得水体中重金属含量越来越高[1，2]，重金属不能像有机化合物那样可自然降解或生物降解，往往在水体或沉积到水域底部，或被水生植物吸收，并通过食物链积累损害动物和人类的健康[3，4]，所以治理净化重金属污染水体已迫在眉睫。
传统的治理净化方法存在投资大、成本高、工艺复杂、容易产生二次污染等缺点[5，6]，利用大型观赏型湿地水生植物修复重金属污染水体的方法具有景观价值高、投资和维护成本低、操作简便、不造成二次污染等优点[7-10]，受到全世界的广泛关注。
本研究选取云南地区常见的六种观赏型水生植物为研究材料，通过重金属污水模拟试验，研究其对模拟污水中铜、锌、铅的去除效果，从中筛选出具有较高富集能力和较强耐受力的观赏型水生植物，旨在为构建兼具观赏及污染治理作用的湿地提供参考。
1 材料与方法1.1 材料与试验准备试验用观赏型水生植物黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）、水竹芋（Thalia dealbata）、风车草（Cyperus alternifolius L.）、水葫芦（Eichhornia crassipes）、美人蕉（Canna indica L.）、菖蒲（Acorus calamus L.）均采自云南蒙自人工湖湿地，选取生长一致、根茎健壮的植株作为研究材料，将采集到的六种植物的植株洗净后在去离子水中培养7 d，进行适应性培养。