Mayan Civilization
玛雅文明——精选推荐
玛雅文明玛雅文明，是古代分布于现今墨西哥东南部、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、萨尔瓦多和伯利兹5个国家的丛林文明。
虽然处于新石器时代，惟在天文学、数学、农业、艺术及文字等方面都有极高成就。
与印加帝国及阿兹特克帝国并列为美洲三大文明（阿兹特克帝国与玛雅文明位于中美洲；印加帝国位于南美洲安地斯山一带）。
快速导航种族印第安玛雅人中文名玛雅文明外文名Mayan civilization 国家玛雅目录∙1民族历史∙2文明历史∙3玛雅尾声∙4历史和成就∙5民族特色∙特色∙文化∙信仰∙知识∙运动∙6文物∙7祭奠∙8消失原因∙9金字塔迷∙10玛雅预言∙11世界末日大事记光影集锦1民族历史玛雅文明玛雅文明是古代位于墨西哥东南部、危地马拉和犹加敦半岛等中南美洲区域的文明。
和传说相反的是，玛雅人从未消失；仍有三百万玛雅人居住在犹加敦半岛地区，很多人今日仍然能说玛雅语系的语言。
玛雅从无一个统一的强大王国，整个玛雅地区分成数以百计的城邦，然而玛雅各邦在语言文字、宗教信仰、习俗传统上却属于同一个文化圈。
2文明历史玛雅文明的建筑工程达到世界最高水平，能对坚固的石料进行雕镂加工。
通过长期观测天象，已经掌握日食周期和日、月、金星的运动规律；雕刻、彩陶、壁画都有很高艺术价值，被称为美洲的希腊。
公元前400年左右建立早期奴隶制国家，公元3～9世纪为繁盛期，15世纪衰落，最后为西班牙殖民者摧毁，此后长期湮没在热带丛林中。
公元1502年，哥伦布最后一次远航美洲，距离他第一次发现“新大陆”恰好10年。
船在洪都拉斯湾靠岸，哥伦布和他的船员们兴奋地踏上久违的葱茏陆地。
在当地的市场上，一种制作精美的陶盆吸引住他的目光，卖主告诉他，这漂亮的陶盆来自“玛雅”。
这个神奇的名字，第一次传入了欧洲人的耳朵。
1519年，西班牙探险家科尔特斯（Hernan Cortez）率领西班牙军队横扫墨西哥，征服正处于文明鼎盛时期的阿兹特克帝国，“铲除一个文化，如同路人随手折下路边一朵向日葵”。
10起短命历史事件大PK
10起短命历史事件大PK“短小精悍即为美”一直被奉为创意写作的准则。
显然，历史也深谙此道。
尽管大多数人都认为历史是一连串冗长的纪元，是漫长的渐进式演变，但事实上，一些相当重要的历史事件在尚未开始时已经结束。
10.海盗船长亡命徒，嚣张不过一年多在他死后的近300年间，“黑胡子”这个名字依旧是海盗的代名词。
从他那骇人的外貌到充满传奇色彩的亡命生涯，这一切的一切，无一不影响着我们对海盗的想象。
如果没有他，我们就看不到《金银岛》和《加勒比海盗》这么精彩的电影问世。
（更不用说《加勒比海盗》的续集了。
）然而，蒂奇（Edward Teach，爱德华·蒂奇，黑胡子真名）臭名昭著，却并非因其做海盗时间长，他的整个海盗船长生涯不过一年多点。
1717年中，蒂奇还只是臭名昭著的海盗船长本杰明·霍尼戈尔德（Benjamin Hornigold）的手下。
要不是霍尼戈尔德接受了英国皇室的特赦，自此金盆洗手，蒂奇说不定还得在他手下干好多年。
船长突然就没了，蒂奇觉得终于轮到他大显身手了。
他抢掠了一艘法国大船，在船上装配了多门火炮，并召集了200名船员，就此变身凶残的海盗-——黑胡子，开启了烧杀抢掠之旅。
在短短的时间内，黑胡子确实取得了令人震惊的“成功”，得以扬名立万。
他名号太响以至于英国政府决心除掉他。
1718年秋，弗吉尼亚州州长派遣了一支海军舰队去剿灭黑胡子。
同年11月中，英国舰队便追上了黑胡子的海盗船。
11月22日，双方在奥克拉库克岛（Ocracoke Island）展开血战。
战火歇，硝烟散，人已亡。
黑胡子就这样死在了战场上，至此，他的海盗船长生涯仅为15个月。
其实，短命的不只是黑胡子的海盗生涯，史密森尼博物馆（Smithsonian，美国国立博物馆）的研究表明，加勒比海盗的黄金时期也只持续了不到7年。
9.阿兹特克虽辽阔，寿命不到100年阿兹特克文明中的金字塔和活人祭习俗使其看上去似乎年代特别久远，但其实这一文明离我们并不远。
托福TPO52听力文本+音频下载+答案
得听力者得天下，托福听力对于考生来说至关重要!如何攻克托福听力，除了要多听，托福TPO听力也是托儿必刷的真题.今天，小编给大家带来了托福TPO52听力文本+音频下载+答案。
TPO52 玛雅文明Maya CivilizationListen to part of a lecture in an archeology class. The professor has beendiscussing ancient Mayan civilization.Professor: Now, as you remember from your reading, the Maya were an ancientcivilization which occupied in area corresponding to parts of modern-day Mexicoand Central America. Early Mayan settlements date back over 3,000 years and sayfrom about 600 to 900 C.E. The civilization was in what’s considered a goldenage of cultural achievement, what we call the Classic period.The period after this, after the Classic Period, is called the Postclassicperiod. Now it’s long been thought that during the PostClassic period, Mayancivilization was in decline. But we’re continuing to find new evidence that incertain areas Mayan civilization flourished right up to the end of thePostclassic period, what we refer to as the late Postclassic period. The latePostclassic corresponds to the period from the 1200s to 1500s, right until thearrival of the Spanish in the mid-1500s. A good example of a site whichcontinued to flourishthrough the late Postclassic is the inland Mayan communityof Lamanai, located in what is today the country of Belize in Central America.Now, Lamanai is one of the largest and most prominent archeological sites inBelize. It was occupied for over 3000 years. That makes it the longestcontinually-occupied site by the ancient Maya. Large-scale excavation at Lamanaibegan back in 1974 under the leadership of a Canadian archeologist. The firstexcavation there was on a building that dated back to the late Postclassic period. When the excavation began, we didn’t know much about Mayan life during that time. As I said, most people considered the Postclassic period as a time of decline that came after the so-called golden era. But during the first few years of excavation, the archeological team realized that Lamanai had continued to be an important center of classic Mayan culture, almost right up until the1500s.Student: So basically, what you are saying is while other Mayan cities were collapsing or had already collapsed, Lamanai was one of those places that was flourishing?Professor: Uh huh…exactly! In fact, the evidence shows that one of the greatest periods of construction in the city occurred during the Postclassic. That’s definitely not what was happening at neighboring sites during that time. And consider this, archeologists found ceramic artifacts from Lamanai’s late Postclassic period at a recently-discovered site on an island off the coast of Belize. And in Lamanai they found objects that had been imported from parts of the region which correspond to modern-day Mexico during the late Postclassic. What did those finds tell us?Female student: eh…the trade was still going on? So you probably still find the same Mayan social structure and economic practices, right?Professor: Yes. Now, these researchers and subsequent research teams havebeen helping us see a bigger picture. We now know that there was still a widespread trading network up and down a long portion of the coast of what is modern-day Mexico and Central America for more than two centuries after the。
托福TPO41阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO41阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Trade and Early State Formation Bartering was a basic trade mechanism for many thousands of years;often sporadic and usually based on notions of reciprocity,it involved the mutual exchange of commodities or objects between individuals or groups.Redistribution of these goods through society lay in the hands of chiefs,religious leaders,or kin groups.Such redistribution was a basic element in chiefdoms.The change from redistribution to formal trade—often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency—was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world. In the 1970s,a number of archaeologists gave trade a primary role in the rise of ancient states.British archaeologist Colin Renfrew attributed the dramatic flowering of the Minoan civilization on Crete and through the Aegean to intensified trading contacts and to the impact of olive and vine cultivation on local communities.As agricultural economies became more diversified and local food supplies could be purchased both locally and over longer distances,a far-reaching economic interdependence resulted.Eventually,this led to redistribution systems for luxuries and basic commodities,systems that were organized and controlled by Minoan rulers from their palaces.As time went on,the self-sufficiency of communities was replaced by mutual dependence.Interest in long-distance trade brought about some cultural homogeneity from trade and gift exchange,and perhaps even led to piracy.Thus,intensified trade and interaction,and the flowering of specialist crafts,in a complex process of positive feedback,led to much more complex societies based on palaces,which were the economic hubs of a new Minoan civilization. Renfrew’s model made some assumptions that are now discounted.For example,he argued that the introduction of domesticated vines and olives allowed a substantial expansion of land under cultivation and helped to power the emergence of complex society.Many archaeologists and paleobotanists now question this view,pointing out that the available evidence for cultivated vines and olives suggests that they were present only in the later Bronze Age.Trade,nevertheless,was probably one of many variables that led to the emergence of palace economies in Minoan Crete. American archaeologist William Rathje developed a hypothesis that considered an explosion in long-distance exchange a fundamental cause of Mayan civilization in Mesoamerica.He suggested that the lowland Mayan environment was deficient in many vital resources,among them obsidian,salt,stone for grinding maize,and many luxury materials.All these could be obtained from the nearby highlands,from the Valley of Mexico,and from other regions,if the necessary trading networks came into being.Such connections,and the trading expeditions to maintain them,could not be organized byindividual villages.The Maya lived in a relatively uniform environment,where every community suffered from the same resource deficiencies.Thus,argued Rathje,long-distance trade networks were organized through local ceremonial centers and their leaders.In time,this organization became a state,and knowledge of its functioning was exportable,as were pottery,tropical bird feathers,specialized stone materials,and other local commodities. Rathje’s hypothesis probably explains part of the complex process of Mayan state formation,but it suffers from the objection that suitable alternative raw materials can be found in the lowlands.It could be,too,that warfare became a competitive response to population growth and to the increasing scarcity of prime agricultural land,and that it played an important role in the emergence of the Mayan states. Now that we know much more about ancient exchange and commerce,we know that,because no one aspect of trade was an overriding cause of cultural change or evolution in commercial practices,trade can never be looked on as a unifying factor or as a primary agent of ancient civilization.Many ever-changing variables affected ancient trade,among them the demand for goods.There were also the logistics of transportation,the extent of the trading network,and the social and political environment.Intricate market networks channeled supplies along well-defined routes.Authorities at both ends might regulate the profits fed back to the source,providing the incentive for further transactions.There may or may not have been a market organization.Extensive long-distance trade was a consequence rather than a cause of complex societies. Paragraph 1 Bartering was a basic trade mechanism for many thousands of years;often sporadic and usually based on notions of reciprocity,it involved the mutual exchange of commodities or objects between individuals or groups.Redistribution of these goods through society lay in the hands of chiefs,religious leaders,or kin groups.Such redistribution was a basic element in chiefdoms.The change from redistribution to formal trade—often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency—was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world. 1.The word"notions"in the passage is closest in meaning to A.ideas B.rules C.degrees。
专题03 人文地理-2024届高考英语时文阅读之语法填空专项训练(解析版)
2024届高考英语时文阅读之语法填空专项训练专题03人文地理What was lost in Lahaina, a glittering jewel of夏威夷拉海纳的损失基础篇the Hawaiian KingdomWhat really caused the collapse of the Mayan巩固篇玛雅文明探究civilization?How would you draw an elephant if you’d怎样画出从未见过的大象提高篇never seen one?专项微练单句语法填空动词专项训练真题精选高考模拟衔接名校真题演练【原创题】【基础篇】Lāhainā has always been a survivor. The coastal town inWest Maui has endured and evolved, from serving as the formercapital of the Hawaiian Kingdom to emerging as 1important whaling port that inspired Herman Melville toimmortalize the era in Moby Dick. But wildfires—the deadliestin the state's history—have decimated much of the coastal town,2 (claim) at least 96 lives and destroying hundreds ofhomes and buildings, including important historic and 3(culture) sites. Once known as Lele, 4 translates to“relentless sun,” severe drought conditions in Lāhainā coupledwith high winds from Hurricane Dora, which passed 5the south of the state, fed the flames.The fire in Lāhainā spread quickly and cruelly, and the loss of this historic town—one of the best-preserved historic sites in Hawaiʻi, where you could visit more than 60 historic sites scattered across 55 acres— 6 (be) unfathomable. “It’s just, just horrible,” says Zita Cup Choy, renowned Native Hawaiian historian at ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu, whose family is from Maui. “ 7 (lose) a part of the history where my kūpuna (ancestors) grew up is just sad.” “As far as we know, there isn’t any location in Hawaiʻi where you could walk down the street and actually walk through time, 8 now that’s lost,” says Kimberly Flook, deputy executive director of the Lāhainā Restoration Foundation, a Maui-based nonprofit that oversees 14 major historic 9 (structure) in Lāhainā. But what was the historical significance of Lāhainā? This is 10 was lost to the wildfires.【答案】1.an2.claiming3.cultural4.which5.to6.is7.To lose8.and9.structures 10.what【巩固篇】Maya civilization once stretched across a vast territoryin Mesoamerica, in what is today southern Mexico andCentral America. It was home 1 thriving cities andthousands of people, 2 over the course of twocenturies, major cities would be emptied, with their grandtemples 3 (abandon) and vivid artworks unfinished.Much like its ending, 4 exact beginning ofMaya culture has been difficult to pin down. Many scholarsbelieve it first coalesced sometime between 7000 B.C. and2000 B.C. after hunter-gatherers from South America moved into Mesoamerica and settled there. Sometime around 4000 B.C., cultivation of corn, their staple crop, exploded, 5 (allow) Maya culture to flourish and expand.Interaction with the neighboring Olmec civilization 6 (believe) to have spurred advances in Maya architecture, resulting in the construction of huge ritual 7 (complex) surrounded by cities. Among the most important urban centers 8 (be) Uxmal, Palenque, Chichén Itzá, Tikal, Copán, and Calakmul. Builtduring the Classic period (A.D. 200-900), the Maya’s soaring pyramid temples 9 grand buildings—believed by some to be palaces—were 10 (rich) decorated with sacred art dedicated to the gods.【答案】1.to2.but3.abandoned4.the5.allowing6.is believedplexes8.were9.and 10.richly【提高篇】For illustrators in medieval Europe, depictinganimals like elephants 1 they’d never seteyes on was a key part of their task to shape the 2(moral) of humankind. 3 mattered most waswhat such creatures represented in Christian spiritualterms—and so 4 lion might represent thevirtues of strength and courage, 5 a snakeand its venom could represent sin.Such depictions appeared alongside biblical storiesand in extraordinary illuminated manuscripts— 6 (include) illustrated bestiaries—created by hand before printing became dominant in the 16th century. And among the 7 (early)medieval European representations of fantastic beasts were elephants. 8 (they) bond with their solitary children represented devotion, while stories of elephants taking care 9 (be) gentle around smaller animals symbolized kindness to others. Elephants were also said to represent the spiritual redemption of Jesus Christ, possibly because they had the strength to easily lift a person out of sin.The problem was, however, that few artists in medieval Europe had ever seen a real elephant—instead they created an astonishing variety of fabulous pachyderms that still 10 (fascinate) today.【答案】1.that2.morality3.What4.a5.while6.including7.earliest8.Their9.to be 10.fascinates【专项微练：动词】1．The foreigner tried to make himself ___________(understand), but failed. (所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】understood【详解】考查过去分词。
玛雅文明
日的黎明永远不会到来。
ENDLeabharlann 5、Alien有人认为，玛雅外星人是数十万年前，为采矿而 离开故乡的行星，来到某个星球。后为躲避某个 星球的爆炸来到地球。他们最初居住在温暖的南 极，随后又因冰河期来临，辗转迁徙至中美洲的 密林之中。后来由于墨西哥高原爆发战争，为躲 避战祸，玛雅人便乘着太空船飞向茫茫宇宙，去 寻觅新的家园。
Mayan prophecy
玛雅文明是中美洲古代印第安 人文明，美洲古代印第安文明 的杰出代表，以印第安玛雅人 而得名。主要分布在墨西哥南 部、危地马拉、伯利兹以及洪 都拉斯和萨尔瓦多西部地区。 约形成于公元前2500年，公元 前400年左右建立早期奴隶制 国家，公元3～9世纪为繁盛期， 15世纪衰落
Great Mayan culture
The disappearance of the Mayan civilization
Mayan civilization is the ancient Indian civilization in Central America, the outstanding representative of ancient Indian civilizations of Central America, Indian named maya. Mainly distributed in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras and West Salvatore area. Formed in about 2500 BC, 400 BC built early slavery, in 3 ~ ninth Century period, the decline in fifteenth Century.
英文版2012玛雅文明 世界末日
Ey
EyLeabharlann Maya said, after the coming of the night on December 21st , 2012, the dawn of December 22nd will never come…(not yet… )
Will we die st，2012？ on December 21
-The third Era of Sun：
Tleyquiyahuillo（奎雅维洛）
The ancient nuclear war （古代 核子战 争灭世）
-The fourth Era of Sun：
Tzontlilic（宗德里里克）
Destroyed by a terrible earthquake. （大地震灭 世。 ）
MATLACTIL ART(马特拉克堤利)
“The flood of Noah” (诺亚 洪水)
-The first Era of Sun
-The second Era of Sun:
Ehecatl伊厄科特尔
Destroyed by the terrible hurricane and Blizzard （巨飓风 和巨暴风 雪灭世。 ）
Years of the Sun(太阳纪)
-The first Era of Sun -The second Era of Sun -The third Era of Sun -The fourth Era of Sun -The fifth Era of Sun
Ey
-The first Era of Sun
Ey
Mayan prophecy predicts 1: long calendar dating to the end
高中英语阅读理解主题探究题50题
高中英语阅读理解主题探究题50题1. In the passage, it is mentioned that ancient Egyptians built pyramids mainly for ______.A. religious purposesB. defenseC. housingD. tourism答案：A。
本题考查对文中关键信息的理解。
文中明确指出古埃及人建造金字塔主要是出于宗教目的，B 选项“防御”、C 选项“居住”、D 选项“旅游”在文中均未提及，所以选A。
2. The text tells us that the Roman Empire was known for its ______.A. advanced technologyB. rich literatureC. extensive tradeD. unique art答案：C。
文章中提到罗马帝国以其广泛的贸易而闻名。
A 选项“先进的技术”并非主要特点，B 选项“丰富的文学”不是最突出的方面，D 选项“独特的艺术”也不是其主要知名的原因，故选C。
3. According to the passage, the Mayan civilization was characterized by ______.A. complex calendar systemsB. simple agricultural methodsC. lack of written languageD. small population答案：A。
文中提到玛雅文明的特点是复杂的历法系统。
B 选项“简单的农业方法”不符合实际，C 选项“没有书面语言”错误，玛雅文明有自己的文字，D 选项“人口少”文中未提及，所以答案是A。
4. The passage states that the Industrial Revolution led to ______.A. a decrease in populationB. environmental pollutionC. a decline in agricultureD. less international trade答案：B。
未解之谜(玛雅文明)英语PPT
The two marks –a point and a crossare the foundation of computer today
The causes of the collapse(崩溃) of Maya civilization
Until now, almost the whole of the Mayan civilization is covered with a layer of mystery, just like refusing us to analysis it. Indeed, on ninth Century, the Maya death hypotheses(假 设) emerge in an endless stream(层出不穷), such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes and so on natural disasters; plague(瘟疫), collective poisoning and so on infectious diseases(传染病) . Despite all the hypothesis of public opinions are divergent , but none of the hypothesis has sufficient evidence to be believed.
The jungle Temple
Why did Maya build St. in the jungle ? In the Mayan culture launched region is extremely broad, covering an area of about three hundred thousand square kilometers. This area is full of tropical rainforest, wet and heat, almost became the most popular local epidemics, and full of terrible beasts.
Mayan Civilizatio(玛雅文明)
Mayan CivilizationWhat do I know about Mayan civilization？The Mayan civilization attracts wide attention around the world, it is an wonderful part of the world civilization. It is named after the Mayan Indian. The sites are mainly located in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras and other places. Mayan civilization was born in the 10th century BC, it could be divided into three periods, pre-classical period, classical period and after the classical period. Mayan civilization had made very important contributions to the development of human civilization in science, agriculture, culture, art and other aspects.In the 1830s, American John Stephens discovered the ruins of Mayan civilization in Honduras for the first time. Since then, many abandoned Mayan ancient cities had been found in many places. Mayan people created a bright and brilliant civilization with neither metal tools nor advanced means of transportation.The Maya pyramids are the symbols of Mayan civilization. They had been chosen as one of the seven New Wonders of the World not only for their magnificent physical presence but also for the intellectual achievements of the people.While Europe was still in the midst of the Dark Ages, Mayan people were masters of mathematics. They invented the calendars we use today. Without metal tools and advanced transportation tools they were able to construct vast cities across huge jungle landscapes.The Mayan civilization were known as well for their elaborate and highly decorated ceremonial architecture, including temple-pyramids, palaces and observatories. The ancient Mayan people built two types of pyramids, of which one was meant to be climbed and another was not. The first type was used for holding sacrificial rituals. The other type was not meant to be touched and was sacred. The steps on these structures were too steep to climb and many times they had doorways leading to nowhere. The Mayan Pyramids those at Chichen Itza are the most famous.Most of these Mayan pyramids had a platform on the top on which was constructed a smaller building. When the priests or kings performed their rituals, they climbed thepyramid by staircases, which symbolized rising from the earth to the heavens, since they started from the ground level right up to the temple on top. Some pyramids had two staircases on either side, and some others even had four.Certain Mayan pyramid-like constructions were built as burial places for rulers, containing burial chambers within these large structures, which usually contained treasures like jade. According to some historians, one of the reasons the Mayan pyramids were built so high was that they served as landmarks for the Mayan people, since the tops can be seen among the jungle. Also, they worked as a reminder to the people that the god was always present. Because Mayan people are also excellent astronomers, so some people think that they also used their pyramids as observatories. Mayan pyramids, in fact, were built in a wide variety of forms to serve a wide variety of functions, apart from religious ones, according to the customs of each region as well as period.The Maya CultureContrary to popular beliefs, the Mayan civilization was not one unified empire, but a multitude of separate entities with a common cultural background. Similar to the Greeks, they were religiously a nation, but politically sovereign states.Mayan people’s cultural life are full of religious colors. They worship the sun god, rain god, c orn god and other gods. The sun god has the supreme power and is God’s incarnation. In addition, Mayan people believe that the soul is immortal. Capital is the religious center.Mayan civilization reached the construction of the world's highest level, they created splendid architectural culture. They spent a lot of time observing astronomical phenomena, and have mastered the eclipse cycle and the law of motion of the sun, moon, and Venus.They also made great achievements in sculpture, pottery, and murals, which made them known as America's Greece. The art of the Maya, as with every civilization, is a reflection of their lifestyle and culture. The art was composed of delineation and painting upon paper and plaster, carvings in wood and stone, clay and stucco models, and terra cotta figurines from molds. The technical process of metal working was alsohighly developed but as the resources were scarce, they only created ornaments in this media. Many of the great programs of Maya art, inscriptions, and architecture were commissioned by Mayan kings to memorialize themselves and ensure their place in history. The prevailing subject of their art is not anonymous priests and unnamed gods but rather men and women of power that serve to recreate the history of the people. The works are a reflection of the society and its interaction with surrounding people. One of the greatest shows of Mayan artistic ability and culture is the hieroglyphic stairway located at Copan. The stairway is an iconographical complex composed of statues, figures, and ramps in addition to the central stairway which together port ray many elements of Mayan society. An alter is present as well as many pictorial references of sacrifice and their gods. More importantly than all the imagery captured with in this monument, however, is the history of the royal descent depicted in the hieroglyphs and various statues. The figurine of a seated captive is also representative of Mayan society as it depicts someone in the process of a bloodletting ceremony, which included the accession to kingship. This figure is of high rank as depicted by his expensive earrings and intricately woven hip cloth. The rope collar which would usually mark this man as a captive, reveals that he is involved in a bloodletting rite. His genitals are exposed as he is just about to draw blood for the ceremony.The ancient Mayan people in Central America had also been involved in long-distance trade, the main products are cocoa, salt, and obsidian.Mysteries of the collapse of Mayan civilizationTo unravel the mystery of who the Mayan people were, how they lived, and why their civilization suddenly collapsed, I get a lot of information from the internet and I think warfare, overexploitation of environment and overpopulation are the most three important causes.Arlen and Diane Chase, archaeologists at the University of Central Florida, believe their work at Caracol, in present-day Belize, also shows that escalating warfare was largely responsible for that ancient city's abrupt extinction. Among the evidence they cite: burn marks on buildings, the uncharacteristically unburied body of a six-year-old child lying on the floor of a pyramid, and an increase in war imagery on latemonuments and pottery. Experts also found weapons in the ruins too.While many Mayanists agree that wars contributed to the collapse, no one thinks they were the whole story. Another factor was overexploitation of the rain-forest ecosystem, on which the Maya depended for food. University of Arizona archaeologist T. Patrick Culbert says pollen recovered from underground debris shows clearly that "there was almost no tropical forest left."Water shortages might have played a role in the collapse as well. University of Cincinnati archaeologist Vernon Scarborough has found evidence of sophisticated reservoir systems in Tikal and other landlocked Maya cities. Since those cities depended on stored rainfall during the four dry months of the year, they would have been extremely vulnerable to a prolonged drought.Overpopulation was another problem. On the basis of data collected from about 20 sites, Culbert estimates that there were as many as 200 people per sq km in the southern lowlands of Central America. Says Culbert: "This is an astonishingly high figure; it ranks up there with the most heavily populated parts of the pre-industrial world. And the north may have been even more densely populated."One inevitable consequence of overpopulation and a disintegrating agricultural system would be malnutrition. In fact, some researchers are beginning to find preliminary evidence of undernourishment in children's skeletons from the late Classic period. Given all the stresses on Maya society, says Culbert, what ultimately sent it over the edge "could have been something totally trivial--two bad hurricane seasons, say, or a crazy king. An enormously strained system like this could have been pushed over in a million ways."What lessons can we draw from the Mayan civilization collapse?First, harmony between countries is so important. If Mayan civilization, that splendid civilization, could collapse due to warfare, we conclude that war is horrible. Nowadays countries in the world are in great competition for resources, power, and they seem to stand at the edge of the war. The World One and the World Two had caused great damage to human’s civilization and environment. Because of all above, we humans should get along well and avoid the occurrence of war.Second, we do need to do something to care about our mother world. To get the development, we humans have made great mistakes to our earth. If we don’t change our way to get along with our world, we will be blamed more seriously. Our world is now faced with a horrible scene, flood, desertification, and water shortage have been a big problem.Last but not the least, the overpopulation has been a real big problem. The population of the world has reached 7,000,000,000, and it has been growing. We should take immediate measures to deal with the situation. Every country should take its own responsibility and help other countries out of the dilemma.Today’s Mayan peopleIn fact, Mayan people never disappear from the world. There are still three million Maya living in the Yucatan Peninsula, and many of them still can say the Mayan language. Maya had never been a unified kingdom, the whole region is composed of hundreds of Mayan city-states. However, language, religion, customs and traditions of every states seem the same. They belong to the same cultural circle.The legendry Mayan civilization began with the construction of the pyramid in the South American continent. This is like a drama, the Mayan people performed a spectacular historical drama without an overture.They did not leave any explanation to the collapse of their great civilization. It seems that this magnificent historical drama came to an abrupt end overnight.。
世界新七大奇迹
世界“新七大奇迹”（中英文对照）1.长城The Great Wall, China. (长城，公元前220年和公元1368年–公元1644年，中国)中国的万里长城是中国古代为抵御蒙古人入侵而建造的，它将已有的单个要塞连成一体，从而形成一个完整的防御体系。
长城是世界上最大的人造工程，也是唯一可以从外太空看到的地球景观。
为了修建巨大的长城，曾有上千万人为此献出了生命。
简而言之－－长城是难以置信的坚毅和恒心的见证.The Great Wall of China was built to link existing fortifications into a united defense system and better keep invading Mongol tribes out of China. It is the largest man-made monument ever to have been built and it is disputed that it is the only one visible from space. Many thousands of people must havegiven their lives to build this colossal construction.2.基督像Christ Redeemer, Brazil. (基督像，1931，里约热内卢，巴西)在里约热内卢的科尔科瓦杜山上有一座基督雕像，高达38米左右，雕像中的基督似乎正深情地俯瞰着美丽的里约热内卢。
这座基督像是由一个叫Heitor da Silva Costa的巴西人和一个叫Paul Landowski 的法国雕刻家分别设计和创造的，是世界上最著名的古迹之一。
巨型雕像的制作共花费了五年时间，最终于1931年10月12日完成了落成典礼。
巨大的基督像张开双臂，似乎正在欢迎来参观的游人。
玛雅人英语作文
The Mysterious World of the Mayans: AnInsight into Their Culture and LegacyDeep within the dense jungles of Central America,hidden beneath the canopies of towering trees, lies the enigmatic world of the Mayans. These ancient inhabitants of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador were renowned for their remarkable achievements in architecture, mathematics, astronomy, and agriculture. Their civilization, which flourished for over 3,000 years, left behind a legacy of magnificent temples, intricate hieroglyphics, and a profound understanding of the universe.The Mayans were master builders, creating temples that were not just structures of stone and wood but also representations of their cosmology and religious beliefs. These temples, such as the Pyramid of the Sun in Mexico's Teotihuacan, were not just monuments to their gods but also served as observatories, where the Mayan astronomers meticulously tracked the movements of the sun, moon, and stars.The Mayans' understanding of astronomy was remarkable. They had a complex calendar system that accuratelypredicted eclipses and the cycles of Venus. Their hieroglyphics, although still partially deciphered, reveala sophisticated society with a rich cultural heritage. These glyphs, found on temple walls and stone tablets,depict scenes of daily life, religious rituals, andhistorical events, providing insights into the Mayan way of life.Moreover, the Mayans were highly skilled in mathematics. They developed a system of counting based on 20, which is still used in some parts of the world today. They also calculated the volume of irregular shapes and predicted the length of the solar year with remarkable accuracy.In addition to their scientific achievements, the Mayans were also renowned for their agricultural prowess. They domesticated a wide range of plants, including corn, beans, and squash, and developed an intricate system of irrigation that allowed them to cultivate crops year-round. This agricultural revolution not only supported their large populations but also laid the foundation for the development of their civilization.However, despite their remarkable achievements, the Mayan civilization came to an abrupt end in the 16th century. The reasons for their decline are still debated among scholars, but some theories suggest that climate change, overpopulation, and the spread of diseases from European colonists may have played a role.The legacy of the Mayans, however, lives on. Their temples still stand tall, their hieroglyphics continue to captivate scholars, and their contributions to science and culture have left an indelible mark on history. The Mayans' understanding of the universe, their mastery of buildingand agriculture, and their profound cultural heritage continue to inspire and fascinate people across the globe.**玛雅人神秘的世界：对其文化和遗产的洞察**在美洲中部茂密的丛林中，高耸的树木树冠下，隐藏着玛雅人神秘的世界。
五年级英语历史事件影响单选题40题
五年级英语历史事件影响单选题40题1. The ancient Egyptians built the pyramids, which had a great influence on later civilizations. The main purpose of building the pyramids was _____.A. for livingB. for burying the pharaohsC. for storing foodD. for having parties答案：B。
本题考查古代埃及金字塔的用途。
选项A“for living”意为用于居住，金字塔并非用于居住。
选项C“for storing food”意为用于储存食物，不符合实际。
选项D“for having parties”意为用于举办聚会，也不正确。
而金字塔主要是用于埋葬法老，所以选择B。
2. The ancient Greeks made important contributions to philosophy and science. One of their influences was _____.A. inventing the wheelB. developing the alphabetC. discovering fireD. creating democracy答案：D。
古代希腊对哲学和科学有重要贡献。
选项A“inventing the wheel”发明轮子不是古希腊的主要贡献。
选项B“developing the alphabet”发展字母表不是其最主要的影响。
选项C“discovering fire”发现火也不是古希腊的独特贡献。
而古希腊创造了民主制度，对后世影3. The ancient Romans had a strong army and built many roads. The impact of their roads was that _____.A. it made traveling easierB. it helped them grow more cropsC. it made people sleep betterD. it made the weather better答案：A。
介绍不同和地区的文化多样性的英文名称
介绍不同和地区的文化多样性的英文名称Cultural Diversity in Various Regions: An Introduction to its English TerminologyIntroductionCultural diversity refers to the existence of different cultures and ethnic groups within a society or community. Each culture possesses its own unique traditions, customs, values, and beliefs. In this article, we will explore the English terminology used to describe the diverse cultures found in different regions around the world.1. AfricaAfrica, as one of the most culturally diverse continents, showcases a rich tapestry of traditions and languages. Here are some English terms used to describe the cultural diversity within various African regions:1.1 Sub-Saharan AfricaLocated south of the Sahara Desert, Sub-Saharan Africa encompasses a wide range of cultures:- Bantu Tribes: The Bantu tribes are comprised of numerous ethnic groups with diverse languages and customs, such as Zulu, Swahili, and Xhosa.- Masai Culture: The Masai people, known for their distinctive attire and pastoral lifestyle, represent a unique cultural identity within Sub-Saharan Africa.- Yoruba Tradition: The Yoruba people, primarily found in Nigeria, have a rich and vibrant cultural heritage, including unique artistic expressions, religious practices, and social structures.1.2 North AfricaAlthough geographically connected to the African continent, North Africa exhibits unique cultural traits:- Berber Culture: The Berber people, indigenous to North Africa, have long preserved their distinct language, traditions, and craftwork.- Arab Heritage: The Arab influence in countries like Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia has shaped their languages, cuisine, and customs.2. AsiaAsia, the largest and most populous continent, encompasses a vast array of cultural identities. Let's explore some of the English terminologies associated with cultural diversity in different Asian regions:2.1 East AsiaEast Asia is home to diverse cultures influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism, and indigenous belief systems:- Han Chinese Culture: The Han Chinese, the majority ethnic group in China, possess rich cultural traditions, including art, calligraphy, martial arts, and cuisine.- Japanese Customs: Japan boasts a unique cultural landscape, blending ancient traditions with modern innovations, such as tea ceremonies, kimono attire, and anime art.- Korean Heritage: Korea's cultural identity is characterized by its distinct language, hanbok clothing, spicy cuisine, and traditional music and dance forms.2.2 South AsiaSouth Asia embodies a mosaic of cultures shaped by religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Sikhism:- Indian Diversity: India, known for its unity in diversity, boasts a multitude of cultures, languages, and traditions across its states, such as the vibrant festivities of Diwali and Holi.- Pakistani Traditions: Pakistan is a melting pot of cultural influences from various regions, with diverse customs, languages, and cuisine.3. The AmericasThe Americas exhibit a diverse blend of indigenous cultures, as well as those shaped by historical colonization and migration:3.1 North AmericaNorth America boasts a unique fusion of indigenous traditions and diverse immigrant cultures:- Native American Heritage: Indigenous tribes, such as the Navajo, Cherokee, and Apache, carry forward their rich cultural legacy through art, storytelling, and powwows.- European Influences: European settlers, primarily from England, France, and Spain, brought their customs and traditions, contributing to the cultural diversity of North America.3.2 Latin AmericaLatin America reflects a fusion of indigenous, European, and African cultural elements:- Mayan Civilization: The cultural heritage of the ancient Mayan civilization can still be observed in countries like Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras through their languages and archaeological sites.- Afro-Latin Culture: The African diaspora in countries like Brazil, Cuba, and Colombia has led to the development of unique cultural expressions, including music (samba, reggae, salsa) and religious practices (Candomble, Santeria).ConclusionCultural diversity is an integral part of our global society, contributing to the richness and vibrancy of human existence. Understanding the English terminology associated with different cultural identities allows for effective communication, appreciation, and acceptance of the world's diverse communities. Embracing cultural diversity promotes unity and fosters a sense of global citizenship.。
探索古代文明学习英文中与古代文明和考古发现相关的词汇
探索古代文明学习英文中与古代文明和考古发现相关的词汇IntroductionAncient civilizations have always fascinated us with their rich histories and remarkable achievements. Studying ancient civilizations allows us to gain valuable insights into the development of human societies. In the realm of academia, learning about ancient civilizations often involves understanding the associated vocabulary. In this article, we will delve into the realm of ancient civilizations and explore the English vocabulary related to them. From significant archaeological discoveries to cultural terms, this comprehensive guide aims to enhance our understanding of ancient civilizations and their impact on our present-day world.1. Archaeology and Excavations1.1 Excavation: The process of carefully uncovering and examining archaeological sites, layers, or artifacts. This practice enables researchers to unearth and interpret historical evidence that sheds light on ancient cultures.1.2 Stratigraphy: The study of rock layers (strata) and the interpretation of their sequence, which allows archaeologists to determine the relative ages of artifacts and events.1.3 Preservation: The techniques used to protect and conserve archaeological sites and artifacts to ensure their long-term survival and availability for study.1.4 Artifact: Any object created, used, or modified by humans in the past, such as tools, pottery, or artwork. Artifacts provide crucial insights into the cultural, social, and technological aspects of ancient civilizations.2. Ancient Civilizations2.1 Mesopotamia: An ancient region located in present-day Iraq, known as the "cradle of civilization." Mesopotamia gave birth to many influential civilizations, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians.2.2 Egyptology: The study of ancient Egyptian history, language, culture, and art. Egyptology allows us to decipher hieroglyphs, understand their complex religious beliefs, and explore the mysteries of the Pharaohs.2.3 Indus Valley Civilization: One of the world's oldest urban civilizations, remarkable for its well-planned cities and extensive trade networks. The Indus Valley Civilization flourished around 2600 to 1900 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwestern India.2.4 Mayan Civilization: A complex and sophisticated civilization that flourished in Mesoamerica, encompassing present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. The Mayans excelled in astronomy, mathematics, and craftsmanship.2.5 Ancient Greece: Renowned as the birthplace of democracy, philosophy, and classical art, Ancient Greece left an indelible mark on Western civilization. The Greeks made significant contributions to literature, architecture, and governance.3. Monuments and Architectural Marvels3.1 Pyramids: Monumental structures built by several ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians and Mayans, primarily as burial sites for their rulers.3.2 Colosseum: A colossal amphitheater located in Rome, Italy, constructed by the ancient Romans. It hosted various public spectacles, including gladiatorial contests and theatrical performances.3.3 Parthenon: A magnificent temple dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, located in Athens, Greece. The Parthenon is an iconic symbol of ancient Greek architecture and is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.3.4 Great Wall of China: A breathtaking feat of engineering, the Great Wall stretches over 13,000 miles across northern China. Built to protect against invasions, it represents an enduring symbol of Chinese civilization.4. Cultural Concepts and Beliefs4.1 Polytheism: The belief in and worship of multiple gods and goddesses. This religious practice was prevalent in ancient civilizations, such as Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome.4.2 Mythology: The collection of myths, legends, and stories that explain the beliefs and practices of ancient cultures. Greek and Norse mythology are among the most well-known examples.4.3 Oracle: A person or place regarded as a source of divine guidance or prophetic predictions. Ancient civilizations consulted oracles to seek advice on matters of significance, often through complex rituals.4.4 Pharaoh: The title given to the rulers of ancient Egypt. Pharaohs were considered divine figures and held immense political and religious power.4.5 Hieroglyphs: The ancient Egyptian writing system, consisting of pictorial symbols. Deciphering hieroglyphs has provided valuable insights into the lives and histories of the ancient Egyptians.ConclusionExploring ancient civilizations and their enduring legacies deepens our understanding of humanity's collective past. By familiarizing ourselves with the English vocabulary related to these civilizations, we can engage in meaningful discussions and appreciate the cultural, artistic, and technological achievements of our ancestors. From the pyramids of Egypt to the myths of Greece, the study of ancient civilizations transcends borders and unites us in our shared human heritage.。
英语作文名胜古迹介绍
英语作文名胜古迹介绍Exploring the Enchanting Wonders of Historic LandmarksThe world is a tapestry of captivating stories, each woven into the fabric of our shared history. Among the most captivating of these tales are the narratives that unfold within the walls of historic landmarks – places that have borne witness to the triumphs and tribulations of bygone eras. These architectural marvels serve as gateways to the past, inviting us to step back in time and immerse ourselves in the rich cultural heritage that has shaped the world we inhabit today.One such iconic landmark is the Taj Mahal, a shimmering white marble monument that stands as a testament to the enduring power of love. Commissioned by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, this architectural masterpiece is a true wonder of the world. The Taj Mahal's intricate design, which seamlessly blends elements of Persian, Islamic, and Indian architecture, has captivated the hearts and minds of visitors from around the globe. From the serene reflection pool that mirrors the monument's ethereal beauty to the delicate calligraphy and intricate inlaid gemstones that adorn its walls, every aspect of the TajMahal is a masterpiece in its own right.Another iconic landmark that has captured the imagination of the world is the Great Pyramids of Giza, the last remaining wonder of the ancient world. These colossal structures, built as the final resting places for the pharaohs of ancient Egypt, are a testament to the ingenuity and engineering prowess of a civilization that flourished thousands of years ago. The sheer scale and precision of the pyramids, which were constructed using millions of precisely cut stone blocks, continue to astound and inspire visitors from all corners of the globe. Exploring the intricate network of passageways and chambers within the pyramids, one can almost feel the weight of history pressing down upon them, as they walk in the footsteps of the pharaohs who once walked these hallowed halls.Across the globe, in the heart of Europe, stands another architectural marvel – the Colosseum of Rome. This iconic amphitheater, which once hosted the brutal spectacles of gladiatorial combat and public executions, has become a symbol of the enduring strength and resilience of the Roman Empire. Visitors to the Colosseum can almost hear the roar of the crowds and the clash of steel as they wander through the crumbling corridors and arena floor, imagining the epic battles that once took place within its walls. The Colosseum's sheer size and grandeur, combined with its rich historical significance, make it a must-visit destination for any traveler seeking to immersethemselves in the legacy of the ancient world.In the bustling heart of India, the Red Fort of Delhi stands as a testament to the power and opulence of the Mughal dynasty. This sprawling complex of palaces, mosques, and gardens was once the seat of the Mughal emperors, who ruled over a vast empire that spanned much of the Indian subcontinent. Visitors to the Red Fort can marvel at the intricate architecture, which seamlessly blends elements of Persian, Islamic, and Indian design, and can almost feel the weight of history pressing down upon them as they wander through the grand halls and courtyards that once echoed with the sounds of royal processions and celebrations.Across the Pacific Ocean, in the heart of Mexico, stands the ancient city of Chichen Itza, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most well-preserved examples of Mayan civilization. The centerpiece of this archaeological wonder is the iconic El Castillo pyramid, a towering structure that was once the heart of a thriving metropolis. Visitors to Chichen Itza can explore the intricate network of temples, plazas, and ball courts that once bustled with the activity of a vibrant Mayan society, and can marvel at the stunning astronomical alignments and engineering feats that were the hallmarks of this advanced civilization.These historic landmarks, and countless others like them, are notsimply relics of the past – they are living, breathing embodiments of the human spirit, a testament to our enduring capacity for creativity, ingenuity, and resilience. As we explore these wonders, we are not merely passive observers, but active participants in the ongoing story of our shared human experience. Through the lens of these historic landmarks, we can gain a deeper understanding of the cultures, beliefs, and values that have shaped the world we live in today, and can draw inspiration from the triumphs and struggles of those who came before us.Whether you are a seasoned traveler or a curious armchair explorer, the allure of historic landmarks is undeniable. They beckon us to step outside the confines of our everyday lives and to immerse ourselves in the rich tapestry of human history. In doing so, we not only expand our own horizons, but we also contribute to the ongoing preservation and appreciation of these irreplaceable cultural treasures. So, let us embark on a journey of discovery, and explore the enchanting wonders of the world's most captivating historic landmarks.。
托福阅读tpo41R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读tpo41R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文Trade And Early State Formation①Bartering was a basic trade mechanism for many thousands of years;often sporadic and usually based on notions of reciprocity,it involved the mutual exchange of commodities or objects between individuals or groups.Redistribution of these goods through society lay in the hands of chiefs,religious leaders,or kin groups.Such redistribution was a basic element in chiefdoms.The change from redistribution to formal trade—often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency—was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world.②In the1970s,a number of archaeologists gave trade a primary role in the rise of ancient states.British archaeologist Colin Renfrew attributed the dramatic flowering of the Minoan civilization on Crete and through the Aegean to intensified trading contacts and to the impact of olive and vine cultivation on local communities.As agricultural economies became more diversified and local food supplies could be purchased both locally and over longer distances,a far-reaching economic interdependence resulted.Eventually,this led to redistribution systems for luxuries and basic commodities,systems that were organized and controlled by Minoan rulers from their palaces.As time went on,the self-sufficiency of communities was replaced by mutual dependence.Interest in long-distance trade brought about some cultural homogeneity from trade and gift exchange,and perhaps even led to piracy.Thus,intensified trade and interaction,and the flowering of specialist crafts,in a complex process of positive feedback,led to much more complex societies based on palaces,which were the economic hubs of a new Minoan civilization.③Renfrew’s model made some assumptions that are now discounted.For example,he argued that the introduction of domesticated vines and olives allowed a substantial expansion of land under cultivation and helped to power the emergence of complex society.Many archaeologists and paleobotanists now question this view,pointing out that the available evidence for cultivated vines and olives suggests that they were present only in the later Bronze Age.Trade, nevertheless,was probably one of many variables that led to the emergence of palace economies in Minoan Crete.④American archaeologist William Rathje developed a hypothesis that considered an explosion in long-distance exchange a fundamental cause of Mayan civilizationin Mesoamerica.He suggested that the lowland Mayan environment was deficient in many vital resources,among them obsidian,salt,stone for grinding maize,and many luxury materials.All these could be obtained from the nearby highlands, from the Valley of Mexico,and from other regions,if the necessary trading networks came into being.Such connections,and the trading expeditions to maintain them,could not be organized by individual villages.The Maya lived in a relatively uniform environment,where every community suffered from the same resource deficiencies.Thus,argued Rathje,long-distance trade networks were organized through local ceremonial centers and their leaders.In time,this organization became a state,and knowledge of its functioning was exportable,as were pottery,tropical bird feathers,specialized stone materials,and other local commodities.⑤Rathje’s hypothesis probably explains part of the complex process of Mayan state formation,but it suffers from the objection that suitable alternative raw materials can be found in the lowlands.It could be,too,that warfare became a competitive response to population growth and to the increasing scarcity of prime agricultural land,and that it played an important role in the emergence of the Mayan states.⑥Now that we know much more about ancient exchange and commerce,we know that,because no one aspect of trade was an overriding cause of cultural change or evolution in commercial practices,trade can never be looked on as a unifying factor or as a primary agent of ancient civilization.Many ever-changing variables affected ancient trade,among them the demand for goods.There were also the logistics of transportation,the extent of the trading network,and the social and political environment.Intricate market networks channeled supplies along well-defined routes.Authorities at both ends might regulate the profits fed back to the source,providing the incentive for further transactions.There may or may not have been a market organization.Extensive long-distance trade was a consequence rather than a cause of complex societies.译文贸易与早期的国家形成①易货贸易是数千年来的一种基本贸易机制；它通常是不定时发生的，并且基于互惠的概念，它涉及个人或群体之间商品或物品的相互交换。
托福听力52-L4-Maya civilization
TPO-52-L41.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A. To familiarize students with the Mayan civilization in the Classic PeriodB. To prepare students for an archaeology project about the Mayan civilizationC. To provide evidence for a point made in a previous class about the Mayan civilizationD. To call into question a common view about the decline of ancient Mayan civilization2.Why does the professor discuss Lamanai in detail?A.To present findings about one Mayan settlement from the Postclassic periodB.To describe the physical layout of the first Mayan settlements in Central AmericaC.To criticize the excavation methods used there during the 1970sD.To note how the size of a typical Mayan settlement varied throughout its history3.What is one of the features that gives Lamanai special archaeological significance?A.It was the first Mayan site in Belize to be excavated in modern times.B.It was occupied by two distinct cultural groups during the Classic period.C.It was continuously occupied by the Maya longer than any other site.D.It had an economic structure that was distinct from that of other Mayan cities.4.Why does the professor say that it would require “lots of funding” to uncover the stone structures that she discusses?A.Because there are so many of themB.Because very few archaeologists are given access to themC.Because they are located on so many different islandsD.Because of difficult weather conditions in the region5.According to the professor, what can be inferred from the ceramic artifacts found on the island?A.The island was the source of most of the pottery used at Lamanai.B.Much of Lamanai’s population relocated to the island during the Postclassic period.C.The Mayan trading network remained strong during the Postclassic period.D.The Maya developed new technological capabilities on the island.6.Why does the student say this:A.To request that the professor repeat the point she just madeB.To express his doubt about the period of time being discussedC.To disagree with the professor’s interpretation of the evidence about LamanaiD.To find out if he correctly understands the professor’s pointAnswers：D/A/C/A/C/DMaya CivilizationListen to part of a lecture in an archeology class. The professor has been discussing ancient Mayan civilization.Professor: Now, as you remember from your reading, the Maya were an ancient civilization which occupied in area corresponding to parts of modern-day Mexico and Central America. Early Mayan settlements date back over 3,000 years and say from about 600 to 900 C.E. The civilization was in what’s considered a golden age of cultural achievement, what we call the Classic period.The period after this, after the Classic Period, is called the Postclassic period. Now it’s long been thought that during the PostClassic period, Mayan civilization was in decline. But we’re continuing to find new evidence that in certain areas Mayan civilization flourished right up to the end of the Postclassic period, what we refer to as the late Postclassic period. The late Postclassic corresponds to the period from the 1200s to 1500s, right until the arrival of the Spanish in the mid-1500s. A good example of a site which continued to flourish through the late Postclassic is the inland Mayan community of Lamanai, located in what is today the country of Belize in Central America. Now, Lamanai is one of the largest and most prominent archeological sites in Belize. It was occupied for over 3000 years. That makes it the longest continually-occupied site by the ancient Maya. Large-scale excavation at Lamanai began back in 1974 under the leadership of a Canadian archeologist. The first excavation there was on a building that dated back to the late Postclassic period. When the excavation began, we didn’t know much about Mayan life during that time. As I said, most people considered the Postclassic period as a time of decline that came after the so-called golden era. But during the first few years of excavation, the archeological team realized that Lamanai had continued to be an important center of classic Mayan culture, almost right up until the 1500s.Student: So basically, what you are saying is while other Mayan cities were collapsing or had already collapsed, Lamanai was one of those places that was flourishing?Professor: Uh huh…exactly! In fact, the evidence shows that one of the greatest periods of construction in the city occurred du ring the Postclassic.That’s definitely not what was happening at neighboring sites during that time. And consider this, archeologists found ceramic artifacts from Lamanai’s late Postclassic period at a recently-discovered site on an island off the coast of Belize. And in Lamanai they found objects that had been imported from parts of the region which correspond to modern-day Mexico during the late Postclassic. What did those finds tell us?Female student: eh…the trade was still going on? So you probably still find the same Mayan social structure and economic practices, right?Professor: Yes. Now, these researchers and subsequent research teams have been helping us see a bigger picture. We now know that there was still a widespread trading network up and down a long portion of the coast of what is modern-day Mexico and Central America for more than two centuries after the golden era ended. Those finds are telling.Female student: How big is Lamanai overall?Professor: Well, in all, 700 stone structures have been documented. It takes several life times and lots of funding to uncover all of them. Ok, if that’s not a helpful mental picture…all right here’s another detail that might help. There was once a population between 35 and 55 thousand there. The southernmost end of Lamanai had become the city center by the Postclassic period. It was there at the southern end that people continued to develop technological capabilities, especially in ceramics and eventually in metal work. The center of Lamanai society had previously been in the northern part of the city. We’re not yet sure why the focus of life shifted southward only that it did.Female student: Was the former center, the one in the north smaller than the new one in the south? Like maybe the population grew so they needed more room and moved?Professor: Actually, the new city center was smaller. It’s possible that’s because the population had decreased by that point so they actually needed less room. In any case, the restructured community thrived.。
综合：中文新闻翻译英文词汇（十四）
两岸直航促进会 Association for Promotion of Cross-Straits Direct Transportation 两⼤历史性课题（提⾼党的执政能⼒和领导⽔平，提⾼拒腐防变和抵御风险的能⼒） The two major historic subjects of enhancing the abilities of administration and art of leadership and resisting corruption, guarding against degeneration and 两弹⼀艇 "A-bomb, H-bomb and nuclear-powered submarine" 两个对等的政治实体 two equal political entities 两个⽂明⼀起抓 place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress 两栖作战 Amphibious operations 两⼿抓，两⼿都要硬 grasp both links at the same time and attach sufficient importance to both 两⼿抓两⼿都要硬 We must address ourselves to the problem of both material and spiritual civilization（both material as well as culture and ideological progress） without any letup. 两思（致富思源，富⽽思进） to think of the source of getting rich and of making progress after becoming affluence 两院院⼠ academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering 劣等品 shoddy goods； substandard goods； lemon （informal） 猎头公司 head-hunting company 临时主教练 caretaker coach 零和博奕 zero-sum game； zero game 零配件 spare and accessory parts 领海 territorial waters 领头⽺ bellwether 另类 a different, special, completely new or fashionabel type or trend 另类⾳乐，⾮正统⾳乐 alternative music 流动⼈⼝ transient population 流动图书馆 travelling library； bookmobile 流通股 circulation stock 流星⾬ meteor shower 留得青⼭在，不怕没柴烧 "Where there is life, there is hope." 留学咨询 consulting on the study abroad 留职停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary 六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数 "six classical arts： rites, music, archery, riding, writing, arithmetic" 龙头产品 flagship product 陆军 The Army 录取分数线 enrollment mark 录取通知书 letter of admission 路演 road show 旅客列车票价 price of passenger train tickets 旅⾏结婚 have a honeymoon trip 绿地覆盖率 forest coverage rate 绿化 afforestation 绿⾊奥运,科技奥运,⼈⽂奥运 green, high-tech and people friendly Olympic Games 绿⾊急救通道 emergency green path 绿⾊⾷品 green food 绿⾊通道（*快捷通道） green channel 乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费 "unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises " 乱码 messy code 乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款 "arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines" 轮值主席 chairman on duty 论⽂答辩（thesis） oral defense 论⽂答辩（thesis） oral defense *机 bare mobile phone 马到成功 achieve immediate victory； win instant success 马尔萨斯⼈⼝论 Malthusian Theory of Population； Malthusianism （Thomas Robert Malthus, 1766-1834, British economist） 马拉松式竞选活动 campaignathon 马路菜场⼊室⼯程 the project to build indoor free market to accommodate street vegetable vendors 马太效应 "the Matthew effect （A phenomenon in specific circles whereby one's accomplishments and reputation tend to snowball, and those with meager accomplishments have greater difficulty achieving accomplishments. ） " 玛雅⽂化 Mayan civilization 码分多址（⼀种扩频多址数字式通信技术） CDMA （Code Division Multiple Access） 买⽅市场 buyer's market 买壳上市 go public through buying a shell 买空卖空 bulls and bears； fictitious transaction 买⼀送⼀ "two-for-one offer, buy one get one free" 麦克马洪线 McMahon Line 满意度 degree of satisfaction 慢性萧条 chronic depression 盲流 blind influx （labourers aimlessly flowing from rural areas into large cities）。
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Mayan Civilization
Group 7 Wang Yimeng
Zhao Jing
Lu Penglin
Zhao Yang
Outline
●Introduction of Mayan Civilization
1 Discovery, Location and History of Mayan Civilization.
2 Mayan Civilization.
●Questions of Mayan Civilization
1 WHY The prosperity of Mayan Civilization.
2 WHY The sudden disappearance of Mayan civilization.
Discovery and Location
Fig. 1 The living area of
Mayan
Notes:
Guatemala: 危地马拉Honduras:洪都拉斯
History of Mayan Civilization ●Preclassic Period(2500 B.C.~250 A.D.)
●Classic Period(250~900 A.D.)
●Postclassic Period(900~1520 A.D.)
The Main Features of Mayan
Civilization
•Mayan civilization was the stone of civilization,they did not invent the use of bronze,not to mention the iron.
•Highly developed construction techniques and urban civilization.•Agriculture was based on maize,also known as"Maize Civilization",without animal husbandry.
•Using two decimal number system,finding and using the"zero"concept, mastering a high degree of knowledge of mathematics,astronomy and calendar.•Using a unique hieroglyphs:Maya text.
Notes:
maize: 玉米husbandry：畜牧业
two decimal:二十进制hieroglyphs:象形文字
Mathematics
•The use of ZERO
•Mayan used large unit to record.
Fig. 2 Numbers of Maya
Mathematics
6026 Example:
400
15⨯6
20
1⨯
＋＋
Astronomy
◆365.2422 Day
◆365.2420 Day
Fig. 3 Planets in the solar system
Calendar
Fig. 4.a Fig. 4.b Fig. 4.a and 4.b show the symbols of Mayan Calendar
Writing
Fig. 5.a Fig. 5.b Fig. 5.c Fig. 5 show the writing symbols of Mayan
Fig. 6.a Fig. 6.b Fig. 6 Some carvings of Mayan
Fig. 7.a Fig. 7.b
Fig. 7.c Fig. 7 Architecture of Mayan Civilization
Outline
●Introduction of Mayan Civilization
1 Discovery, Location and History of Mayan Civilization.
2 Mayan Civilization.
●Questions of Mayan Civilization
1 WHY The prosperity of Mayan Civilization.
2 WHY The sudden disappearance of Mayan civilization.
Fig.8Skull of crystal.It is made
of quartz,12.7cm high and weighs
5.27kg.It shows the maturity of
anatomy and optics of Mayan. Notes:
quartz: 石英anatomy:解剖学
Fig.9A carving of Mayan.It is suspected that Mayan was operating spaceship
Surmise
●Living Creatures from other star came to earth.
●They taught Mayan skills.
●They promised to came back but failed.
●Mayan were disappointed, and collapse in their spirit. Notes:
surmise:推测。