definitions of Epic_ Alliteration.jsp
论文字体、字号、行间距要求
论文字体、字号、行间距、页码、标点、示例、引用部分、参考书目等格式要求一、字体要求汉语用“宋体”；英语用“Times New Roman”二、行、间距要求电脑默认行、间距三、字号要求大标题用三号加黑，小节标题用四号加黑；所有正文内容均用四号；所有标题中的实词及由五个或五个以上字母组成的虚词首字母均要大写。
封面：三号加黑摘要：标题用三号加黑，该大写的要大写；内容用四号目录：标题用三号加黑，该大写的要大写；内容用四号引言——致谢：标题用三号加黑，该大写的要大写；内容用四号四、页码标示（所有页码全部居中）目录如果只有一页不用标页码；如果有两页用小写罗马数字标示（即：i、ii）；中英文摘要用大写罗马数字（即：中文摘要为I，英文摘要为II）；从“Introduction”到“Bibliography”为论文正文部分，用阿拉伯数字表示，（即“Introduction”为“1”，其后依次为“2、3、4……”）；“Acknowledgements”不标页码。
五、标点中文部分要用汉语标点；英文部分要用英语标点；不能中、英文标点混用。
六、示例正文部分所举实例要统一标示，即文中第一个例子用“Example 1”表示，然后“Example2”，其后依此类推。
七、引用部分（1）文中凡引用部分均要标明引用来源，即：引用部分作者的姓，作品出版年份：引用部分在该书中的页码）。
例如：In his English version, he also adopts many English phonological techniques to try his best to reproduce the original phonological features. In English, similar to the Chinese phonological means, reduplication, alliterative compounds and rhyming compounds, there are alliteration and assonance. The former refers to “the repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighbouring words or syllables”(Agnes, 2004: 46). The latter refers to“the agreement between stressed vowels in two words, but not in the following consonants”(Gadsby, 2006: 93). Therefore, seen from their definitions, those Chinese phonological means are similar to some degree to the two English phonological techniques.（2）论文中凡四行及以上引用部分要单独成段；首行左边空10个字符，右边空6个字符，第二行开始即为左右各空6个字符；比正文字体小一号，即用五号字体；与正文部分上、下各隔一行；引用语结束要用括号标明引用来源；如果引用来源与上一处相同则用“Ibid”表示。
英国文学史上笔记-themiddleages
The Middle AgesThe Anglo-Saxon Period (449~1066)Reference: 1) The literature of early period falls naturally into two divisions, Pagan and Christian.(异教徒文学和基督徒文学) Pagan represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagas (口头诗歌), the crude material out of which literature was slowly developed on English soil; Christian represents the writings developed under the teaching of the monks.(僧侣)2) Among the early Anglo-Saxon poets we may mention Caedmon(开德蒙the first important religious poet in English literature) who lived in the latter half of the 7th century and wrote a poetic paraphrase of the Bible; Cynewulf(琴涅武甫), the author of poems on religious subjects.Beowulf:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons, represents the spirit of paganArtistic features: 1) Using alliteration押头韵（Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound）2) Using metaphor and understatement (Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way. Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas. 保守的陈述)Things and Figures mentioned: Beowulf (the Teutonic hero) Hrothgar (the King of the Danes)Heorot 鹿厅Grendel (the half-human monster)Beacon (Beowulf墓上所建) Scyld 赛亚德Definitions of important literary terms:1．1)Epic (heroic poetry): An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance. Most epics deal with the exploits(功勋)of a single individual and also interlace(交织、交错)the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite（复合的）effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem. Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. 史诗是长篇口头叙事诗，内容广泛，通常以重要传说或者重大历史事件为题材。
Fortify使用手册
中国建设银行网上银行投资产品创新项目F o r t i f y使用手册总行信息技术管理部广州开发中心2008 年6 月编号日期描述版本作者审核发布日期2008-6-2网银投资产品创新项目文档 1.1廖敏飞、羌雪本文档中所包含的信息属于机密信息，如无中国建设银行的书面许可，任何人都无权复制或利用。
®Copy Right2008by China Construction Bank目录1、引言 (4)1.1 目的 (4)1.2 背景 (4)1.3 定义 (4)1.4 环境说明 (5)1.5 提醒注意 (5)1.6 相关要求 (5)２、安装FORTIFY (6)2.1进入F ORTIFY安装目录 (6)2.2输入LICENSE KEY:BAHODPERE9I9 (6)2.3 选择ALL U SERS (7)2.4 下面选项全部选中 (8)2.5 选择N O选项 (9)３、使用FORTIFY (9)3.1 进入源码目录执行SCA COMMANDLINE S CAN.BAT (9)3.2SCA COMMANDLINE S CAN.BAT 的内容 (9)4、结果查询 (10)4、可能的问题 (11)5、结果分析 (12)6.1R ACE C ONDITION (12)6.2SQL I NJECTION (12)6.3C ROSS-S ITE S CRIPTING (13)6.4S YSTEM I NFORMATION L EAK (14)6.5HTTP R ESPONSE S PLITTING (14)1、引言1.1 目的提高中心项目软件安全意识转达总行关于软件安全编码及测试的相关要求了解、学习fortify SCA 的使用1.2 背景网银投资产品创新项目文档。
1.3 定义Fortify Source Code Analysis Suite是美国Fortify Software 为软件开发企业提供的软件源代码安全漏洞扫描、分析和管理的工具。
八年级上册英语笔记
八年级上册英语笔记Subject: English Class Notes (8th Grade, Semester 1)1. Punctuation Rules:- End a sentence with a period (.)- Ask questions using a question mark (?)- Exclaim using an exclamation mark (!)- Use a comma (,) to separate items in a list- Use quotation marks ("") for direct speech- Use an apostrophe (') to show possession2. Parts of Speech:- Nouns: name people, places, things, or ideas- Pronouns: replace nouns- Verbs: show action or state of being- Adjectives: describe or modify nouns/pronouns- Adverbs: describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs - Prepositions: show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words- Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses- Interjections: express strong emotions or surprise3. Sentence Structure:- Subject: the noun or pronoun that the sentence is about- Predicate: the part of the sentence that tells what the subject is doing or being- Subject-verb agreement: ensure the verb matches the subject in number (singular/plural)- Simple, compound, and complex sentences- Fragments: incomplete sentences- Run-Ons: two or more sentences combined without proper punctuation4. Reading Comprehension Strategies:- Preview: skim the text to get a general idea- Predict: make predictions based on titles, headings, and illustrations- Question: generate questions before, during, and after reading- Visualize: create mental images while reading- Connect: relate the text to personal experiences or prior knowledge- Infer: make logical deductions based on clues within the text- Summarize: briefly retell the main ideas in your own words5. Vocabulary Building Techniques:- Context clues: use surrounding words to determine meaning- Word families: identify related words (root words, prefixes, suffixes)- Dictionary: consult a dictionary for precise definitions- Synonyms and antonyms: find words with similar or opposite meanings- Note-taking: write down new words and their definitions- Reading: expose yourself to a variety of texts to encounter new vocabulary- Flashcards: create flashcards to review and memorize new words Note: These are just some of the key points covered in the 8th-grade English class. It is essential to review and practice these concepts regularly to strengthen language skills.Certainly! Here are some additional topics that may be covered in an 8th-grade Englishclass:6. Literary Devices:- Simile: a comparison using "like" or "as"- Metaphor: a direct comparison without using "like" or "as"- Personification: giving human qualities to non-human objects- Hyperbole: exaggerated statements or claims- Alliteration: the repetition of initial consonant sounds- Onomatopoeia: words that imitate sounds- Imagery: the use of vivid language to create mental images- Symbolism: using an object or action to represent something else 7. Reading Strategies:- Active reading: engaging with the text by highlighting, underlining, and taking notes- Annotation: marking important information or making comments in the margins- Making predictions: using context clues to anticipate what will happen next- Identifying main ideas: understanding the central themes or key points in a text- Analyzing characters: examining their traits, motivations, and development- Interpreting figurative language: understanding the deeper meaning behind metaphors or similes- Analyzing author's purpose: determining why the author wrote the text and their intended message8. Writing Skills:- Thesis statement: a clear and concise statement that expresses themain argument or point of an essay- Topic sentences: the main idea of each paragraph, supporting the thesis statement- Paragraph structure: a topic sentence, supporting details, and a concluding sentence- Transitions: words or phrases that connect ideas and create flow between sentences and paragraphs- Descriptive writing: using sensory details to paint a vivid picture for the reader- Persuasive writing: presenting arguments and evidence to convince the reader of a particular viewpoint- Narrative writing: telling a story with characters, setting, conflict, and resolution9. Grammar and Usage:- Subject-verb agreement: ensuring that the subject and verb match in number and tense- Pronoun-antecedent agreement: making sure pronouns agree in number and gender with the nouns they replace- Verb tenses: understanding the different forms of verbs and when to use them- Active and passive voice: identifying who is performing the action in a sentence- Parallel structure: using consistent grammatical structures within a sentence or paragraph- Sentence variety: using a combination of sentence types (simple, compound, complex) to create impact and flow- Sentence combining: joining two or more sentences into one to avoid repetitive or choppy writing10. Research Skills:- Conducting research: using reliable sources (books, websites, databases) to gather information- Note-taking: summarizing and organizing information while conducting research- Paraphrasing and citing sources: using your own words to express information and giving credit to the original source- Outlining: creating an organized structure for an essay or report before writing- Plagiarism awareness: understanding the consequences of using someone else's work without proper citationRemember, this is just a broad overview of topics that may be covered in an 8th-grade English class. Each curriculum may vary, and teachers may have additional areas of focus. It's important to actively participate, ask questions, and practice the skills and concepts learned in order to improve in English language and literature.。
(完整版)英国文学简史期末测验考试复习要点刘炳善版(英语专业大必备)
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。
（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）本·琼生Ben Johnson•《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）•《狐狸》（V olpone）•《练金术士》（The Alchemist）三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）•威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）《如此世道》（The Way of the World）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
英国文学复习资料
British Writers and WorksI. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero en acted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words ina sentence begin with the same consonant sound (头韵)Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled wayUnderstatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟 1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰· 德莱顿(John Dryden) 称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.① <The Canterbury Tale s>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ <The House of Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three： King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstreamof the English Renaissance.Renaissance : the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance –rebirth or revival:1.new discoveries in geography and astrology2.the religious reformation and economic expansion3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1.Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙•斯宾塞 1552~1599(后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
英国文学盎格鲁萨克逊时期课件-ppt
Old English Poetry and Beowulf
The earliest forms of English literature, which are still preserved as the relics of the Anglo-Saxon, are poems originally from the collective efforts of the people. Among these poems, Beowulf , a 3182 lines alliterative verse, has generally been considered the national epic of the English people.
ii. Middle English (about 1100-1500) iii. Modern English (about 1500-present)
2.
Two divisions of the literature of this period: Pagan ---- oral sagas Christian ---- the writings developed under teaching of the monks
The poem consists of 3182 lines, each line with four accents marked by alliteration and divided into two parts by a caesura (see Versification). The structure of the typical Beowulf line comes through in modern translation, for example: Then came from the moor under misted cliffs Grendel marching God's anger he bore ...
EPIC资料
Electro-Pyrotechnic Initiator Chip ResistorEPICVishay Sfernice For technical questions, contact: sfer@Document Number: 53041Electro-pyrotechnic initiator resistors, also known as bridge resistors, are resistive elements, which convert electrical energy into heat energy in a precise electro-thermal profile for the purpose of initiating a series of pyrotechnic events in a controlled energetic reaction. In automotive applicationsthis effect is used to deploy automotive airbags and other safety devices. These same devices are also used in military applications for pilot ejection systems, explosive bolt disengagement of airbone missiles, chaff dispensers,artillery projectile activators, anti-tank mines, mercially, they are used in mining and de-constructions applications.FEATURESVishay has developed a special thin film resistor chip specifically designed to provide pyrotechnic engineers with a lot of advantages •Firing energy down to 50 µJ •Firing time down to 50 µs•Ohmic range: 2R to 10R•Compatibility with various pyrotechnic composition even with no primer•Joule effect ignition or flash ignition for very fast firing •Easy set up by design of firing levels •“No fire”/“all fire” ratio up to 70 %•Very predictable, reproducible and reliable behaviour •Size: 0603 preferred - other size available upon requestPRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONThe two main parameters of an EPIC are “no fire” and “all fire” conditions.“No fire” represents the immunity of the resistor to the environmental electro-magnetic pollution and electric continuity test: Therefore customer will have to provide Vishay/Sfernice with “no firing” conditions: Maximum currentand longest duration when part should not ignite the explosive powder.“All fire” represents the command pulse. Customer will have to provide Vishay/Sfernice with “all firing” conditions:Minimum current, duration necessary to ignite the explosive powder.DIMENSIONS in millimeters (inches)MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS•Substrate: Special alumina based substrate•Resistive element: Fine line patterned Tantalum nitride thin film layer•Diffusion and conductive thin film layers•Terminations: Wraparound over nickel barrierTECHNOLOGYThis technology contributes to the stability of the heating element, the precise electro-thermal response profile and the ability to design a precise activation energy.All these features are perfectly controlled on high production volumes.* Pb containing terminations are not RoHS compliant, exemptions may apply ACBCASE SIZE DIMENSIONABCMAX. TOL. + 0.152 (0.006)MIN. TOL. - 0.152 (0.006)MAX. TOL. + 0.127 (0.005)MIN. TOL. - 0.127 (0.005)MAX. TOL. + 0.127 (0.005)MIN. TOL. - 0.127 (0.005)06031.52 (0.060)0.75 (0.030)0.5 (0.020)EPICElectro-Pyrotechnic Initiator Chip ResistorVishay SferniceDocument Number: 53041For technical questions, contact: sfer@EXAMPLE OF APPLICATIONChip: 0603R: 2R ± 0R2Energy: Around 1.5 mJ Response time: 0.2 msMounting RecommendationsEPIC can be mounted either on a PCB or on a squib. Please refer to Application Note (//doc?53044) to see Vishay/Sfernice recommendations.AIRBAGS INITIATORSA prerequisite to valid reliability estimation of an electro-explosive device (EED) is a sensitivity test program carefully chosen and properly perform. The Bruceton Method (or up and down method) of sensitivity testing was developed specifically for ordinance testing. Here under is an example of Bruceton’s test results.2 customers: Customer A and customer B have equipped squibs of their own with3 variants (Variant 1, 2 and 3) . Bruceton’s test results of Vishay heating elements are shown in Table 1CONCLUSIONBruceton test results are self explanatory. They show that the electro-thermal behavior of EPIC is predictable, precise and reproducible.For more information please read the Application Note (/doc?53044).HOW TO GET THE RIGHT EPICEach EPIC will have to be adapted to customer pyrotechnic element. To reach the right product, Vishay/Sfernice works by “iteration”. Upon receipt of the EPIC Design Guide (/doc?53045) duly filled, an initial sampling lot is given to customer (along with an EPIC reference) so he can provide Vishay/Sfernice with “no firing”/“all firing” conditions.Then Vishay/Sfernice will be able to provide a new set of samples (eventually tooling charges will be necessary). Ohmic value of samples will remain the same, but there will be a new compromise between the length, the width and the thickness of the filament so as to increase the sensitivity of the EPIC and adapt the firing conditions to the pyrotechnic element of the customer.When the right parameters are reached Vishay/Sfernice will design a final set of mask (with the participation of the customer).Notes(1)Tin/lead: Please consult•EPIC being a semi-custom product, please fill EPIC Design Guide (/doc?53045) and send to sfer@ to get appropriate part number.•Per Vishay policy all the components designed for automotive applications should be tested in accordance to AEC Q200specification. As the EPIC is just part of an ignitor which is designed and qualified by each customer Vishay is not proceeding to any AEC Q200 test.HEATING ELEMENT CUSTOMER ACUSTOMER BNF (in mA)AF (in mA)NF (in mA)AF (in mA)Variant 1546766538776Variant 2571839577859Variant 3619891612875ORDERING PROCEDURENew Global Part Numbering: EPICxxxxNTMODEL xxxxTERMINATION (1)PACKAGING EPICWill be determined at time of designN: Tin/silver B: Tin/lead G: GoldW = Waffle pack T = Tape and reelP IC x x x x N TEDisclaimer Legal Disclaimer NoticeVishayAll product specifications and data are subject to change without notice.Vishay Intertechnology, Inc., its affiliates, agents, and employees, and all persons acting on its or their behalf (collectively, “Vishay”), disclaim any and all liability for any errors, inaccuracies or incompleteness contained herein or in any other disclosure relating to any product.Vishay disclaims any and all liability arising out of the use or application of any product described herein or of any information provided herein to the maximum extent permitted by law. The product specifications do not expand or otherwise modify Vishay’s terms and conditions of purchase, including but not limited to the warranty expressed therein, which apply to these products.No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document or by any conduct of Vishay.The products shown herein are not designed for use in medical, life-saving, or life-sustaining applications unless otherwise expressly indicated. Customers using or selling Vishay products not expressly indicated for use in such applications do so entirely at their own risk and agree to fully indemnify Vishay for any damages arising or resulting from such use or sale. Please contact authorized Vishay personnel to obtain written terms and conditions regarding products designed for such applications.Product names and markings noted herein may be trademarks of their respective owners.元器件交易网Document Number: 。
Early and Medieval age
The Song of Beowulf
The Song of Beowulf
Characters:
Beowulf: nephew of Hygelac Hygelac: king of Geats in Jutland Hrothgar: king of the Danes Grendel: a monster
Course description
It is strongly recommended that students
who wish to take the exam attend the lecture course. By doing so you will have the opportunity to read and discuss texts and authors with the lecturer and fellow students; to ask questions; and to find out the kinds of things that are likely to be asked about in the exam.
Romans Conquests: 55B.C—410 A.D Julius
Caesar Left little influence on the native people The English Conquest: Anglos, Saxons, and Jutes.
The English Conquest
Religious/Christian poetry
① Caedmon:凯德蒙 The first Anglo-Saxon poet, the first known religious poet of England, known as the father of English song lived in the 7th century works: Paraphrase 《演释曲》 ② Cynewulf:琴湼武甫 Another representative figure in the Anglo-Saxon literature lived in the 9th Century works: The Christ 《基督》
英美文学选读名篇中英对照 赏析 简介
Because I could not stop for Death, He kindly stopped for me;The carriage held but just ourselves And Immortality.We slowly drove, he knew no haste, And I had put awayMy labor, and my leisure too,For his civility.We passed the school, where children stroveAt recess, in the ring;We passed the fields of gazing grain, We passed the setting sun.Or rather, he passed us;The dews grew quivering and chill,For only gossamer my gown,My tippet only tulle.We paused before a house that seemed A swelling of the ground;The roof was scarcely visible,The cornice but a mound.Since then 'tis centuries, and yet each Feels shorter than the dayI first surmised the horses' heads Were toward eternity. 我无暇去会死亡爱米莉·伊丽莎白·狄更生我无暇去会死亡，死神便和善地接我前往，我只好放下劳作与闲暇，无法拒绝他的殷勤礼让。
我们一起坐上马车，还有永生陪伴身旁，我们驱车缓缓前行，他悠然自得不慌不忙。
我们经过校园，娱乐的孩子挤满操场，我们经过田野，麦穗张望，我们经过西沉的太阳。
《英语修辞》作业
《英语修辞》作业I. Transference of Terms of Rhetorical Devices1. Transference of Terms of Rhetorical Devices from English to ChineseSimile------ Allusion------Personification------ Parallelism------Synaesthesia------ Oxymoron------Synecdoche------ Anticlimax------Euphemism------ Alliteration------Metaphor------ Antithesis------Transferred Epithet------ Paradox------Metonymy------ climax------Understatement------ Repetition------Hyperbole------ Assonance------2. Transference of Terms of Rhetorical Devices from Chinese to English隐喻------ 对照------移就------ 隽语------转喻------ 层递------低调陈述------ 重复------夸张------ 元韵------明喻------ 引喻------拟人------ 平行------通感------ 矛盾修饰----提喻------ 突降------委婉语------ 头韵------II. Identify the rhetorical devices according to the given definitions.1. It’s repetition of an initial sound, usually of a consonant or cluster, in two or more wor ds of a phrase, line of poetry, etc.A. ParallelismB. MetonymyC. AlliterationD. Metaphor2. It’s a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification3. It’s the humorous use of words, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on words.A. AllusionB. PunC. ClimaxD. Oxymoron4. It’s a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.A. ParallelismB. MetonymyC. AlliterationD. Metaphor5. It’s a statement that is not strong enough to express facts or feelings with full force; or It’s a statement that expresse s an idea, etc, too weakly.A. ParallelismB. ClimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement6. It’s a figure of speech in which something of an unpleasant, distressing, or indelicate nature is described in less offensive terms, as in the expressions “under the weather” for “ill” or “passed away” for died”.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. EuphemismD. Parallelism7. It’s usually an implicit reference, perhaps to another work of literature or art, to a person or an event.A. AllusionB. SimileC. MetaphorD. Synecdoche8. It’s a figure of speech that consists of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning placed side by side, balancing each other.A. ParallelismB. AntithesisC. IronyD. Repetition9. It’s a figure of speech that combines incongruous and apparently contradictory words and meaning for a special effect.A. AllusionB. PunC. ClimaxD. Oxymoron10. It is a sentence in which the last part expresses something lower than the first. In fact, a bathetic declension from a noble tone to one less exalted. The effect can be comic and is often intended to be so.A. RepetitionB. AnticlimaxC. ParadoxD. Climax11. It’s a figure of speech in whi ch one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit comparison.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification12. It’s a figure of speech in which human qualities and abi lities are attributed to inanimate objects, animals, abstractions, and eventsA. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification13. It’s a figure of speech in which a sensation produced in one modality when a stimulus is applied to another modality, as when the hearing of a certain sound induces the visualization of a certain colorA. SynaesthesiaB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metonymy14. It’s a figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for thing, or reverse of any of these.A. SimileB. MetaphorC. AllusionD. Synecdoche15. It’s a figure of speech that greatly exaggerates the truth.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification16. The rhetorical opposing or contrasting of ideas by means of grammatically paralleled arrangements of words, clauses, or sentencesA. SynaesthesiaB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metonymy17. It ref ers to the repeating of any element in an utterance, including sound… a word or phrase, a pattern of accents.. or an arrangement of lines…A. RepetitionB. AntithesisC. AlliterationD. Parallelism18. It’s a method of humorous or s ubtly sarcastic expression in which the intended meaning of the words used is thedirect opposite of their usual sense.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. IronyD. Simile19. It’s a literary or artistic work that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect or ridicule.A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Parody20. A figure of speech in which a single word, usually a verb or adjective, is syntactically related to two or more words, with only one of which it seems logically connected.A. RepetitionB. AntithesisC. ZeugmaD. ParallelismIII. Identify the rhetorical devices employed by the boldfaced words in the following sentences.1. O dear! O dear! What shall I do? I have lost my love and my lipstick too.A. RepetitionB. AnticlimaxC. ParadoxD. Climax2. Australia is so kind, just tickle her with a hoe, and she laughs with harvest.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification3. My heart is like a singing bird.A. MetaphorB. ParodyC. SimileD. Oxymoron4. When Della had finished crying, she went to the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey back-yard.A. ParallelismB. AntithesisC. IronyD. Repetition5. On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the great living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep but---- forever.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. EuphemismD. Parallelism6. O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?A. ParallelismB. ClimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement7. Of all the students in the class I like him the best.A. AnastropheB. AnticlimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement8. You can ask him for the meaning of the word. He is like a walking dictionary.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron9. Books are the ever-burning lamps.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron10. Money makes the mare go.A. ParadoxB. AssonanceC. AlliterationD. Simile11. There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron12. Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit we cannot flower and grow without it.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron13. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students’ compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorablyon them.A. ParallelismB. Transferred EpithetC. AlliterationD. Metaphor14. He looked at me with a bitter look.A. SynaesthesiaB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metaphor15. ---Why are Sunday and Saturday the strongest days in a week?---Because the rest are week (weak) days.A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Irony16. All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.A. AntithesisB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification17. ---Why can you never expect a fisherman to be generous?---Because his business make him sell fish (selfish).A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Irony18. Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men good-bye.A. AntithesisB. HyperboleC. RepetitionD. Parallelism19. Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Irony20.I wish I could write better.A. PunB. HyperboleC. ClimaxD. UnderstatementIV. Identify the rhetorical devices employed in the following sentences.1. Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit we cannot flower and grow without it. ( )2. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students’ compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them. ( )3. And, it being low water he went out with the tide.( )4. They were short of hands at harvest time.( )5. In the dock, she found scores of arrows piercing her chest.( )6. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.( )7. The drunkard smashed the glasses, upturned the table, and hit an old woman.( )8. One mad action is not enough to prove a man mad.( )9. He intended to take an opportunity this afternoon of speaking to Irene. A word in time saves nine.( )10. No X in Nixon.( )11. All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.( )12. He looked at me with a bitter look. ( )13. The man is no fool.( )14. You want your pound of flesh, don’t you?( )15. The child is father of the man.( )16. Perhaps, perhaps Mera might come.( )17. A professor tapped on his desk and shouted, “Gentlemen, order!”The entire class yelled, “Beer.” ( )18. I used to organize my father’s tools, my mother’s kitchen utensils, my sister’s boyfriends.( )19. A man from the continent was traveling in England. He had caught a very bad cold. He coughed day and night… He put on his coat and hat and went to a c hemist’s. When asked what he wanted, the traveler said, “I want something for my cow, please.”( )20. Have you ever been to an Irish Wedding? I have just returned from one…21. Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit.( )22. I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!( )23. The senator pledged to oppose war, fight poverty, protect individual freedom and name a new state flower. ( )24. It is a quarter to five in the morning, the sun has already climbed above the horizon; the birds are busy celebrating the new day and have eagerly been in search of food. ( )25.Who wouldn’t have dreamed of becoming rich overnight? ( )26. What she had said I didn’t hear. ( )V. Two or more than two rhetorical devices are used in the following sentences. Read and select the rhetorical devices in each sentence.1. Time is like a fashionable host, that slightly shakes his passing guest by the band; and with his arms stretched, a s he would fly, grasps in the comer.The welcomes ever smile, and farewell goes out sighing.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification2. The seed ye sow, another reaps;The wealth ye find, another keeps;The robes ye weave, another wears;The arms ye forge, another bears.A. ParallelismB. AntithesisC. AlliterationD. Repetition3. Every man has in himself a continent of undiscovered character. Happy is he who acts the Columbus to his own soul.A. SimileB. MetaphorC. AllusionD. Synecdoche4. Miss Bolo went straight home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Syllepsis5. These little thoughts are the rustles of leaves; they have their whisper of joy in my mind.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification6. A drop of ink may make a million think.A. PunB. AntithesisC. AlliterationD. Metonymy7. How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification8. She did experiments after experiments. There was failure, success, more failure, a little success, a little more success.A. MetonymyB. ClimaxC. HyperboleD. Repetition9. The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth.A. HyperboleB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metonymy10. Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? Because they lie first on one side and then on the other, and remain wide wake all the time.A. PunB. AnticlimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement11. A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification12. It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism while the wolf remains of a different opinion.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification13. He was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure he’d water it.A. MetaphorB. UnderstatementC. IronyD. Paradox14. Polly, I love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellation of out space.A. PunB. HyperboleC. ClimaxD. Understatement15. Then Night, like some great loving mother, gently lays her hand at our fevered head, and turns our little tear-stained face up to hers, and smiles.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification16. On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.A. AntithesisB. ParallelismC. AlliterationD. PunVI. Revise the following sentences with the given rhetorical devices.1. David’s beloved grandfather passed away last week.2. He looked at me with a sad look.3. Sorry, my pocket can’t afford such a pair of shoes.4. I never believe until then that any meal could defeat me, but on that day I met my Waterloo.5. Her hostility melted.6. She is lovely, kind-hearted and has a quick mind.7. I was knocked down by a motorcycle, but it was not serious.8. He is a man of wide experience and who is also very popular with the farmers.9. To chew carefully and eating slowly are necessary for good digestion.10. On the train I met with a girl from my hometown and who just graduated from Tianjin University with MA degree.11. My heart is like a singing bird.12. She is as cool as a cucumber..13. They were short of hands at harvest time.14. The bad news was a dagger into her heart.15. They stormed the speaker with questions.16. He looked at me with a bitter look17. You want your pound of flesh?18. He doesn’t have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say.19. His grandfather passed away recently.20. Her happiness vanished like the morning dew.VII. Find the rhetorical devices employed in the following passage.AA Dream of Rainbow(1) When I was small, I often gazed into the sky, It was bright blue, with a few sheets of cloud floating. Especially after a rain, after a rain, there would appear a splendid and glamorous rainbow, which was like a great bridge hung in the sky. How I wished I had been an eagle soaring up to the bridge! I was obsessed with it. Grandma told me that in the heaven lived supernatural beings, and that it was the kind-hearted and well-behaved people who could step into the heaven through the rainbow. She taught me to be a good boy; then I would have a chance to walk on the rainbow some day.(2) It was a beautiful dream. Gradually, I grew up to be a high school student. However, I buried myself in lesson, exercises and even boring tests all day long. Day in and day out. Such a pressing routine has deprived me of my interest as well as my chance to gaze into the sky.(3) In the summer of 1998,after finished the college entrance examination, I had time for relaxing myself at last. One day, shortly after a heavy thundershower, I opened the window and then pleasant smells of the earth greeted me. I couldn’t help breathing deeply with my eyes closed. After s ome while, I opened my eyes satisfactorily. Just guess what I saw. The blue sky! Or rather the blue-gray sky. It seemed that I met an old friend, who had changed so much that I could hardly recognize him. I craned my head out to look for the rainbow of which I have a deep love. But to my disappointment, she didn’t appear in the sky. Why could it be that!(4) Now, I come to understand it is the pollution that made the rainbow so strange to me and compelled her to be away from me. In the past few years, economic prosperity has been greatly promoted at the cost of air and environmental pollution. As result, while people are enjoying the prosperity, they are suffering a great deal from pollution. No wonder scientists say this is the revenge of nature! It is never too late to mend anyhow. Now more and more people have become coolly aware of its harmful consequences; and effective measures have been taken for anti-pollution. I believe that pollution will be able to disappear in the near future and our sky will be able to renew its bright blue as it used to.(5) Last night, I dreamed a beautiful dream: I saw a rainbow that has been never seen for ages. Then I flew in the sky to the rainbow as lf I had wings. When I landed on such a gorgeous bridge, all supernatural beings gave me a warm welcome…Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph (1)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (2)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (3)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (4)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (5)________________________________________________________________________________________________________BThe Olympic Aspiration of an Ordinary Chinese Farmer(1) The Beijing’s bid for the 2008 Olympics reflects the common aspiration of the 1.3 billion Chinese people. Apart from Beijing, every city of China has been launching a series of rich and varied supporting activities. However, the country folks are no less enthusiastic than the town people, and they have their own way. Comparatively speaking, the events in cities are tremendous in power and grandeur; while the activities in the countryside are like a gentle breeze and a mild rain. The earnest aspiration of rural resident for the Olympic bid can be mirrored just from an ordinary Chinese farmer -----my uncle, who is 68 years old, living in a small village about 100km east of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Privine.(2) During the week-long Labour Day holiday, I went to see him. I was very happy to find him hale and hearty. But nine years ago, he suffered from severe T.B. Ever since his recovery a year later, he has taken exercise: doing Taijiquan, kicking shuttlecock, especially having a long walk every morning at all seasons. His good health is attributed to his regular physical exercise, and he thus realize what an important role it plays in building up the health of a person as well as that of the whole nation.(3) Last year, when he heard the news on TV that Beijing decided to participate in the bid for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games, he felt quite excited and threw himself into fervent support. Since then, reading newspapers becomes a must every day. He has accumulated an intimate knowledge of the Olympics, such as its brief history, its creed, its motto,(4) My visit to him was turned into a sole conversation about the Olympics. After a comprehensive analysis, he told me that he has one gratification and one an xiety about the Beijing’s bid. His gratification is that the Beijing’s bid enjoys worldwide support, and most countries in the world favor Beijing as a host of the 2008 Summer Games. As to his anxiety, that is Paris and Toronto are the two most formidable rivals for Beijing. Over 90 per cent of all 123 IOC members have ever been to Paris, but only 40 per cent have been to Beijing. More unfavorably, the US congress created all sorts of obstacles in an attempt to block China’s bidding wheel. “What does it matter if we meet some difficulties? ” he said resolutely. “ I am still confident of the final success.” He expressed his hope that he would go to Beijing to watch the Games in 7 years.(5) Now, the rural areas have seen a steadily growing economy. The great majority of farmers enjoy a high standard of living. They know that the hosting of the Games will be a boost to the country’s economic prosperity and tourism, and can bring them a better life. At the same time, people from all over the world can get a good opportunity to see through sport a real China ----its honest and hospitable people, its ancient and splendid culture, its 300-year-old and vitalizing capital, its rural scenery, its historical sites, its scenic attraction…(6) The Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics is being longed for by all Chinese people from as high as state leaders to as country folks like my uncle.Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph (1)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (2)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (3)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (4)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (5)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (6)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________CAn Unforgettable Trip(1) The train was cracking for Qinhuangdao -----a beautiful city which I had been longing for, and which often appeared in my dreams. My thoughts had already flown out to the sea: the red sun shining in the sky, millions of shells and pebbles on the beach, lots of people playing in the water, and the waves breaking and foaming. With the dreamlike scene, smile crept up and stayed on my face. Four hours passed, and we arrived at our destination late at night.(2) We set out very early the next morning. Just several minutes later, the wind brought us the scent of the sea, and the sea greeted us. Jumping off the car, I ran wildly along the shore. I was amazed at the vast surface and the blue water, which were far more magnificent than I had imaged. Some birds were flying above and singing beautiful songs; A couple of ships were sailing at a distance; the sea and the sky converged in the distance so that I couldn’t tell one from another. Throwing off my shoes, I stepped into the water -----waves lightly patting my legs, gentle breeze kissing my checks, fresh air penetrating my lungs. I couldn’t help shouting loudly to release my deep depression.(3) Just a month ago, I failed the postgraduate entrance exam against 3 points. God treated me so unfairly that I almost lost my confidence in the future. But now facing the vast sea , I felt how small I was, and how insignificant my personal gains and losses were. The grandeur of nature relaxed me a lot and gave me much inspiration. The world isn’t as dismal as I thought. Before this I had only seen the dark side of the coin instead of both. It is true that I often met with troubles, but worries, troubles, even misfortune are not everything. Life is beautiful yet transient so that I shouldn’t sink into depression all the time. Instead, as a youth, I should embrace life and enjoy life. I once read a philosophical saying from a book : “ Yesterday is an invalid check; tomorrow is a kind of deposit which can’t be used; today is the money in front of you.” So I must value today and let yesterday go and let al l gloominess go. Woken up from the meditation by gust of hailing, I found the sun jumping above sea, it lights made everything bright. I cried, “ A new day is coming.”(4) Now, I have learned to love life. I can find happiness and beauty from my surrounding: the bright sun, the bluesky, the green grass, the beautiful flowers, the singing bird, the smiling faces---all can bring me joy and satisfaction. Oh, an unforgettable trip.Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph (1)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (2)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (3)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (4)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________DSingers Shouldn’t Earn More Than Composers(1) With the steady growth in the county’s economy as well as the people’s living standard, people attach more importance to the colorful cultural life. As a result, many pop stars rise to fame overnight, even making a huge fortune a year. On the other hand, the composers of popular songs that make these singers famous earn only a small fraction of what these “ noted stars” earn. Recently, this phenomenon has aroused wide concern, and heated public debate has arisen.(2) The pains and gains of the so-called stars are not matched. One hour’s performance may bring them thousand of yuan, while the composers are too far behind to catch up, so it is unfair and discouraging. Most of the composers, as we know, are musicians and experts in music who devote themselves to research and composition of knowledge. Singing stars are always the idols of youngsters. Many of them get rich quick without toil and sweat, thereby making youngsters disbelieve in the maxim “ No pains, no gains”; some of them even have an extravagant and wasteful way of living, which is tremendously tempting and misleading.(3) Of course, every thing has two faces. It goes without saying that the stars enrich people’s entertainment and make our life colorful; anyhow, the bright side should not keep us from criticizing its dark one.(4) All in all, I should say that the pop stars do not deserve such high payment than composers do. The government should levy heavier income tax on these stars in order to narrow the gap between the income of so-called pop stars and that of composers.Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph (1)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (2)_____________________________________________________第 11 页 共 11 页在您完成作业过程中，如有疑难，请登录学院网站“辅导答疑”栏目，与老师进行交流讨论！ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Paragraph (3)_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Paragraph (4)_____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________。
The Evolution of English Writing Styles
The Evolution of English Writing Styles English writing styles have evolved significantly over the centuries,reflecting changes in society, technology, and cultural influences. From the Old English period to modern times, the way English is written has undergone numerous transformations, shaping the way we communicate and express ourselves through written language. In the early Old English period, around the 5th to 11th centuries, writing styles were heavily influenced by the Anglo-Saxon culture. The written language was characterized by a complex system of inflections and a strong emphasis on alliteration and rhythm in poetry. This period saw the emergence of epic poems like Beowulf, which showcased the rich storytelling tradition of the time. Writing was primarily done by scribes using parchment and quill pens, emphasizing the importance of meticulous craftsmanship in producing written works. As the Middle English period dawned in the 11th century, the Norman Conquest of England brought about significant changes to the English language and writing styles. The influence of French and Latin languages led to the adoption of new vocabulary and the development of more sophisticated literary forms. The works of Geoffrey Chaucer, such as The Canterbury Tales, exemplified the shift towards a more vernacular and accessible writing style that appealed to a wider audience. Manuscripts were still handwritten, but the use of paper became more common, making writing materials more affordable and accessible. The Renaissance periodin the 14th to 17th centuries marked a revival of classical learning and a renewed interest in humanism, which had a profound impact on English writing styles. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century revolutionized the way books were produced and distributed, leading to a surge in literacy rates and the dissemination of knowledge. Writers like William Shakespeare and John Milton explored new forms of expression in poetry and drama, pushing the boundaries of language and creativity. The printing press also allowed for greater standardization of spelling and grammar, laying the foundation for modern English conventions. The Enlightenment period of the 17th and 18th centuries brought about a focus on reason, science, and empirical observation, influencing English writing styles towards clarity, logic, and rationality. Therise of the novel as a popular literary form, with writers like Daniel Defoe andJane Austen, reflected a growing interest in realism and social commentary. The development of the English novel as a distinct genre showcased the diversity of voices and perspectives that could be expressed through written language, paving the way for the modern novel as we know it today. The Industrial Revolution ofthe 18th and 19th centuries brought about significant social and economic changes that impacted English writing styles. The rise of industrialization and urbanization led to a shift towards more practical and utilitarian forms of writing, such as newspapers, advertisements, and technical manuals. The spread of literacy and education also democratized writing, allowing for a wider range of voices to be heard in literature and journalism. Writers like Charles Dickens and George Eliot captured the social realities of their time, using language tocritique and illuminate the human condition. In the modern era, English writing styles continue to evolve in response to technological advancements, globalization, and cultural shifts. The rise of the internet and digital media has transformedthe way we communicate and consume information, leading to new forms of writing such as blogs, social media posts, and online journalism. The influence of diverse voices and perspectives from around the world has enriched English literature and expanded the boundaries of creativity and expression. Writers today have access to a wide range of tools and platforms for sharing their work, allowing for greater experimentation and collaboration in the realm of written language. Overall, the evolution of English writing styles reflects the dynamic and ever-changing nature of human communication. From the ancient traditions of oral storytelling to the digital age of instant messaging, the written word continues to be a powerful tool for connecting people, sharing ideas, and preserving culture. As we look towards the future, it is clear that English writing styles will continue to adapt and innovate, reflecting the complex tapestry of human experience in all its diversity and richness.。
2023山东继续教育学位英语考试真题
2023山东继续教育学位英语考试真题Title: 2023 Shandong Continuing Education Degree English Exam Sample QuestionsIntroduction:The continuing education degree English exam in Shandong Province is an important assessment for professionals seeking to enhance their qualifications and career opportunities. The exam covers various aspects of the English language, including reading, writing, listening, and speaking. In this article, we will provide a sample of the types of questions that may be included in the 2023 exam.Reading Section:1. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:( Passage )- What is the main idea of the passage?- What are the advantages of studying abroad?- What can be inferred about the author's opinion on the topic?2. Match the following terms with their definitions:- Simile- Metaphor- Personification- Alliteration3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:- The ___________ of the new initiative was met with mixed reactions.- The company's profits ___________ significantly over the past year.Writing Section:1. Write a letter to a friend inviting them to visit your city.- Include information about local attractions, activities, and places to eat.2. Write an essay on the importance of time management in achieving academic success.- Provide examples and strategies for effective time management.Listening Section:1. Listen to the dialogue between two students discussing their plans for the upcoming holiday.- Answer the questions relating to their travel destination, activities, and accommodations.Speaking Section:1. Prepare a short presentation on a topic of your choice.- Speak for 2-3 minutes, providing details and examples to support your points.Conclusion:The 2023 Shandong continuing education degree English exam will assess candidates' proficiency in various language skills. By practicing with sample questions like the ones provided in this article, candidates can better prepare for the exam and improve their chances of success. Good luck to all the participants!。
英国文学史知识点
一、The Anglo-Saxon period 449-10661、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan异教徒 Christian基督徒2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫 national epic 民族史诗采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵写作手法例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period 1066-1350Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed押韵 lines in iambic pentameter五步抑扬格3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事英国文学史的开端大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格;小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions迷信 and a blind belief in fate盲目地相信命运.他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来;4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed笔记Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission书上.歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance 16世纪文艺复兴时期Greek and Roman 戏剧 drama 诗章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical Greek and Roman arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴;The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展;1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家essayist3、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet十四行诗： form of poetry intricately rhymed间隔押韵 in 14 lines iambic pentameter4、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet’s poet诗人中的诗人 The Fairy Queen仙后epic poem 史诗5、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式;6、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧 drama四大悲剧：Hamlet哈姆雷五、the period of Revolution and Restoration 17世纪资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose 散文1、文学特点：the Puritans清教徒 believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离;2、代表人物：1、John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets 玄学派诗人的代表人物sonnet 十四行诗 Death be not proud笔记作品特点：①strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.坦诚的态度和现实描绘② novelty of subject matter and point新颖的题材和视角③ novelty of its form.新颖的形式2、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人poem 诗歌 blank verse Defense for the English People为英国人辩护Paradise Lost 失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人Paradise Regained复乐园、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory寓言”Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程 prose 散文该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned旧体形式, medieval form of allegory比喻and dream”六、The Age of Enlightenment 18世纪启蒙运动prose 散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope. 特,Othello奥赛罗,King Lear李尔王,The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白强调正确的格式和写作规范,像艾迪生一样创作散文,和蒲柏一样创作诗歌;The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式;The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about theviciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善,而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致;Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.无论怎样讲究理性,社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在,理性的力量明显不足;因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段;2、18th century 文学的三个方面：Classicism古典主义、revival of romantic poetry新兴的浪漫主义诗歌、beginnings of the modern novel刚启萌的现代派小说3、代表人物：1、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说Novel：Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记 Jonathan Wild乔纳森.威尔德 Moll Flanders摩尔.弗兰德斯2、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction现代小说之父Joseph Andrews约瑟夫.安德鲁斯受到了理查森的帕美勒的启发作家之间的不同：Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes. 不幽默,咬文嚼字,说教Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity,full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙,甚至有点俗,精神焕发,讲述流浪者的故事;The History of Tom Jones, a foundling弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him 3、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记 novel 反讽作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺辛辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态;A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议4、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森Pamela帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters 书信体小说5、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹School for Scandal造谣学校,喜剧 comedy6、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯散文作家 essayistThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师,小说 novelShe Stoops to Conquer委曲求全,欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedyThe Deserted Village荒村,诗歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾,感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏;代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌七、the Romantic Period 1798-1832浪漫主义散文 prose1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人 poetRobert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人 poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命;2、教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由,平等,博爱3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"开始4、lake poets湖畔诗人：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate 桂冠诗人The Prelude序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌2、Lord Byron 拜伦Childe Harold Pilgrimage查尔德哈罗德游记 cantos 诗章成名作 Don Juan唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作 Hours of Idleness闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗3、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧 Ode to the West Wind西风颂 poem 诗4、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜 poem On a Greeian Urn希腊古瓮颂 poem To a Nightingale致夜莺poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则5、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是创造者和历史小说大师6、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见 Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感Emma爱玛写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人;7、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 essayist散文家6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在这两个时期的开始,艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快;Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期,散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义 ,Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中,宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动;2、代表人物：1、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 Hard Times艰难时刻 Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传 Oliver Twist雾都孤儿 A Tale of Two Cities双城记描述了法国大革命French Revolution特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众;2、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特女 Shirley雪利 Jane Eyre简.爱Emily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄主人公：Mr. Heathcliff 特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3、Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton, North and South玛丽.巴顿,北方和南方4、William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair名利场— this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活,无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中,完美的获取财富和地位的手段; 特点： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society;小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照;5、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特女 Adam Bedenovel The mill on the flossMiddlemarch Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场,但是她的心洞察了个性的发展; 特点：the s ignificance of G. Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞;3、桂冠诗人poet-laureate：1、Alfred Tennyson 2、Robert Browning My last duchess已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy 嫉妒 Stingy小气贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗 dramatic romances 戏剧传奇九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期1、Aestheticism 唯美主义“art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术2、代表人物;1、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者Pessimists Tess of the D’Urbervilles 苔丝 Jude the obscure裘德 novel 特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧;2、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术3、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家playwright Mrs. Warren’s profession华莱夫人的职业4、D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人 The Rainbow彩虹 Sons and lovers儿子与情人3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1、Virginia Woolf Mrs. DallowayA Room of One’s Own Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2、James Joyce Ulysses。
英语文学简史及名篇选读 English Literature in the Old ages
Epic
A long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero, whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. Characteristics of the epic poem:
Beowulf kills the dragon
Theme of Beowulf
• It gives us an interesting picture of life in those old days. It tells us of fierce fights and brave deeds of the leader and the sufferings of his men. It has praised the bravery, keeping promise, and loyalty.
Plot of Beowulf (part 1)
Beowulf opens in Denmark, where King Hrothgar has a splendid hall known as Heorot, a place of celebration and much merriment. However, the joyous noise angers Grendel, an evil monster living in a nearby swamp. For 12 years the creature terrorizes Heorot with nightly visits in which he carries off Hrothgar’s warriors and devours them.
literary terms
literary terms:epic史诗,叙事诗-a long narrative poem about the adventures of a herolong narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a heroenacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.alliteration头韵-a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）understatement轻描淡写-expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typicalway for Englishmen to express their ideasheroic couplet: a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)五步抑扬格:1．每一行诗有十个音节2．每十个音节中分五个音步3．每一个音步有两个音节，重音落在第二个音节上。
英雄双韵体:1、五音步抑扬格2、押尾韵对偶句3、韵尾双行押韵，英语称之为couplet不重复。
4、风格简洁。
音步是诗行中按一定规律出现的轻音节和重音节的不同组合成的韵律最小的单位romance骑士传奇1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4>The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.Ballad民谣：a story told in song, literature for the lower class.Basic features:repetitions of words;uniform in mood;dramatic in plotBallad is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited. in more exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimester.(抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗)2>.ballads were passed down from generation to generation. 3>Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.sonnet十四行诗:A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.Lyric(抒情诗)Lyric is a short poem wherein the poet expresses an emotion or illustrates some life principle.2>Lyric often concerns love.3>the elegy, ode and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.iambic pentameter:五步抑扬格Literary terms: monologue＞soliloquy独白有两种，一个是Monologue，一个是soliloquy。
剑桥版五年级上册英语第二单元单词表
剑桥版五年级上册英语第二单元单词表全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Unit 2 Vocabulary List – A Student's PerspectiveOh man, we just started Unit 2 in our Cambridge English book and the vocab list is a doozy! I swear, the words they pick get harder and harder every unit. But I guess that's how we improve our English skills – by learning tons of new, challenging words.Let me walk you through some of the gnarly ones we've got to master this time around. The first word that stumped me was 'colony'. I knew it had something to do with a group of people living together, but I didn't realize until looking it up that it specifically refers to a country or area settled by immigrants but still under the control of their parent nation. Like how the United States used to be a British colony before we declared independence. Crazy to think about!Another really bizarre word on the list is 'alliteration'. I had never even heard of this term before. Apparently it means using the same consonant sound at the beginning of closelyneighbouring words - like 'Harry the hippo huffed heavily.' Who comes up with this stuff? Of course, now that I know what it means, I see examples of alliteration everywhere in books, poetry, and even advertising slogans. It's a fun little language trick.Ugh, then we have words like 'subordinate' and 'sovereignty'. How is a 10-year-old kid supposed to get their mouth around monstrosities like that? 'Subordinate' evidently means someone of a lower rank or position. And 'sovereignty' refers to a country's supreme and independent authority over its territory. I had to look those up about a thousand times before they finally stuck in my brain.What else is sending shivers down my spine on this list? Oh yeah - 'quagmire'. Such an awfully ugly and strange word. Turns out it can mean a couple of different things: either a soft, muddy area that gives way underfoot (like a swamp) or a situation from which it is difficult to escape because of complications (like a quagmire of political chaos). I'll definitely be remembering that one just because of how fun and funky it sounds.Some of the other notable words we're being expected to learn include:Tantalizing - something really good that arouses desire but remains out of reachOminous - giving a sense of coming evil or troubleDelirious - irrational and wildly excited or confusedAmend - to change for the better, or to modifyStamina - enduring strength and energyPhew! My head is spinning just regurgitating all of those definitions for you. If I'm being totally honest, about half of the words on this list seem way too advanced for kids my age. But I know our teacher picked them to push us and expand our English vocabulary to the next level.That's the thing about learning a language - you can never stop adding new words to your arsenal. The more you know, the clearer you can express yourself and the deeper you can comprehend other ideas and narratives. It's tough, but also awesome to constantly be growing my skills.Well, I better sign off and get cracking on mastering these Unit 2 words through reading, writing, and good old-fashioned memorization tactics. Flash cards, here I come! Wishy washy language learning just won't cut it. I need to devote serious stamina to tantalizing my brain with these deliriously ominous new vocabulary gems. No quagmire is going to impede my quest for total word mastery! Alliteration accomplished.篇2Unit 2 Vocabulary List - A Student's PerspectiveOh boy, it's time to dive into the vocabulary list for Unit 2 of our Grade 5 Cambridge English textbook! I have to admit, I was a bit intimidated when I first saw the number of words we need to learn. But you know what they say, the more words you know, the better you can express yourself. Plus, expanding our vocabulary is like unlocking a secret door to a world of knowledge and adventure!Let's start with the first word on the list: "abandon." Now, this one might sound a bit scary, but it's actually pretty straightforward. It means to leave something or someone behind, usually in an unexpected or irresponsible way. For example, "The explorers had to abandon their expedition due to the harsh weather conditions." See? Not so bad, right?Next up, we have "absurd." This word is used to describe something that is ridiculously unreasonable or nonsensical. Like when your little brother tries to convince you that he can fly by flapping his arms really hard. Absurd, indeed!Moving on, we have "acidic." This one's a bit more scientific, but it's still pretty cool. Acidic means having the properties of anacid, which is a type of chemical compound that can dissolve certain materials. So, if you ever hear someone say "That lemon juice is really acidic," you'll know exactly what they mean.Now, let's talk about "acute." This word has a few different meanings, but in our context, it usually refers to something that is severe or intense. For instance, "The patient was experiencing acute pain after the surgery." Ouch, that doesn't sound too pleasant!Alright, we're making good progress! The next word on our list is "adhere." This one means to stick firmly to something, either physically or metaphorically. Like when your mom tells you to "adhere to the rules of the house," she's basically saying you should follow them closely.Next up, we have "advocate." This is a fancy word for someone who actively supports or promotes a particular cause or idea. For example, "She was a strong advocate for environmental protection." Pretty cool, right? Maybe one day we'll all be advocates for something we're passionate about.Okay, let's keep going! "Aerate" is a word that means to expose something to the circulation of air. You might hear a gardener talking about aerating the soil to help plants grow better. Who knew vocabulary could be so practical?Now, we come to "affable." This is a nice word that describes someone who is friendly, kind, and easy to talk to. Wouldn't it be great if everyone in the world was affable? We'd all be getting along like best friends!Next on our list is "aggravate." This one has a bit of a negative connotation, as it means to make something worse or more severe. Like when your annoying sibling just won't stop poking you, and it's aggravating your frustration levels. Yikes!Alright, we're about halfway through the list, but don't worry, we've got this! The next word is "aghast." This is a fun one to say out loud. It means to be struck with horror, amazement, or shock. Like when you find out that your favorite ice cream shop has closed down – you might be aghast at the terrible news!Moving right along, we have "agile." This word describes someone or something that is quick, nimble, and able to move easily. You might use it to describe a gymnast or a cat, both of which are incredibly agile creatures.Next up, we have "agitate." This one means to stir up or disturb something, often causing a state of anxiety or unrest. Like when your friend won't stop bugging you about sharing your snacks, and it's really starting to agitate you.Alright, let's keep chugging along! "Alleviate" is a word that means to make something less severe or intense. For example, "Taking a warm bath can often alleviate muscle soreness after a workout." See? Vocabulary can be practical and helpful!Now, we come to "ally." This is a person, group, or nation that is associated with another for mutual benefit or support. In other words, an ally is someone who has your back and is on your side. It's always good to have allies, whether in real life or in a friendly game of capture the flag!Next on our list is "aloof." This word describes someone who is distant, reserved, or indifferent. You might use it to describe that one kid in class who always sits alone and never seems to interact with anyone else. Maybe they're just shy, or maybe they prefer being aloof. Who knows?Alright, we're getting there! The next word is "ambiguous." This one means something that is open to more than one interpretation or has multiple possible meanings. Like when your teacher gives you a really vague assignment, and you're left feeling ambiguous about what exactly you're supposed to do.Now, let's talk about "ambition." This is a word that describes a strong desire or determination to achieve something, like a goal or a dream. It's important to have ambition in life,whether it's to become a professional athlete, a famous artist, or even just the world's best cookie baker!Next up, we have "amble." This is a fun word that means to walk or move in a leisurely, relaxed manner. Like when you're strolling through the park on a sunny day, just ambling along and enjoying the fresh air.Alright, we're getting close to the end of the list! "Amend" is a word that means to make minor changes or corrections to something, like a document or a law. For example, "The school board decided to amend the dress code policy to allow students to wear hats indoors."Now, let's discuss "amicable." This word describes a situation or relationship that is friendly, peaceful, and without any hostility or bad feelings. Like when two friends have a disagreement but manage to resolve it in an amicable way, without any harsh words or hurt feelings.Next on our list is "ample." This one means something that is more than enough or plentiful in supply. For instance, "The buffet offered ample choices for even the pickiest eaters." Doesn't that just make your mouth water?Alright, we're down to the last few words! "Amplify" means to make something louder, stronger, or more intense. Like when your favorite band turns up the volume on their instruments to amplify the sound and energy of their music.Second to last, we have "amuse." This is a word that means to entertain or provide enjoyment and laughter. Like when your silly friend tells a hilarious joke, and it really amuses the whole group.And finally, we come to the last word on our list: "analogy." This is a comparison between two things that are essentially different but have some similarities. For example, "Her teacher used the analogy of a seed growing into a plant to help explain the process of personal growth."Phew, we made it! That was quite the vocabulary journey, but I feel like we've all leveled up our word power significantly. Who knew learning new words could be so much fun? With our expanded vocabularies, we're now better equipped to express ourselves clearly, communicate effectively, and maybe even impress a few people along the way.So, let's give ourselves a round of applause for conquering Unit 2's vocabulary list. And remember, the more words we learn, the more doors we open to new worlds of knowledge andunderstanding. Here's to being word warriors and embracing the power of language!篇3Unit 2 Vocabulary List: A Rollercoaster Ride of New Words!Oh boy, another unit filled with new vocabulary to learn! Just when I thought I had a handle on all the words from the last unit, here comes a fresh batch that's going to test my brain again. But you know what? I'm actually kind of excited about it! Learning new words is like being a word detective, uncovering clues and piecing together meanings. It's a challenge, but also a lot of fun.Let's dive right into the Unit 2 vocabulary list, shall we? The first word that caught my eye was 'applaud'. I've heard that one before, like when someone does something really impressive and the audience claps for them. It's a way of showing appreciation and approval through, well, applause! I can just picture a big crowd roaring with applause after a fantastic performance.Next up is 'belongings'. I know this one pretty well – it refers to all the things that belong to you, like your clothes, your toys, your books, and so on. Whenever we go on a trip, my momalways reminds me to pack all my belongings so I don't forget anything important.'Drought' is a word that's new to me, but I can take a guess at what it means based on the context clues. It probably has something to do with a lack of water or rain, right? Like when the weather gets really dry and plants start to wilt. Yikes, I wouldn't want to experience a drought!Ah, 'inspire' is a great word! It means to motivate or encourage someone to do something. Like when a famous athlete inspires me to train harder and pursue my dreams. Or when a teacher inspires their students to love learning and explore new ideas. Inspiration can really spark something special in people.'Juggle' is a fun one! It's all about keeping multiple objects in the air by tossing them up and catching them repeatedly. I've seen street performers juggling balls, clubs, and even flaming torches (though I wouldn't recommend trying that one at home!). It takes a lot of coordination and practice to be a skilled juggler.Ooh, 'obstacle' is an interesting word. It refers to something that gets in the way or creates a challenge or difficulty. Like when you're running a race and there are hurdles or obstacles you have to jump over or navigate around. Life is full of obstacles,but overcoming them is what makes us stronger and more resilient.'Pretend' is a word I'm very familiar with, especially as a kid! It means to act like something is real or true when it's not. Like when I pretend to be a superhero and save the day, or when I pretend to be a chef and cook up imaginary dishes. Pretending is such a fun way to use your creativity and imagination.'Recommend' is another useful word to know. It means to suggest or endorse something as being good or suitable. Like when a friend recommends a great book they just read, or when a restaurant is highly recommended by food critics. Taking recommendations can lead you to discover new things you might not have found otherwise.Lastly, we have 'volunteer'. This one is all about offering to do something willingly, without being paid or forced to do it. Like when someone volunteers their time to help out at a charity event or a community project. Volunteers are so important because they generously give their efforts to support causes they care about.Phew, what a rollercoaster ride through all those new words! Some were familiar, some were completely new, but all of them have expanded my vocabulary and given me a betterunderstanding of the English language. I can't wait to use these words in my writing and conversations, and to keep building my word knowledge with each new unit. Who knows what exciting words await me next? Only one way to find out – onward to the next vocabulary list!。
lecture 1
• In later English verse tradition, alliteration becomes expressive in a variety of ways. Spenser uses it decoratively, or to link adjective and noun, verb and object, as in the line: "much daunted with that dint, her sense was dased." In the 18th and 19th centuries it becomes even less systematic and more "musical".
Part I Anglo-Saxon Period Anglo(449— (449—1066)
• I. Historical Background • * Britons, Celts → Britain (primitive, tribal society), the land of Britons→ 55 B.C. invaded by Julius Cæsar → 78 A.D. (subjugated) The Roman Conquest (influence on life mode, etc.) → 410 A. D. the fall of the Roman Empire → 449 A.D. The English Conquest, Teutons (Pirates: Jutes, the Angles and Saxons—Wessex, Essex, Sussex) → the 7th century, a united kingdom England
《英语修辞》作业
《英语修辞》作业《英语修辞》作业I. Transference of Terms of Rhetorical Devices1. Transference of Terms of Rhetorical Devices from English to ChineseSimile------ Allusion------Personification------ Parallelism------Synaesthesia------ Oxymoron------Synecdoche------ Anticlimax------Euphemism------ Alliteration------Metaphor------ Antithesis------Transferred Epithet------ Paradox------Metonymy------ climax------Understatement------ Repetition------Hyperbole------ Assonance------2. Transference of Terms of Rhetorical Devices from Chinese to English隐喻------ 对照------移就------ 隽语------转喻------ 层递------低调陈述------ 重复------夸张------ 元韵------明喻------ 引喻------拟⼈------ 平⾏------通感------ ⽭盾修饰----提喻------ 突降------委婉语------ 头韵------II. Identify the rhetorical devices according to the given definitions.1. It’s repetition of an initial sound, usually of a consonant or cluster, in two or more words of a phrase, line of poetry, etc.A. ParallelismB. MetonymyC. AlliterationD. Metaphor2. It’s a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleD. Personification3. It’s the humorous use of words, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on words.A. AllusionB. PunC. ClimaxD. Oxymoron4. It’s a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.A. ParallelismB. MetonymyC. AlliterationD. Metaphor5. It’s a statement that is not strong enough to express facts or feelings with full force; or It’sa statement that expresses an idea, etc, too weakly.A. ParallelismB. ClimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement6. It’s a figure of speech in which something of an unpleasant, distressing, or indelicate nature is described in less offensive terms, as in the expressions “under the weather” for “ill” or “passed away” for died”.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. EuphemismD. Parallelism7. It’s usually an implicit reference, perhaps to another work of literature or art, to a person or an event.A. AllusionB. SimileC. MetaphorD. Synecdoche8. It’s a figure of speech that consists of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning placed side by side, balancing each other.A. ParallelismB. AntithesisC. IronyD. Repetition9. It’s a figure of speech that combines incongruous and apparently contradictory words and meaning for a special effect.B. PunC. ClimaxD. Oxymoron10. It is a sentence in which the last part expresses something lower than the first. In fact, a bathetic declension from a noble tone to one less exalted. The effect can be comic and is often intended to be so.A. RepetitionB. AnticlimaxC. ParadoxD. Climax11. It’s a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit comparison.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification12. It’s a figure of speech in which human qualities and abilities are attributed to inanimate objects, animals, abstractions, and eventsA. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification13. It’s a figure of speech in which a sensation produced in one modality when a stimulus is applied to another modality, as when the hearing of a certain sound induces the visualization of a certain colorA. SynaesthesiaB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metonymy14. It’s a figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for thing, or reverse of any of these.A. SimileB. MetaphorC. AllusionD. Synecdoche15. It’s a figure of speech that greatly exaggerates the truth.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleD. Personification16. The rhetorical opposing or contrasting of ideas by means of grammatically paralleled arrangements of words, clauses, or sentencesA. SynaesthesiaB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metonymy17. It refers to the repeating of an y element in an utterance, including sound… a word or phrase,a pattern of accents.. or an arrangement of lines…A. RepetitionB. AntithesisC. AlliterationD. Parallelism18. It’s a method of humorous or subtly sarcastic expression in which the intended meaning of the words used is the direct opposite of their usual sense.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. IronyD. Simile19. It’s a literary or artistic work that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect or ridicule.A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Parody20. A figure of speech in which a single word, usually a verb or adjective, is syntactically related to two or more words, with only one of which it seems logically connected.A. RepetitionB. AntithesisC. ZeugmaD. ParallelismIII. Identify the rhetorical devices employed by the boldfaced words in the following sentences.1. O dear! O dear! What shall I do? I have lost my love and my lipstick too.A. RepetitionB. AnticlimaxC. ParadoxD. Climax2. Australia is so kind, just tickle her with a hoe, and she laughs with harvest.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification3. My heart is like a singing bird.A. MetaphorB. ParodyC. SimileD. Oxymoron4. When Della had finished crying, she went to the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey back-yard.A. ParallelismB. AntithesisC. IronyD. Repetition5. On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the great living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep but---- forever.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. EuphemismD. Parallelism6. O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?A. ParallelismB. ClimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement7. Of all the students in the class I like him the best.A. AnastropheB. AnticlimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement8. You can ask him for the meaning of the word. He is like a walking dictionary.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron9. Books are the ever-burning lamps.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron10. Money makes the mare go.A. ParadoxB. AssonanceC. AlliterationD. Simile11. There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron12. Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit we cannot flower and grow without it.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron13. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students’ compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done betterthan last time, and commenting favorably on them.A. ParallelismB. Transferred EpithetC. AlliterationD. Metaphor14. He looked at me with a bitter look.A. SynaesthesiaB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metaphor15. ---Why are Sunday and Saturday the strongest days in a week?---Because the rest are week (weak) days.A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Irony16. All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.A. AntithesisB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification17. ---Why can you never expect a fisherman to be generous?---Because his business make him sell fish (selfish).A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Irony18. Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men good-bye.A. AntithesisB. HyperboleC. RepetitionD. Parallelism19. Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Irony20.I wish I could write better.A. PunB. HyperboleC. ClimaxD. UnderstatementIV. Identify the rhetorical devices employed in the following sentences.1. Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit we cannot flower and grow without it. ( )2. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students’compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them. ( )3. And, it being low water he went out with the tide.( )4. They were short of hands at harvest time. ( )5. In the dock, she found scores of arrows piercing her chest. ( )6. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.( )7. The drunkard smashed the glasses, upturned the table, and hit an old woman.( )8. One mad action is not enough to prove a man mad. ( )9. He intended to take an opportunity this afternoon of speaking to Irene. A word in time saves nine. ( )10. No X in Nixon. ( )11. All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. ( )12. He looked at me with a bitter look. ( )13. The man is no fool. ( )14. You want your pound of flesh, don’t you? ( )15. The child is father of the man. ( )16. Perhaps, perhaps Mera might come. ( )17. A professor tapped on his desk and shouted, “Gentlemen, order!”The entire class yelled, “Beer.”( )18. I used to organize my father’s tools, my mother’s kitchen utensils, my sister’s boyfriends. ( )19. A man from the continent was traveling in England. He had caught a very bad cold. He coughed day and night…He put on his coat and hat and went to a chemist’s. When asked what he wanted, the traveler said, “I want something for my cow, please.”( )20. Have you ever been to an Irish Wedding? I have just returned from one…21. Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit. ( )22. I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed! ( )23. The senator pledged to oppose war, fight poverty, protect individual freedom and name a new state flower. ( )24. It is a quarter to five in the morning, the sun has already climbed above the horizon; the birds are busy celebrating the new day and have eagerly been in search of food. ( )25. Who wouldn’t have dreamed of becoming rich overnight? ( )26. What she had said I didn’t hear. ( )V. Two or more than two rhetorical devices are used in the following sentences. Read and select the rhetorical devices in each sentence.1. Time is like a fashionable host, that slightly shakes his passing guest by the band; and with his arms stretched, a s he would fly, grasps in the comer.The welcomes ever smile, and farewell goes out sighing.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification2. The seed ye sow, another reaps;The wealth ye find, another keeps;The robes ye weave, another wears;The arms ye forge, another bears.A. ParallelismB. AntithesisC. AlliterationD. Repetition3. Every man has in himself a continent of undiscovered character. Happy is he who acts the Columbus to his own soul.A. SimileB. MetaphorC. AllusionD. Synecdoche4. Miss Bolo went straight home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Syllepsis5. These little thoughts are the rustles of leaves; they have their whisper of joy in my mind.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification6. A drop of ink may make a million think.A. PunB. AntithesisC. AlliterationD. Metonymy7. How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification8. She did experiments after experiments. There was failure, success, more failure, a little success,a little more success.A. MetonymyB. ClimaxC. HyperboleD. Repetition9. The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth.A. HyperboleB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metonymy10. Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? Because they lie first on one side and then on the other, and remain wide wake all the time.A. PunB. AnticlimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement11. A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification12. It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism while the wolf remains of a different opinion.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification13. He was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure he’d water it.A. MetaphorB. UnderstatementC. IronyD. Paradox14. Polly, I love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellation of out space.A. PunB. HyperboleC. ClimaxD. Understatement15. Then Night, like some great loving mother, gently lays her hand at our fevered head, and turns our little tear-stained face up to hers, and smiles.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification16. On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.A. AntithesisB. ParallelismC. AlliterationD. PunVI. Revise the following sentences with the given rhetorical devices.1. David’s beloved grandfather passed away last week.2. He looked at me with a sad look.3. Sorry, my pocket can’t afford such a pair of shoes.4. I never believe until then that any meal could defeat me, but on that day I met my Waterloo.5. Her hostility melted.6. She is lovely, kind-hearted and has a quick mind.7. I was knocked down by a motorcycle, but it was not serious.8. He is a man of wide experience and who is also very popular with the farmers.9. To chew carefully and eating slowly are necessary for good digestion.10. On the train I met with a girl from my hometown and who just graduated from Tianjin University with MA degree.11. My heart is like a singing bird.12. She is as cool as a cucumber..13. They were short of hands at harvest time.14. The bad news was a dagger into her heart.15. They stormed the speaker with questions.16. He looked at me with a bitter look17. You want your pound of flesh?18. He doesn’t have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say.19. His grandfather passed away recently.20. Her happiness vanished like the morning dew.VII. Find the rhetorical devices employed in the following passage.AA Dream of Rainbow(1) When I was small, I often gazed into the sky, It was bright blue, with a few sheets of cloud floating. Especially after a rain, after a rain, there would appear a splendid and glamorous rainbow, which was like a great bridge hung in the sky. How I wished I had been an eagle soaring up to the bridge! I was obsessed with it. Grandma told me that in the heaven lived supernatural beings, and that it was the kind-hearted and well-behaved people who could step into the heaven through therainbow. She taught me to be a good boy; then I would have a chance to walk on the rainbow some day.(2) It was a beautiful dream. Gradually, I grew up to be a high school student. However, I buried myself in lesson, exercises and even boring tests all day long. Day in and day out. Such a pressing routine has deprived me of my interest as well as my chance to gaze into the sky.(3) In the summer of 1998,after finished the college entrance examination, I had time for relaxing myself at last. One day, shortly after a heavy thundershower, I opened the window and then pleasant smells of the earth greeted me. I couldn’t help breathing deeply with my eyes closed. After some while, I opened my eyes satisfactorily. Just guess what I saw. The blue sky! Or rather the blue-gray sky. It seemed that I met an old friend, who had changed so much that I could hardly recognize him.I craned my head out to look for the rainbow of which I have a deep love. But to my disappointment, she didn’t appear in the sky. Why could it be that!(4) Now, I come to understand it is the pollution that made the rainbow so strange to me and compelled her to be away from me. In the past few years, economic prosperity has been greatly promoted at the cost of air and environmental pollution. As result, while people are enjoying the prosperity, they are suffering a great deal from pollution. No wonder scientists say this is the revenge of nature! It is never too late to mend anyhow. Now more and more people have become coolly aware of its harmful consequences; and effective measures have been taken for anti-pollution. I believe that pollution will be able to disappear in the near future and our sky will be able to renew its bright blue as it used to.(5) Last night, I dreamed a beautiful dream: I saw a rainbow that has been never seen for ages. Then I flew in the sky to the rainbow as lf I had wings. When I landed on such a gorgeous bridge, all supernatural beings gave me a warm welcome…Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph (1)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (2)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (3)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (4)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (5)________________________________________________________________________________________________________BThe Olympic Aspiration of an Ordinary Chinese Farmer(1) The Beijing’s bid for the 2008 Olympics reflects the common aspiration of the 1.3 billion Chinese people. Apart from Beijing, every city of China has been launching a series of rich and varied supporting activities. However, the country folks are no less enthusiastic than the town people, and they have their own way. Comparatively speaking, the events in cities are tremendous in power and grandeur; while the activities in the countryside are like a gentle breeze and a mild rain. The earnest aspiration of rural resident for the Olympic bid can be mirrored just from an ordinary Chinese farmer -----my uncle, who is 68 years old, living in a small village about 100km east of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Privine.(2) During the week-long Labour Day holiday, I went to see him. I was very happy to find him hale and hearty. But nine years ago, he suffered from severe T.B. Ever since his recovery a year later, he has taken exercise: doing Taijiquan, kicking shuttlecock, especially having a long walk every morning at all seasons. His good health is attributed to his regular physical exercise, and he thus realize what an important role it plays in building up the health of a person as well as that of the whole nation.(3) Last year, when he heard the news on TV that Beijing decided to participate in the bid for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games, he felt quite excited and threw himself into fervent support. Since then, reading newspapers becomes a must every day. He has accumulated an intimate knowledge of the Olympics, such as its brief history, its creed, its motto,(4) My visit to him was turned into a sole conversation about the Olympics. After a comprehensive analysis, he told me that he has one gratification and one anxiety about the Beijing’s bid. His gratification is that the Beijing’s bid enjoys worldwide support, and most countries in the world favor Beijing as a host of the 2008 Summer Games. As to his anxiety, that is Paris and Toronto are the two most formidable rivals for Beijing. Over 90 per cent of all 123 IOC members have ever been to Paris, but only 40 per cent have been to Beijing. More unfavorably, the US congress created all sorts of obstacles in an attempt to block China’s bidding wheel. “What does it matter if we meet some difficulties? ”he said resolutely. “I am still confident of the final success.”He expressed his hope that he would go to Beijing to watch the Games in 7 years.(5) Now, the rural areas have seen a steadily growing economy. The great majority of farmers enjoy a high standard of living. They know that the hosting of the Games will be a boost to the country’s economic prosperity and tourism, and can bring them a better life. At the same time, people from all over the world can get a good opportunity to see through sport a real China ----its honest and hospitable people, its ancient and splendid culture, its 300-year-old and vitalizing capital, its rural scenery, its historical sites, its scenic attraction…(6) The Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics is being longed for by all Chinese people from as high as state leaders to as country folks like my uncle.Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph (1)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (2)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (3)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (4)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (5)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (6)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________CAn Unforgettable Trip(1) The train was cracking for Qinhuangdao -----a beautiful city which I had been longing for, and which often appeared in my dreams. My thoughts had already flown out to the sea: the red sun shining in the sky, millions of shells and pebbles on the beach, lots of people playing in the water, and the waves breaking and foaming. With the dreamlike scene, smile crept up and stayed on my face. Four hours passed, and we arrived at our destination late at night.(2) We set out very early the next morning. Just several minutes later, the wind brought us the scent of the sea, and the sea greeted us. Jumping off the car, I ran wildly along the shore. I was amazed at the vast surface and the blue water, which were far more magnificent than I had imaged. Some birds were flying above and singing beautiful songs; A couple of ships were sailing at a distance; the sea and the sky converged in the distance so that I couldn’t tell one from another. Throwing off my shoes, I stepped into the water -----waves lightly patting my legs, gentle breeze kissing my checks, fresh air penetrating my lungs. I couldn’t help shouting loudly to release my deep depression.(3) Just a month ago, I failed the postgraduate entrance exam against 3 points. God treated me so unfairly that I almost lost my confidence in the future. But now facing the vast sea , I felt how small I was, and how insignificant my personal gains and losses were. The grandeur of nature relaxed me a lot and gave me much inspiration. The world isn’t as dismal as I thought. Before this I hadonly seen the dark side of the coin instead of both. It is true that I often met with troubles, but worries, troubles, even misfortune are not everything. Life is beautiful yet transient so that I shouldn’t sink into depression all the time. Instead, as a youth, I should embrace life and enjoy life. I once read a philosophical saying from a book : “ Yesterday is an invalid check;tomorrow is a kind of deposit which can’t be used; today is the money in front of you.”So I must value today and let yesterday go and let all gloominess go. Woken up from the meditation by gust of hailing, I found the sun jumping above sea, it lights made everything bright. I cried, “A new day is coming.”(4) Now, I have learned to love life. I can find happiness and beauty from my surrounding: the bright sun, the blue sky, the green grass, the beautiful flowers, the singing bird, the smiling faces---all can bring me joy and satisfaction. Oh, an unforgettable trip.Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph (1)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (2)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (3)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (4)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________DSingers Shouldn’t Earn More Than Composers(1) With the steady growth in the county’s economy as well as the people’s living standard, people attach more importance to the colorful cultural life. As a result, many pop stars rise to fame overnight, even making a huge fortune a year. On the other hand, the composers of popular songs that make these singers famous earn only a small fraction of what these “ noted stars”earn. Recently, this phenomenon has aroused wide concern, and heated public debate has arisen.(2) The pains and gains of the so-called stars are not matched. One hour’s performance may bring them thousand of yuan, while the composers are too far behind to catch up, so it is unfair and discouraging. Most of the composers, as we know, are musicians and experts in music who devote themselves to research and composition of knowledge. Singing stars are always the idols of youngsters. Many of them get rich quick without toil and sweat, thereby making youngsters disbelieve in the maxim “ No pains, no gains”; some of them even have an extravagant and wasteful way of living, which is tremendously tempting and misleading.(3) Of course, every thing has two faces. It goes without saying that the stars enrich people’s entertainment and make our life colorful; anyhow, the bright side should not keep us from criticizing its dark one.(4) All in all, I should say that the pop stars do not deserve such high payment than composers do. The government should levy heavier income tax on these stars in order to narrow the gap between the income of so-called pop stars and that of composers.Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph (1)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (2)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph (3)_____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph (4)_____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________。