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DIN 4102-1-1998材和构件的耐燃性.第1部分建材.概念、要求和检验

ICS 13.220.50; 91.100.01Descriptors:Fire behaviour, building materials, components,elements, classification.Brandverhalten von Baustoffen und Bauteilen – Teil 1:Baustoffe –Begriffe, Anforderungen und Prüfungen In keeping with current practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), a comma has been used throughout as the decimal marker.ContentsRef.No.DIN 4102-1:1998-05English price group 13Sales No.011306.99DEUTSCHE NORM May 19984102-1{Continued on pages 2 to 33.©No part of this translation may be reproduced without the prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., Berlin.Beuth Verlag GmbH , D-10772Berlin, has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.In case of doubt, the German-language original should be consulted as the authoritative text.Fire behaviour of building materials and elementsPart 1:Classification of building materialsRequirements and testingSupersedes May 1981 edition.Page Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Building material classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Classifying building materials . . . . . . . . . . 34.1Materials requiring testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2Materials not requiring testing . . . . . . . . . 35Class A building materials . . . . . . . . . . . . .35.1Class A1 materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35.1.1General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35.1.2Criteria for classification . . . . . . . . . . . . .35.1.3Furnace test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45.1.4Evaluation of furnace test results . . . . . .65.1.5Test certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75.2Class A2 materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75.2.1General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75.2.2Criteria for classification . . . . . . . . . . . . .75.2.3Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85.2.4Additional requirements for specificmaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85.2.5Test certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Page6Class B building materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.1Class B1 materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.1.1General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.1.2Criteria for classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.1.3Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.1.4Test certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.2Class B2 materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.2.1General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.2.2Criteria for classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.2.3Ignitibility test: Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . 126.2.4Ignitibility test: Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.2.5Ignitibility test: Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.2.6Test for molten dripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.2.7Test certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.3Class B3 materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Appendix A:Smoke generation test –Decomposition method . . . . . . . 17Appendix B:Smoke generation test –Flame impingement method . . . 23Appendix C:Smoke toxicity testing of class A materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Explanatory notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Page2DIN4102-1:1998-05ForewordThis standard has been prepared by Technical Committee Bra ndverha lten von Ba ustoffen of the Normen-ausschuß Bauwesen (Building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee).AmendmentsThe following amendments have been made to the May 1981 edition.a)Additional requirements are specified for material classes A2 and B1.b)Smoke generation tests and toxicity tests are now included.c)The fire test using the ‘Brandschacht’ apparatus is no longer included as it is now specified in DIN4102-16.Previous editionsDIN4102-1:1977-09, 1981-05.Dimensions in mm1Scope1.1This standard defines fire behaviour classes for building materials and specifies requirements and test methods for each class. It applies to sheet materials (including plates and slabs), composite materials, material assemblies, coverings, insulation, coatings, pipes and fittings, decorative materials, curtains and other mate-rials suspended from ceilings, fire retardants, and intumescent coatings, whether or not these materials are designated as construction products (‘Bauprodukte’) in the German Länder building regulations (cf. Explana-tory notes).1.2The classification specified in this standard serves to assess the fire behaviour of materials alone or in combination. Fire behaviour not only depends on the nature of the material, but also on its shape, surface characteristics, density, processing, and its combination with other materials, including any bonding agents or fasteners used. These factors are to be taken into account when preparing tests, selecting specimens, evalu-ating test results and marking the materials.2Normative referencesThis standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These norma-tive references are cited at the appropriate place in the text and the titles of the publications are listed below. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this standard only when incorporated into it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.DIN4102-2Fire behaviour of building materials and elements – Building components – Concepts, require-ments and testsDIN4102-4Fire behaviour of building materials and elements – Overview and design of classified building materials, elements and componentsDIN4102-8Fire behaviour of building materials and elements – Small-scale test furnaceDIN4102-14Fire behaviour of building materials and elements – Determination of the burning behaviour of floor covering systems using a radiant heat sourceDIN4102-15Fire behaviour of building materials and elements – ‘Brandschacht’ apparatusDIN4102-16Fire behaviour of building materials and elements – ‘Brandschacht’ testsDIN18180Gypsum plasterboard – Types, requirements and testingDIN50014Artificial climates in technical applications – Standard atmospheresDIN50050-1Small cabinets for testing the burning behaviour of materialsDIN50051Burners for testing the burning behaviour of materialsDIN50055Light measuring system for testing smoke developmentDIN51622Propane, propene, butane, butene and their mixtures – RequirementsDIN51900-2Determination of gross calorific value of solid and liquid fuels using the bomb calorimeter, and calculation of calorific value – Method using the isothermal jacketDIN51900-3Determination of gross calorific value of solid and liquid fuels using the bomb calorimeter, and calculation of calorific value – Method using the adiabatic jacketDIN53436-1Toxicity testing of fire effluents – Combustion apparatus and determination of test temperature DIN53436-2Toxicity testing of fire effluents – Thermal decomposition methodPage 3DIN4102-1:1998-05DIN53436-3Toxicity testing of fire effluents – Method of testing inhalation toxicityDIN53438-1Determining the response of combustible materials to ignition by a small flame – General DIN66081Classification of the burning behaviour of textile products – Textile floor coveringsISO1716:1973Building materials – Determination of calorific potentialISO4783-2:1989Industrial wire screens and woven wire cloth – Guide to the choice of aperture size and wire diameter combinations – Part2:Preferred combinations for woven wire cloth3Building material classesBuilding materials shall be classed according to their fire behaviour as shown in table1.Table1:Building material classesBuilding material class Designation*)A Non-combustible materials (‘nichtbrennbar’)A1A2B Combustible materials (‘brennbar’)B1Not easily flammable (‘schwerentflammbar’)B2Flammable (‘normalentflammbar’)B3Easily flammable (‘leichtentflammbar’)*)Translator’s note. The German terms given are those used in Germanbuilding regulations.These symbols and designations may only be used if the material’s fire behaviour has been determined in accordance with this standard (cf. clause4).4Classifying building materials4.1Materials requiring testingThe class of most building materials shall be determined on the basis of the fire tests specified in this standard. Materials which are designated as building products in the German Länder building regulations and which meet the general requirements of this standard for the relevant class still require additional proof1) when –the results of testing as in this standard are not alone sufficient for classification (cf. subclauses 5.1.2.1,5.2.2.1 and6.1.2.1), or–additional testing using other methods is required for classification.4.2Materials not requiring testingThe building materials covered by DIN4102-4 shall be classed as specified therein without further testing.5Class A building materials5.1Class A1 materials5.1.1General requirementsThe test specified in subclause5.1.3 provides a fire model describing the growth and full development phases of a fire. During these phases, class A1 materials shall not release any ignitable gases or any considerable amount of heat.5.1.2Criteria for classification5.1.2.1Materials may be classed as A1 materials if they–pass the test specified in subclause 5.1.3 and–meet the requirements for class A2 materials (testing is not necessary here if it is evident beyond any doubt that these requirements are fulfilled).1)According to German building regulations, such materials either require general approval by the buildinginspectorate in the form of an agrément, or their suitability is to be verified on a case-by-case basis.Page4DIN4102-1:1998-05The tests specified in this standard are not sufficient for assessing materials which are to meet additional requirements regarding the release of toxic gases; additional testing is required in this case.2)5.1.2.2The test specified in subclause 5.1.3 shall be deemed passed if–no flaming occurs (cf. subclause 5.1.4);–none of the specimens releases enough heat to cause the temperature in the furnace to rise by more than 50°C above the initial temperature.5.1.3Furnace test5.1.3.1Number and size of specimensFive 40mm×40mm×50mm specimens shall be tested (see figure2 for tolerances).The specimens shall be representative of the material. Specimens of materials delivered with a thickness less than 40 mm shall consist of several layers; in this case, each layer shall be cut to a length of 40mm and a height of 50mm, and thinned down, if necessary, so that the total thickness is 40mm.The thickness of compressible materials shall be that obtained under a load of 0,1kN/m2 per unit area.For materials containing varying quantities of combustible components (e.g. binders), the component with the highest combustibility shall be tested. For components with a lower combustibility, it is sufficient to determine their quantity only (e.g. by checking ignition loss).5.1.3.2Coated materialsCoatings applied at the works are to be tested along with the coated material.If both the material and its coating are to meet the requirements for class A1, the coating thickness on test specimens shall be as in service.1Pilot flame2Mid-height plane of refractory tube3Heating coils4Aluminium oxide powder5Specimen6Thermocouple7Nine holes (of 3mm diameter)Figure1:Electric furnace2)Appendix C specifies a toxicity test but not any requirements.Page 5DIN 4102-1:1998-05Figure 2:Placing multi-layer specimens in heating tube5.1.3.3Specimen preparationDry specimens at 105°C for six hours and store them in a desiccator above anhydrous calcium chloride or silica gel until they are required for testing.For multi-layer specimens, place the least favourable surfaces in terms of fire behaviour facing outward, as shown in figure 2. Then, tie the specimen with a temperature-resistant wire (e.g. of NiCr) having a 0,2mm diameter, binding the specimen in the middle so that the layers are held firmly together. Cut surfaces are not to face outwards (cf. figure 2).Place tied specimens in a wire holder weighing (5t 0,5)g; this will help keep the specimen in the same position.Place specimens which may disintegrate during testing or which are of loose material in a basket of stainless steel wire mesh having an aperture size of 1mm and wire diameter of 0,5mm as in ISO 4783-2.Specimens which could run out of the wire basket during testing are to be placed in a container of nickel sheet that is 0,2mm thick.5.1.3.4Apparatus and procedureApparatusTesting is to be carried out in an electrically heated furnace 3) with heating coils arranged along the circumfer-ence of the refractory tube.To minimize temperature fluctuations in the furnace, the supply voltage is to be kept constant to within t 0,5%by means of a voltage stabilizer.3)Information on sources of supply is available from the Normenausschuß Bauwesen of DIN, D-10772 Berlin.1Uncut layer 2Surface which is least favourable in terms of fire behaviour 3Surface which is most favourable in terms of fire behaviour 4Cut-down layer 5Cut surface 6Binding wire 7Thermocouple in heating tube 8Centre plane of furnaceNOTE: The specimen holder is not shown. The layersare to be in close contact with one another. A gapis shown merely to illustrate the arrangementmore clearly.Wire should be used to bind the layers firmlytogether.Page6DIN4102-1:1998-05To measure the temperature inside the furnace, insert a thermocouple reaching down to the centre of the heating tube (cf. figure1) at a distance of (10t0,5) mm from the tube wall. The thermocouple shall be made of a 0,5mm thick wire with an open junction; sheathed thermocouples with an appropriate response charac-teristic may also be used.The temperature indicator shall have a limit of error no greater than 5°C.A pilot flame of propane gas as in DIN51622 is to be located (20t1) mm above the centre of the heating tube’s top opening.To observe the specimen during testing, place a slanted mirror above the furnace.ProcedurePre-heat the furnace to (750t10)°C; this temperature is to remain constant to within t1°C without needing readjustment for at least ten minutes before testing. The energy input to the heating element is to remain constant throughout the test.Suspend the specimen in the heating tube so that its centre is level with the junction of the thermocouple. The original specimen surface, or – in the case of asymmetrical specimens – the least favourable surface in terms of fire behaviour is to face the thermocouple, which shall be located midway across this surface’s width (cf. figure2).Multi-layered specimens are to be suspended as shown in figure2.When suspending the specimen, do not open the furnace cover for more than five seconds.The test period begins when the bottom edge of the specimen passes the top edge of the heating tube. Leave the specimen in the furnace until the maximum furnace temperature has been reached, and for at least 15minutes.If the initial furnace temperature has still not risen after 30minutes, only one specimen needs to be tested to the point where the maximum temperature is reached (but for no longer than 90minutes), provided the other specimens behave in a similar manner during the first 30minutes.If the pilot flame is extinguished by gases released by the specimen, an immediate attempt shall be made to relight it with a burner that produces a gas flame about 20mm long. If the first attempt fails, further attempts shall be made every 15seconds.The furnace cover shall not be opened during the test. The holes in the bottom plate are to be cleared before each test.5.1.4Evaluation of furnace test resultsFlaming has occurred ifa)flames can be observed in the furnace, orb)there is glowing combustion (incandescence does not necessarily indicate combustion), orc)the pilot flame enlarges to a height greater than 45 mm, or expands horizontally to fill the furnace coveropening (see figure3).No flaming occurs Flaming occurs Flaming occurs1Flame enlargement2Original pilot flameFigure3:Examples for assessing pilot flame enlargement to determinewhether flaming has occurredPage 7DIN 4102-1:1998-05For 2), see page 4.4)According to the German building regulations, this test certificate serves as a basis for the verification of conformity, ‘Übereinstimmungsnachweis ’ (for regulated products) or as proof of suitability, ‘Verwendbar-keitsnachweis ’ (for non-regulated products). See Explanatory notes.5.1.5Test certificateIf a building material can be classed as an A1 material on the basis of testing as in this standard, a test certificate 4) stating this shall be prepared which shall contain the following information:a) a full description of the building material, including its type (e.g. main constituents), appearance, design,dimensions, density or mass per unit area, and sampling method used;b)preparation and mounting of specimens, test procedure, number of tests;c)for each specimen, the duration of flaming;d)for each specimen, the results of furnace testing (expressed as the maximum increase in temperature);e)any observations made during testing (e.g. enlargement or extinction of pilot flame, appearance of specimen after the test);f)classification as a class A1 material;g)period of validity (no more than five years; extensions may be granted upon request).For materials which cannot be classified solely on the basis of this standard (cf. subclause 4.1), a test report shall be prepared that does not include any information regarding classification.5.2Class A2 materials5.2.1General requirementsThe fire tests specified in subclause 5.2.3 provide a fire model describing the growth and full development phases of a fire. During these phases, the heat release and spread of fire shall be minimal, the release of any ignitable gases limited, and any generation of smoke shall not be hazardous to health.5.2.2Criteria for classification5.2.2.1Materials may be classed as A2 materials if they withstand–the test specified in subclause 5.1.3 or the tests specified in subclauses 5.2.3.2 and 5.2.3.3, and –the test specified DIN 4102-16, and–the test specified in subclause 5.2.3.5.For composite materials with combustible layers making up more than 20% either of the total mass or total volume (whichever is greater), the results of testing as in this standard are not sufficient for classification. For instance, a composite material containing a layer of combustible insulation cannot be classified as an A2material if the requirements for the net calorific value are met only when a non-combustible cover layer is provided.The test methods specified in this standard are not inadequate for assessing materials which are to meet additional requirements regarding the release of toxic gases; additional testing is required in this case.2)5.2.2.2The furnace test shall be deemed passed if, after 15 minutes of testing as in subclause 5.1.3, the requirements specified in subclause 5.1.2.2 are met, except that sustained flaming for a total period of 20sec-onds is permitted as long as the flames on the specimen do not extend beyond the heating tube and the pilot flame is not enlarged to a height greater than 100mm.The sum of all periods of observed flaming of one second or longer shall be taken as the total period of sustained flaming. Where flaming occurs simultaneously at different places, any overlapping of periods shall be disre-garded so that the total period is counted as one continuous length of time (cf. subclause 5.1.4).5.2.2.3The requirement for the net calorific value, H u , shall be deemed to have been met if this value is no greater than 4200kW ës/kg when testing as in subclause 5.2.3.2. If the gross calorific value, H o , is less than 4200kW ës/kg, then H u need not be determined.5.2.2.4The test specified in subclause 5.2.3.3 shall be deemed passed if the heat release calculated on the basis of H u and the specimen’s mass per unit area before and after the test is not greater than 16800 kW ës/m 2.If the value calculated before testing for the material in its as-delivered condition is less than 16800 kW ës/m 2,then testing as in 5.2.3.3 is not necessary.5.2.2.5The test using the ‘Brandschacht’ apparatus (cf. subclause6.1.3) shall be deemed passed if–the mean value for the residual length (portion of specimen that has not burned or charred; cf. subclause 9.1of DIN 4102-16) of each specimen is at least 35 cm and no individual values are lower than 20cm,Page 8DIN 4102-1:1998-05–the mean effluent temperature does not exceed 125°C in any test,–there is no flaming on the back of any specimen,–the requirement for the residual length of each specimen is met even where there is afterflame, afterglow,or smouldering,–flames do not reach above the top surface of the specimen, and–there is no molten dripping.5.2.2.6The test specified in subclause 5.2.3.5 shall be deemed passed if the effluents produced by decom-position (when testing as in Appendix A) and those produced by flame impingement (when testing as in Appendix B) are deemed to be harmless. This is the case if–when testing as in Appendix A, the mean light absorptance does not exceed 30% at any smoulder temperature, and–when testing as in Appendix B, the maximum mean absorptance without a supply of air is not greater than 15% (cf. table B.3). If this value is exceeded, additional testing may be required (cf. subclause 4.1).5.2.3Testing5.2.3.1Furnace testThe furnace test shall be carried out as specified in subclause 5.1.3.5.2.3.2Net calorific value determinationThe net calorific value, H u , shall be determined as in DIN 51900-2 or DIN 51900-3, although specimens shall be prepared as in ISO 1716.5.2.3.3Heat release testAt least two 500mm ×500mm specimens having a thickness as used in service shall be tested. Prior to testing,they shall be conditioned in a DIN 50014-23/50-2 standard atmosphere until they reach constant mass.Testing shall be carried out using a small-scale test furnace as in DIN 4102-8. The specimens, which are to be backed with a 20mm thick calcium silicate slab having an apparent density of (850t 50)kg/m 3, shall be fixed in the side openings of the furnace so that one surface is facing the fire chamber. In the case of asymmetrical specimens, one test shall be performed on each side. The points at which the specimen is fixed to the furnace are to be carefully sealed.The fire chamber is to be exposed to flame (i.e. heated) as specified in subclause 6.2.4 of DIN 4102-2 for a period of 30minutes. At the end of this period, cut a piece (having an area of about 100cm 2 and the same thickness as the rest of the specimen) from the centre of the specimen, and determine its mass per unit area and net calorific value as specified in DIN 51900-2 or DIN 51900-3.5.2.3.4‘Brandschacht’ testingTesting shall be as in DIN 4102-16 using the ‘Brandschacht’ apparatus specified in DIN 4102-15 (except for floor coverings, which shall be tested as in subclause 6.1.3.2).5.2.3.5Smoke generation testTesting shall be as specified in Appendices A and B, taking the following into consideration:a)Coatings shall be applied to a plate having a thickness of 0,88mm when testing as in Appendix A.b)When performing the test described in Appendix A on multi-layered materials, the mean shall be taken for all values measured on the broad and narrow sides of the cover layer. This mean light absorptance shall not be greater than 30%.c)When testing film, coated fabrics and other materials used for tent-like or diaphragm constructions,specimens shall have a single layer with a thickness as found in service, not several layers as specified in subclause A.6.3.6.d)Most materials break out in flames at temperatures above 550°C. This case is covered by testing as in Appendix B, while testing as in Appendix A is normally carried out at temperatures up to 550°C. Materials which only decompose at elevated temperatures and which will be exposed to such temperatures in service are also to be tested at 600°C.5.2.4Additional requirements for specific materials5.2.4.1Effect of neighbouring materials in composite structuresThe interaction of neighbouring materials in composite structures is to be tested as follows:a)Materials are to be tested in the condition in which they left the works, any protective sheeting being removed.Page 9DIN4102-1:1998-05b)If a material will be used together with other materials, and if this combination can have an effect on firebehaviour, this shall be accounted for in the test. For instance, sheet materials that are in direct contact with each other or are separated by a distance less than 40mm can have an effect on fire behaviour. For the purposes of this standard, materials are not considered to form a composite structure if there is only localized contact at a few places.5.2.4.2Coatings, film and adhesivesa)If a material is coated at the works, it shall be tested together with the coating.In the case of coatings applied on site, if both the material and its coating are to meet the requirements for class A2, the coating thickness on test specimens shall be as in service.b)Testing as in subclauses 5.1.3 and 5.2.3.2 is not required for A2 classification in the case of coatings andfilm with a thickness up to 1 mm and all paints when they are applied to a substrate of class A1 material as in DIN4102-4.c)For coatings and film with a thickness greater than 1mm, any thin neighbouring materials may beincluded in the calculation of the net calorific value if classification is not determined by furnace testing as in subclause 5.1.3. In this case, the heat release (cf. subclause 5.2.2.4) is to be calculated without taking the substrate material into consideration.d)For testing as in subclauses 5.2.3.4 and 5.2.3.5, the coating or film is to be applied to the substratematerial for which it is intended, if this material is of class A1 or class A2. If steel plate is used as the substrate, test results for smoke testing also apply to all solid mineral backgrounds.e)When testing adhesives as in subclauses 5.1.3 and 5.2.3.4, specimens shall be assemblies consistingof two plates joined by the adhesive under test. The adhesive joint is to have the maximum thickness specified by the client. The cover plates are to have the smallest commercially available thickness. In the furnace test (cf. subclause5.1.3), adhesives intended for solid mineral, fibre cement or calcium silicate substrates shall be tested either using a specimen assembly of three 40mm×50mm×12 mm calcium silicate plates with two 2mm thick adhesive joints, or taking a square block specimen of the adhesive alone.Assembled specimens are to be suspended in the furnace with the adhesive joints facing the thermocouple.Determinations of the net calorific value (cf. subclause5.2.3.2) and heat release (cf. subclause5.2.3.3) are to be carried out as specified for coatings and film.f)If the suitability of wood intended as veneer for a class A2 material is to be determined, the followingrepresentative wood types – impregnated, if necessary – shall be used for testing:for softwood veneer, use spruce, fir or pine (Oregon or European) specimens;for hardwood veneer, use teak, oak or sipo specimens.Classification applies only to veneers having a thickness equal to or less than the thickness tested . The thickness of veneer specimens is to be the same for each type of wood (softwood or hardwood).The impregnation, application and glueing of veneer are to be as specified by the client.g)Gypsum plasterboard shall be coated as specified in subclause 5.2.4.5.5.2.4.3Wall and ceiling coveringsThe following tests are required for the classification of wall and ceiling coverings on solid mineral backgrounds:a)Furnace testing as in subclause 5.1.3, using fibre reinforced concrete slabs;b)‘Brandschacht’ testing as in subclause5.2.3.4, using fibre cement or fibre reinforced concrete slabs;c)Smoke generation testing (by decomposition) as in Appendix A, using steel plate;d)Smoke generation testing (by flame impingement) as in Appendix B, using fibre cement or fibre reinforcedconcrete slabs.If wall and ceiling coverings are also to be classified for use on gypsum plasterboard backgrounds, then the tests listed under items b) and d) are to be performed using gypsum plasterboard, and the test listed under item c) is to be performed using steel plate.5.2.4.4Flexible ventilation ductsFlexible ventilation ducts are to be tested as in subclause 7.17.1 of DIN4102-16, May1998 edition. Alterna-tively, the ducts can be cut up into sheet specimens. Any helical wires are to be removed, if possible. The edges of specimens are to be folded up by 20mm.When testing as in Appendix B, a piece of stainless steel woven wire cloth shall be laid on the specimen (but not on the folded edges) to prevent it from folding back up.5.2.4.5Gypsum plasterboardThe net calorific value of gypsum plasterboard as in DIN18180 need not be determined. Where coatings on gypsum plasterboard are to be tested, a mass per unit area of 300g/m2 is to be assumed to account for the facing. To determine heat release, half of the mass per unit area of a gypsum plasterboard having a thickness of 12,5mm is to be used for calculations, disregarding the negative calorific value of the gypsum core.。

ACI_440.1R-03_Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Reinforced with FRP bars

offers general information on the history and use of FRP reinforcement, a description of the unique material properties of FRP, and committee recommendations on the engineering and construction of concrete reinforced with FRP bars. The proposed guidelines are based on the knowledge gained from worldwide experimental research, analytical work, and field applications of FRP reinforcement. Keywords: aramid fibers; carbon fibers; concrete; development length; fiberreinforced polymers; flexure; glass fibers; moment; reinforced concrete; reinforcement; shear; slab; strength.
440.1R-1
440.1R-2
ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
1.3—Notation 1.4 —Applications and use Chapter 2—Background information, p. 440.1R-6 2.1—Historical development 2.2—Commercially available FRP reinforcing bars 2.3—History of use PART 2—FRP BAR MATERIALS, p. 440.1R-8 Chapter 3—Material characteristics, p. 440.1R-8 3.1—Physical properties 3.2—Mechanical properties and behavior 3.3—Time-dependent behavior Chapter 4—Durability, p. 440.1R-12 PART 3—RECOMMENDED MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES, p. 440.1R-13 Chapter 5—Material requirements and testing, p. 440.1R-13 5.1—Strength and modulus grades of FRP bars 5.2—Surface geometry 5.3—Bar sizes 5.4—Bar identification 5.5—Straight bars 5.6—Bent bars Chapter 6—Construction practices, p. 440.1R-15 6.1—Handling and storage of materials 6.2—Placement and assembly of materials 6.3—Quality control and inspection PART 4—DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS, p. 440.1R-16 Chapter 7—General design considerations, p. 440.1R-16 7.1—Design philosophy 7.2—Design material properties Chapter 8—Flexure, p. 440.1R-17 8.1—General considerations 8.2—Flexural strength 8.3—Serviceability 8.4—Creep rupture and fatigue Chapter 9—Shear, p. 440.1R-23 9.1—General considerations 9.2—Shear strength of FRP-reinforced members 9.3—Detailing of shear stirrups Chapter 10—Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement, p. 440.1R-25 Chapter 11—Development and splices of reinforcement, p. 440.1R-25 11.1—Development length of a straight bar 11.2—Development length of a bent bar 11.3—Tension lap splice

106学年上学期_讲道学_英文参考书目

講道學英文參考書目I.HomileticsEvans William How to Prepare Sermons and Gospel AddressesForsyth P.T. Positive Preaching and the Modern Mind 1960 Brooks Phillips Eight Lectures on Preaching 1959 Sweazey, George E. Preaching the Good News 1905 Montgomery R. Ames Preparing Preachers to PreachBroadus John A. On the Preparation and Delivery of Sermons 1944 Reu, M. Homiletics 1924 Farmer, Herbert H. The Servant of the Word 1953 Pattison, T. Harwood The Making of the Sermon 1953 Phelps, Aurtin The Theories of Preaching 1953 Blackwood, Andrew Watterson The Preparation of SermonsWeatherspoon, Jesse Burton Set Forth to Preach 1954 Bartlett Gene E. The Audacity of preaching 1959 Barth, Karl Homiletics 1966 Jones, Ilion T. Principles and Practice of PreachingLloyd-Jones Martyn Preaching and preacher 7th printed 1977 Stott, John R.W. I believe in Preaching 1982 Killinger, John Fundamentals of Preaching 1985 Buttrick, David Homiletics 1987 Logan, Samuel T. Jr. The preacher and preaching 1986 Lloyd-Jones Martyn Preaching and Preacher 2011 Demaray, Donald E. An Introduction to Homiletics 1993 Galli Mark & Craig Brian Larson Preaching that Connects 1994 Haslam, Greg Preacher the Word 2006 Long, Thomas G. & Leonora Tubbs TisdaleTeaching Preaching as a Christian Practice 2008 Long, Thomas G. The Witness of Preaching 2005 Day, David & Jeff Astley & Leslie J. Francis A Reader on Preaching 2005 Robinson Haddon & Craig Brian Larson The Art and Craft of Biblical Preaching 2005Wilson, Paul Scott The New Interpreter’s Handbook of Preaching 2008II.History of PreachingHolland De Witte T. The Preaching Tradition 1980 Wilson, Paul Scott A Concise History of Preaching 1992 Fasol, Al With a Bible in their hands 1994 Edwards, O. C. Jr. A History of Preaching 2004 Dunn–Wilson David Preaching in the First Five Centuries 2005III.Theology of PreachingKillinger, John The Centrality of Preaching in the Total Task of the Ministry 1969 Stott, John R.W. The Preacher’s Portrait 1961 Piper, John The Supremacy of God in Preaching 2006 Lischer, Richard A Theology of Preaching 1992 Adam, Peter Speaking God’s Word 1996 Campbell, Charles Preaching Jesus 1997 Mawhinney, Brace Preaching with Freshness 1997 Anderson, Kenton C. Preaching with Integrity 2003 Lischer, Richard Company of Preachers 2002 Larson Craig Brian Inspirational Preaching 2012 Pasquarello, Michael ⅢChristian Preaching 2006 Heisler, Greg Spirit-led Preaching 2007 Vibert, Simon Excellence in Preaching 2011IV.B iblical PreachingUnger Merrill F. Principles of Expository Preaching 1977 Blackwood, Andrew Watterson Expository Preaching for TodayKoller, Charles W. Expository Preaching without Notes sixth printing 1970H.C. Brown Jr. & H. Gordon Clinard & Jesse J. Northcutt Steps to the Sermon 1963Cox, James W. A guide to Biblical Preaching 1976 Meyer, F.B Expository Preaching 1974 Perry, Lloyd M. Biblical Preaching for Today’s World 1973Fisher, Wallace E. Who Dares to Preach? 1979 Liefeld, Walter L. New Testament Exposition 1984 Fasol, A1 Essentials for Biblical Preaching 1989 Robinson, Haddon Expository Preaching 1980 Robinson, Haddon Biblical Preaching 2001 Larsen, Daniel L. The Anatomy of Preaching 1989 Thompson, William D. Preaching Biblically 1981 Wilson, Paul Scott The Four Pages of the Sermon 1999 Olford, Stephen F. Anointed Expository Preaching 1998 Bartlett, David L, Between the Bible and the Church 1999 Daniel L. Akin, David L. Allen & Ned L. Matthews Text-Driven Preaching 2001 Carter, Terry G., J. Scott Duvall & J. Daniel Hayo Preaching God’s Word 2005 Sunukjian, Donald R. Biblical Preaching 2007 Edwards, J. Kent Effective First-Person Biblical Preaching 2005V.Preaching from O.T and N.TKlein, George L. Preaching the Prophetic Mantle 1992 Achtemeier, Elizabeth Preaching from the Minor Prophets 1998 McCann, J. Clinton Jr. & James C. Howell Preaching the Psalms 2001 Mckenzie, Alyce M. Preaching Proverbs 1996 Mathewson, Steven D. The Art of Preaching Old Testament Narrative 2002 Jeter, Joseph R. Jr. Preaching Judges 2003 Greidanus, Sidney Preaching Christ from Genesis 2007A Chtemeier , Elizabeth Preaching from the Old Testament 1989Kaiser, Walter C. Jr. Preaching and Teaching from the Old Testament 2003 Bos, Rein Preaching the Old Testament 2008 Bryson, Harold Expository Preaching 1995 House, H. Wayne and Daniel G. Garland God’s Message, Your Sermon 2007 Hamilton, Donald L. Homiletical Handbook 1992 Arthurs, Jeffrey D. Preaching with Variety 2007 Goldsworthy, Graeme Preaching the Whole Bible 2000 Paul, Ian and David Wenham Preaching the New Testament 2013Knowles, Michael P. We Preach not Ourselves 2008VI.Structure of SermonHolland, Withnow T. The Structure of Sermons 1974 Braga How to Prepare Bible Messages 2005 Shaddix, Jim The Passion Driven Sermon 2003 Craddock, Fired B. Preaching 1985 Phillips, John Sermon Outlines from the Old Testament 1979 Phillips, John 100 Sermon Outlines from the New Testament 1979 Smitty, William H. 300 Sermon Outlines from the Old Testament 1982 Wyk, William P. Van My Sermon Notes on Parables and Metaphors 1947 Williams Ferome O. Sermons in Outlines 1947 Anderson, Jenton C. Choosing to Preach 2006 McDill, Wayne 12 Essential Skills for Great Preaching 2006VII.Outline of SermonBurns, Jabey 91 Sermon Outlines 1987 Spurgeon, C.H. Lectures to My Students 1977 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich. The Collected Sermon 2012 Fuller, David Otis. Spurgeon’s Sermon Note 1970 William, Jerome O. Seed for Sermons 1951 Alldredge, E.P. 101 Expository Sermons Outlines 1941 Bryant, A1 Sermon Outlines for Worship and Devotional Services 1954 Moore, Hight C Nuggets from Golden Texts 1953 Maclaren, Alexander Sermon seeds 1956 Zylstra, C. 150 Brief Sermon Outlines 1969VIII.Postmodern PreachingWillhite, Keith Preaching with Relevance 2001 Farris, Stephen Preaching that Matters 1998 Loscalzo, Craig A. Apologetic Preaching 2000 Lischer, Richard The End of Words 2005Allen, Ronald J., Barbara Shires Blaisdell & Scott Black JohnstonTheology of Preaching 1997 Abbey, Merrill r. Preaching to the Contemporary Mind 1963IX.Plan of PreachingMacLennan, David A. Resources for Sermon Preparation.Blackwood, Andrew W. Preaching a Year’s Pulpit Work 1942 Pearce, J. Winston Planning your preaching 1967 Asquith, Glenn H. Preaching According to Plan 1968 Adams, Jay. E. Preaching with Purpose 1982 Thielen, Martin Getting Ready for Sunday’s Sermon 1990 Gibson, Scott M. Preaching with a Plan 2012X.Varieties of PreachingA.Evangelistic PreachingStanfield, V.L. Effective Evangelistic Messages 1967 Stanfield，V.L. Effective Evangelistic Preaching 1965 Whitesell, F.D. 65 Ways to give Evangelistic InvitationWebb, Aquilla One Thousand Evangelistic Illustrations 1949 Moyer R. Larry Show Me How to Illustrate Evangelistic Sermons 2012 Apostolon, Billy 52 Evangelistic Illustrations 1968 Allison, Lon and Mark Anderson Going Public with the Gospel 2003B.Prophetic PreachingWogaman, J. Phillip Prophetic Preaching to a Broken World 1998 Larson, Craig Brian Prophetic Preaching 2012 Tisdale, Leonora Tubbs Prophetic Preaching 2010C.Biographical PreachingDe Brand, Roy E. Guide to Biographical PreachingD.Missionary SermonGammage, Albert W. Biblical Missionary 2001E.Family RelationshipsAchtemeier, Elizabeth Preaching about Family Relationships 1987F.Story PreachingCrowter, Phil Preaching God’s Big Story 2008 Seymour, D. Brace Creating Stories that Connect 2007G.Doctrinal PreachingBlackwood, Andrew W. Doctrinal Preaching for Today 1956H.Christ-Centered PreachingChapell, Bryan Christ-Centered Preaching 2005I.Greek New TestamentCowen, Gerald Sermon Starters from the Greek New Testament 1985J.Novel PreachingMckenzit, Alyce M. Novel Preaching 2010K.Hymns, Music and PoetryTroeger, Thomas H. Wonder Reborn 2010L.Narrative PreachingLowery, Eugene L. The Homiletical Plot 2001 Garner, Stephen Chapin Getting into Character 2008 Green, Joel B. and Michael Pas Quarello ⅢNarrative Reading Narrative Preaching 2003g PreachingBrown, H.C.Jr. A Christian Layman’s Guide to Public Speaking 1966 Brown, H.C Jr. Sermon Analysis for Pulpit Power 1971N.Different CulturesThomas, Frank A. The Role of Celebration in Preaching 1997 Rahner, Karl The Renewal of Preaching 1968XI.Occasion of PreachingStalker, James, Henry R. Cradon & David James BurrellSermons and Outlines for Special Occasions 1953 Bruster, Bill G. & Robert D. Dale How to Encourage Others 1983 Willimon, William H. Peculiar Speech 1992XII.Illustrations of PreachingHastings, Robert J. A Word Fitly Spoken 1962 Sangster, William E. The craft of Sermon Illustration 1977 Bryan, Dawson C. The Art of Illustration SermonsSalmon, Bruce C. Storytelling in Preaching 1988 Drakeford, John Humor in Preaching 1986 Brooks, Keith L. Illustrations for Preaching and SpeakersJenkins Leonard Rush 450 Stories from Life 1954 Pickering, HY One Thousand Acts and FactsMacartney, Clarence E. Macartney’s IllustrationsJones, G. Curtis 1000 Illustrations for Preaching and Teaching 1986 Fowler, J.B. Jr. Living Illustrations 1985 Anderson, Richard and Donald L. Deffner For Example 1977 Knight, Walter B. Knight’s Illustrations for Today 1970 Robertson, James DouglasHandbook of Preaching Resources from English Literature 1962 Lee’s Robert G. Sourcebook of 500 Illustrations 1964 Knight, Walter B. 3000 Illustrations for Christian Service 1952 Lee, Robert G. Modern Illustrations for Public Speakers 1955 Weisfeld, Israel H. The Pulpit Treasury of Wit Humor 1950 Larson, Craig Brian 1001 Illustrations that Connect 2008Rowell, Edward K. 1001 Quotes, Illustrations and Humorous Stories for Preachers,Teachers, and Writers 2008 Hobbs, Herschel H. My Favorite Illustrations 1990 Fowler, J.B. Jr. Illustrating Great Words of the New Testament 1991XIII.Delivery of PreachingBartow, Charles L. The Preaching Moment 1980 Fasol, A1 A Complete Guide to Sermon Delivery 1996 Cox. Richard H. Rewiring Your Preaching 2012 Holbert, John C. & Alyce M. Mckenzie What Not to Say 2011 Chilfers, Jana & Clayton J. Schmit Performance in Preaching 2008 Stevenson, Ddwight E. & Charles F. Diehl Preaching people from the Pulpit 1958 Fosol, A1 A Guide to Self-improvement in Sermon Delivery 1983 Hodgin, Michael E. 1002 Humorous Illustrations for Public Speaking 2004 Thompson & Fessenden Basic Experience in Speech 1958 Oliver, Robert T. New Training for Effective Speech 1951 Litfin, A. Duane Public Speaking 1981 Tack, Alfred How to Speak Well in Public 1973munication of PreachingChartier, Myron R. Preaching as Communication 1981XV.Psychology of PreachingJackson, Edgar N. A Psychology for Preaching 1961。

布朗大学土木工程本科专业

must be included:
Struc tural Analysis
Water Supply and Wastewater
核心课程工程概论平衡,速度和结构微积分动力学和振动学中级微积分科学计算概论材料科学电磁学应用数学电路和信号热力学应用数学结构学方向课程结构分析供水与污水处理土壤力学与地基工程原理土木工程结构设计土木工程项目
每年秋工程学院
季,春季
$42808 约合27万(人
民币)
每年秋工程学院
季,春季
$42808 约合27万(人
民币)
理学学士 BS
每年秋工程学院
季,春季
$42808 约合27万(人
民币)
理学学士 BS
每年秋工程学院
季,春季
$42808 约合27万(人
民币)
文学学士 BA
每年秋工程学院
季,春季
$42808 约合27万(人
文学学士 BA
每年秋布朗学院季,春季经济系
$42808 约合27万(人
民币)
文学学士 BA 文学学士 BA 文学学士 BA
每年秋布朗学院季,春季经济系
$42808 约合27万(人
民币)
每年秋布朗学院季,春季经济系
$42808 约合27万(人
民币)
每年秋季,春季
布朗学院视觉艺术系
视觉艺术
4
Visual Arts
统计学
4
Statistics
现代文化与传媒
4
Modern Culture and Media
艺术建筑史
4
History of Art and Architecture 城市研究

IEEE Standard for Low-Voltage Differential Signals (LVDS) for Scalable

IEEE Std 1596.3-1996
IEEE Standard for Low-Voltage Differential Signals (LVDS) for Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI)
Sponsor
Microprocessor and Microcomputer Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society
IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an interest in participating in the development of the standard. Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a document is more than five years old and has not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable to conclude that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership affiliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments. Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to specific applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of all concerned interests, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason IEEE and the members of its technical committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA

Managing People and Organization

Managing People and OrganizationDE3DOutcome 4Report of Managing People and OrganizationCandidate Name: Wang YeGrade and Class: 10 BusinessesReturn date: 26/12 2011Content1.0 Introduction (3)2.0 Main Body (4)2.1 The organization of Current Situation (4)2.2 Suggestion about merger with John Colbert Civil EngineeringContractors (5)2.3 Contingency Theory (8)2.4 The new structure, identify the different line, staff, functional and/or lateral relationship. (9)2.5 The new organization (10)3.0 Conclusions (11)4.0 References (12)1.0 IntroductionBarbour Brown Engineering Ltd is a company of a firm of consulting engineers. The organization has three factor are Structure/People/TaskStructure: under a new joint partnership.People: David, Neil, Jake, James, two qualified, one apprentice, on office supervisor. Task: A firm of consulting engineers.Barbour Brown Engineering Ltd was set up by David Barbour and Neil Brown by 14 years ago. This company has some successful achievement, they has fixed civil engineering contractors, and this enabled the firm to produce the designs to a high specification, as efficiently as possible.This company has some problems about management; David is so strict to stuff, like use timesheet to watch over them. He should use some relaxing policy to make staff feeling relax on the work time.If they re-structure, have some benefit for their company, they can change their method of working and management style. They have a specific goals for company.2.0 Main Body2.1 The organization of Current SituationDefinition of organization: Organization are made up at least two people, who have purposes and achieve purposes, by resources. Barbour Brown Engineering Ltd Company’s goal is re-structure with John Colbert Civil Engineering Contractors. The company’s organization design models is the mechanistic model, emphasizes importance of achieving high levels of production and efficiency through: extensive use of rules and procedures; centralized authority; high specialization of labor. David use timesheet to supervise staff every time and he never sought advice from them on the best way to divide up the work. The use of timesheets also gave rise to discontentment.The organization use flat hierarchies. A hierarchy (sometimes abbreviated HR) can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or horizontally. The only direct links in a hierarchy, insofar as they are hierarchical, are to one's immediate superior or to one of one's subordinates, although a system that is largely hierarchical can also incorporate alternative hierarchies. Indirect hierarchical links can extend "vertically" upwards or downwards via multiple links in the same direction, following a path.The main aim of the firm was to provide a high quality service and good designs, David and Neil is BBE Company’s president, they authorized to James and Jack, and these two people have responsibility to watch over the staff when David and Neil don’t at office. So it’s flat hierarchies.Definition of line structure: the line structure provides routes for upwards and downward communication and links departments together to an ultimate source of authority, for example the chairperson. Such line structures are fine in small and/orsimple organizations. Neil’s management style is line structure. He gave Jac k the autonomy and always discus the project planning and development with the team.David does something good for company, such as marketing management, communicate with consumer and partner. Neil does something good for company, such as participate, clarity of role and team objective. In management of objective David didn’t has Neil’s support, in the past 14 years, although the development of company but don’t have a specific organization structure, now should be re-structure.2.2 Suggestion about merger with John Colbert Civil Engineering ContractorsBarbour Brown Engineering Ltd Company re-structure with John Colbert Civil Engineering Contractors have some benefit for company, they should have specific new organization structure, this report introduce three organizational structure, such as ‘shamrock organization’, ‘hybrid’, ‘matrix structure’.Shamrock organization: An organizational structure where a core of essential executives and workers are supported by outside contractors and part-time help.The shamrock leaf shape is a symbolic representation of an organization withthree types of workforce, having a main body and connected lobes that together form a whole. The term was invented by Irish academic and managementauthor/philosopher Charles Handy.DiagrammatizeThe first leaf represents the administration, with middle manager and management staff in key employees. Most of them had a good professional training. It controlled by David, because David has been manages it for a long time. This leaf is internal management which govern other two leafs.The second leaf is existence by the enterprise contract relationship individual or organization of external management. Those others will be useless with it. Always include some enterprise had cooperating passed, now need to provide service’s expert. These people around enterprise ’s operate.The third leaf represents the great elastic Labor, like part-time worker and full-time worker. However, they are not just worker; they are one of the organizations, so they can complete the task in high standards. Further more, their decision making power usually limited in their work area. John controlled the engineering department, because his organization is profession in engineering.HybridA hybrid structure willinclude elements of both matrix and functional organizations. The advantage of this approach is that it may be adaptable to changing business circumstances. Disadvantages are that it may lead to staff being confused about what their responsibilities are.Davidmanagement for a long time. And Neil always has been to marketing department for responsibility. And, John controlled the engineering department, because his organization is profession in engineering. Therefore, it should be divided into different departments in the new organization. For example: human● Matrix structureThis approach originated from the aerospace industry where this type of structure was used for specific projects. A more flexible and adaptable system was needed to achieve a project-orientated multi-disciplinary team.Advantages:● Better control of project; greater security● Better customer relations and higher profit margins● Shorter project development time● Aids the development of managers as the work includes wider responsibilities.2.3 Contingency TheoryContingency theory takes the view that there is no one best way to structure, manage or control a business. The methods to be employed, it is argued, should be based on finding the best fit between the organization and its environment.●Definition of task: The nature and size of the task is a key determinant in shapingthe organization. The more important that the two businesses is the new leisure complex and the office block for the Scottish Executive.●Definition of technology: The technology the organization uses is a key factor inits success. As result of mew technology and computer networks, design communication tended to be done through phone calls and email.●Definition of size: The size of the organization is a key factor variable ininfluencing the design and structure of the organization. The bigger organization enabling ability to compete more effectively for future projects and the reduction of support area. Therefore, lead to economies of scale.2.4 The new structure, identify the different line, staff, functional and /or lateral relationship.●Line relationship: Each partner having responsibility for given area and supportarea.Neil controls structure and marketing. John controls sites and work team. David controls civil and administration●Staff relationship would exist between the administrative support staff and thedifferent teams. Top manage r David and middle manager’s relation are staff relationship.● A functional relationship would exist between the finance and the project teamsand also between the team leader for the engineering design team and the sitedevelopment team. Marketing and design are functional relationship.● A lateral relationship would develop between the engineering team leaders. Administration and financial resources are lateral relationship.2.5 The new organization●AuthorityAuthority is the right to direct or guide the actions of others and extract from responses that are appropriate to achieving the goals of the organization.●ResponsibilityResponsibility is the obligation placed on a person who has a certain position in an organization to perform a task, assignment or function.●DelegationDelegation is the act of passing the responsibility to complete a task to another person.The aforementioned partners of responsibility, the new structure have to be concrete, because of the responsibility is not clear in organization. And there is no explicit responsibility for company in the aforementioned responsibility of partners. Because of Neil/John/David manage civil, structure and sit - development makes them have deterministic responsibility, then the responsibility of the re-structure being clearer.The Authority of a new company is very significant. And according to Liker's theory, Neil belongs to participatory, staffs could have high satisfaction, but David is benevolent authority so staffs can not have high satisfaction.Thus, the authority distribution of the organization is very important.Team leaders perform the authority to entrust the responsibilities, and get high satisfaction, staffs have motivations, so the working of team has high efficiency.3.0 ConclusionsJohn Colbert Civil Engineering Contractors are good partner with Barbour Brown Engineering Ltd, but they are two different type companies. Through all the problems, top leaders think that merger is best way to save their problems, that means the John Colbert Civil Engineering Contractors and Barbour Brown Engineering Ltd will be re-structure. So, John Colbert Civil Engineering Contractors could have new leader to achieve the goals and Barbour Brown Engineering Ltd will acquire the new workspace.The hybrid structure is best way for Re-structure Company. Because hybrid structures have more detailed information’s to differentiate work and get high quality efficiency. But in the other hand, the duty, technology and size of the new company will be ameliorate heavily and make the company more professional. Besides, merger gives the perfect reason changing the working methods. Merge should be used at first.4.0 References‘Management People and Organization’ wrote by Scottish Qualifications Authority and published by the China Modern Economic Publishing Houses. --P 12‘Management People and Organization’ wrote by Scottish Qualifications Authority and published by the China Modern Economic Publishing Houses. --P 250‘Management People and Organization’ wrote by Scottish Qualifications Authority and published by the China Modern Economic Publishing Houses. – P 292‘Management People and Organization’ wrote by Scottish Qualifications Authority and published by the China Modern Economic Publishing Houses. –P280‘Management People and Organization’ wrote by Scottish Qualifications Authority and published by the China Modern Economic Publishing Houses. – P 300‘Management People and Organization’ wrote by Scottish Qualifications Authority and published by the China Modern Economic Publishing Houses. – P 288‘Management People and Organization’ wrote by Scottish Qualifications Authority and published by the China Modern Economic Publishing Houses. – P 285-286 /wiki/Flat_hierarchy。

英语三级A级作文预测

高等学校英语应用能力考试A级作文预测（2014.6）恩波教育预测（一）电子邮件说明：根据以下中文信息写一封电子邮件：假设你是Universal Trading Co. Ltd销售部的总经理John Smith，要求你给某电子公司的负责人David Brown写一封电子邮件，写邮件的日期为6月13日。

邮件内容如下：1．我们从广交会（Guangzhou Fair）上得知贵公司及贵公司的产品；2．本公司专门经营中国电子产品进出口业务，是美国主要的中国电子产品经销商；3. 去函目的是希望能与贵公司能建立合作关系；4．如蒙惠寄最新的目录和价格表，将不胜感激；5. 盼回复。

收件人：Davidbrown @163．com发件人：Johnsmith @ Words for Reference:销售部Sales Department●审题概述●建立合作关系邮件的写作要注意按以下模式进行：第一步，表明信息来源；第二步自我介绍，第三步说明合作意向，以及想了解的信息，包括目录、价格等等；第四步，预期合作前景。

预测（二）招聘广告说明：南方(中国)投资有限公司是世界上主要的石油天然气公司，也是世界五百强企业之一。

现招聘一名化工管道设计师。

职责：1.工程设计;2.施工监督;3.培训工人应聘条件：1.化学工程专业学士以上文凭，并具有五年相关经验；2.较强的逻辑思维能力；3.获国家计算机证书及全国高等学校英语应用能力考试A级证书；4.具备团队合作精神。

有意者请于本月15日前发简历至investment@。

Words for reference：南方(中国)投资有限公司South Investment C0．Ltd；天然气natural gas；学士文凭Bachelor’s Degree；高等学校英语应用能力考试A级PRETCO(Level A)．●审题概述●招聘广告应注意以下几点：醒目的标题；口语化的语言；注意语言的简洁性和通俗易懂性；突出重点，对主要内容强调说明。

MPO 报告O4

Managing People and OrganizationsAssessment 4Outcome 4Award Structure: Financial ServicesSCN: 125041302Name: Chen, TinaHND CentreXianDa College of Economics and Humanities Shanghai International Studies UniversityDate: Dec 23, 2011Table of contentIntroduction 3 Body 4~12 Conclusion 13 Reference 14IntroductionNow the company called Barbour Brown Engineering Ltd （BBE）which was set up by David Barbour and Neil Brown 14 years ago has a good running situation. Since John who is the CEO of the John Colbert Civil Engineering want to retire, and his company always has some cooperation with BBE, he want to merge with David and Neil's company. So David and Neil are thinking about wether they should merge with John Colbert Civil Engineering, and their company will hold a meeting on every Friday. For more and more clients wanted cost saving and some other reasons, David and Neil think that their company should re-structure. This report will show more details about the advantages and disadvantages of their merger.BodyQuestion 1: Identify the original company’s organization structureThere are six main organization structures:1.Work specializationThe work specialization also called division of labour. Instead of letting one person do the entire job, break it down into a number of steps and ask separate individuals to complete different steps. If the company use this structure to divide the jobs, it will reduce the workload of staff but also will be very chaos. Such as David always ask different people to do the same thing, it lead his staff dissatisfaction.2.DepartmentalizationIn this structure there are five ways to divide the jobsa.By functions: In this way jobs are divided into different common functions, suchas engineering, accounting, HR, and supply chain. The advantage of this structureis that placing people with common skills and orientation together to enhance efficiency. And the disadvantage is conflicts can be raised as a lack of understanding of other functions.b.By product: People can be divide by products, such as there are 2 different officein old BBE company civil and structure design department. They are responsible for different work, one is do road design and the other one is responsible for civil design.c.By geography: In the case, there are no obviously people grouped by geography.But, there maybe grouped by geography, which be responsible for different area.d.By process: It means people are grouped by different part in the same task. Suchas old BBE company are only do the design job, after they merger the construction team would be control by designers.e.By customer: The aim of the company is to satisfy customers. As well as, theprocess apartment people can be grouped by customers, which follow the demand of customers to arrange their job.3.Chain of commandIt means that an unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest level and clarifies who reports to whom. Such as the relationship between Neil and Jack in the structure office. Although David is also a manager of the company. But Jack only needs to report his work to Neil directly.4.Span of controlThe number of the employees could be managed by the manager. The widerand larger span can make more efficient to the organization.1 Such as in David's office the efficiency of transfer information is very high, while David would be very tired. On contrast, there are too many management level in Neil's office, but it canreduce the stress of Neil.5. Centralization and decentralization The centralization means that the decision is made at a single point degree in the organization. Such as the civil office which controlled by David. David will make all the decision by himself, this way can make the decision faster but maybe sometimes he cannot think about some details and the decision will not have the high quality. On the other hand Neil used the decentralization to give rights to lower level managers join in the decision making. This way can make the decisions have higher quality, but it cannot make decision very fast.6. Formalization.It refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized. The most obviously example is Neil and David all agree to use timesheet to manage their staff.Overall, these structures define how job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated. Both of these structures have some pros and cons. And BBE used the DavidJames anddesignersTechnicia Apprentichybrid structure at present. This kind of structure includes many elements. And the advantage of this structure is it can adaptive to changes easier. The disadvantage is it may lead to staff being confused about what their responsibilities are.Question 2According to the merger of the two companies, there would be very big changes in the company, because of new company structure and new staffs. Although the two companies had cooperate for a long time, there would be many change than before after they merge.After the two companies merge, since John had a big office at the countryside the staffs of two companies can work together in the office. This situation can make two companies adapt merger as soon as possible. It would also reduce the cost of new company, which means the new company can has more money to start their new project. Although two companies merge, the new structure is also the hybrid structure. Furthermore, the company can also grouped their staffs byfunction, product, geography, New Barbour BrownEngineering LtdCivil Project Officemanager: David Structure Project Office manager: JohnJames andEngineers Technicians ApprenticesJack Engineers, Technicians andConstructionteam ConstructionteamAdministration Department AdministrationDepartmentprocess and customer. For example, they can design project for their customers and let the construction team to do the project for customers. Next is the chain of command, it would change a lot, such as the construction team would be managed by the designers. However, David would also totally control all the staffs in his office, as well as the new construction team would also be controlled by David. In contrast, Neil would also give enough freedom to Jack, as the same, Jack would also let the designers to manage construction team. The last one would not be changed a lot, which is the timesheet management. Because it is the most effective way to manage staffs, they would find a balance point to continue use it. Question 3Contingency theory:Contingency theory takes the view that there is no one best way to structure, manage or control a business. The methods to be employed, it is argued, should be based on finding the best fit between the organisation and its environment.2 The particular situational factors such as size, technology or environment will determine the systems and structures employed. The administration department would be the secretary department of all others department.Task:The nature and size of the task is a key determinant in shaping the organisation. Generally speaking, a complex task always require a more complicated structure than a simple task. Such as the situation in the new company, if the company want to cooperate with government they should have more labour power, ability and a better management structure to be qualified to finish new tasks. So the merger is necessaryto both of BBE and John's company, they ought to through this way to enlarge their companies' power. After the merger, the task would be changed, such as there would add construction team into the old company, in that case the task structure would to be changed.TechnologyThe new technology of the organization is a key factor in its success, it encouraged these two companies to merge. This is in relation not just to information technology but the complete approach to producing an item or delivering a service. For example, the company can cooperate design skills with the construction team and they would find new method maybe improve their work performance. In the new company the technology department can help other departments in many ways , such as record and analyze the data for the Construction team and designers.SizeThe merger of the organizations make the company larger and always will have a repetition of labor, so the companies should cut some staff in the old organization. And the new organization must adapts to the size of the company, they should add some departments and management to satisfy the needs of the new company.The size of the organization is a key variable in influencing the design and structure of the organization, with small organization typically having few procedures as compared to the large business, which typically will have many written procedures, organization charts and formal processes.In the case the new company add two constructions teams a efficient administrationteam. The merger would primarily be beneficial because the engineers would have the formal authority to manage the construction staff. At the moment, as designers, there was an informal acceptance that the design engineer was in charge of a given project on site. A merger would help to enhance this relationship. Although both firms had reputations for high quality work, increasing competition and the need to make efficiency savings was making it more and more important that the two businesses looked to new possibilities for managing and developing. John also has a small, but efficient, administration team that handles reception, secretarial support, accounts and wanes. Neil was aware that the merger, should it go ahead, would create some redundancies. So when the two firms merger, they will be stronger in many sides. Question4. Line relationships:A line position is directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the organization, such as producing or selling a product or service. Line positions are occupied by line personnel and line managers. Line personnel carry out the primary activities of a business and are considered essential to the basic functioning of the organization. Line managers make the majority of the decisions and direct line personnel to achieve company goals. Such as the relationship between Neil and Jack they are the obviously line relationship in the whole company. Although David also is the manager of the company Jack should first give feedback to Neil rather than report to David.NeilJackStaff relationship:Staff authority is the rights to advise or counsel those with line authority. For example, human resource department employees help other departments by selecting and developing a qualified workforce. Therefore, staff authority gives staff personnel the right to offer advice in an effort to improve line operations.Functional relationshipFunctional authority is referred to as limited line authority. It gives a staff person power over a particular function, such as accounting. Usually, functional authority is given to specific staff personnel with expertise in a certain area. For example, members of an accounting department might have authority to request documents they need to prepare financial reports, or a human resource manager might have authority to ensure that all departments are complying with equal employment opportunity laws. Functional authority is a special type of authority for staff personnel, which must be designated by top management. In the case, the new administration department has functional relationship with all the other department.Lateral relationshipsLateral relationships are those that exist between staffs at the same level in the company. These are important for the coordination of the various functions of the organizations. From a business perspective, a merger of the two companies could be beneficial. For example, the relationship between James and other designers they are the colleges in the same department.Question5. AuthorityAuthority is the right to direct or guide the actions of others and extract from them responses that are appropriate achieving the goals of the organization. In the case, David and Neil had their usual Friday meeting. This week the main area for discussion was the business's need to re-structure. This issue had increased in priority when Neil explained that John Colbert Civil Engineering Contractors had approached him about a merger. After the two firms merged, David and Neil has the authority of the organization. They would make the decision and give freedom to their staffs letting them to finish the project.ResponsibilityResponsibility is the obligation placed on a person who has a certain position in an organization to perform a task, assignment or function. Although both firms had reputations for high quality work, increasing competition and the need to make efficiency savings was making it more and more important that the two businesses looked to new possibilities for managing and developing. When the firms merge, David and Neil has the responsibility to manage the organization and John also has the responsibility to manage and control the teams as a leader. In the other hand, when they give authority to their staffs they should also give responsibility to their staffs. Then they can control the process of the whole project.DelegationDelegation is the act of passing the responsibility to complete a task to another person. In the case, John has a chartered civil engineer employed two teams. Each team comprised a team leader, digger driver and three qualified builders. And Davidand Neil should be to authorize to the staff, and John also can give authority to a team leader. Then the team leader can make some decisions that it is not very important for the managers so that it will be much simpler to manage and control.ConclusionAfter analyzes all the advantages and disadvantage of the merger, whether merge or not the management would make a final decision.Reference1. /scientific/scientific_02.html2. /mb021/ortheory.htm。

提升LED日光模拟器同色异谱质量的光谱匹配方法

提升LED日光模拟器同色异谱质量的光谱匹配方法章夫正;徐海松;丰恒【摘要】A spectral matching method for CIE daylight illuminants D50, D55, D65, and D75 was proposed based on the multichannel LED light sources along with the CIE standard for evaluating the spectral quality of a daylight simulator.In view of the fact that it is hard to realize accurate spectral matching, this method can consider spectral matching accuracy as well as metamerism degree simultaneously.The experimental results indicate that the CIE 1976 UCS chromaticity differences of the four matched spectra are less than 0.015 as specified by CIE, and that this method can significantly improve the metamerism index quality grades and the color rendering properties of the matched spectra with comparison to the technique based only on spectral matching accuracy.The quality grades can be improved from the original C or even D grade to the present B level, meanwhile the CIE general color rendering indexes reach up to 98, and the special color rendering indexes R9 are more significantly upgraded to 94 or above.%基于多通道LED光源以及CIE评价日光模拟器光谱质量的标准,提出了一种适用于CIE日光照明体D50、D55、D65和D75的光谱匹配方法.针对实际难以获得精确的光谱匹配问题,本方法可兼顾光谱匹配精度和同色异谱性能.实验结果表明,4种匹配光谱的CIE 1976 UCS色品差均小于CIE标准规定的0.015;与仅以光谱匹配精度为目标的技术相比,该方法显著改善了匹配光谱的同色异谱指数质量等级以及显色性能.同色异谱质量等级由C级甚至D级均提高到了B级,CIE一般显色指数高达98,而特殊显色指数R9则更加显著地改善至优于94.【期刊名称】《照明工程学报》【年(卷),期】2017(028)002【总页数】5页(P23-27)【关键词】色度学;CIE日光照明体;LED日光模拟器;光谱匹配;同色异谱指数【作者】章夫正;徐海松;丰恒【作者单位】浙江大学光电科学与工程学院现代光学仪器国家重点实验室,浙江杭州 310027;浙江大学光电科学与工程学院现代光学仪器国家重点实验室,浙江杭州310027;浙江大学光电科学与工程学院现代光学仪器国家重点实验室,浙江杭州310027【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O432.3尽管国际照明委员会(CIE)推荐了一组优先用于色度计算和视觉评价任务的标准照明体(A和D65)以及日光照明体(如D50、D55和D75)[1]，但除标准照明体A外，CIE至今仍未推荐可用于实现日光照明体的标准光源，即日光模拟器[1]。

卿建业副教授 Jianye Ching

5.
Ching, J., Beck, J.L., Porter, K.A. and Shaikhutdinov, R. (2006), Bayesian state estimation method for nonlinear systems and its application to recorded seismic response, ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 132(4), 396-410. (SCI:0.787 35/107: Cite #: 3)

corresponding author

graduang, J., Au, S.K. and Beck, J.L. (2005), Reliability estimation for dynamic systems subject to stochastic excitations using Subset Simulation with splitting, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 194, 1557-1579. (SCI:1.488 17/112; Cite #: 18)
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2005-2009 教師著作目錄集
11. Ching, J. and Hsieh, Y.-H. (2007), Approximate reliability-based optimization using a three-step Stochastic Design approach with Subset Simulation, ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 133(4), 481-493. (SCI:0.787 35/107; Cite #:1) 12. Ching, J. and Chen, Y.-C. (2007), Transitional Markov chain Monte Carlo method for Bayesian model updating, model class selection and model averaging, ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 133(7), 816-832. (SCI:0.787 35/107; Cite #:4) 13. Ching, J. and Hsu, W.-C. (2007), An efficient method of evaluating connectivity reliability of huge infrastructure networks, Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 22, 584-596. (SCI:0.861 4/34) 14. Ching, J. and Hsieh, Y.-H. (2007), Local estimation of failure probability function with direct Monte Carlo simulation, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication. (EI) 15. Ching, J. and Hsu, W.-C. (2008), Transforming probabilistic limit-state constraints into deterministic constraints, Structural Safety, 30, 11-33. (SCI:1.075 11/89; Cite #:1) 16. Ching, J., Chen, Y.C., Chen, J.R. and Phoon, K.K. (2008), Updating uncertainties in soil shear strength parameters with multivariate in-situ and laboratory test data, Sino-Geotechnics, 115, 5-18. (in Chinese) 17. Ching, J., Liao, H.-J., and Sue, J.-W. (2008), Calibration of reliability-based resistance factors for flush drilled soil anchors in Taipei basin, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(9), 1348-1363. (SCI:0.746 10/26) 18. Ching, J. and Hsu, W.-C. (2008), Approximate optimization of uncertain systems in high dimensions with multiple reliability constraints, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 198, 52-71. (invited paper for special issue) (SCI:1.488 17/112) 19. Ching, J. (2009), Equivalence between reliability and factor of safety, Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 24(2), 159-171. (SCI:1.162 29/112) 20. Ching, J. and Hsieh, Y.-H. (2009), Updating reliability of instrumented systems with stochastic simulations, Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 24(2), 242-250. (SCI:1.162 29/112) (NSC 95-2221-E-011-057) 21. Ching, J., Porter, K.A. and Beck, J.L. (2009), Propagating uncertainties for loss estimation in performance-based earthquake engineering using moment matching, Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 5(3), 245-262. (SCI:0.442 53/89) 22. Ching, J., Yen, M.-T., and Lin, H.-D. (2009), Model selection issue in calibrating geotechnical reliability-based resistance factors based on in-situ test data, Structural Safety, 31(5), 420-431. (SCI:1.075 11/89) 23. Ching, J. and Chen, W.-Y. (2009), Approximate reliability-based design with general geotechnical models by stochastic simulation, GeoRisk, 3(2), 58-66. (invited paper for special issue) 24. Ching, J. and Hsieh, Y.H. (2009), Observations in reliability analysis of a 1-D consolidation problem, Journal of GeoEngineering, 4(1), 19-27.

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SAES-A-112

Previous Issue: 21 December 2005 Next Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right marginPage 1 of 25Engineering StandardSAES-A-11231 October 2006Meteorological and Seismic Design Data Environmental Standards Committee MembersHejazi, Ramzi Fouad, ChairmanAbdulkader, Khaled Abdullah, Vice Chairman Ayoubi, Ensan Mahmoud Barrie, David George Carne, MalcolmConner, William Glenn Harbi, Nassir ThaaliKadhim, Mohammad Hassan Khalaf, Adli Shafik Kunnummal, Noushad Mulhim, Khalid Abdul Aziz Nassar, Rafat Mohammad Qahtani, Saleh Yahya Reed Jr., Philip Edward Rehm, Thomas E.Saudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope............................................................. 2 2 Conflicts and Deviations................................ 2 3 References..................................................... 2 4 Definitions. (3)Appendix (9)Next Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design Data1 ScopeThis standard defines the basic meteorological and seismic data to be used in the design of all Saudi Aramco facilities. These data are presented in tabular form in Appendix I.Commentary Notes:Saudi Aramco meteorological data generally are based on a minimum of 10 years of data. However, where weather records are available, data have been based on longer periods; where records are limited, data have been based on the maximum available time period.As pertinent reference material becomes available, meteorological data for Saudi Aramco installations will be revised and expanded.This entire standard may be attached to and made a part of purchase orders. 2Conflicts and Deviations 2.1Any conflicts between this standard and other applicable Saudi AramcoEngineering Standards (SAESs), Materials System Specifications (SAMSSs), Standard Drawings (SASDs), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall be resolved in writing by the Company or Buyer Representative through the Manager, Environmental Protection Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran. 2.2Direct all requests to deviate from this standard in writing to the Company or Buyer Representative, who shall follow internal Company procedure SAEP-302 and forward such requests to the Manager, Environmental Protection Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.3 ReferencesThe selection of material and equipment, and the design, construction, maintenance, and repair of equipment and facilities covered by this standard shall comply with the latest edition of the references listed below, unless otherwise noted. 3.1Saudi Aramco ReferencesSaudi Aramco Engineering ProcedureSAEP-302 Instructionsfor Obtaining a Waiver of a Mandatory Saudi Aramco Engineering Requirement Saudi Aramco Engineering Reports SAER-2359Arabian Gulf Hindcast StudyNext Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design Data SAER-5307 Outdoor Design Temperatures for HVAC andHeat ExchangersSAER-5565 Red Sea Hindcast StudySAER-6089 Study on Seismic Acceleration Contour Maps forthe KingdomNote: It provides maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerationsat short and long periods consistent with IBC 2003 (NEHRP 2000).3.2 Industry Codes and StandardsInternational Code Council (ICC)IBC 2003 International Building CodeAmerican Society of Civil EngineersASCE 7-02 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and OtherStructures4 DefinitionsThis section defines the meteorological and seismic data presented in Tables 1 & 2 and indicates some of the areas in which these data are commonly used.4.1 Site elevation and station coordinates: although not consideredmeteorological or seismic data, are included in this standard for the convenienceof the user.Elevation Above Mean Sea Level: Approximate elevations are listed for SaudiAramco sites and referenced to Mean Sea Level (MSL).Commentary Note:These elevations are used by process, equipment, and utility engineers forcalculation of atmospheric pressure. Seasonal site specific atmospheric pressureis also available from the Environmental Protection Department.Station Coordinates: The approximate latitude and longitude of the plant sitein the units of degrees and minutes.Commentary Note:This information can be used in HVAC design to determine the position of the sunat various times of the year.4.2 Ambient Air & Soil Temperatures: Temperature readings obtained from theSaudi Aramco and MEPA local weather stations are as follows:Next Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design Data Average Annual Temperature: An average of the daily temperatures for theyear averaged over a number of years.Average Daily Maximum Temperature: An average of the daily temperaturesfor the hottest month averaged over a number of years.Commentary Note:This value is used in the rating of transformers and electric motors.Monthly Normal Maximum Temperature: The average of the maximumdaily temperature recorded during the hottest month averaged over a number ofyears.Commentary Note:This value is used in the rating of transformers and electric motors.Average Daily Soil Temperature: The average daily soil temperature for thehottest month, measured one meter below grade, averaged over a number ofyears.Commentary Note:This value is used for underground cable applications and buried pipelines.Monthly Normal Maximum Soil Temperature: The average of the maximumdaily soil temperature, measured one meter below grade, during the hottestmonth averaged over a number of years.Commentary Note:This value is used for underground cable applications and buried pipelines.Lowest One Day Mean Temperature: This temperature is determined byfinding the lowest value of the daily mean temperatures over the entire period ofrecords.Commentary Note:An ambient temperature that may be required for the minimum design metaltemperature for equipment that is significantly pressurized at ambienttemperatures.Highest One Day Mean Temperature: This temperature is determined byfinding the highest value of the daily mean temperatures over the entire periodof records.Next Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design Data Commentary Note:An ambient temperature that may be required to determine the maximum metaltemperatures used in the design of structures, piping systems and certain typesof equipment.Lowest Recorded Temperature: The lowest ambient air temperature that hasbeen recorded at a particular site.Highest Recorded Temperature: The highest ambient air temperature that hasbeen recorded at a particular site.Summer Design Dry Bulb Temperature: A dry bulb temperature that hasbeen equaled or exceeded by 1%, 2.5% or 5% (30 hrs, 73 hrs, or 146 hrs) of thetotal hours during the months of June through September.Wet Bulb Temperature: The lowest temperature that can be obtained byevaporating water into the air.Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temperature: The mean of all wet bulbtemperatures occurring at the specific Summer Design Dry Bulb Temperature.Summer Design Wet Bulb Temperature: A wet bulb temperature that hasbeen equaled or exceeded by either 1% or 2.5% (30 hrs or 73 hrs) of the totalhours during the months of June through September.Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temperature: The mean of all dry bulbtemperatures occurring at the specific summer design wet bulb temperature.Mean Daily Range: The difference between the average daily maximum andaverage daily minimum temperatures during the month of August.Winter Design Dry Bulb Temperature: A temperature that has been equaledor exceeded by 99% of the total hours during the months of December, Januaryand February.4.3 Wind: Wind data compiled from local weather stations are reported as follows:Basic Wind Speed: The wind speeds are derived from local weather stationdata. Both 3-second gust and Fastest Mile Wind Speeds are expressed in bothSI and customary units at 10 m above ground for 50-year mean recurrenceintervals.Commentary Note:This data is used for the design of structures, buildings, pressure vessels, piping,storage tanks, air-cooled heat exchangers, cooling towers, stacks, and similarequipment.Next Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design Data Exposure Category: An exposure category reflects the characteristic of groundsurface irregularities at a particular site.Commentary Note:This category is used to account for large variations in ground surface roughnessthat arises from natural topography and vegetation as well as from constructedfeatures. This factor is used in calculating wind pressures using either the IBC orASCE 7.Prevailing Direction: The direction (N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, etc.) from whichthe wind blows the greatest percentage of the time.Commentary Note:Since 16 points of direction (N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, etc.) are used to discuss winddirection, the directions given in Table 1 could represent less than 10% of thetotal time the wind is blowing. Where wind direction considerations are critical, awind rose diagram may be available from the Environmental ProtectionDepartment.4.4 Earthquake DataShort Period Acceleration (S S): The mapped maximum considered earthquakespectral response acceleration at a short period.One-Second Period Acceleration (S1): The mapped maximum consideredearthquake spectral response acceleration at a period of 1-sec.Commentary Note:S S and S1 values have been determined based on SAER-6089. They are to beused as per procedures in ASCE 7-02 and IBC 2003 to calculate the designspectral response acceleration parameters.Site Class: A classification assigned to a site based on the types of soils presentand their engineering properties as per IBC or ASCE 7 Site Classification Tables1615.1.1 or 9.4.1.2 respectively.4.5 PrecipitationCommentary Note:The amount of precipitation (rainfall) is a factor used in storage tank design,drainage design, waste-water discharge quality control, and similar items. Itshould be realized that the desert climate and length of record make recordedvalues highly variable (for example, Dhahran has 60 years of data while Tanajibhas 12 years).Next Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design Data Rainfall, Average Annual: This is the annual average rainfall based on asmany years of data as available.Rainfall Maximum in 24 Hours: This is the maximum precipitation recordedin 24 hours.Rainfall Intensity Coefficients: These coefficients are provided for returnperiods of 5, 10, 25 and 50 years. The coefficients are used in the Steel Formula[I = K/(t+b)] to calculate the average maximum precipitation rates for stormdurations up to two hours.Where:I = Rainfall Intensity in mm/hr (in/hr),t = time of concentration in minutes, andK & b are non-dimensional coefficients.Isokeraunic Levels: A rough measure of lightning frequency.Commentary Note:These values are used in the design of grounding and lightning protectionsystems.4.6 Ambient Air QualityCommentary Note:Air-borne dust concentrations and contaminant levels are used in mechanicalequipment design, when sizing air filters and as a measure of potential dustingress in bearing housings, lube oil systems, etc.Dust Concentration: Usual airborne dust concentration is 1 mg/m³. Duringsandstorms, dust concentrations may reach 500 mg/m³. Particle sizes are asfollows:95% of all particles are less than 20 micrometers50% of all particles are less than 1.5 micrometersElements present in dust include compounds of calcium, silicon, magnesium,aluminum, potassium, chlorides and sodium. When wetted (high humidityconditions) these compounds function as electrolytes and can result in severecorrosion.Other pollutants present in the atmosphere under the most extreme conditions are: H2S 20 ppm (vol/vol)Hydrocarbon 150 ppm (vol/vol)SO2 10 ppm (vol/vol)Next Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design DataCO 100 ppm (vol/vol)NOx 5 ppm (vol/vol)O3 1 ppm (vol/vol)4.7 Other DataOffshore Structures: For the design of offshore structures the wind, currentand wave design data should be taken from SAER-2359 "Arabian Gulf HindcastStudy", and SAER-5565 "Red Sea Hindcast Study".If more precise data becomes available at a given site, it may be used for designwith the prior written approval of the Manager of Environmental ProtectionDepartment, Dhahran.SummaryRevision21 December 2005 Major revision.31 October 2006 Editorial revision.Next Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design DataAppendixTable 1 – Design Data - SI UnitsAbuData Categories Abha Abqaiq Sa'fah Al-Baha Al-Jauf Elevation Above Mean Sea Level, m 2200 79 16 1651 559Station Coordinates: Latitude North 18°12' 25°56' 26°54' 20°17' 29°56' Longitude East 42°29' 49°42' 50°30' 41°38' 40°12' Ambient Air & Soil Temperatures, (°C):Average Annual Temperature 18 27 26 23 22Average Daily Maximum Temp. (hottest month) 23 37 34 35 33Monthly Normal Max. Temp. (hottest month) 31 45 35 37 40Average Daily Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) - 32 Note 2 - -Mo. Normal Max. Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) - 33 Note 2 - -Lowest One-Day Mean Temperature 5 6 10 10 1Highest One-Day Mean Temperature 28 42 36 36 40Lowest Recorded Temperature 0 -3 10 0 -Highest Recorded Temperature 35 52 43 39 46Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% 32 46 - - -Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% 28 22 - - -Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 31 45 - - -Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 26 22 - - -Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% 29 29 - - -Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% 31 40 - - -Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 28 27 - - -Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 30 39 - - -Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 5% 31 43 - - -Mean Daily Range 14 15 - 13 -Winter Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 99% 5 8 - - -Wind:Basic Wind Speed, 3-sec gust, km/hr 150 150 Note 2 155 165Basic Wind Speed, Fastest-mile, (km/hr) 50 yr 126 126 Note 2 - 140Exposure Category (Note 1) C C Note 2 - CPrevailing Direction N NW NW E W Earthquake Data:Short Period Acceleration (S S) in %g20 14.6 8.3 16 14.5 1-Sec Period Acceleration (S1) in %g 5.4 3.8 2.8 4.2 4.0 Site Class (Note 4) D D D D D Precipitation, mm:Rainfall, Average Annual 330 81 - 154 59Rainfall Maximum in 24 hours 131 80 - 118 -Rainfall Intensity - Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Isokeraunic Levels (days lightning/year)- 2 10* 33 10* See page No. 25 for notesNext Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design DataTable 1 – Design Data - SI Units (Continued)Ar'ar' Duba Data Categories (Badana) Berri Dhahran (as Al-Wajh)Elevation Above Mean Sea Level, m 539 10 89 1927°19'Station Coordinates: Latitude North 30°58'26°19'26°57'Longitude East 40°59' 49°35' 50°08' 35°44'Ambient Air & Soil Temperatures, (°C):Average Annual Temperature 22 27 27 25Average Daily Maximum Temp. (hottest month) 34 37 36 30Monthly Normal Max. Temp. (hottest month) 41 39 42 34Average Daily Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) - 32 32 -Mo. Normal Max. Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) - 32 33 -Lowest One-Day Mean Temperature -1 8 8 11Highest One-Day Mean Temperature 39 38 39 34Lowest Recorded Temperature - 0 -1 5Highest Recorded Temperature 47 47 51 44Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% - 45 45 -Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% - 24 26 -Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% - 43 44 -Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% - 24 25 -Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% - 33 32 -Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% - 34 38 -Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% - 31 30 -Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% - 33 35 -Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 5% - 42 43 -Mean Daily Range - 10 12 9Winter Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 99% - 8 8 -Wind:Basic Wind Speed, 3-sec gust, km/hr 181 150 150 155Basic Wind Speed, Fastest-mile, (km/hr) 50 yr 155 126 126 130Exposure Category (Note 1) C C C CPrevailing Direction W NW NW WEarthquake Data:Short Period Acceleration (S S) in %g 3.2 15 8.3 26.61-Sec Period Acceleration (S1) in %g 0.8 4.0 2.8 8.5Site Class (Note 4) D D D DPrecipitation, mm:Rainfall, Average Annual 73 90 83 28Rainfall Maximum in 24 hours 27 96 63 41Rainfall Intensity Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3Isokeraunic Levels (days lightning/year)10* 5 10* 10*See page No. 25 for notesNext Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design DataTable 1 – Design Data - SI Units (Continued)East/West Pump StationsData Categories No. 3 No. 6 No. 10 Hail Harad Hawta Elevation Above Mean Sea Level, m 530 771 866 1001 300 635North 25°10' 24°42' 24°06' 27°26' 24°04' 22°58' Station Coordinates: LatitudeLongitude East 47°30' 44°58' 41°02' 41°41' 49°01' 46°54' Ambient Air & Soil Temperatures, (°C):Average Annual Temperature 25 25 22 22 27 26Average Daily Maximum Temp. (hottest month) 36 34 34 39 38 36Monthly Normal Max. Temp. (hottest month) 43 42 42 42 44 43Average Daily Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) 33 32 33 - 34 34Mo. Normal Max. Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) 34 33 34 - 36 35Lowest One-Day Mean Temperature 5 - - 4 2 11Highest One-Day Mean Temperature 38 - - 40 48 39Lowest Recorded Temperature -2 -5 -2 -9 -6 5Highest Recorded Temperature 47 46 44 44 50 46Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% 44 43 - - - -Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% - - - - - -Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 43 41 - - - -Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% - - - - - -Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% - - - - - -Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% - - - - - -2.5% - - - - - -@Summer Design Wet BulbTemp.Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% - - - - - -Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 5% - - - - - - Range 19 17 19 15 21 16 DailyMeanWinter Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 99% - - - - - -Wind: 160Basic Wind Speed, 3-sec gust, km/hr 168 168 165 - 150 154Basic Wind Speed, Fastest-mile, (km/hr) 50 yr 144 144 140 - 126 129Exposure Category (Note 1) C C C S C CPrevailing Direction N SE W - - Earthquake Data:Short Period Acceleration (S S) in %g 0.8 14.0 5.0 1.2 16.5 0.6 1-Sec Period Acceleration (S1) in %g 0.2 3.6 1.0 0.4 4.2 0.2 Site Class (Note 4) D D D D D D Precipitation, mm:Rainfall, Average Annual - - - 130 40 112Rainfall Maximum in 24 hours - - - 88 - 50Rainfall Intensity Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Isokeraunic Levels (days lightning/year)10* 10* 10* 27 10* 10* See page No. 25 for notesNext Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design DataTable 1 – Design Data - SI Units (Continued)Khamis Data Categories Hofuf Jeddah Jizan Ju'aymah Mushayt Elevation Above Mean Sea Level, m 160 11 3 5 2051 Station Coordinates: Latitude North 25°30' 21°30' 16°52' 26°47' 18°18' Longitude East 49°34' 39°12' 42°35' 49°56' 42°48' Ambient Air & Soil Temperatures, (°C):Average Annual Temperature 26 28 30 26 20Average Daily Maximum Temp. (hottest month) 35 32 34 34 24Monthly Normal Max. Temp. (hottest month) 45 39 38 42 32Average Daily Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) 30 - - 31 -Mo. Normal Max. Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) 31 - - 31 -Lowest One-Day Mean Temperature 6 16 20 8 8Highest One-Day Mean Temperature 42 36 37 40 28Lowest Recorded Temperature -2 10 12 - -Highest Recorded Temperature 49 49 45 48 40Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% 45 41 38 - -Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% 21 30 28 - -Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 44 39 37 - -Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 21 29 28 - -Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% 26 30 30 - -Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% 36 34 34 - -Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 25 29 30 - -Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 36 33 34 - -Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 5% 43 - - - -Mean Daily Range 16 12 8 - -Winter Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 99% 3 14 20 - -Wind:Basic Wind Speed, 3-sec gust, km/hr 150 150 155 150 150Basic Wind Speed, Fastest-mile, (km/hr) 50 yr 126 126 130 126 126Exposure Category (Note 1) C C C C CPrevailing Direction N NNW W N SW Earthquake Data:Short Period Acceleration (S S) in %g 15.9 30.6 43.3 8.5 18.41-Sec Period Acceleration (S1) in %g 4.1 11.0 11.3 2.8 4.8Site Class (Note 4) D E D D D Precipitation, mm:Rainfall, Average Annual 92 54 120 89 220Rainfall Maximum in 24 hours 52 52 67 66 56Rainfall Intensity Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 - Isokeraunic Levels (days lightning/year)10* 10* 19+ 10* 48+ See page No. 25 for notesNext Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design DataTable 1 – Design Data - SI Units (Continued)Data Categories Khurais Medina Marjan Najran Qasim Elevation Above Mean Sea Level, m 430 632 21 1206 645 Station Coordinates: Latitude North 25°05' 24°31' 28°27' 17°36' 26°18' Longitude East 48°08' 39°35' 49°42' 44°25' 43°58' Ambient Air & Soil Temperatures, (°C):Average Annual Temperature 27 28 25 26 25Average Daily Maximum Temp. (hottest month) 38 36 33 33 35Monthly Normal Max. Temp. (hottest month) 42 42 39 39 41Average Daily Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) 34 34 Note 2 - -Mo. Normal Max. Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) 35 35 Note 2 - -Lowest One-Day Mean Temperature - - 10 8 4Highest One-Day Mean Temperature - - 36 38 39Lowest Recorded Temperature -2 - 8 -1 -4Highest Recorded Temperature 52 - 42 41 47Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% 50 44 - - 44Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% 22 20 - - 21Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 49 43 - - 43Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 22 19 - - 21Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% 27 21 - - 24Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% 40 31 - - 35Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 27 20 - - 23Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 40 31 - - 35Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 5% 47 40 - - 41Mean Daily Range 19 15 - - 16Winter Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 99% 8 8 - - 2Wind:Basic Wind Speed, 3-sec gust, km/hr 163 155 Note 2 150 191Basic Wind Speed, Fastest-mile, (km/hr) 50 yr 137 130 Note 2 126 165Exposure Category (Note 1) C C Note 2 C CPrevailing Direction - - NW E ENE Earthquake Data:Short Period Acceleration (S S) in %g 5.0 30 8 35.2 14.01-Sec Period Acceleration (S1) in %g 2.0 11 5 9.1 3.6Site Class (Note 4) D D D D D Precipitation, mm:Rainfall, Average Annual 81 - - 64 135Rainfall Maximum in 24 hours - - - 35 61Rainfall Intensity Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Isokeraunic Levels (days lightning/year)10* 10* 10* 10* 10* See page No. 25 for notesNext Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design DataTable 1 – Design Data - SI Units (Continued)Ras Data Categories Qaisumah Qatif Rabigh Tanura RiyadhElevation Above Mean Sea Level, m 356 4 5 2 608Station Coordinates: Latitude North 28°20' 26°30' 22°43' 26°42' 24°42'Longitude East 46°07' 50°00' 39°01' 50°05' 46°44'Ambient Air & Soil Temperatures, (°C):Average Annual Temperature 26 25 27 26 27Average Daily Maximum Temp. (hottest month) 37 33 31 33 37Monthly Normal Max. Temp. (hottest month) 45 39 34 38 43Average Daily Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) - 32 - - 33Mo. Normal Max. Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) - 33 - - 34Lowest One-Day Mean Temperature 2 8 17 8 5Highest One-Day Mean Temperature 42 39 35 38 40Lowest Recorded Temperature - 2 15 0 -4Highest Recorded Temperature 50 51 46 47 49Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% - 40 41 40 44Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% - 28 30 27 21Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% - 39 39 39 43Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% - 28 29 27 20Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% - 34 30 33 22Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% - 34 34 34 34Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% - 33 29 32 20Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% - 34 33 34 34Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 5% - 36 39 37 42Mean Daily Range - 15 13 9 16Winter Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 99% - 8 13 8 3Wind:Basic Wind Speed, 3-sec gust, km/hr 183 150 150 150 165Basic Wind Speed, Fastest-mile, (km/hr) 50 yr 158 126 126 126 140Exposure Category (Note 1) C C C C CPrevailing Direction N NW N NW NEarthquake Data:Short Period Acceleration (S S) in %g 1.0 8.5 16.9 8.5 0.81-Sec Period Acceleration (S1) in %g 0.6 2.8 6.2 2.8 0.2Site Class (Note 4) D D D D DPrecipitation, mm:Rainfall, Average Annual 121 87 60 89 116Rainfall Maximum in 24 hours 50 65 40 98 70Rainfall Intensity Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3Isokeraunic Levels (days lightning/year)10* 10* 10* 5 10*See page No. 25 for notesNext Planned Update: 1 January 2011 Meteorological and Seismic Design DataTable 1 – Design Data - SI Units (Continued)Data Categories Safaniya Shaybah Shedgum Tanajib TabukElevation Above Mean Sea Level, m 2 70 294 10 76928°22'27°52'Station Coordinates: Latitude North 28°00'25°36'22°21'Longitude East 48°48' 54°03' 49°24' 48°46' 36°35'Ambient Air & Soil Temperatures, (°C):Average Annual Temperature 25 30 26 25 22Average Daily Maximum Temp. (hottest month) 34 40 37 35 31Monthly Normal Max. Temp. (hottest month) 44 44 47 42 39Average Daily Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) 29 35 33 29 22Mo. Normal Max. Soil Temp. (1 m below grade) 30 36 34 30 23Lowest One-Day Mean Temperature 8 10 5 6 3Highest One-Day Mean Temperature - 42 41 39 37Lowest Recorded Temperature 6 2 -1 4 -8Highest Recorded Temperature 45 53 49 48 44Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% 41 48 46 41 -Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% 26 20 22 26 -Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 39 46 45 39 -Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 26 21 22 26 -Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 1% 31 25 27 31 -Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 1% 34 37 38 34 -Summer Design Wet Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 30 23 25 30 -Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temp. @ 2.5% 34 38 38 34 -Summer Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 5% 39 45 44 39 -Mean Daily Range 7 16 15 12 15Winter Design Dry Bulb Temp. @ 99% 8 9 6 8 -Wind:Basic Wind Speed, 3-sec gust, km/hr 155 155 155 155 171Basic Wind Speed, Fastest-mile, (km/hr) 50 yr 130 130 130 130 145Exposure Category (Note 1) C C C C CPrevailing Direction NW - NW NW WEarthquake Data:Short Period Acceleration (S S) in %g 7.6 5 8.5 7.5 27.21-Sec Period Acceleration (S1) in %g 5 1 2.8 5.0 11.0Site Class (Note 4) D D D D DPrecipitation, mm:Rainfall, Average Annual 98 24 81 98 48Rainfall Maximum in 24 hours 51 12 80 59 48Rainfall Intensity Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3Isokeraunic Levels (days lightning/year) 6 10* 10* 6 10*See page No. 25 for notes。

科技书刊中外国人名的规范表达

科技书刊中外国人名的规范表达金伟;乔桢【摘要】From the chaos of translation of foreign names in the current publications ,it is expounded that the non‐standard of translation will affect the smoothness of cultural exchanges and affect the ac‐curacy of Chinese scientific literature search .T his paper focuses on the translationof foreign names in sci‐tech periodicals and books .In sci‐tech journals and books ,the use of foreign names is divided into the use of the text and references .The normative use of the two is not the same .The author puts forward the strategy of correct use of foreign names in the process of editing :mastering the characteristics of the names of all countries ,re‐searching all the foreign names and foreign refer‐ences ,and checking the originals wit h the reference books .It is proposed for the relevant depart‐ments of the national to draw up standards of translation of foreign names as soon as possible .%从当前出版物中外国人名翻译的乱象出发，阐述了翻译的不规范带来的弊端：影响文化交流的通畅性，影响中文科技文献查新检索的准确性。

Hoek-Brown强度准则研究进展与应用综述

变质岩
板岩 7±4
火成岩
橄榄岩 (25±5) 黑曜岩 (19±3)
注：括号内的数值均为估计值； “*”表示该行中的值为垂直于片理层状面的岩样测试所得；当沿着弱面破坏时 mi 值将会明显不同。
1992 年 E. Hoek 等[6]对 H-B 强度准则进行了改进，使其可同时应用于岩石和岩体，称之为广义 H-B 岩体强度准则，其表达式为
表1 Table 1
岩石分类类型
各类岩石参数 mi 值[4-5]
不同质地岩石及其 mi 值粗糙的中等的精细的非常精细的
Values of parameter mi for different rocks[4-5]
小类
粉砂岩黏土岩 4±2 砾岩(21±3)* 7±2 碎屑砂岩 17±4 页岩(6±2) 硬砂岩角砾岩(19±5) 泥灰岩(7±2) (18±3) 沉结晶灰岩粉晶灰岩微晶灰岩白云石积碳酸盐 (12±3) (10±2) (9±2) (9±3) 岩硬石膏非碎屑蒸发盐石膏 8±2 12±2 有机物角页岩(19±4) 石英岩非片理化大理岩 9±3 变质砂岩 20±3 (19±3) 混合岩片麻岩轻微片理化闪岩 26±6 (29±3) 28±5 千枚岩 * 片理化片岩 12±3 (7±3) 花岗岩 32±3 浅色花岗闪长岩闪长岩 25±5 深成类 (29±3) 辉长岩 27±3 粗粒玄武岩深色 (16±5) 苏长岩 20±5 辉绿岩半深成类斑岩(20±5) (15±5) 英安岩流纹岩(25±5) (25±3) 熔岩安山岩 25±5 玄武岩火山类 (25±5) 凝灰岩集块岩火山碎屑角砾岩(19±5) (13±5) (19±3) 白垩 7±2

小学上册第15次英语第4单元期末试卷

小学上册英语第4单元期末试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The dog is _____ with its toy. (playing)2. A ________ is a high area of land that is flat on top.3.The ______ is a skilled chef who makes great food.4.What do we call the time it takes for the Earth to complete one revolution on its axis?A. YearB. MonthC. DayD. HourC5.What do we call the process of taking in air?A. ExhalationB. InhalationC. RespirationD. CirculationB6.I love to read ______ (fiction) books.7.The chemical formula for potassium hydrogen phthalate is _______.8.What is the capital of Nigeria?A. LagosB. AbujaC. KanoD. Port HarcourtB9.The gazelle is known for its graceful ________________ (奔跑).10._____ (fossil) records show ancient plants.11.I enjoy _____ (reading/writing) stories.12.The __________ is where most of the earth's water is stored.13.We need to _______ (保护) our planet.14.The cat is _____ (hiding/playing) under the bed.15. A rabbit's large eyes help it see in low ________________ (光) conditions.16.I enjoy _______ (在公园散步).17. A _______ is a process of extracting metals from ores.18.resource allocation) directs funds to priority areas. The ____19.The hedgehog rolls into a _______ (球) when scared.20.The dog chases the ______ (ball).21.What do we call a person who collects coins?A. PhilatelistB. NumismatistC. CollectorD. Historian22.The Earth's surface is covered by a variety of ______, including forests and grasslands.23.I have _____ of friends in my class. (lots)24.My cousin is a good __________ (演讲者) and speaks clearly.25.What is the first letter of the alphabet?A. AB. BC. CD. D26.The butterfly's delicate wings are covered in tiny ________________ (鳞片).27.The process of neutralization involves an acid and a ______.28.She is _____ (playing) the violin.29.The clouds are ______ (fluffy) and white.30.My friend has a pet _______ (我的朋友有一只宠物_______).31.My brother has a ______ (足球) that he practices with every day. He wants to be a ______ (运动员).32.What is the primary color that is a mix of blue and yellow?A. RedB. GreenC. OrangeD. PurpleB33.The process of sublimation is when a solid changes directly to a _____.34. A _____ (章鱼) can change its color to blend in.35.My dad drives a ______ (truck).36.The capital of Kenya is ________.37.The ancient Egyptians used ________ for transportation.38.What is the name of the famous fictional character created by J.K. Rowling?A. FrodoB. Harry PotterC. Percy JacksonD. Katniss EverdeenB39.What do we call the time when we celebrate Halloween?A. HolidayB. FestivalC. PartyD. All of the above40.ts can survive in _____ (干燥) conditions. Some pla41.I enjoy learning about different ______ (语言) and cultures. It helps me understand the world better.42.What do you put on a sandwich?A. JellyB. Peanut butterC. CheeseD. All of the aboveD43.I have a collection of toy ______ (恐龙). They are colorful and ______ (有趣的) to play with.44.I love to _______ (观察) animals in the wild.45.What do we call the warmest season of the year?A. WinterB. SpringC. SummerD. Autumn46.I want to ______ how to draw. (learn)47.We can create a ______ (美丽的花园) at home.48.Mars is often called the ______ planet.49.What is the term for the study of fish?A. IchthyologyB. ZoologyC. EcologyD. Marine BiologyA50.What is the chemical symbol for gold?A. AuB. AgC. FeD. Hg51.The park is _______ (很美丽)。

hec-hms 3.5 bare essentials tutorial and example说明

CEE3430 Engineering Hydrology HEC‐HMS Bare Essentials Tutorial and Example Margaret Matter and David TarbotonFebruary 2010This tutorial provides some bare essentials step by step guidance on starting to use HEC‐HMS following Example 5‐1 (page 335) of Bedient et al. (2008), but presented in terms of the current version of HEC‐HMS (Version 3.5). This is not intended to be comprehensive or to replace the HEC‐HMS documentation; rather it is a getting started guide intended to get you through a first run using the program and provide the bare essential knowledge from which you can learn more by exploring the software and more comprehensive manuals.HEC HMS website and resources(a)Main HEC‐HMS website: /software/hec‐hms/(b)HEC‐HMS , version 3.5 download: /software/hec‐hms/download.html(c)User’s Manual: /software/hec‐hms/documentation/HEC‐HMS_Users_Manual_3.5.pdf(d) Quick Start Guide(for new users and includes a tutorial): /software/hec‐hms/documentation/HEC‐HMS_QuickStart_Guide_3.5.pdf1.Steps for download and installation:∙On the “Download” page, under the “Windows” section, click on “Primary Download Site”∙A “File Download – Security Warning” will appear with the question, “Do you want to run or save this file?”∙Click on “Run” to run Setup.exe∙Takes a few seconds to download∙Message appears: “Welcome to the InstallShield Wizard for HEC‐HMS 3.5”, click “Next”∙Read Terms and Conditions, and click “I agree to the above Terms and Conditions for Use”, and click “Next”∙Destination Folder: If the program is to be save on in a location other than the default, click “Change”∙And near the top, under “Look In,” select the drive and folder in which the program will be stored∙Additional Tasks: “Would you like setup to create a shortcut which will appear on every users desktop?” Check “Create a desktop shortcut,” and click “Next”∙Click “Install” ‐‐‐takes seconds to install∙A final InstallShield message appears: click “Finish”2. RThis f curre Steps a. D b. O ∙∙c. T ∙∙∙∙∙Running a s follows Exam ent HEC ‐HMS s:Double click o On the menu For new p For existinThe “New” pr Create a p Select wh Provide a Select the Click“Cre simple case:mple 5.1, the “version (3.5)on the HEC ‐HM bar, click on projects, click ng projects, c roject will be t project name ere the proje description, e units to use ate“Small ‐Waters ).MS 3.5 icon a “File”on “New”lick on “Open the setup in E (I chose “Ex5ect work will b and.shed Example and the progr n ” and select Example 5.15.1”),be stored,e,” from page am screen, si t fromexisting e 335 of Bedie imilar to the p g projects.ent et al. (200picturebelow 08) upgraded w, appearsd for theThe nnew projects creen:d. B∙∙∙∙e. 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At tthe Main me“Create.”older, “Meteoder out to “Mnent editor, utation, selectSystem,”seleevent with a gollowing tabss = Incrementime window tements shouler hourly preche end of thenu , select “Morologic ModeMet 1”under the Met“Specified Hyct the unitstogeneric date.: Time‐Seriestal inches, anto include timld be on the lcipitation incre precipitationMeteorologicels” is addedteorology Moyetograph”o be used.Click on thes Gage, Timed Time Intervme for the preeft side of threments intern event, inpuModel Manato the Basin‐odel tab,storm eventWindow, andval = 1 Hrecipitation eve table for thrpreted fromt zeroes for tager,” click “N1 schematicito enter hyed Tablevent.he period defithe precipitathe remainingNew;” fill in nin theWaterstograph dataned underation plot ing timeame andshedExplorerr.o B ri is o Fr an oSa asins tab: the ght, under th s distributed u rom “Met 1” nd assign a pr ave theproje e basin mode he column hea uniformly ove in the Water recipitation g ect, since it’sl to be used a ading, “Includ er the basin.shed Explore gage to each s a goodhabit.already be ide de Subbasins,r, double clic subbasin (int entified on th ,” select “Yes k on the raind this case, thehe left side of ,” since it is a drops icon fo same one tothe table, an assumed that or “Specified H the 3subbasnd on theprecipitation Hyetograph”sins).n∙∙∙Model Coo Udtho Exo D19Save the pRunning So Mo Co Bontrol Specificnder Componescription, anhe Watershedxpand the folefine the tim983, 24:00).project.Simulations aMain Menu: Sereate a simul▪1st step▪2nd ste▪3rd ste▪4th steelow the Mai& yellow sun(tcations:nents, selectnd click “Cread Explorer.der out to “Ce window tond Viewing Relect “Compuation run witp: the name,ep: select thep: select a mep: lastly, selein Menu, righthe“compute“Control Spete.” A folder,Control 1,” clicinclude timeesults (an exaute”, then selh a name, whclick “Next”basin model,eteorologicalect a control sht of the compe currentfuncifications M, “Control Speck on it, and ffor the rainfaample of oneect “Create ahich can be de, then click “Nmodel, thenspecificationsponent creati” button).Clianager,” andecifications” ifill in the infoall as well as te method):Simulation Rescribed afteNext”click “Next”s model, andion tools, is ack it to runthclick “New.”is added to thormation in ththe runoff reRun”er it is createdclick “Finish”n button withhesimulationAdd name anhe Basin‐1 schhe Componensponse (I wend; there are 4h a raindrop nn.ndhematic innt Editor areant to 20 Junesteps:next to a red.o Amo ErarViewing Ro Ritmessage boxmessage box.rrors in moderea.Results:ight of the “Rto view asumx appears sayel runs, as weRun Simulatiommary ofsimying that HECll in buildingn” button, ismulationresul‐HMS is finishthe basin moa button tabts.hed computinodel, appear ile with aglobng your simulan the messagbal, the“Globation run; cloge area belowbalSummary”ose thew the Desktop” button.Clickpk∙∙To view gexample,Select theo Oclraphical andthen go to the Run # of whOutput for anyicking onthetabular resulthe Componenich you wanty componente componentts, go to the Wnt Editor areato review thof the basin& selectingthWatershed Exand click one results(eg, Subbasinhe outputforxplorer area athe “Results”n‐2, Reach‐1,rmat type.Moand click on B” tab.Junction‐2) more than 1tyBasin Modelsmay be obserpe may beviefolder, forrved byewed atonce e.Refe Bedieerenceent, P. B., W.C. Huberand d B. E. Vieux,(2008),Hydro ology andFlo o odplainAnaly y sis, 4thEditiion, PrenticeHall, 795 p.。

SAES-W-011 Welding Requirements for On-Plot Piping

Previous Issue: 30 March 2005 Next Planned Update: 11 August 2014Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right marginPage 1 of 44 Primary contact: Niemeyer, Dennis Charles on 966-3-8760237Engineering StandardSAES-W-0114 October 2009 Welding Requirements for On-Plot PipingWelding Standards Committee MembersAwwami, Adnan N., ChairmanRao, Sanyasi X., Vice ChairmanCarrera, Rene L.Carswell, Raymond J.Chiang, HowardJuraifani, Hatim H.Keen, Peter DavidMuslim, Husain MuhammadNasir, Ghalib TaherNasri, Nadhir IbrahimNiemeyer, Dennis CharlesSabti, Tareq IbrahimSaudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope (2)2 Conflicts and Deviations (2)3 References (3)4 General (5)5 Approved Welding Processes (5)6 Welding Consumables (6)7 Welding Procedures (9)8 Welder and Welding Operator Qualification. 169 Joint Details (17)10 Corrosion Resistant Materials (17)11 Technique and Workmanship (22)12 Preheat (23)13 Post Weld Heat Treatment (27)14 Production Weld Hardness Testing (27)15 Inspection Access (28)Next Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot PipingTable of Contents (Cont'd)16 Weld Identification (28)17 Inspection (28)18 Repairs (32)19 Miscellaneous Requirements (33)Attachment 1 – Conditioning, Storage, andExposure of SMAW Electrodes(Notes 1, 2, 3, 4) (37)Attachment 2 – Conditioning, Storage andExposure of Wires and Fluxes (40)1 Scope1.1 This standard specifies the welding, heat treatment, Nondestructive Testing(NDT), and hardness testing requirements for shop and field fabrication andinstallation, repair, or modification of piping to ASME B31.3. Theserequirements are in addition to the requirements of ASME B31.3 and ASMESEC IX.1.2 Additional requirements may be contained in Scopes of Work, Drawings, orother Instructions or Specifications pertaining to specific items of work.1.3 Any reference to Consulting Services Department (CSD) shall be interpreted asthe CSD Welding Specialist or a representative designated by CSD. Anyreference to "approval" shall be interpreted as written approval.1.4 This entire standard may be attached to and made a part of purchase orders.1.5 This standard is generally not applied retroactively to the maintenance andrepair of existing facilities unless there are safety, environmental protection,health or security concerns.2 Conflicts and Deviations2.1 Any conflicts between this standard and other applicable Saudi AramcoEngineering Standards (SAESs), Materials Systems Specifications (SAMSSs),Standard Drawings (SASDs), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall beresolved in writing by the Company or Buyer Representative through theManager, Consulting Services Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.2.2 Direct all requests to deviate from this standard in writing to the Company orBuyer Representative, who shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302and forward such requests to the Manager, Consulting Services Department ofSaudi Aramco, Dhahran.Next Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot Piping3 ReferencesUnless stated otherwise, all Codes, Standards, and Drawings referenced in this Standard shall be of the latest issue (including revisions, addenda, and supplements) and areconsidered a part of this Standard.3.1 Saudi Aramco ReferencesSaudi Aramco Engineering ProceduresSAEP-302Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of aMandatory Saudi Aramco EngineeringRequirementSAEP-321Performance Qualification Testing andCertification of Saudi Aramco WeldersSAEP-322Performance Qualification Testing andCertification of Saudi Aramco BrazersSAEP-323Performance Qualification Testing of ContractWelders and BrazersSAEP-324Certification Review and Registration ofProject Welders and BrazersSAEP-325Inspection Requirements for PressurizedEquipmentSAEP-352Welding Procedures Review and ApprovalSAEP-1140Qualification of Saudi Aramco NDT PersonnelSAEP-1142Qualification of Non-Saudi Aramco NDTPersonnelSAEP-1150Inspection Coverage on ProjectsSaudi Aramco Engineering StandardsSAES-A-206Positive Material IdentificationSAES-W-016Welding of Special Corrosion-ResistantMaterialsSaudi Aramco Standard DrawingsAB-036386Hardness Testing for Welding ProcedureQualificationsAE-036451Preheat Levels for Welding Carbon SteelsNext Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot Piping3.2 Industry Codes and StandardsAmerican Petroleum InstituteAPI RP 582 Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil andGas IndustriesAmerican Society of Mechanical EngineersASME B31.3 Process PipingASME SEC IIC Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler MetalsASME SEC V Nondestructive ExaminationASME SEC VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure VesselsASME SEC IX Welding and Brazing QualificationsAmerican Society for Testing and MaterialsASTM E92 Vickers Hardness of Metallic MaterialsASTM A833 Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials byComparison Hardness TestersAmerican Welding Society, Inc.AWS A2.4 Standard Welding SymbolsAWS A3.0 Standard Terms and DefinitionsAWS A4.3 Standard Methods for Determination of theDiffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic,Bainitic, and Ferritic Weld Metal Produced byArc WeldingAWS A5.32 Specification for Welding Shielding GasesAWS D1.1 Structural Welding CodeNational Association of Corrosion EngineersNACE RP0472 Methods and Controls to Prevent In-ServiceCracking of Carbon Steel Welds in P-1Material in Corrosive Petroleum RefiningEnvironmentsBritish Standard InstitutionBS 7570 Code of Practice for Validation of Arc WeldingEquipmentNext Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot PipingNational Association of Corrosion Engineers/International StandardizationOrganizationNACE MR0175/ISO 15156Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries-Materials for use in H2S-ContainingEnvironments in Oil and Gas Production4 General4.1 AWS A2.4 "Standard Welding Symbols" shall be used for all welding details onall drawings.4.2 AWS A3.0 "Standard Terms and Definitions" shall be used for all specificationsand documents.4.3 These requirements apply to all sub-contractors or sub-vendors for items withinthe scope of this standard.5 Approved Welding ProcessesThe following processes are approved for use with the restrictions and requirements as listed below:5.1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW).5.2 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW).5.2.1 Except for ASME P-No. 1 through P-No. 5A/5B/5C base materials, allmanual GTAW shall use a high frequency start and post-purge gasflow for the torch. Filler metal must always be added, autogenouswelding is not permitted unless specifically approved by CSD.5.2.2 The GTAW process shall be used for all passes for butt welds in pipingand set-in fittings less than 25.4 mm nominal pipe size (NPS).5.2.3 The GTAW process shall be used for the root pass of butt weldswithout backing in piping and set-in fittings of 50.8 mm nominal pipesize or less, except for vent and drain piping open to the atmosphere orCategory D piping.5.2.4 The GTAW process shall be used for the root pass of single-sidedgroove welds without backing made with stainless steel or nickel-basedconsumables.5.2.5 The use of flux-cored GTAW wires for the root pass of single-sidedgroove welds of P-No. 8 or higher materials with or without backinggas is not permitted unless specifically approved by CSD.5.3 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW).5.4 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) including Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW).5.4.1 The GMAW short-circuiting (dip) mode shall not be used except for:Next Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot Pipinga) Structural attachments to the outside surface of the pipe,including seal welds.b) Tacking (including continuous tacks) that will be completelyremoved by backgouging and backwelding.c) The root pass and hot pass only for butt welds in P-No. 1 carbonsteels.d) The modified short circuit mode of GMAW may only be used forroot pass welding.5.4.2 GMAW and FCAW shall not be used for single-sided tee or cornerjoints (i.e., branch or nozzle welds).5.4.3 Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW).a) The FCAW Gas Shielded process shall not be used for the rootpass on full penetration, groove joints that are welded from oneside only without backing (backing may be used if it is removedafter welding and weld irregular profile is rectified).b) Self-shielded FCAW shall not be used without the specificapproval of CSD.5.5 Thermit Welding using a copper alloy is permitted for attaching electricalgrounding or cathodic protection cables. Thermit welding shall not be used onstainless steel materials.5.6 Stud Welding is permitted for attaching insulation fasteners and heat conductors.5.7 Other processes (such as brazing, Electro-Gas, Electro-slag, Plasma, etc.) maybe used only with the approval of CSD. Depending upon the process andapplication proposed, CSD may require testing in addition to that specified bythe Code. Approval to use other processes shall be obtained through thewelding procedure review process.6 Welding Consumables6.1 Electrodes, filler wires, and fluxes shall conform to ASME SEC IIC. Otherconsumables may be used only with the approval of CSD and, depending uponthe process and application proposed, may require testing in addition to thatspecified by ASME SEC IX. Approval to use other (unlisted in ASME SECIIC) consumables shall be obtained through the welding procedure reviewprocess. For unlisted consumables, vendor literature, which shall includeintended use and approximate chemistry and mechanical properties, shall besubmitted with the procedure.6.2 All consumables shall be stored and dried in accordance with the requirementsof Attachment 1 for SMAW electrodes and Attachment 2 for other consumables.Next Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot Piping6.3 GTAW filler metal shall have either the AWS/ASME identification or themanufacturer's identification marked on each individual rod by the manufacturerwith tags ("flags"), stencil, or stamping.6.4 Welding consumables shall be selected based on their mechanical properties,compatibility with the materials to be joined, their suitability for the intendedservice, and consideration of polarity, position, and direction of welding.Welding consumables not meeting standard industry practice using the abovecriteria may be rejected by CSD. Welding consumables which are being usedoutside of their rated tensile or impact ranges listed in the manufacturing specsmust be batch tested or have CSD approval. Batch testing must be inaccordance with SFA 5.01 to verify that they will meet the requirements of thebase material.6.4.1 Low hydrogen consumables (defined as less than or equal to 8 ml ofhydrogen per 100 g of deposited weld metal, measured in accordancewith AWS A4.3) shall be used. The root pass of single-sided groovewelds without backing in P-No. 1 carbon steels may be made with anExx10 electrode.6.4.2 Dissimilar Metal Welds (DMW) are defined as:i) Any weld joint (excluding weld overlays or strip lining) betweenferritic steel and either austenitic stainless steel, duplex stainlesssteel, or nickel-based alloys, orii) Use of stainless steel or nickel-based filler metals on ferriticsteels.They shall be restricted as follows:a) Are not permitted for pressure containing welds in sourservice (welds in clad systems are acceptable if the DMWinterface with the ferritic steel is not in contact with thesour fluid).b) Are permitted for non-sour hydrocarbon service if madewith a nickel-based consumable.c) Austenitic stainless steel consumables may be used onlyfor the following applications and if the maximum designtemperature is below 300°C:i) External structural attachments (e.g., pipe supports).ii) Non-sour, non-hydrocarbon (e.g., water) services.d) Nickel-based consumables may not be suitable for directexposure to sulfur or hydrogen-sulfur reducingNext Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot Pipingenvironments at temperature exceeding 400°C due topossible sulfidation attack.6.4.3 Other than the DMWs listed in paragraph 6.4.2, the selection of fillermetal compositions for joining base materials of different P-Numbersor compositions shall be as follows:a) For attaching non-pressure parts to pressure parts, the nominalcomposition of the filler metal shall match the nominalcomposition of the pressure part.b) For other applications, the filler metal shall conform to eitherbase metal composition or to an intermediate composition,whichever is the most appropriate for the application.6.4.4 For welding P-No. 1 carbon steels, the weld deposit shall meet the A-No. 1 analysis classification for normal applications or A-No. 10 forlow temperature applications, unless approved by CSD.6.4.5 Filler metal or deposit chemistries conforming to A-number 2 (ASMESEC IX), i.e., carbon-0.5% Mo, shall not be used for sour serviceapplications without post weld heat treatment unless specificallyapproved by CSD.6.5 Submerged Arc Welding Fluxes6.5.1 Active type Submerged Arc Welding fluxes shall not be used withoutapproval. The approval shall be obtained prior to the weldingprocedure qualification. The fabricator shall clearly identify theproposed use of active fluxes in their welding procedure submissions.6.5.2 Flux fused during welding shall not be reused (i.e., fluxes that userecrushed slag are not acceptable).6.5.3 SAW fluxes that the flux manufacturer recommends for single passwelding shall not be used for multiple pass welding.6.6 SMAW electrodes shall be limited as follows:6.6.1 F-Nos. 1 and 2 electrodes shall not be used on materials requiringimpact tests either by Code or job specification.6.6.2 F-Nos. 1 and 2 electrodes shall not be used for pressure-retainingwelds.6.7 Shielding GasesShielding gases shall conform to the following requirements:6.7.1 AWS A5.32 Specification for Welding Shielding Gases6.7.2 The requirements for other gases and gas mixtures shall be submittedto CSD for approval.Next Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot Piping7 Welding Procedures7.1 Documentation7.1.1 All welding procedures to be used shall be submitted as a completepackage to Saudi Aramco for the technical approval prior to the start ofwork (refer to SAEP-352 for details). The welding procedure shallinclude the Welding Procedure Request Form (Attachment A),Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS), Qualification Test Records(PQR), and Weld Maps/Tables (Attachment B)Welding procedures approved by CSD or Saudi Aramco WeldingRepresentative may be used for additional jobs if approved by a SaudiAramco assigned inspector. The welding documents and data for thenew job must be identical to the approved copies and the range ofvariables on the new project fall within the ranges of the approvedprocedures.Welding procedures for external structural supports do not requireCSD approval and they may be qualified to AWS D1.1. However, thisdoes not apply to the welding procedures to attach the support to thepressure-containing component.Commentary Notes:1) The contractor is permitted to use any welding procedure previouslyapproved by Saudi Aramco without CSD re-review. However, theassigned inspector and the contractor welding engineer/representativemust verify that the welding procedure is within the welding parametersqualification range (e.g., diameter, thickness, material grade, etc.) forthe new job. If the welding procedure was approved to a previousrevision of the Welding Standards the contractor must also write aformal letter to PMT indicating that the subject welding procedure stillcomplies with the latest revision of Saudi Aramco Welding Standards.2) It will generally take a minimum of 10 working days to complete weldingprocedures review. Urgent review will not be accepted unlesssupported in writing by the proponent Project Manager orSuperintendent. The letter should include details for the reasons(safety, cost impact, etc.) to justify the urgent review.3) CSD approval shall be indicated in all pages of the WPS.7.1.2 For shop fabrication In-Kingdom and all field fabrication andinstallation, the Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs) andProcedure Qualification Records (PQRs) shall be prepared as per thesuggested format of ASME Section IX.Commentary Note:Standardized PQR forms from an approved independent test laboratoryare acceptable. Equivalent WPS forms from a contractor may beacceptable if approved by CSD.Next Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot Piping7.1.3 WPS and PQR submitted for approval shall include a Weld and LineDescription Table ("Weld Table"). The Weld Table (Attachment B)provides a listing of the materials, thickness, and weld joint types forindividual line designations. A welding procedure shall be listed foreach different weld type and line designation. All base materials (byspecification and grade) and wall thicknesses to be used shall beincluded in the Weld Table. The Weld Table shall not be reviewedwithout WPSs and PQRs and vice-versa.With the approval of CSD, standardized Weld Maps and WeldDescriptions and sets of welding procedures may be submitted by thefabricator for general approval. All of the documentation requirementsshall be met except specific line designations are not required (butservice descriptions must be included).7.1.4 Each Weld Table must be complete and show all of the linedesignations, materials, joints, and welding procedures to be used forthe complete job or contract.7.1.5 Welding shall not commence until the welding package has beenapproved for application by Saudi Aramco Inspector and returned tothe fabricator. Any welding prior to the approval of the weldingpackage is subject to rejection at the sole option of Saudi AramcoInspector. Any rework required as a result of this rejection shall be atthe fabricator's expense.7.1.6 After approval by Saudi Aramco Inspector, the fabricator shall issuecopies of the approved Welding Procedures and Weld Table to theSaudi Aramco Inspection and PMT prior to the start of fabrication.7.1.7 Approval of welding procedures shall not be construed as authority fordeviation from listed specifications or requirements of the relevantcodes and standards and shall not relieve the contractor, fabricator, orvendor from correcting any deviations.7.1.8 All WPSs, PQRs, and Weld Table shall be available at the work sitefor verification at any time by the authorized Saudi Aramco inspector.7.1.9 All Welding Procedure Specifications and Welding ProcedureQualification Records shall be written in English.7.1.10 The PQRs shall include certified copies/facsimiles of all test records(for In-Kingdom qualification, the independent testing agency thatissued the test record shall certify the copies), which may bepermanently retained by Saudi Aramco.7.1.11 Originals of all test records, mill certificates, etc., including recordsfrom the independent test laboratory shall be made available for reviewby Saudi Aramco upon request.Next Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot Piping7.2 General Requirements7.2.1 All WPSs and PQRs shall conform to the latest edition of the ASMESEC IX and the additional requirements of this standard (see 7.4).Procedures that comply with a previous edition but not the currentedition of the relevant Code are not acceptable. Procedures no longerconforming to the latest Code edition shall be revised, requalified andresubmitted for CSD approval.7.2.2 For any new or additional qualification tests that are required, SaudiAramco reserves the right to monitor any and all phases of theprocedure qualification, including welding of the coupons andmechanical testing. Saudi Aramco may assign the monitoring to aninspection agency.7.2.3 All information shown on the PQR such as amperage, voltage, travelspeed, post weld heat treatment time and temperature, as applicable,shall be actual data as recorded using calibrated instruments.7.2.4 Qualification of welding procedures for all shop fabrication in SaudiArabia and field erection work shall be performed In-Kingdom.Approval for use of welding procedures qualified Out-of-Kingdomshall be obtained through the welding procedure review process (seeSAEP-352).Commentary Note:The variables of the WPS and PQR should use consistentmeasurement units system, either metric or customary.7.2.5 For In-Kingdom qualifications:a) The welding of all qualification test coupons shall be monitoredby either an approved independent test laboratory, anindependent third party approved by Saudi Aramco, or SaudiAramco Inspection. The monitoring shall include verification ofthe accuracy of the recorded parameters.b) All procedure qualification mechanical tests and examinationsshall be performed by an approved independent test laboratoryunless the fabricator is specifically approved by Saudi AramcoInspection to perform their own tests.7.2.6 For all automatic welding and any process with pulsing, the weldingprocedure shall include all applicable equipment and controllerparameter settings.7.3 For special applications as determined by CSD, such as but not limited to severecorrosion service (e.g., chlorinated seawater) or high temperature service,special qualification tests, such as stress corrosion cracking or embrittlementNext Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot Piping tests for low alloy steels, may be specified by CSD. These special requirementsmay be stated in the job specifications or purchase order, contract specifications,etc.7.4 Procedure VariablesThe following additional restrictions shall be considered essential variables forprocedure qualification:7.4.1 Procedures for API SPEC 5L Grade B through X52 pipes may bequalified on any grade in this range and shall be considered as P-No. 1Gr. 1 material. Procedures for API SPEC 5L Grade X60 or highershall be qualified for each specific material grade. Qualification onAPI SPEC 5L grade X60 shall also qualify all lower grades.7.4.2 The following materials shall be considered as P-No. 1 and do notrequire separate qualifications as "unlisted" materials:A707 L3A707 L5A350 LF6A350 LF787MSS-SP-75 (with grades classified the same as pipe)7.4.3 For ASME P-No. 1 materials, all Group 3 or 4 materials shall bequalified separately for each specific material, unless it is being used incombination with a Group 1 or 2 material and the Group 1 or 2material strength requirements govern.7.4.4 Any GMAW electrode to be used for procedures with impacttoughness requirements and any SAW flux or FCAW electrode shallbe restricted to the specific brand, type, and maximum size as used forthe PQR. If so restricted, the brand name and type of flux or electrodeshall be specified on both the WPS and PQR.7.4.5 A change in filler metal or deposit chemistry from A-number 1 (basedon ASME SEC IX) to A-No. 2 and vice-versa is not permitted withoutapproval. The approval shall be obtained through the weldingprocedure review process. A change from A-No. 1 to A-No. 2 is notpermitted for sour service applications without requalification.7.4.6 Aluminum flake weldable primers (e.g., "Bloxide", "Deoxaluminite",or other brand approved by CSD) may be used without requalificationof the procedure. The welding procedure specification shall indicatethe use of the type and brand of weldable primer. The maximumcoating thickness shall not exceed 0.050 mm (0.002 inches). The useof other weldable primers or coatings is not permitted unlessNext Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot Pipingspecifically approved by CSD. Additional procedure qualificationand/or weldability tests may be required by CSD.7.4.7 Position7.4.7.1 The direction of welding for the vertical position shall be anessential variable (i.e., a change from vertical-up to vertical-down or vice-versa shall be considered an essentialvariable). If the procedure is not qualified in the verticalposition, then the direction of welding shall be vertical-up.7.4.7.2 For automatic, semi-automatic, or mechanized welding, theposition limitations listed in ASME SEC IX, QW-461.9shall be considered as an essential variable for procedurequalification.7.4.8 Procedures using any consumable with a "G" designation (ASME SECIIC) shall be restricted to the brand and type of electrode used for thePQR. The nominal chemistry of the specific brand and type ofelectrode shall be identified on the WPS. Substitution of the "G"consumables with the "P1" requires technical evaluation by CSD.7.4.9 Deletion of a backing strip in a single-sided groove weld shall beconsidered an essential variable and shall require requalification.7.4.10 For single-sided groove welds without backing, the process andelectrode type used for the root pass shall be considered an essentialvariable. The PQR shall be performed as a single-sided groove weldwithout backing.7.4.11 For full penetration, double-sided joints, the WPS shall requirebackgouging (see 11.3.4) for all processes except for the following:a) For automatic or mechanized processes if additional PQR testingis conducted. The PQR shall include supplementary couponsusing the production equipment and joint geometry. Thesupplementary coupons shall be examined by UT or RT, asappropriate for the joint geometry, and shall be sectioned forexamination in at least 3 locations. The NDT results and cross-sections shall show complete fusion, complete penetration, andfreedom from cracks.b) For other special processes on butt joints where the productionweld will be radiographed. The applications shall be approvedby CSD.7.4.12 Deletion of a backing gas purge or a change in the backing gascomposition for a joint welded or brazed from one side withoutbacking material shall require requalification.Next Planned Update: 4 October 2014 Welding Requirements for On-Plot Piping7.4.13 Special requirements for procedures requiring impact testing7.4.13.1 Charpy impact testing shall be required on the PQR if it isrequired or specified by the design code or the companyspecifications. The minimum absorbed energy of P-No. 1Gr.1 materials (including API grades through X52) shall be34/27 J and for Gr. 2 shall be 40/32 J for full size (10 x 10mm) specimens for both the weld and heat-affected zone atthe minimum design temperature. For other GroupNumbers, P-Numbers, and materials, the impact test criteriashall be established by CSD.Commentary Note:The notch of the HAZ impact samples should be centeredon the HAZ region.7.4.13.2 The heat input to be recorded on the PQR and used as thelimiting value for the WPS shall be based on the weldingparameters used at the location where the impact specimensare removed. If the PQR heat input varies by pass or layer,then additional impact specimens, in addition to thoselocations specified by the relevant Code, may be required inorder to utilize the full range of heat inputs used in thePQR.7.4.13.3 If the PQR thickness exceeds 12 mm and multiple processesor consumables are used, separate impact test specimensshall be conducted for each process or consumable. If theimpact test specimen size is larger than the depositthickness of a specific process or consumable, then theimpact test specimen shall contain the maximum possibleamount of the deposit for that process or consumable (aseparate set of specimens is still required for the otherprocess or consumable).7.5 Welding Procedure Qualification Hardness Testing7.5.1 For applications where hardness testing is specified (see 7.5.2), thehardness testing shall be in accordance with Drawing AB-036386.Prior hardness test results may be accepted as equivalent to theStandard Drawing only with the approval of CSD and with thefollowing conditions:a) Only the Vickers test method (in accordance with ASTM E92) isacceptable, with a maximum test load of 10 kg.。

小学下册第12次英语第三单元真题

小学下册英语第三单元真题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I found a ________ in my pocket.2.In a chemical reaction, the energy transformation can involve changes in temperature, light, or _____.3.What do we call a person who writes books?A. AuthorB. EditorC. PublisherD. JournalistA Author4.The sun is shining ___ (bright/dim).5.The _______ provides nutrients to the soil.6.Animals that have scales are typically __________.7.The chemical symbol for osmium is __________.8.What color is a ripe banana?A. GreenB. YellowC. BrownD. BlueB9.What is the name of the famous character who lives in a shoe?A. Old Mother HubbardB. The Old Woman Who Lived in a ShoeC. CinderellaD. Goldilocks10.My cat loves to _______ (攀爬) onto shelves.11.The turtle loves to bask in the _______ (阳光).12.What is the capital of Eritrea?A. AsmaraB. MassawaC. KerenD. AssabA13.What is the sweet substance made by bees?A. SyrupB. HoneyC. JamD. Jelly14.I wear _____ (shoes/socks) to school.15.The _____ is a vast region of space filled with stars.16.The __________ (历史的传达过程) ensures continuity.17.How many strings does a typical guitar have?A. FourB. FiveC. SixD. SevenC18.The color of litmus paper changes in the presence of an __________.19. A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of _____.20.What is the cycle of the moon's phases called?A. Lunar CycleB. Solar CycleC. Star CycleD. Planetary Cycle21.The ______ is a talented filmmaker.22.I enjoy watching the ________ dance in the wind.23.The jellyfish floats gracefully in the ______ (海洋).24.Which of these is a type of meat?A. ChickenB. RiceC. BreadD. PotatoA25.What is the name of the planet closest to the sun?A. VenusB. EarthC. MercuryD. Mars26.I have a collection of ________ (玩具名称) from around the world.27.What is the currency used in the Eurozone?A. DollarB. PoundC. EuroD. YenC28.My family has a tradition of calling each other by our ______ names. (我家有一个传统，称呼彼此的____名字。

设计教育中的PBL教学模式-以日本多摩美术大学为例

设计教育中的PBL教学模式-以日本多摩美术大学为例许江;顾平【摘要】“基于项目的学习（Project-based Learning）”教学模式是一种以学生为中心的教学模式，它将学生融入有意义的任务完成的过程中，让学生积极地学习、自主地进行知识的建构。

本文通过对国内外相关研究成果的梳理与总结，对“PBL”教学模式的概念、特点、内容与价值进行了概括与分析，对设计教育引入“PBL”教学模式的必要性进行了概述。

最后以日本多摩美术大学“PBL”教学模式为例，论证了其在设计教育中执行的可行性。

%The teaching model of Project-based Learning is a student centered model, it lets the students into the process of meaningful task completion, so that students are able to learn actively, and to the construct knowledge autonomously. This paper summarizes and analyzes the concept, characteristic, content and value of PBL teaching mode, and outlines the necessity of China design education introducing the PBL teaching mode, through the review of relevant research results at home and abroad and summary. Finaly, takes the Japan Tama Art University as a example, demonstrates the feasibility of PBL teaching mode in design education.【期刊名称】《艺术设计研究》【年(卷),期】2015(000)003【总页数】5页(P107-111)【关键词】设计教育;基于项目的学习;任务驱动式学习;PBL;教学模式;多摩美术大学【作者】许江;顾平【作者单位】江南大学设计学院;江南大学视觉文化研究所【正文语种】中文【中图分类】J124-4“PBL”是英文Project-based Learning的缩写，意为“基于项目的学习”，或“任务驱动式学习”。