Effect of sodium modification on microstructure and mechanical properties of thick-walled AlSi6
正己烷对溶胶-凝胶过程及常压干燥工艺制备SiO 2气凝胶的影响
正己烷对溶胶-凝胶过程及常压干燥工艺制备SiO 2气凝胶的影响卢斌;张丁日;卢孟磊【摘要】以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源，三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)为表面修饰剂，采用酸碱两步催化溶胶−凝胶法和常压干燥法，通过在凝胶中填充适量正己烷(N-hexane)控制溶胶−凝胶过程，使凝胶孔洞趋于均匀，提高凝胶溶剂置换和表面改性效率，制备高性能SiO2气凝胶，制备工艺周期为30 h。
采用BET，SEM和FT-IR等对样品进行表征。
研究结果表明：正己烷填充量为0.2(TEOS与N-hexane物质的量比为1：0.2)，制备周期最短，制备出的样品具有最大比表面积(972.5 m2/g)、最大孔容(2.9 cm3/g)和最小密度(0.08 g/cm3)，疏水性最佳。
%Silica aerogels were prepared with TEOS as raw material by sol-gel method, surface modification of TMCS and ambient pressure drying within 30 h. Appropriate amount of N-hexane was filled into silica gel to improve efficiency of sol-gel and surface modification process. The structures of samples were characterized by means of BET, SEM and FT-IR etc. The results show that when filler content of N-hexane is 0.2(molar ratio of TEOS to N-hexane is 1:0.2), hydrophobic silica aerogels has low apparent density (0.08 g/cm3), high surface area (972.5 m2/g) and high pore volume (2.9 cm3 /g).【期刊名称】《中南大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2015(000)006【总页数】7页(P2020-2026)【关键词】SiO 2气凝胶;溶胶-凝胶法;常压干燥法;正己烷;胶粒双电层结构【作者】卢斌;张丁日;卢孟磊【作者单位】中南大学材料科学与工程学院，湖南长沙，410083;中南大学材料科学与工程学院，湖南长沙，410083;中南大学材料科学与工程学院，湖南长沙，410083【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O648二氧化硅气凝胶具有极高的比表面积(800~1 500 m2/g)、极大的孔洞率(85%~99%)、极低的热传导率(5 mW/(m·K))和独特的声学性能等，因此，在很多领域发挥重要作用，如用作高性能催化剂、保温涂料、超绝热材料、窗体材料等[1−4]。
钻井液专业词汇(完整版)
薄弱地层@weak formation
泊松比@poisson’s ratio
剥离@peel off
补救@remediation
不分散泥浆@nondispersed mud
不干扰地质录井@play no role in geological logging
不均质储层@heterogeneous reservoir
醋酸@acetate
醋酸钠@sodium acetate
窜流@fluid channeling
脆裂@embrittlement crack
脆性@brittle/crisp ,fragility
催化剂@accelerant , catalyst
萃取剂@extracting agent
螯合@chelation
凹陷@sag
凹陷地层@subsidence formation
奥陶系@Ordovician system
API模拟法@API recommened method
B
多靶点@multiple target point
白沥青@white asphalt
白油@mineral oil
狄塞尔堵漏剂@diacel plugging agent
滴定@titration
底水丰富@basal water abundance
底水油藏井@bottom water reservoir well
第二界面@second contact surface
缔合物@associated matter
初始粘度@initial viscosity
初探@primary investigation
代谢工程改造酵母生产多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展
第3期庄森炀等：磷酸锆辅助催化水解菌糠制备纳米纤维素晶体的性能·871·简便高效、设备腐蚀性小等优点，同时以食用菌产业的废弃物菌糠为原料制备高附加值的纳米纤维素，不仅能延长食用菌产业链条，提高菌糠的利用率，从而提高食用菌生产的效益，而且实现废物再利用，变废为宝，形成农业循环经济，从而净化生产环境，促进生态农业的发展。
（1）通过单因素探索实验及正交实验得较优工艺条件：超声时间5h、温度75℃及稀硫酸浓度为12.269%，CNCs的得率为42.80%。
（2）菌糠纳米纤维素晶体呈棒状，直径10～30nm。
与天然纤维素相比，菌糠纳米纤维素晶体的FTIR谱图的特征峰无明显变化，说明CNCs基本化学结构未改变。
菌糠纳米纤维素晶体仍属于纤维素Ⅰ型，结晶度由63.79% 增加到81.04%。
参考文献[1] TANG L，HUANG B，LU Q，et al. Ultrasonication-assistedmanufacture of cellulose nanocrystals esterified with acetic acid[J].Bioresource Technology，2013，127：100-105.[2] LU Q，TANG L，LIN F，et al. Preparation and characterization ofcellulose nanocrystals via ultrasonication-assisted FeCl3-catalyzedhydrolysis[J]. Cellulose，2014，21（5）：3497-3506.[3] TORVINEN K，SIEVÄNEN J，HJELT T，et al. Smooth and flexiblefiller-nanocellulose composite structure for printed electronics applications[J]. Cellulose，2012，19（3）：821-829.[4] OKAHISA Y，ABE K，NOGI M，et al. Effects of delignification inthe production of plant-based cellulose nanofibers for optically transparent nanocomposites[J]. Composites Science and Technology，2011，71（10）：1342-1347.[5] ZAMAN M，LIU H，XIAO H，et al. Hydrophilic modification ofpolyester fabric by applying nanocrystalline cellulose containing surface finish[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers，2013，91（2）：560-567.[6] GAO W，LIANG J，PIZZUL L，et al. Evaluation of spent mushroomsubstrate as substitute of peat in Chinese biobeds[J]. InternationalBiodeterioration & Biodegradation，2015，98：107-112.[7] 汪水平，王文娟. 菌糠饲料的开发和利用[J]. 粮食与饲料工业，2003（6）：37-39.[8] 李加友，苗淑杏，姚祥坦. 蘑菇菌糠二次增效发酵及其作物栽培应用[J]. 食用菌学报，2008，15（3）：75-79.[9] BAHETI V，ABBASI R，MILITKY J. Ball milling of jute fibrewastes to prepare nanocellulose[J]. World Journal of Engineering，2012，9（1）：45-50.[10] 刘鹤，王丹，商士斌，等. 纤维素纳米晶须与水性聚氨酯复合材料的性能[J]. 化工进展，2010，29（s1）：236-239.[11] NIDETZKY B，STEINER W. A new approach for modelingcellulase-cellulose adsorption and the kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering，1993，42（4）：469-479.[12] 饶小平. 晶态混合磷酸锆的超分子插层组装[D]. 重庆：西南师范大学，2004.[13] 李颖，刘可，华伟明，等. 苯磺酸修饰的层柱磷酸锆的制备及催化应用[J]. 高等学校化学学报，2011，32（3）：731-737. [14] 卢麒麟. 巨菌草制备纳米纤维素的研究[D]. 福州：福建农林大学，2013.[15] ALEMDAR A，SAIN M. Isolation and characterization of nanofibersfrom agricultural residues-wheat straw and soy hulls[J]. BioresourceTechnology，2008，99（6）：1664-1671.[16] OH S Y，YOO D I，SHIN Y，et al. Crystalline structure analysis ofcellulose treated with sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide by meansof X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy[J]. Carbohydrate Research，2005，340（15）：2376-2391.[17] QUA E H，HORNSBY P R，SHARMA H S S，et al. Preparation andcharacterisation of cellulose nanofibres[J]. Journal of Materials Science，2011，46（18）：6029-6045.CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2016年第35卷第3期·872·化工进展代谢工程改造酵母生产多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展孙美莉，刘虎虎，邬文嘉，任路静，黄和，纪晓俊（南京工业大学生物与制药工程学院，材料化学工程国家重点实验室，江苏南京 211816）摘要：多不饱和脂肪酸因其在食品和医药领域的广泛作用而得到人们极大的关注，当前利用微生物发酵生产多不饱和脂肪酸具有诸多优点，由于酵母生产迅速且生物量较高，利用酵母生产多不饱和脂肪酸已成为人们关注的热点。
辛胺改性海藻酸钠薄膜的制备及理化性能研究
1.2 方法
1.2.1 原理
辛胺改性海藻酸钠分子的反应原理见图 1。
1.2.2 步骤
1.2.2.1 辛胺改性海藻酸钠薄膜（OASA）的制备 在装有电动搅拌装置的三口瓶中加入 200 mL
pH=6.0 的磷酸盐缓冲溶液，分次加入 3 g 海藻酸钠粉 末，搅拌至溶解；加入 1.05 g EDC，搅拌 15 min，接 着加入 0.9 g NHS，继续搅拌 15 min，然后加入不同 含量的辛胺（见表 1），在室温下搅拌 24 h，将产物 倒入烧杯中，加入 300 mL 无水乙醇，搅拌得到凝胶 状沉淀，离心。将得到的沉淀物在室温下重新溶解、 醇沉、离心。将第 2 次离心后的产品烘干后，用无水 乙醇抽提 24 h，然后进行真空干燥至质量恒定，得到 产物。采用式（1）计算提纯后产物的接枝率。
收稿日期：2021–11–29 基金项目：山东省自然科学基金（ZR2019MB020，ZR2020MB119）；国家级大学生创新创业项目（202110435115） 作者简介：李一佳（2000—），女，青岛农业大学本科生，主攻环境友好高分子材料。 通信作者：杨曼丽（1978—），女，博士，青岛农业大学讲师，主要研究方向为天然高分子材料。
【doc】DMSO对人胃腺癌MGC80—3细胞的诱导分化作用
DMSO对人胃腺癌MGC80—3细胞的诱导分化作用282榜善民田1不同浓度DMSO处理后MGC80—5细臆的生长曲线……一-示外理后细胞恢复常瓶细胞培养的生长曲线Fig1.ThegrowthcurveofMGC80—3cellstreatedwithvariousdosesDMSO一…一?Thec皿veofthetreatedcellsrestoredtonormalculturefluid.27卷堵井蠡Cttltt~d-圈21.5DMSO处理前后MGC80—5细臆的分裂指教Fig2.DiagramofmitoticindexofMGC80-3cellswith(一{一)orwithOUt1.5DMSO(一O一)treatment.寰1不同蕺度DMsO对MGC80—5细臆的作用Table1TheeffectsofvariousdosesDMSOonMGC80—5ceils..'/细胞群体倍增细胞生长抑制率最高分裂指数c.n-A(100岭软琼脂克隆经别细胞接种7天后/m1)的凝集细胞率形成翠的细胞数(/m1)时间(h)()(‰)()()二,DMSO对MGC80-8细胞形成克隆的影响半固体琼脂一甲基纤维素克隆实验结果如表1所示.1.5DMSO培养液培养(7天)后的MGC80—3细胞在0.8甲基纤维索上生长形成克隆的能力很差(0.02‰),MGC80—3细胞克隆形成率高达O.2‰(图版,图1),经T值检验,处理前后MGC80-3细胞形成克隆数量的差别有显着意义(P<0.001).三,DMSO对MGC80-3细胞在裸■内戚瘤率的影响常规培养和1.5DMSO培养液培养7天后的MGC80—3细胞在BALB/C裸小鼠(sPF级)异种移植的成癌率分别是100%和25f在配对实验组中,DMSO处理组多数在四周后仍未见肿块生长(图版,图2),即便长有肿块亦t鬈蹲登3期DMSO对人胃腺癌MGC80-3细胞的诱导分化作用283 裹21.5DMSO处理前后MGC80—5细臆异种移擅瘤(4周)的重量Table2.Theweht0txvnogratted tumorsinoculatedbyMGC80—5eellswithorwithout1.5DMSOfreaimentintonudemicefor4weeks.10%cs培养7天的1.5DMSO培养7天编号MGC83异种移植的MGC80-3异种移桩瘤(rag)瘤(rag)小于对照组(表2).四,Con-A凝集性实骏结果如表1所示,1.5%DMSO培养液处理7天后的MGC80-3细胞对Con—A的凝集性有所下降,与未处理者相比,细胞凝集率下降了55.8.五,DMSO处理后MGC80-0细胞光学和超搬结构变化MGC80-3细胞的光学和超微结构已有较详细研究r",癌细胞核大,不规则,高尔基体不发达(图版,图3).1.%DMSO处理后的细胞呈铺展状,细胞体积变大,核浆比例小(图版,图4),在超微结构上的主要变化是:细胞核变圆,较规则,桉膜皱折少胞质细胞器丰富,粗面内质网和线粒体增多,高尔基体较发达(图版,图5,6),有时见致密,圆形粘液颗粒.细胞表面细长微绒毛多变成短而小的突起(图版,图7).六,DMSO对MGC80-0细胞碱性磷酸酶活力影响常规培养的MGC80—3细胞ALP的比活力是0.172U/mg,1.5%DMSO培养液培养7天后的MGC80-3细胞ALP的比活力是0.017 O/mg,处理后MGC80-3细胞ALP比活力比来处理者降低了90.处理后MGC80—3细胞在不同时间ALP的比活力研究表明t处理6h后,MGC80-3细胞ALP比活力下降了8O.讨论DMSO是一种双极性有机溶剂,巳证实DMSO除引起一些体外培养的肿瘤细胞分化外,还使一些正常细胞分化".在体外,DMSO诱导分化后的恶性肿瘤细胞的恶性表型发生改变,如Con-A凝集细胞率降低r",纤粘蛋白分泌增多【J",失去在半固体琼脂的生长能力j癌细胞的胚胎性和分化产物发生改变,如人肝细胞瘤的细胞分泌甲胎蛋白减少,而鼠肝细胞瘤的细胞则甲胎蛋白和白蛋白分泌增多【"j结肠癌细胞分泌癌胚抗原减少,而ALP则上升14]这是因为分化成熟的肠遭细胞富台ALP,而肠癌细胞ALP活性很低或几乎不表达.本研究结果表明人胃腺癌MGC80-3细胞在1.5%DMSO培养液处理7天后,生长率下降35.15%,最高分裂指数下降18%o半固体琼脂克隆形成率下降9O, Con—A细胞凝集性降低55.8%,裸鼠异种移植瘤成瘤率下降75,提示1.5%DMSO培养液处理后的MGC80—3细胞的恶性表型发生改变.DMSO对MGC80-3细胞的诱导分化作用还反映在细胞超擞结构的变化上,主要是诱导后细胞的细胞器较发达,特别是粗面内质网和高尔基复合体.有时见致密,圆形粘液颚粒.正常人胃粘膜细胞不含碱性磷酸酶,而胃粘膜细胞癌变后出现了碱性磷酸酶随着1.5DMSO培养液培养7天后,MGC80-3细胞的ALP比活性下降了gO%,提示处理后的细胞朝着正常胃粘膜细胞方向分化.DMSO 抑制MGC80-3细胞生长和诱导细胞分化的机理未明.近来的研究表明,胃腺癌常有表皮生长因子受体的过度表达[1,低浓度的DMSO垮善置ducersofdifferenthationdimemylsulfo- xidebutyricacidanddimethylthJourea induceselectiveultrastr~ctural∞ttetnsinB16melanomacellsBiolCeil.6033—40.[3]TakermgaK..1984,Enhancementoflung colonisingabalityofclonedlow-matasta- ticLewislungcarcinomacellbytreat- meritwithhighlypolarsolvents.Int.J.Cancer34:83--89.[4]FilmusJ.,RN.Buick,1985,Relation? shipofC=4~yCexpressiontodifferentha- tionandproliferationofHL-60cells.Cfl~eerR,45:829--825.[5]RudlandP.S,A.T.DavisandM.J Warburton,1982,Prostoglandininduced differentiatjonorDMSOindueeddiffaren tiation:reducttoninneoplastic口otent乩ofaratmammarytumorstemceilline.J.NanCclust..69t1083一l093.[6]王凯华,1983,人体胃低分化粘液腺癌细胞系MGC80—3的建立及其生物学特性的初步观察.实验生物学擒,1625一262.[7]BuickR.N..T.H.StanisicS.E.Ery,S.E.Salmon.J.M.Trent.andP.Kra. soviek.1979,Developmentofanagar- methylcelluloseelonogenieassayforeel? lsintransitionaleel】carcinomaofthe humanbladder.Cancerices..58:5O81-- 6086.8]sp~aA.SoJefer.C.J.Maslansky,J.M.Rice.o.M. WJlliams,1979,Asurveyofgrowthin softagarfortransformationinadultratUV etepithelhal-1ikccellculture.Cancer Re.,59自1026一l032.[9]PintoM..S.Robine-Leon.M.Appay. M.Kedinger.N.Tr~adon.E.D'~saulx.eroixP.Simon-Assmann.K.Haf. fenJ.FoghandA.Zweibau~,1983,En? terocyte—likedjfferentiationandpolariza—tionofhumancoloncarcino~lacellline.Caco--2jnculture.Biol侧47:823-- 330.lO]AshmanL.K..A.H.Gesche.1986,Sur? faceantigenexpressionbyahumanB lymphoblastoldcelllinetreatedwithdif? latentjationjnducerEdJmethylsulfoxide andtetradecanoylphorbolacetate.Leu. Res..9t167--161.E1I]DairkeeS.H.andD.A.Glaser.1982. Dimethylsolfoxideaffc~tscolonymot-影响表皮生长因子,渍岛素与其相应受体的结合,这可能是它在体外抑制癌细胞生长的原因之一.DMSO影响胰岛素与胰岛素受体结合是可过的,不减少质膜上胰岛素受体的数量fl,这也是去除DMSO,恢复常规培养, MGC80-3细胞生长速度略有加快的原因之一.DMSO诱导HL-60细胞…和忏细胞癯细胞分化与癌基因c—mye表达减少有关,它对MGC80-3细胞的诱导分化作用是否与癌基因表达有关,有待进一步研究.DMSO曾广泛地用做药物溶剂,它低浓度地从皮肤,经口或静脉给药均无毒性,且对肿瘤细胞有一定抑制和诱导分化作用,与其他抗癌药配合,有望提高抗癌药的作用.4摘要用光镜,电镜和生化分析方法研究DMSO在体外对MGC80-3细胞的作用,不同浓度DMSO对MGC80-3细胞有不同的生长抑制作用.1.5DMSO是本研究较适合的浓度.1.5DMSO处理7天后细胞生眭率,分裂指数,克隆形成率和Con-A凝集辜分别下降3.15,18‰,9O%和55.8.处理后,癌细胞膜的碱性磷酸酶(不存在于正常人胃粘膜) 比活性下降了9O,接种裸鼠致瘤率亦下降75.处理后细胞主要形态变化是细胞变大,铺展,长直的徽绒毛变成短突状,胞质内有发育特别好的高尔基体和丰富的粗面内质网,这些资料提示DMSO能改变MGC80-3的恶性表型,对MGC80-3细胞是一神诱导分他荆.美t调t一;蛋_且人膏腺癌.竖,葱参考文献l'[I]FriendC.,W.ScherJ.G.HollandandT-Sato,1971Haemoglobulinsynthesisinmurinevirus-indueedleukemiaeells invitroEstimulationoferythroiddiffe- rentiationbydimethylsulfoxide.Proc.砌A..68:378--382.[9]MalikH.,J.Notdenberg—A-Novogrodsky,A.FIhs.I.Malik.1987.Chemiealin-箍3期DMSO对^胃腺癌MGC83细胞的诱导分化作用phologyonagarandaltersdistributionof glycosaminoglycansandfJbronectin?Proc?Nat1.Acad.SciUS^..79l6927--6931.r12]SaitoH..T.Kagawa,S.Tada.S.nematsu.F.M.Guex.ara.T.Watanabe.T.MorizaneandM.Tsuchiya.1992, Effectofdexamethsone.dlmethylsulfo- xideandsodiumbutyrateonahuman hepatomacelllinePLC/PRF/5.Ca~eerBiochem.Biophys..15:75--84.[133HigginsP.J,1981.Modificationofa】一pha-fetoproteinandalbuminsynthesisby dimethylsulfoxideinanestablishedcell llneofmousehepatomaeelIs.CellStrttctFunct.,6l29一300.[14]KimY.S..RB.Siddigul?1984,Effects ofsodiumbutyrate.dimethylsulfoxide285andretinoicacid0nglyeolipidsOFthu_ manretatadeFtocarcmomaeelIs.CancerRes.r44l1648--1652.[15]WriglltP.AandGTwilliams,1993,Molecu】arbio】Ogyandgastriccarcinoma.G.84i145—147.16]EarpH.S.,Q.LinandJ.BIaisdell1984, Dimetbylsulfoxidedecreasespec~icEGF bindingJ.CefIBiochem..26z221--230.[17jObberghsnE.V.,P.D..MeytsandJ.Roth.1979,Inhibitionofinsuljnrecep—torbindingbydimethylsulfoxide.Bio-chem.Biophys.Aeta.582;486--495.[183温玉蘑绽,1989,药物与化学物质毒性数据.天津,天津科学技术出版社出版.天津新华印j一厂印刷,PP172.DMS0INDUCEDDIFFERENTIAT10N0FHUMAN GASTRICADENOCARCIN0MACELL LINEMGC80-3Y an8Slmn-min (CancerResearchCenter?XiamenUniversity.China) Theinvitroeffectsofdimethylsul—foxide(DMSO)oftMGC80-3cellswere studiedbylightmicroscopytraFtsmlsslon electonmicroscopyandbiochemica1me—thods.Theresultsindicatedthattheinhi- bitoryeffsetsofDMSOOFtthegrowthofMGC80-3cellswascoFtceFttratloFtdepen' dentand1.5%DMSOwassuitableinthepresentstudy.Thegrowthrate.mitoticindex,colonyformingefficiencyandConA-aggregationofthecellstreatedwith1.5DMSOinvitrofor7dayswasre-ducedrespectivelyby35.15,18‰,90and55.8%.Itwasremarkablethattheactivityofmembranee-associatedalka1insphosphamse.whichisnotpresentedin normalhumangastrlcmucosa.wasdecreasedby90inthetreatedcells.Therewasa75decreaseoftherateoftumo—rlgenes1sIFtthetreatedcellsascompared withthetumorigenicrateoftheuntreatedMGC80—3cellsinoculatedintonudemice. GrossmOrphOlOgicalchangesofMGC80—3 cellstreatedwith1.5%DMSOwereevi—dentiFtcludingenlargementandflatnessof thecdIsstumpymicrovilliesinsteadoflongandrigidones,andextremelywell—developedGolgiapparatusandrougheft—dophasmicreticulum.Thisdataindicated thatDMsowasabletoinducedifferentiationofMGC80—3cellsandchangetheir malignantphenotypes.Keyword.*:Humangastrleadenocareinoma.Dlfferenttation.DMSO286杨瞢民27卷图l图2图3图d图5图0图7图版说明圈版MGC80—3细胞在戟琼脂一甲基纤维素上形成巨大克隆.接种5×3-0MGC80—3细胞4周后形成的荷瘤裸鼠(十),对侧接种等量DMSO处理过的细胞(1.5,6DMSO处理天)无肿块形成.MGC80—3细胞发育差的高尔基体.×19000(A)MGC80—8细胞异质性一多核巨铂胞(十),HE.×950(B)1.5%DMSO处理7天后的MGC80-3细胞呈铺展状HE×9501.0%DMSO处理7天后的MGC80—3细胞发育好的高尔基体.×400001.5DMSO处理7天后的MGC80-3细胞发达的粗面内质厨.×880001.5DMSO处理7天后的细胞出现短突状的微绒毛(价).×29000 EXPLANATION0FFIGURESPLATEFig1.HugecolonyofMGC80-3cellsinthesoftagar-methylcellulose?Fig2.Xenograftcdtumor()onnudemouseinoculatedwith5×10MGC80-8cellsafter weeks.AbsentofxenograftedtumorontheoppositeofnudemolLseinoculatedwith5×106MGC80-3cellstreatedwith1.5DMSOfor7daysby恤esametime.Fig3.Thepoor-developedGolgiapparatusinMGC80—3cells一×19000Fig4.(A).HeterogeneityofMGC80—3cells—Multinucleargiantcell(').HE—x950. (B).SpreadingMGC80-3cellstreatedwith1.5DMSOfor7days.HE.×950.Fig5.Thewell-developedGolgiapparatusinMGC80—3cellstreatedwith1.5DMSOfor7days.×40000Fig6.TheproliferationofroughendoplasmicreticuluminMGC80-3ceilstreatedwith1.5DMSOfor7days.×28000Fig7.Thestumpymicrovillies()inthetreatedcellsfor7days.×290003期DMSO~,I-人J腺瘟MGCS0—3细胞的诱导分化作用287 图版。
蛋白质二硫键异构酶的生物学功能研究进展
cause and effect of sodium-sensitive hypertension. Clin Exp Nephrol, 2010 , 14: 105-111.[26] Cuttica MJ, Langenickel T, Noguchi A, et al. Perivascular T-cell infiltration leads to sustained pulmonary artery remodeling after endothelial cell damage. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2011 , 45: 62-71.[27] De Miguel C, Guo C, Lund H, et al. Infiltrating T lymphocytes in the kidney increase oxidative stress and participate in the development of hypertension and renal disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2011, 300: F734-F742.[28] Wallace K, Richards S, Dhillon P, et al. CD4+ T-helper cells stimulated in response to placental ischemia mediate hypertension during pregnancy. Hypertension, 2011 , 57: 949-955.[29]Williams JE, Nieto FJ, Sanford CP, et al . Effects of an angry temperament on coronary heart disease risk: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Epidemiol. , 2001, 154: 230-235.[30]Zhaodi Niu, J ian Zhou, Wenwu Ji, et al. The Association of psychological stress related cytokines (TNF Alpha, IFN-Gamma) with essential hypertension in ningxia hui autonomous region. Open J Endocr Metab Dis, 2013, 3: 276-282.[31]Granger JP, Alexander BT, Llinas MT , et al. Pathophysiology of hypertension during preeclampsia: Linking placental ischemia with endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension, 2001, 38: 718-722.(收稿日期: 2014-06-23）（编辑：常文静）蛋白质二硫键异构酶的生物学功能研究进展*潘黎明、盛梦婷、黄子芮综述， 李俊明审校摘要 蛋白质二硫键异构酶由多种细胞分泌，在生物学代谢过程中具有重要作用，其与糖尿病缺血性心脏病、脑缺血性疾病、血栓性疾病、阿尔茨海默病、白血病、肿瘤等多种疾病的发生发展机制密切相关，现针对蛋白质二硫键异构酶的定义、功能及与相关疾病的关系做一论述。
硒化天麻多糖的制备、结构表征及其抗氧化活性评价
温启华，陆逸昊，杨露芳，等. 硒化天麻多糖的制备、结构表征及其抗氧化活性评价[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（3）：18−30. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023060290WEN Qihua, LU Yihao, YANG Lufang, et al. Preparation, Structure Characterization and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Selenized Gastrodia elata Polysaccharides[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(3): 18−30. (in Chinese with English abstract).doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023060290· 特邀主编专栏—食品中天然产物提取分离、结构表征和生物活性（客座主编：杨栩、彭鑫） ·硒化天麻多糖的制备、结构表征及其抗氧化活性评价温启华，陆逸昊，杨露芳，陈江旭，程永友，刘 莹，许 粟，马风伟*（贵阳学院食品科学与工程学院，贵州贵阳 550005）摘 要：本文以天麻多糖（Gastrodia elata Blume polysaccharides ，GEP ）和亚硒酸钠为原料，以硒含量为指标，利用单因素实验和响应面试验优化硝酸-亚硒酸钠（HNO 3-Na 2SeO 3）法制备硒化天麻多糖（Selenated Gastrodia elata polysaccharides ，SeGEP ）的工艺。
采用紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、粒径和Zeta 电位、刚果红试验、碘-碘化钾试验、扫描电镜等对GEP 和SeGEP 进行结构表征分析；并采用体外抗氧化活性试验研究硒化修饰对天麻多糖的活性影响。
强化SOD刺梨汁对铅中毒大鼠_小鼠的治疗作用_杨琳
·药 理·强化SOD刺梨汁对铅中毒大鼠、小鼠的治疗作用杨琳 李淑芳 夏炳南(贵阳550004贵阳医学院药理教研室)摘要 目的:观察强化SOD刺梨汁(简称SOD刺梨汁)对铅中毒动物的驱铅作用,及其对铅中毒动物体内超氧化物歧化酶(SO D)、过氧化脂质(LPO)和免疫功能的影响。
方法:用大鼠、小鼠建立铅中毒模型,检测SOD刺梨汁对大鼠的排铅量、SOD活性和LPO含量,以及小鼠免疫功能的变化,并与临床常用药物EDT A进行比较。
结果:SOD刺梨汁能显著地增加铅中毒大鼠铅排出量。
而且能显著地升高SOD活性和减少LPO含量,明显地增强铅中毒小鼠的免疫功能。
这些作用是EDTA所没有的。
结论:SO D刺梨汁对铅中毒动物比EDT A具有更为全面的治疗作用。
关键词 强化SO D刺梨汁;铅中毒;SOD;LPO;免疫功能Therapeutic effect of Cili juice enriched with SOD on lead poisoning in rats and miceYang Lin(Yang L),Li Shufang(Li SF),Xia Bing nan(Xia BN)(Pharmacology Department,Guiyang Medical College,Guiy ang550004)ABSTRAC T OBJEC TIVE:T o observe the effects of Cili juice enriched w ith SOD(CLJES)on lead ex cre tio n,activity of superox ide dismutase(SOD)in ery thro cy tes,plasma lipid peroxidation(L PO)and immune function in experimental lead poisoning animals.METHODS:Lead poisoning models were made in rats and mice.T he effects of CLJES o n lead ex cre tio n,SOD activity,L PO concentration in rats and immune functions in mice were determined and compared w ith those of conventional EDT A treatment.RESULTS:CLJES significantly increased lead ex cre tio n.Furthermore it significantly increased SOD activity,reduced LPO concentration in rats w ith lead poisoning and enhanced immune function in lead loaded mice,how ever ED TA had no such actions.C ONCLUSION:CL JES mig ht exer t a w ider r ange of therapeutic effects on lead poisoning than EDT A.KEY W ORDS Cili juice enriched with SO D,lead poisoning,SOD,LPO,immune functions 目前城市的环境铅污染日趋严重,除职业性铅中毒外,城市一般人体内铅含量也明显增高。
膨润土钠化工艺流程
膨润土钠化工艺流程Bentonite sodium modification process is a crucial step in the industrial production of bentonite-based materials, as it enhances the dispersibility and rheological properties of the clay. The process involves exchanging the natural sodium ions in bentonite with new sodium ions to increase the clay's cation exchange capacity. This modification helps to improve the performance of bentonite in various applications, such as in drilling fluids, construction materials, and environmental protection.膨润土钠化工艺流程是膨润土基材料工业生产中一个至关重要的步骤，因为它能提高膨润土的分散性和流变性能。
该工艺涉及与膨润土中天然的钠离子交换，将其替换为新的钠离子，以增加膨润土的阳离子交换容量。
这种改性有助于提高膨润土在各种应用中的性能，如钻井液、建筑材料和环境保护。
One of the key benefits of sodium modification is that it improves the swelling behavior of bentonite, allowing it to absorb more water and increase in volume. This property makes sodium-modified bentonite an excellent additive in drilling fluids, where it helps to stabilize the borehole and carry cuttings to the surface. Additionally,the enhanced rheological properties of sodium-modified bentonite make it ideal for use in cement grouts and soil stabilization applications.钠化改性的一个关键好处是改进了膨润土的膨胀行为，使其能够吸收更多的水并增加体积。
川佛手黄酮类物质的分离纯化和抗氧化活性研究
川佛手黄酮类物质的分离纯化和抗氧化活性研究黄小梅;邓祥【摘要】Flavonoids were extracted from Chuan Bergamot by microwave and ultrasonic method. The optimum parameters were obtained by optimizing the macroporous resin and the concentration of eluent. On this basis, D101 was selected to separate and purify the crude flavonoids of Chuan Bergamot by gradient elution with petroleum ether, water and ethanol. The purity of the purified flavonoids was 92.65%. A comparative study was made on the antioxidant activity of Vc, rutin, crude flavonoids and purified flavonoids from Chuan Bergamot. The scavenging rates of DPPH· and ·OH were 82.22% and 69. 46% from purified flavonoids of Chuan Bergamot. The results showed that the purified fla-vonoids from Chuan Bergamot had better scavenging ability and stronger antioxidant activity.%采用微波和超声波联合提取技术提取川佛手中的黄酮.通过对大孔吸附树脂种类和洗脱液浓度条件优化,获得了最佳实验参数.在此基础上,选择D101树脂,通过石油醚、水和无水乙醇梯度洗脱对川佛手黄酮粗提物进行了分离纯化,得到川佛手黄酮纯化物纯度为92.65%.将川佛手黄酮粗产物、纯化产物、Vc和芦丁进行了抗氧化比较研究,川佛手黄酮纯化产物对DPPH·和·OH的清除率分别可达到82.22%和69.46%,结果表明川佛手黄酮纯化产物具有较好的清除自由基能力和较强的抗氧化活性.【期刊名称】《化学研究》【年(卷),期】2017(028)006【总页数】5页(P730-733,739)【关键词】川佛手;黄酮;分离纯化;抗氧化活性【作者】黄小梅;邓祥【作者单位】四川文理学院化学化工学院,四川达州635000;"特色植物开发研究"四川省高校重点实验室,四川达州635000;四川文理学院化学化工学院,四川达州635000;"特色植物开发研究"四川省高校重点实验室,四川达州635000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ914.1佛手(Bergamot)又名佛手柑，是我国传统的名贵中药，具有较高的药用价值[1]. 主要分布于四川、福建、广州和浙江等地，因产地不同而分为川佛手、建佛手、广佛手和金佛手等品种[2-3]. 大量研究表明：佛手具有舒肝理气、和胃止痛、清肺化痰、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血脂、降血糖等多种药用功效[4-5]. 发挥这些药用功效的物质可能与佛手富含的黄酮类物质有关[6-8]. 黄酮类物质是具有多种生物学功能特性的物质，广泛的应用于医药、食品和化妆品行业[9-11].大孔树脂具有优良的物理化学性能，不溶于酸碱、稳定性高、选择性好、吸附容量大、可再生等优点，广泛用作分离材料，特别适用于黄酮类物质的分离纯化[12]. 本文以川佛手中黄酮类物质为研究对象，采用大孔吸附树脂对川佛手中的黄酮类物质进行分离纯化，再将纯化产物应用于抗氧化活性研究，测定川佛手黄酮纯化物对DPPH·和·OH的清除能力，为深入开发利用川佛手提供理论依据.川佛手(四川达州产，经恒温40 ℃干燥、粉碎，过40目筛)；芦丁标准品(国药试剂)；D101(非极性)、NKA-9(极性)、AB-8(弱极性)、DM-301(中极性)、S-8(强极性)大孔树脂(天津浩聚树脂科技有限公司)；98%氮氧自由基哌啶醇(·OH)和98%二苯代苦味肼基自由基(DPPH·)(上海恒远生物科技有限公司)；维生素C(AR 天津市医药工业技术研究所)；其余试剂均为分析纯，实验用水均为二次蒸馏水.XH-100B微波萃取仪(北京祥鹄科技发展有限公司)；FS-900N超声波萃取仪(上海生析超声仪器有限公司)；UV-2550紫外可见分光光度计(日本岛津)；RE-3000A旋转蒸发仪(上海亚荣生化仪器厂)；TG328A电子天平(上海精密仪器有限公司)；101-2AB电热鼓风干燥箱(天津市泰斯特)；GT20WS高速离心机(北京时代北利离心机有限公司)；玻璃层析柱 30 mm，长550 mm，体积80 mL；FW-135 中草药粉碎机(上海超亿).1.2.1 样品中黄酮的提取及测定准确称取5.00 g川佛手粉末，在乙醇体积分数80%，料液比1∶20，提取温度55 ℃，微波和超声波提取功率均为800 W条件下，先用微波40 min，再用超声波提取1.5 h，重复2～3次，离心后上层清液作为待测液. 通过硝酸铝-亚硝酸钠比色法显色后于510 nm处测定吸光度，根据芦丁标准曲线的线性方程(如图1)计算黄酮类物质含量.1.2.2 大孔树脂预处理和再生将5种不同极性的大孔树脂用无水乙醇充分浸泡24 h，用二次蒸馏水淋洗至流出液与水(1∶5)混合无浑浊为止，再用5%的盐酸浸泡3～4 h，用水洗至中性，最后用5%的氢氧化钠溶液浸泡3～4 h，用水洗至中性备用.将实验使用过的树脂用无水乙醇洗脱至无色，再用5%盐酸浸泡3～4 h，用水洗至中性，最后用5%氢氧化钠浸泡3～4 h，用水洗至中性，树脂获得再生.1.2.3 黄酮粗提物及上柱液的制备将1.2.1中的黄酮类物质提取物先用石油醚萃取，进行脱色、脱脂和去挥发油处理，再进行减压蒸馏浓缩，于45 ℃下真空干燥，得到川佛手黄酮类物质粗提物. 将粗提物用适量无水乙醇溶解，得上柱液.1.2.4 树脂吸附-解吸试验准确称取经预处理好的5种干树脂2.00 g，装入锥形瓶中，加入已知浓度的川佛手黄酮类物质提取液50 mL，在室温下振荡(120次/min)48 h，充分吸附后取上层清液测定黄酮类物质的浓度，计算黄酮类物质的吸附量和吸附率.其中Q1表示树脂的吸附量(mg/g)；E表示吸附率；C0表示初始浓度(g/L)；C1表示吸附液浓度(g/L)；V1表示初始体积(mL)；M表示树脂质量(g).将上述吸附饱和的干树脂加入50 mL无水乙醇，在室温下振荡48 h，充分解吸后取上层清液测定黄酮类物质的浓度，计算黄酮类物质的解吸量和解吸率.其中Q2表示树脂的解吸量(mg/g)；D表示解吸率；C2表示解吸液浓度(g/L)；V2表示解吸液体积(mL)；M表示树脂质量(g).1.2.5 清除DPPH·能力实验由于DPPH·是一种稳定的自由基，在乙醇溶液中显紫色，在517 nm处有最大吸收，当有自由基清除剂加入时，吸光度降低，其降低程度与DPPH·被清除程度成定量关系，因此可用于样品抗氧化活性定量分析. 取适量纯化黄酮配制成2 mL乙醇溶液，将0.2 mmol/L的DPPH·乙醇溶液2 mL加入同一试管中，摇匀后在暗箱中静置30 min，在517 nm处测定其吸光度，按下式计算样品对DPPH·的清除率[13-14].其中E表示样品对DPPH·的清除率；A0表示2 mL DPPH·溶液和2 mL无水乙醇的吸光度；A1表示2 mL黄酮溶液和2 mL无水乙醇的吸光度；A2表示2 mL DPPH·溶液和2 mL黄酮溶液的吸光度.1.2.6 清除羟基自由基(·OH)实验由于Fe2+与H2O2作用，产生大量·OH，而水杨酸能捕捉·OH，并伴随产生一种有色物质，该物质在510 nm处有最大吸收，当样品加入时，吸光度降低，其降低程度与·OH被清除程度成定量关系，因此可用紫外分光光度法进行定量分析. 分别量取一定浓度的黄酮溶液1 mL，6 mmol/L的FeSO4溶液和6 mmol/L的H2O2溶液各1 mL于同一试管中，摇匀后静置5 min，再加入6 mmol/L的水杨酸溶液1 mL，摇匀后在37 ℃水浴中恒温30 min，离心后在510 nm处测定其吸光度，按1.2.5的方法，计算样品对·OH的清除率.在大孔树脂的筛选过程中，按实验方法1.2.4进行吸附-解吸实验，其结果如表1所示. 实验数据证明，不同极性的树脂，对川佛手黄酮类物质吸附和解吸的强弱和难易不同. 从吸附率来看，AB-8树脂的吸附率最高，D101树脂次之，但差别不大；从解吸率来看，D101树脂解吸率最大，S-8树脂次之. 综合考虑树脂的吸附-解吸效果，D101树脂具有较佳的性能，因此选择D101树脂进行川佛手黄酮类物质的分离纯化.在树脂的解吸实验中，选取D101大孔树脂，测定了不同体积分数的乙醇对川佛手黄酮类物质解吸率的影响. 分别用体积分数为20%、40%、60%、80%的乙醇和无水乙醇进行解吸实验，其解吸率分别为7.62%、20.35%、50.34%、82.16%和92.74%. 由此可见，D101树脂的解吸率随着乙醇浓度的增大而增大，因此选择无水乙醇为洗脱剂.将D101树脂湿法装入层析柱中，将1.2.3中制得的上柱液用滴管缓缓加入层析柱中，使上柱液在树脂上均匀分布，加完后先用石油醚(每次加入一倍柱体积，约两倍柱体积)进行洗脱，除掉粗提物中的色素、脂类和挥发油等，后再用纯净水(每次加入一倍柱体积，约两倍柱体积)洗，除去其中能溶于水的不同极性物质，最后加入无水乙醇，每次加入一倍柱体积(约三倍柱体积)，待流出液有乙醇味时开始收集. 根据流出液的颜色进行分段收集(黄酮在树脂柱中颜色明显)，按1.2.1的方法将收集液分别进行检测，去掉前后检测出有黄酮的两段，将中间的收集液合并，用移液管准确移取2 mL于25 mL容量瓶中，通过硝酸铝-亚硝酸钠比色法显色，定容后测定黄酮类物质的浓度，计算剩余收集液黄酮类物质的质量，再将剩余收集液进行减压蒸馏浓缩，于55 ℃下真空干燥，得到川佛手黄酮类物质的纯化物，纯度为92.65%.按照1.2.5中方法，测定了川佛手黄酮粗产物、纯化产物、Vc和芦丁对DPPH·的清除效果，如图2所示. 在所选实验浓度范围内，川佛手黄酮粗产物、纯化产物、Vc和芦丁对DPPH·的清除效果随着浓度的增加清除率逐渐增强，当浓度达到一定值时，清除率趋于稳定. 其中川佛手黄酮纯化产物清除率增加较快，趋于稳定后清除率稍高于其他物质，说明川佛手黄酮纯化产物对DPPH·有较好的清除能力.按照1.2.6中方法，测定了川佛手黄酮粗产物、纯化产物、Vc和芦丁对·OH的清除效果，如图3所示. 在所选实验浓度范围内，川佛手黄酮粗产物、纯化产物、Vc 和芦丁对·O H的清除效果随着浓度的增加清除率逐渐增强，当浓度达到一定值时，清除率趋于稳定. 其中川佛手黄酮纯化产物清除率开始增加较慢，当浓度达到20 mg/L之后呈直线上升，在浓度为35 mg/L之后趋于稳定，其清除率稍高于其他物质，说明川佛手黄酮纯化产物对·OH有较好的清除能力，具有一定的抗氧化作用.通过微波和超声波联合提取技术，实现了川佛手中黄酮类物质的提取，得到了川佛手黄酮粗提物；通过对大孔树脂种类和洗脱剂浓度条件优化，确定了D101树脂和无水乙醇洗脱剂的最佳提取参数；通过石油醚、水和无水乙醇对川佛手黄酮粗提物进行梯度洗脱，得到川佛手黄酮的纯化物，纯度达到92.65%；通过川佛手黄酮粗产物、纯化产物、Vc和芦丁抗氧化活性比较研究，川佛手黄酮纯化产物对DPPH·和·OH的清除率分别可达到82.22%和69.46%，结果表明川佛手黄酮纯化产物具有较好的清除能力和较强的抗氧化活性.【相关文献】[1] 江苏新医学院. 中药大辞典(上)[M]. 上海: 上海人民出版社, 1986: 1141.Jiangsu New Medical College. 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结冷胶与海藻酸钠对低脂猪肉凝胶改性的影响
１．３．３．４ 硬度检测 参照 Ｂｏｕｒｎｅ 方法［１３］，切取 １ｃｍ 长圆柱状肉糜凝胶，
在物性测试仪上，采用连续压缩二次的 Ｔ Ｐ Ａ 模式进行 检测。样品的压缩形变量设置为 ４ ０ ％ 。检测设定参数 如下：Ｐ６ 压缩探头，Ｔｅｓｔ Ｓｐｅｅｄ １．００ｍｍ／ｓ，Ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ ４ ｍ ｍ，Ｔ ｒ ｉ ｇ ｇ ｅ ｒ Ｔ ｙ ｐ ｅ Ｂ ｕ ｔ ｔ ｏ ｎ 。每组实验重复六次。
由图 １ 可见，与空白样相比，添加单一的 Ｇ Ｇ 和 Ｓ Ａ 都能显著降低猪肉凝胶的蒸煮损失 ＣＬ 值（ｐ ＜ ０．０５）；在 ０．５％～２．０％ 浓度范围内，随着 ＳＡ 添加浓度的增大，肉 糜凝胶 ＣＬ 值显著下降（ｐ ＜ ０．０５）。就 ＧＧ 和 ＳＡ 复配对 肉糜凝胶的 Ｃ Ｌ 值影响而言，与单独添加海藻酸钠的凝 胶样品相比，在 ＳＡ 浓度 ０．５％ ～１ ． ５ ％ 的范围内，添加 ０．２５％ 的 ＧＧ 可进一步降低凝胶 ＣＬ 值（ｐ ＜ ０．０５），而随着
于冰箱冷藏室（４℃左右）解冻约 ２４ｈ。然后称取肉糜原料 ６０ｇ 置于烧杯中，加入 ０．７５ｇ ＮａＣｌ 以及一定配比的 ＧＧ 和 ＳＡ 复配胶，复配胶按照结冷胶添加浓度 ０．０％（空白样）、 ０．２５％（０．１８７５ｇ）、０．５％（０．３７５ｇ）、０．７５％（０．５６２５ｇ）、 １．０％（０．７５ｇ）和海藻酸钠添加浓度 ０．０％（空白样）、０．５％ （０．３７５ｇ）、１．０％（０．７５ｇ）、１．５％（１．１２５ｇ）、２．０％（１．５ｇ）的两 两全排列组合配制。再补充蒸馏水使肉糜混合体系总质 量达到 ７５ｇ。接着将调配后的肉糜搅拌均匀，灌装于自 制肠袋中（袋由聚乙烯制成，袋厚 ０．１ｍｍ、Φ １．５ｃｍ ± ０．１ｃｍ），称重。最后将灌装的肉糜置于 ８０℃恒温水浴中 加热凝胶化 ０ ． ５ ｈ ，取出热凝胶、冷却后保存于的冰箱 中，２４ｈ 后检测蒸煮损失（ＣＬ） 、凝胶保水性（ＷＨＣ）和硬 度。每组实验重复三次。
酵母抽提物减盐功能及在高汤调味粉中应用研究
熊建，覃先武，李丽娜，等. 酵母抽提物减盐功能及在高汤调味粉中应用研究[J]. 食品工业科技，2022，43（19）：307−314. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2021120158XIONG Jian, QIN Xianwu, LI lina, et al. Study on Salt Reduction of Yeast Extract and Its Application in Broth Powder[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2022, 43(19): 307−314. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2021120158· 食品添加剂 ·酵母抽提物减盐功能及在高汤调味粉中应用研究熊 建1, *，覃先武1，李丽娜2，郭 辉1，李 沛1（1.酵母功能湖北省重点实验室，湖北宜昌 443003；2.今麦郎食品股份有限公司，河北邢台 054001）摘 要：本文以几款酵母抽提物（YE ）为主要原料，探究其减盐功能及在高汤调味粉中减盐应用效果。
通过开展不同YE 理化指标检测、咸味强度对比感官分析，确定减盐效果最佳YE ；然后对其肽分子量分布检测，不同肽段在复配减盐模型溶液应用，探究减盐机制；最后在高汤粉调味料验证减盐效果。
结果表明，不同酵母抽提物减盐效果以及对低钠盐的风味修饰作用存在差异，其中浓厚YE-2在模型实验中减盐20%效果强于其他几款测试YE ；浓厚YE-2中1000~2000 Da 肽段的成分明显具有浓厚感和咸味提升效果；将浓厚YE-2应用在高汤粉调味料中具有协助减盐、增强鲜味和浓厚味、提升整体协调感的作用。
提升YE-2产品中1000~2000 Da 肽段的含量，可以开发具有更强减盐效果的YE 产品。
钠离子电池过渡金属硒化物负极材料的研究进展
㊀第56卷第3期郑州大学学报(理学版)Vol.56No.3㊀2024年5月J.Zhengzhou Univ.(Nat.Sci.Ed.)May 2024收稿日期:2023-08-30基金项目:国家自然科学基金青年项目(52202119)㊂第一作者:杨明醒(1995 ),男,硕士研究生,主要从事钠离子电池负极材料研究,E-mail:yy734778380@㊂通信作者:朱建华(1992 ),男,讲师,主要从事高功率储能材料研究,E-mail:jianhuazhu@㊂钠离子电池过渡金属硒化物负极材料的研究进展杨明醒,㊀朱建华(郑州大学㊀河南先进技术研究院㊀河南郑州450003)摘要:钠离子电池(SIBs)因其原材料来源丰富,在大规模储能领域具有较强的竞争力,有望成为锂离子电池的重要补充㊂负极材料是制约钠离子电池发展的关键问题㊂在众多的钠离子电池负极材料中,过渡金属硒化物(TMSs)有着高理论容量㊁低成本和环境友好的优点,被认为是有希望的候选材料㊂首先,阐明了TMSs 的钠储存机制㊂然后,阐述了TMSs 目前存在的首次库仑效率低㊁体积膨胀大㊁导电性差和多硒化物穿梭效应等问题㊂随后,讨论了相应的改进策略,并详细介绍了TMSs 在纳米结构设计㊁碳包覆㊁构建异质结和其他方面的最新研究进展㊂最后,进行了对TMSs 的总结和展望㊂关键词:钠离子电池;过渡金属硒化物;纳米结构设计;碳包覆;异质结中图分类号:TB333文献标志码:A文章编号:1671-6841(2024)03-0016-06DOI :10.13705/j.issn.1671-6841.2023202Research Progress on Transition Metal Selenide Anode Materialsfor Sodium-ion BatteriesYANG Mingxing,ZHU Jianhua(Henan Institute of Advanced Technology ,Zhengzhou University ,Zhengzhou 450003,China )Abstract :Due to the abundance of raw materials,sodium-ion batteries (SIBs)with strong competitive-ness in the field of large-scale energy storage were expected to be an important complement to lithium-ion batteries.The anode was a key issue restricting the development of sodium-ion batteries.Among various anode materials for SIBs,transition metal selenides (TMSs)were considered promising candidates be-cause of their high theoretical capacity,low cost,and environmental friendliness.Firstly,the sodiumstorage mechanism of TMSs was elucidated.The challenges of TMSs were discussed subsequently,such as low initial Coulombic efficiency,significant volume expansion,poor conductivity,and the polyselenide shuttle effect.Afterwards corresponding improvement strategies were explored,followed by a comprehen-sive overview of the latest research progress on TMSs,including nanostructure design,carbon coating,heterostructure construction,and other aspects.Finally,a summary and outlook for TMSs were provided.Key words :sodium-ion battery;transition metal selenide;nanostructure design;carbon coating;hetero-geneous structure0㊀引言随着化石燃料开采规模的不断扩大,地壳中煤炭㊁石油和天然气等化石能源的储量逐渐减少,这不仅导致化石燃料的枯竭,还给地球环境带来严峻的挑战[1]㊂近年来,为减少能源消耗和改善环境问题,清洁㊁环保㊁可持续的能源,如风能㊁太阳能㊁水能和潮汐能,引起了学术界的广泛关注㊂然而,这些能源往往具有不可预测性㊁容量不稳定性和间歇性等㊀第3期杨明醒,等:钠离子电池过渡金属硒化物负极材料的研究进展缺点,在实际应用中受到很大的限制[2]㊂为了更有效地利用这些清洁能源,必须开发大规模电化学储能(EES)系统㊂锂离子电池(LIBs)凭借其体积小㊁功能强大和寿命长的优点,在便携式电子设备和电动汽车(EV)领域得到了广泛应用,成为最成功的商业电化学技术之一[3]㊂然而,锂资源有限且成本高昂,而电动汽车销量的快速增长进一步推高了锂的成本[4]㊂因此,有必要探索适用的储能器件在未来的储能领域与锂离子电池共同担负起可持续绿色能源开发的重任㊂钠是地球上最丰富的金属元素之一,分布均匀,是仅次于锂的第二轻和第二小的碱金属,具有与锂相似的物理和化学特性㊂基于钠丰度以及与锂离子电池相似的工作原理,可充电钠离子电池(SIBs)是锂离子电池的理想互补器件[5]㊂当前,商业化的SIBs主要受到负极材料的限制㊂这是因为Na+的半径较大,无法直接应用于锂离子电池(LIBs)的石墨负极材料[6-7]㊂然而,SIBs 的正极材料,如类普鲁士蓝㊁层状过渡金属氧化物和聚阴离子化合物,在电化学性能方面接近商业化的锂铁磷酸盐(LiFePO4),几乎已经满足了商业应用的要求[8-10]㊂因此,开发适用于SIBs的负极材料对于SIBs的发展和商业化至关重要㊂在众多具有潜力的负极材料中,过渡金属硒化物(TMSs)由于其高容量㊁低成本和环境友好等优点而具有一定的优势㊂相比于同族的氧化物和硫化物,金属硒化物具有较高的电子导电性㊁较小的体积变化和良好的可逆性能[11]㊂此外,由于金属硒化物中的M Se键能较M O键和M S键更弱,金属硒化物的极化较小,电化学反应动力学更优异,倍率性能更好[12-13]㊂综上,过渡金属硒化物作为SIBs负极材料具有巨大的潜力和广阔的前景,并受到了广泛的关注㊂接下来,本文将重点介绍钠离子电池过渡金属硒化物负极材料的最新研究进展㊂1㊀过渡金属硒化物负极材料的储钠机制及现存挑战1.1㊀储钠机制相对于锡(Sn)㊁锑(Sb)和铋(Bi),过渡金属具有较低的活性,往往无法与Na进行合金化反应㊂因此,过渡金属硒化物的储钠机制通常为 插层-转化 机制㊂在放电过程中,Na+不断嵌入硒化物材料并发生转化反应,最终形成Na2Se和过渡金属颗粒㊂而在充电过程中,则发生相反的过程㊂上述机制目前已被多次证实㊂以CoSe2为例, Zhang等[14]通过XRD㊁SAED和近边缘X射线吸收光谱(XANES),系统地研究了CoSe2的钠储存机制㊂XRD揭示了Na+和CoSe2之间的转化反应过程㊂放电至0.5V后产生Co和Na2Se,二次充电至3.0V后出现单独的CoSe2,SAED的结果与XRD一致㊂随后,通过非原位XANES揭示了CoSe2的嵌入反应过程㊂基于上述结果,他们提出了CoSe2的可逆钠储存机制:CoSe2⇆Na x CoSe2⇆CoSe+Na2Se⇆Co+Na2Se㊂1.2㊀现存挑战尽管过渡金属硒化物具有许多优点,但距离商业化应用仍很遥远,其中存在的主要问题如下㊂(1)由于不稳定的固体电解质界面(SEI)层的形成,金属硒化物通常显示出较低的初始库仑效率(ICE)㊂(2)金属硒化物在充㊁放电过程中体积剧烈变化,导致电极的自粉碎和容量的快速衰退㊂(3)金属硒化物固有的低离子和电子电导率导致较差的倍率性能㊂(4)放电过程中形成的多硒化物中间体的 穿梭效应 会降低电化学性能㊂2㊀过渡金属硒化物负极材料现行优化策略2.1㊀纳米结构设计纳米级材料拥有比表面积大㊁反应活性高㊁应变能力强等优点㊂纳米材料能够有效缩短Na+的传输距离,从而获得优异的电化学性能[15-16]㊂通过对纳米材料的结构和形貌进行设计,可以进一步提升其电化学性能㊂该方法目前已被广泛应用㊂Yue等[17]基于硬-软-酸碱理论,分别使用Se粉和NaBH4作为Se源和还原剂,在室温下制备出直接在铜网上生长的Cu2Se纳米片㊂纳米片之间的间距有利于电解质的渗透并提供更多的活性位点,从而提高钠存储容量㊂为了稳定结构,他们随后在Cu2Se纳米片上引入导电聚合物聚吡咯(PPy)作为保形涂层,构建具有核壳结构的Cu2Se@PPy,进一步缓解了钠存储过程中活性材料的剧烈体积膨胀和剥落㊂Zhu等[18]通过多元醇溶液化学法成功合成了单晶CuSe2纳米立方材料(CuSe2NCs)㊂单晶CuSe2中原子的整齐排列可以促进钠离子的传输并减少离子扩散的能垒㊂纳米级立方体形貌有利于电解液的71郑州大学学报(理学版)第56卷渗透,缓解循环过程中的体积膨胀㊂密度泛函理论(DFT)计算表明CuSe 2NCs 具有低扩散能垒㊂其较少的副反应㊁增强的动力学特性和稳定的微观结构使CuSe 2NCs 电极各项电化学性能均优于无定形结构的CuSe 2纳米块,尤其初始库仑效率更是几乎达到了100%㊂Ren 等[19]以乙二醇为溶剂,通过溶剂热法制备了装饰还原氧化石墨烯的自组装3D FeSe 2纳米花(FeSe 2/rGO-EG)㊂乙二醇溶剂不仅可以作为还原剂,还可以用作结构导向剂来控制材料的成核和结晶,促进(110)晶面的生长,DFT 计算阐明了Na +在FeSe 2(110)晶面上具有较低的吸附能和迁移能垒,有利于Na +的嵌入和脱嵌㊂众多3D 花状纳米粒子均匀分布在石墨烯表面,形成特殊的3D 结构,可以缩短Na +传输路径并增加电极的比表面积,从而加速反应动力学㊂表1是对上述TMSs 纳米结构设计策略电化学性能的总结㊂表1㊀TMSs 纳米结构设计策略总结Table 1㊀Summary of nanostructure design modification strategy材料结构形貌制备方法比容量/(mAh ㊃g -1)循环圈数Cu 2Se 片状㊀铜网浸泡法263.52000CuSe 2立方体多元醇溶液化学法3441700FeSe 2花状㊀溶剂热法4001000㊀㊀注:1)Cu 2Se 比容量测试和循环圈数测试的电流密度均为10A /g;2)CuSe 2比容量测试和循环圈数测试的电流密度分别为50A /g 和10A /g;3)FeSe 2比容量测试和循环圈数测试的电流密度均为1A /g㊂2.2㊀碳包覆对于TMSs 充放电过程中存在的体积膨胀问题,利用碳材料对其进行包覆已被证实为一种有效且通用的方法㊂碳壳骨架不仅为TMSs 的膨胀提供了充足的缓冲空间,增强了电子电导率,并且锚定了部分多硒化物,从而抑制了穿梭效应㊂同时,这些碳基质避免了金属硒化物和电解质之间的直接接触,减少了副反应并提高库仑效率㊂热解金属有机框架(MOFs)前驱体是对金属颗粒实现碳包覆的一个通用方法[20]㊂以MOFs 为前驱体衍生的电极材料有着超大的比表面积,并且MOFs 衍生电极的多孔结构有效增加了Na +的活性位点,增强了其储钠能力[21-23]㊂同时,电极材料基体中碳的存在提高了电导率并增强了倍率性能㊂Liang 等[24]通过多层沸石咪唑酯骨架结构(ZIF)前驱体的逐步外延生长以及后碳化和硒化的工艺,成功设计并合成了多层蛋黄壳CoSe 2纳米十二面体,为钠离子的插入提供大量的活性位点㊂尽管MOFs 材料有着诸多优点,然而其在后续的化学合成过程中容易发生断裂和塌陷[25]㊂为了解决这一问题,选择性涂层已被证明是保护MOFs 材料的有效方法[26]㊂共价有机骨架(COF)以共价键为特征,表现出优异的化学和热稳定性,可以有效保护MOFs 在反应过程中免受结构损坏[27]㊂Chen 等[28]首次通过双框架设计制备了类似梭子的Fe 3Se 4/NC 结构㊂Fe 3Se 4/NC 源自涂着COF 涂层的MOF,具有大比表面积和高孔隙率,非常适合Na +的嵌入和脱嵌㊂COF 层有效解决了MOF 在剧烈合成和循环反应过程中结构损伤的问题㊂此外,NC 涂层的高电导率增加了Fe 3Se 4/NC 的电子和离子迁移速率,从而有利于提高倍率性能㊂Liu 等[29]以氯化钠为模板㊁葡萄糖为碳源㊁尿素为氮源制备了三维氮掺杂碳网络,首次创建了应力分散结构,并将CoSe 2与导电网络有效连接,成功地控制了其在导电网络上的分布程度㊂在CoSe 2@NC中,CoSe 2均匀锚定在NC 导电网络上,形成具有强界面相互作用的纳米结构,从而改善了电子传输并减少了体积变化,使其能够形成稳定的固态电解质界面膜(SEI)并减少死钠的量㊂传统碳包覆策略都依赖共轭非极性碳平面的位置,对极性TMSs 的固定和捕捉作用有限,因此提高碳对TMSs 颗粒的亲和力也同样至关重要㊂Yuan 等[30]在封闭的高压釜中对壳聚糖㊁尿素㊁Cu (NO 3)2和SeO 2组成的混合物进行水热处理,随后Cu 前体和Se /C 的混合物在惰性气氛中热解,形成Cu 2-x Se@3D-CN㊂值得指出的是,SeO 2不仅是形成连接三维大孔骨架的模板,而且是合成TMS 和形成Se C 铆接键的来源㊂该方法可将各种TMS 植入到氮掺杂的多孔碳上,并在3D 纳米结构混合体中形成强大的铆接Se C 键,使得碳基质与TMS 纳米颗粒具有很强的亲和力,即使在长期循环后也可以防止TMSs 纳米颗粒聚集和分离,从而确保结构完整性㊂碳基体的结构也被改变,成了更强的吸收电子单元来储存Na +,促进了Na +的扩散和转化㊂该方法为碳纳米结构植入金属硒化物提供了一个通用模板路线㊂表2对上述碳包覆策略进行了总结㊂81㊀第3期杨明醒,等:钠离子电池过渡金属硒化物负极材料的研究进展表2㊀TMSs碳包覆策略总结Table2㊀Summary of carbon coating modification strategy材料主体碳包覆法方法优势比容量/(mAh㊃g-1)循环圈数CoSe2热解MOFs材料结构灵活易于操控352.92000 Fe3Se4COFs材料涂覆MOFs COF层增强了MOF材料的结构稳定性333.51000CoSe2三维氮掺杂碳网络浸渍和硒化首次创建了应力分散结构,并成功控制硒化物在导电网络的分布程度318.04500Cu2-x Se混合物水热增强了碳对硒化物的亲和力,并提供了一个通用的模板路线311.0200㊀㊀注:1)CoSe2比容量测试和循环圈数测试的电流密度均为1A/g;2)Fe3Se4比容量测试和循环圈数测试的电流密度分别为12A/g和8A/g;3)CoSe2比容量测试和循环圈数测试的电流密度分别为1A/g和5A/g;4)Cu2-x Se比容量测试和循环圈数测试的电流密度均为1A/g㊂2.3㊀构建异质结近年来,半导体异质结材料在电化学储能领域得到了广泛的应用[31-32]㊂通过在单金属硒化物中引入新的金属元素,形成异质界面,提供了丰富的晶格畸变和缺陷[33]㊂异质界面通过强大的界面协同效应,可以促进金属硒化物局部的电子和离子转移,从而增强了反应动力学㊂特定的异质结构可以获得更多储钠活性位点㊂不同金属的氧化还原电位差异还导致了电化学反应的异步性,从而抑制了Na+嵌入和脱嵌过程中体积变化[33]㊂Cao等[34]通过水热法和原位硒化反应合成了球中球结构的(M Mn)Se/C(M=Co,Ni)㊂Co(Ni) Se2和MnSe晶体之间的异质界面增强了离子扩散动力学,提高了电导率,并且提供了大量的储钠反应位点㊂值得一提的是,这种特殊的异质结构构建的内置电场建立了高效的3D电子传输网络,从而实现了优异的电化学性能㊂在过渡金属中引入活性金属构建异质结,不仅能发挥双金属协同作用,同时有利于提升材料整体的电化学性能㊂Liu等[35]通过水热法和涂覆热解成功制备了MoSe2-Sb2Se3@C复合材料㊂因双金属硒化物的协同效应,所获得的MoSe2-Sb2Se3@C复合材料表现出良好的倍率性能和高循环稳定性㊂通过DFT计算验证了其基本机制,窄带隙和引入的内置电场导致异质结处费米能级和逸出功的差异加速了电子迁移㊂Liu等[36]构建了具有相同阳离子和阴离子的Fe3Se4/FeSe异质结构㊂DFT计算表明,FeSe和Fe3Se4之间的界面有利于提高离子电子电导率和结构稳定性㊂对比单独的Fe3Se4电极,Fe3Se4/ FeSe电极具有优异的循环稳定性和出色的倍率性能㊂表3列出了上述各个异质结的电化学性能㊂表3㊀TMSs构建异质结设计策略总结Table3㊀Summary of heterostructure construction strategy异质结构制备方法比容量/(mAh㊃g-1)循环圈数Co(Ni)Se2/MnSe水热法㊁原位硒化441.21000 MoSe2/Sb2Se3水热法㊁涂覆热解376.0500 Fe3Se4/FeSe静电纺丝㊁气相硒化417.41000㊀㊀注:1)Co(Ni)Se2/MnSe比容量测试和循环圈数测试的电流密度均为5A/g;2)MoSe2/Sb2Se3比容量测试和循环圈数测试的电流密度均为2A/g;3)Fe3Se4/FeSe比容量测试和循环圈数测试的电流密度分别为0.5A/g和5A/g㊂2.4㊀其他策略除了上述三种常见的改进策略外,还存在一些其他已被证实的可行方法,但目前对这些方法的研究较少,因此下面只简要介绍㊂2.4.1㊀电解质调节㊀电解质作为电池系统的重要组成部分,对电池的性能起着至关重要的作用㊂Chen等[37]研究了溶剂对FeSe2微球电化学性能的影响㊂当使用二甘醇二甲醚(DGM)作为唯一溶剂时,FeSe2微球具有优异的循环稳定性㊂在此之后,醚基电解质被广泛应用于TMS,表现出比碳酸酯电解质优越的电化学性能㊂2.4.2㊀电压窗口调节㊀通过电位窗口调节可以避免TMSs发生深度转化反应,从而减少体积变化,延长循环寿命㊂Ou等[38]研究了截止电压对CoSe2纳米棒储钠能力的影响㊂结果显示,在0.4~3.0V的窗口范围内,CoSe2发生了高度可逆的钠储存过程㊂相反,当截止电压调整为0.01V时,CoSe2的储钠过程变得不可逆,800次循环后,容量保持率从之前的92.8%降低至3.8%㊂可以看出,调整截止电压是提高TMSs电化学性能的有效策略㊂2.4.3㊀过渡金属掺杂㊀Sun等[39]通过对CoSe2进行Mn掺杂,扩大了其晶格结构和间隙体积,从而缓解这种材料中钠储存的固有缓慢动力学㊂在水热处91郑州大学学报(理学版)第56卷理过程中,Mn的掺杂量可以通过调节添加Mn的比例来调节㊂DFT计算表明,在Mn/Co=1ʒ4的原子比下,Mn的掺入可以使间隙体积膨胀136.9%㊂与纯CoSe2@CNS/CNF相比,Co0.8Mn0.2Se2@CNS/CNF 显示出了更优异的电化学性能㊂3 总结与展望作为大规模能量存储领域锂离子电池的实际补充,钠离子电池可以满足先进能量存储技术的需求,并为可持续发展做出贡献㊂因此,开发高性能的SIB电极材料具有重要意义㊂过渡金属硒化物由于其较大的理论容量被认为是SIB负极材料具有希望的候选者㊂在本文中,阐明了过渡金属硒化物负极材料的钠储存机制,并总结了该材料的当前问题,如低初始库仑效率㊁严重体积膨胀㊁导电性差和穿梭效应㊂随后对改进策略进行分类和讨论,包括纳米结构设计㊁碳包覆㊁异质结构构建和其他方法㊂尽管近年来对过渡金属硒化物的研究日益增多,但仍存在许多未解决的问题,表明该材料仍具有持续的研究价值㊂这里提出了三个展望:(1)醚基电解质的有限氧化稳定性限制了正极材料的选择,需要开发新型醚基电解质;(2)SEI膜的形成机制尚不清楚,需要进一步探索使用先进的原位表征技术和理论计算以提高初始库伦效率;(3)增加对全电池的研究以推动商业化㊂参考文献:[1]㊀LI Y M,LU Y X,ZHAO C L,et al.Recent advances ofelectrode materials for low-cost sodium-ion batteries to-wards practical application for grid energy storage[J].Energy storage materials,2017,7:130-151. 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Weibull_分布模型改性再生混凝土微观损伤机理分析
引用格式：周金枝, 石赐明, 钟楚珩, 等. Weibull 分布模型改性再生混凝土微观损伤机理分析[J]. 中国测试，2024, 50(4): 125-133.ZHOU Jinzhi, SHI Ciming, ZHONG Chuheng, et al. Analysis of microscopic damage mechanism of Weibull distribution model modified recycled concrete[J]. China Measurement & Test, 2024, 50(4): 125-133. DOI: 10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2022030037Weibull 分布模型改性再生混凝土微观损伤机理分析周金枝1， 石赐明1,2， 钟楚珩1， 付甜甜1， 赵宏源1(1. 湖北工业大学土木建筑与环境学院，湖北 武汉 430068; 2. 中建三局集团(深圳)有限公司，广东 深圳 518000)摘 要: 为研究再生骨料改性对再生混凝土微观损伤机理的影响，该文用5%硅酸钠溶液（Na 2O·n SiO 2溶液）和10%聚乙烯醇溶液（PVA 溶液）对不同级配再生骨料预浸泡进行改性。
通过再生混凝土微小单元强度服从Weibull 统计分布对抗压强度进行损伤演化分析和扫描电子显微镜（SEM ）对骨料和混凝土微观形貌和机理分析。
结果表明：经过5%硅酸钠溶液（Na 2O·n SiO 2溶液）和10%聚乙烯醇溶液（PVA 溶液）改性后的再生混凝土均能显著提升内部微小单元损伤抗性和微观结构的密实性，且5%硅酸钠溶液（Na 2O·n SiO 2溶液）浸泡改性再生骨料对再生混凝土的提升效果劣于10%聚乙烯醇溶液（PVA 溶液）。
采用连续级配5~31.5 mm 的再生混凝土损伤抗性显著高于单一级配10~16 mm 和16~25 mm 的再生混凝土损伤抗性。
石油钻井专业词汇英语翻译
钻井业专业词汇英语翻译氨基三乙酸(NTA) aminotriacetic acid胺基amino铵基ammonium安全地层safe formation安全试破safe destruction安全钻井safe drilling坳陷down warping region螯合chelation凹陷sag凹陷地层subsidence formation 奥陶系Ordovician systemAPI 模拟法API recommened methodB多靶点multiple target point白沥青white asphalt白油mineral oil白云母white mica半透膜semipermeable membrane包被絮凝剂flocculant包被envelop包被抑制性encapsulating ability饱和度saturation饱和度剖面图profile map of degree of saturation饱和盐水saturated salt water背斜anticlinal钡barium苯环benzene ring苯酚phenyl hydroxide本质区另|J essential difference泵压过高overhigh pumping pressure比表面积specific surface area比吸水量specific absorption比重瓶法density bottle method避免avoid蓖麻油ricinus oil边界摩擦boundary friction扁藻(浮游植物)algae变化趋势variation trend标准化standardization标准粘度测量standard visicosity measure表面粗糙度roughness of the surface表面电位surface electric potential表面活性剂surfactant ,surface active agent表面能interface energy表面粘度surface viscosity表面抛光sample surfaceAibbs 表面弹性Aibbs surface elasticity表面张力surface tension表明verify /reveal表皮系数(S) skin coefficient憋钻bit bouncing宾汉方程bingham equation丙三醇glycerine丙烯情acrylonitrile丙烯酸acrylic acid丙烯酸盐acrylate丙烯酰胺acrylamide薄而韧的泥饼thin,plastic and compacted mud-cake薄片flake薄弱地层weak formation泊松比poisson' s ratio剥离peel off补救remediation不分散泥浆nondispersed mud不干扰地质录井play no role in geological logging不均质储层heterogeneous reservoir不均匀uneven不可逆irreversible不同程度inordinately部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(PHPA) partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamideC参数优选parametric optimization残酸reacted acid残余饱和度residual staturation残渣gel residue , solid residue测量measure侧链side chain侧钻水平井sidetrack horizontal well层间interlayer层间距the distance between the two crystal layer, layer distance 层理bedding层流layer flow差减法minusing尝试trial柴油diesel oil长连缔合物long chain associated matter操作方法operation method超伸井high deep well超深预探井ultradeep prospecting well超声波ultrasonography超高密度泥浆extremely high density mud超细碳酸钙super-fine calcium carbonate产层production/pay zone产层亏空reservoir voidage产量production ,output沉淀precipitation沉降subside沉降速度settling rate沉砂sand setting衬套sleeve程序program成对水平井paired parallel horizontal wells成分ingredient成胶剂gelatinizing agent成膜树脂film-forming resin成岩性差poor diagenetic grade承压bearing pressure承压低lower pressure resistance承压能力loading capacity尺寸dimension斥力repulsion除硫效果sulfur limitation effect除硫剂U sulfur elimination除砂器desander触变性thixotropy触变剂U thixotropic agent垂沉sag垂直井vertical well充气钻井液aerated drilling fluid磁化magnetization次生有机阳离子聚合物secondary organic cationic polymer 冲砂sand removal冲蚀flush冲刷washing out冲洗clean冲洗效率cleaning efficiency冲洗液washing fluid从…角度from the standpoint of丛式井cluster well稠化剂gelling agent稠油区viscous oil area稠油藏high oil reservoir初步分析preliminary analysis初始稠度initial consistency初始粘度initial viscosity初探primary investigation处理剂additive ,treating-agent粗分散泥浆coarse dispersed mud粗泡沫堵漏工艺coarse-foam plugging technology促凝剂accelerating agent醋酸acetate醋酸钠sodium acetate窜流fluid channeling脆裂embrittlement crack脆性brittle/crisp fragility催化剂accelerant , catalyst萃取剂extracting agentD达西定律Darcy’ s equation大段水层thick aqueous formation大分子氢键络合作用polycomplexation of hydrogen bond大灰量mass slurry大井斜角high deviation angle大块岩样big rock sample大块钻屑massive drilling cuttings大类genera大理石marble大砾石层large gravel bed大量分析quantitative analysis大排量洗井high flow rate washover大排量循环high flow rate circulation大位移定向井extended-reach directional well大斜度钻井big inclination/angle drilling大直径井眼large hole代表性岩心representive core sample单宁酸tannate单体monomer单相关分析法analyzing method of single correlation单相关系数加权coefficient weighted method of single correlation单轴抗压强度uniaxial compressive strength氮nitrogenN-羟甲剂胺N-hydroxymethyl amine淡水fresh water单向压力暂堵剂unidirectional pressure temporary plugging additive 导向螺杆钻具stearable assemly导向器guider等温曲线isothermal curve低毒油基low toxicity oil based低返速low return-velocity低固相泥浆low solid drilling fluid低级醛low-grade aldehyde低粘土相泥浆low clay content drilling fluid狄塞尔堵漏剂diacel plugging agent滴定titration底水丰富basal water abundance底水油藏井bottom water reservoir well第二界面second contact surface缔合物associated matter地层formation地层出液量formation fluid production地层破碎straturn breaking地层倾角大higher formation clination地层水formation water地层损害formation damage地面岩心压汞surface core mercury injection test地下水groundwater , subsurface water地应力ground stress地质geology地质构造geologic structure淀粉starch电测electronic logging电导率electric conductivity电荷electricity电化学法electrochemistry method电解质electrolyte电镜分析electronic microscope photos电位potential fall己电位zeta potential电性electric property电泳法electrophoresis method电子探针electron spectrum调查census顶替过程displacing operation定量设计quantitative design定向井direction well定子stator冻胶gel动静弹性模量dynamic and static elasticity modulus动力稳定性settling stability动力学kinetics动态滤失dynamic filtration动切力yield value动塑比ratio of dynamic shear force/yield value to plastic viscosity 堵漏plugging堵塞seal堵塞比(DR) damage ratio堵塞物bulkhead堵水water shutoff毒性大high toxicity毒性污染环境toxicity ruins the environment短过渡short transition time短纤维brief fiber断层发育mature fault断裂带faulted zone对策countermeasure多产层multilayered reservoir多分支侧钻井multi-lateral sidetracking well多功能添加剂multifunction additive多孔介质porons medium多目标定向井multi-target directional well多相稳态胶体悬浮体系polynomial gel suspension system 多元醇polyatomic alcohol多元非线性回归multielement non-linesr regression多元统计multivariate statistics惰性材料inert material惰性润滑剂inert lubricantE二次沉淀secondary precipitation二叠系Permian system二甲月安dimethylamine二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride 二价阳离子bivalent ion二开second section二氧化碳（CO2）carbon dioxide二元共聚物binary polymerF发气剂gas-development发展趋势development tendency反排解堵plug removal by reverse flow范氏力van der waals force范氏粘度计fann viscosimeter返回go back to方便钻井液复合粉convenient mud compound powder方程equation芳香烃aromatic group防窜水泥anti-fluid-channeling cement防腐anti-corrosion防卡pipe-sticking prevention ,anti-sticking防漏失lost circulation prevention防气窜anti-fluid-channeling防塌机理mechanism of anti-caving防塌剂anti-caving/collapse agent , clay stabilizer防止prevent^from纺织textile放空不返loss of bit load with loss return放射性示踪剂radioactive tracer tritium非均质nonhomogeneity非离子nonionic非牛顿流体non-newtonian fluid非渗透性impervious废泥浆mud disposal沸石zeolite分布distribution分段固井技术stage cementing technology分光度法spectrophotometer分类division分散dispersion分散剂dispersant分散介质dispersion medium分析analysis分形理论fractal theory分形几何fractal geometry分子molecules分子间能量交换energy exchange between molecules分子量molecular weight分子链molecular chain分子形态shape of molecular chain粉尘dust粉煤灰fly ash粉末powder粉砂质aleuritic texture酚羟基的邻位或对位氢p-or o-hydrogen atom of phenolic group 封闭剂sealing agent封闭稳定good isolation封堵formation sealing封堵剂U formation sealant封固段interval isolation扶正器centralizer氟硼酸borofluorhydric浮力效应effect of buoyancy孵化速度incubation浮游植物floating vegetation复合combine复合离子multifunctional ionic复合离子聚合物amphiprotic/amphoteric polymers ,复合金属两性离子聚合物composite metal zwitterionic polymer复合聚合物泥浆compound-polymer mud复配方案compositional formulation复杂地层complex formation, troublesome region ,trick formation复杂度complex rate复杂时效outage time复杂情况down-hole troublesome condition腐蚀corrosion腐蚀电位corrosion potential腐蚀速率corrosion rate 腐殖酸humate ,humic acid 腐殖酸钾(KHm) potassium humic 辅料auxiliary material 负negative负压钻井underbalanced drilling 符合accord with符合率coincidence rate 副产品by-product附加密度addition mud density改善泥饼质量improvement of mud cake改性modification改性淀粉modified starch改性沥青modified asphalt改造refomation钙calcium钙矶石ettringite钙膨润土钠化sodium modified calcium betonite干混拌技术mixing technology干扰interfere with甘油glycerol锆zirconium高分子higher molecular weight高分子聚合物macromoleclar polymer高分子絮凝剂polymer flocculant高负荷high load高级脂肪醇树脂higher fatty alcohol高价金属阳离子high valent cationic高角度微裂缝high angle micro-fracture高矿化度地层水highly mineralized formation brines 高岭土kaolinite 高炉矿渣(BFS) blast furnace slag高密度钻井液high density drilling fluid高难度high challenge高粘度清扫液viscous sweeping fluid高砂比high sand ratio高温静置quiescence in high temperature高温泥浆high-temperature mud高吸水量树脂absorbent resin高温高压流变仪HTHP rheometer高效润滑剂super lubricant高压盐水层high pressured slatwater layer膏岩层gypsolyte膏质泥岩creaming mudstone膏状磺化沥青paste sulphonated asphalt隔离冲洗液spacer/flushing fluid隔离膜isolating membrane各向异性anisotropy工程engineering共聚copolymerization共聚物copolymer共聚物类降粘剂copolymer thinner狗腿dogleg构造裂缝structural fracture固化solidification固化剂hardener , curing agent固井技术cementing technology固体团块solid cake固相solid phase固相含量solid concentration固相颗粒solid particles固相颗粒侵入solid invasion固相控制技术solid control technology固相损害damage of particles固液分离技术centrifugal separation method胍胶guargum瓜尔胶guar挂片失重法weight loss method关掉电机turn off the power光谱spectroscopy硅silicone硅粉silica powder硅氟fluosilicic硅铝比ratio of silicate to aluminium硅酸钠sodium silicate硅酸盐silicate滚轮失重法roller weight loss method国内夕卜home and abroad过渡金属transitional metal过平衡压力over-balanced pressure过剩浓度residual concentration过氧化物peroxide海绿石chlorite 海上offshore 海水泥浆sea water mud 海湾bay海洋生物marine animal 含量content含水量moisture content耗氧量(COD) chemical oxygen demand 耗氧量(BOD520) biological oxygen demand 核桃壳粉walnut shell flour核磁共振(NMR) nuclear magnetic resonance 合成synthesis合成基钻井液synthetic base drilling fluid 合格eligible合理级配reasonable distribution 褐煤lignite赫巴模式Herschel-Buckley model 黑色正电胶(BPG) black positive gel 恒定滤失速率constant filtration rate 葫芦串irregular borehole 护胶齐U colloid protectingresistance 护胶作用colloid stability 互层interbeded红外光谱infrared spectrography 花岗岩granite戈U眼作业reaming operation 化学螯合剂chelating agent 化学冲洗液chemically washing solution 化学结垢(沉淀)chemical precipitation 环保型environment friendly /acceptable 环境保护environment protection 环空当量密度annular equivalent density 环空返速velocity in annular 环空压耗annular pressure lost 环氧丙烷epoxypropare环氧氯丙烷(ECH) epoxy chloropropane ,epichlorohydric 缓蚀剂U corrosion inhibitor 磺化sulfonation磺化酚醛树脂sulfomethal phenolaldehy resin 磺化剂sulfonating agent磺化类处理剂sulfonated additives磺化沥青sulfonated gilsonite磺化沥青泥浆sulfonated-asphalt mud磺甲基酚醛树脂sulfonated methypheuo formald-ehyde磺酸基团sulfonic acid group ,sulfo group灰色关联分析法gray relative analysis method灰岩limestone回归分析regressive analysis回收率recovery percent回填还耕refilling for plowland火成岩igneous rock火山喷发岩volcanic混合金属层状氢氧化物(MMLHC) mixed metal layer hydroxide compound 混合金属氢氧化物(MMH) mixed metal hydroxides混合纤维composite fiber混合盐水mixed salt活动套管moving casing活度water activity活性硅灰activated grammite活性粘土矿物active clayey mineral活性污泥法activated sludge process宏观macroscopic基液base fluid机械力mechanical机械杂质mechanical impurity机械钻速(ROP) rate of penetrate及时反出timely return极限剪切粘度high shear viscosity极限应变ultimate strain极性基团polar group极压润滑剂pressured/extreme lubricator挤堵squeeze激光多普勒测速仪(LDA) laser Doppler anemometer激光粒度仪laser particle analyzer激活剂activator技术措施technical measure技术讲座workshop for technology技术经济效果technical-economic effect技术套管intermediate casing季铵盐quaternary ammonium, anionic group车甲potassium ,kalium钾基石灰泥浆potassium base lime mud甲硅烷基化处理methylsilicane甲基methyl甲基硅油聚磺高密度钻井液methyl silicone oil polysulfonatedrilling fluid with high density甲醛formaldehyde , methanal甲酸盐formate力口量dosage力口重剂heavy weight additive加重泥浆weighted mud加重钻井液“垂沉” sag phenomenon of weighted drilling fluid 架桥粒子bridge particle价数valence监督supervision碱alkali简化泥浆处理simplify mud treatment简介brief description检查井inspection well检测U inspection/monitor减轻剂lightening admixture减阻剂U anti-friction agent , drag reducer剪切破坏shear failure剪切稀释能力shear thinning property , shearing dilution剪切应力shear stress键bond健康，安全与环境(HSE) health , safety and environment间隙clearance降解产物degradation products降粘机理thinning mechanism降粘剂thinner,visbreaker降失水剂U fluid loss agent/additive, filtration reducer胶结强度bonding/consolidation strength胶结疏松weak bonding胶囊破胶剂encapsulated gel breaker胶凝gelatify胶凝性质jellyfication胶乳latex胶体率colloid fraction胶体稳定性colloid stability胶质gum交联cross-linking交联剂cross linker交联冻胶gel cross-linking交换液exchange fluid接近concordant with结垢precipitation, scale deposit , fouling结构可瞬时形成或拆散quick formation and breaking结构强度structural strength结合refer to结晶crystallization结晶水crystal water接触角contact angle接枝共聚物grafting copolymerization解卡剂pipe free agent介质medium界面interface界面胶结interfacial cementation金属metal金属离子metal ions紧密堆积理论theory of high packing近井壁near-well zone近平衡钻井near-balanced drilling浸出液leaching agent浸酸改造acidizing经验性总结分析empirical analysis晶格lattice bond净化技术solid control井壁稳定borehole井壁稳定hole stability ,stable borehole井底downhole井底静止温度低(BHST) low borehole static temperature 井段interval/section井径well/hole gauge井径规贝U regular and consistent borehole gauge井径扩大率hole diameter enlargement rate井口wellhead井漏lost circulation井身结构wellbore configuration井下安全downhole safety井下复杂情况down hole problem井斜inclination井眼well bore ,borehole井眼轨迹well track井眼净化hole cleaning井眼缩径hole shrinkage井眼稳定hole stability井涌kick浸泡时间soak time静切力(结构力)gel strength/static shear force静损害static damage静态挂片法static weight loss method静态滤失static filtration静液柱压差hydrostatic column pressure difference静置quiescence静止消泡时间static defoaming time静置沉淀static settlement居中centralization居中度centralizer聚 a 一烯基polyalphaolifen聚丙烯青铵盐ammonium polyacryhoitril聚丙烯酰胺(PAM) polyacrylamide聚电解质poly-electrolyte聚合醇polyalcohol , polyol聚合物不分散泥浆non dispersed polymer mud聚合物降滤失水剂polymer filtration control agent聚合物三磺盐水泥浆three-sulfonated polymer salt mud 聚合物钻井液polymer drilling fluid聚合物混油钻井液poly-oil mixture drilling fluid聚磺钻井液sulphonated polymer mud聚结稳定性coagulation stability聚乙二醇(PEG) polyethyleneglycol聚乙烯醇(PVA) polyvinyl alcoholK卡森方程Casson equation卡钻pipe-sticking卡钻因子stuck-pipe factor勘探与开发exploration and development开发井development well开钻泥浆spud mud抗冲击韧性toughness抗冲击性impact resistance抗电解质potential resistance to electrolyte contamination抗钙compatibility of calcium抗裂程度rupture strength抗温抗盐heat and salinity tolerance抗压强度compressive strength抗折强度breaking strength 栲胶tannin , quebrocho 克gram 颗粒particle颗粒级配理论theory of granulartity苛亥^ rigorous可变形粒子deformation particle 可靠inerrable 可逆reversible可溶性盐soluble salt可压缩性compressibility 可用性feasibility 可钻性drillability 刻度盘dial scale 坑内密封法seal in a pit 空气湿度air humidity 孑1洞cavern孔喉pore throat孔隙pore孔隙度测井porosity log 孔隙压力pore pressure 孔隙液pore fluid 快钻剂quick drilling 矿化度mineral salt concentration , mineralization 矿石ore 矿物mineral矿物组分mineralogical composation 矿物晶体mineral crystal 矿物油mineral oil 矿渣slag 扩散diffusionL老化时间ageing time老区maturing field雷诺数Renault number类别category累计厚度gross thickness累托石rectorite沥青asphalt ,gilsonite,bitumen沥青类产品gilsonite and similar materials 离心法敏感性评价centrifugation sensitivity evaluation 离心机centrifugal machine离心机固控技术centrifugal solid control离子ionic离子形态ionic forms粒度grain grade粒度分布particles/size distribution粒度分析particles size analysis粒子particle砾石充填gravel pack连通性formation communication连续提取法continuous extraction两凝水泥浆two-stage cementing cement两性离子zwitter ionic裂缝fissure裂缝壁side of fracture plugging裂隙地层fractured formation裂隙滞后效应fracture lag-effect邻井offset/adjacent well林产forestry淋洗量wash out amount磷酸phosphate磷酸氢二铵diammonium phosphate磷酸盐phosphate salt磷酸酯organic phosphate临界点critical point临界环空流速critical annular fluid velocity临界流量critical flow velocity临界盐度critical salinity零点zero point零析水zero free water硫sulfur硫化氢hydrogen sulfide硫化物sulfide硫酸sulfate硫酸钠sodium sulphate流变参数reheological parameter流变模式reheology model流变性rheology behavior流变性能改进剂rheology conditioner流变学rheology流动度fluidity流动介质flow media流动孔喉flowing pore throat流动摩阻压力flowage friction drag流动实验flow test流动阻力flow resistance流沙层drift sand formation流态flow pattern流体力学hydromechanics theory流体输送减阻accelerating fluid feeding流型fluid type漏斗粘度funnel viscosity漏失lost circulation漏失层位location of the thief zone漏失通道porous media陆上onshore卤虫(甲壳类动物)crustacean卤水bitter(luo) chromium络合coordination ,chelate络合行为热效应thermal effect of the coordination 录井log裸眼井段barefoot interval滤饼filter cake滤失量filtration滤饼电性质electro kinetic property滤液filtrate滤液侵入filtrate invasion铝aluminum铝酸盐aluminate氯酚chlophenol氯化钙(CaCl2) calcium chloride氯化物chlorideKCl 溶液potassium chloride solutionM马来酸酐maleic anhydride埋深burial depth满足…需要meet requirement of曼尼希反应Mannick reaction芒硝层chuco毛细管吸收时间测定仪(CST) capillary suction timer 毛细管压力capillary pressure酶enzyme煤层coal bed煤层气储层coalbed methane reservoir镁magnesium门限流动压差threshold differential pressure of flow蒙脱石smectite咪错基imidazoline醚基ether密胺树脂melamine resin密闭液sealing fluid密度density密实dense幕律模式power law method敏感性sensitivity敏感性流动实验flowrate test膜film , membrane磨铳mill摩擦friction摩擦付friction couples摩擦系数friction coefficient摩阻损失friction loss末端毛细管阻力terminal capillary pressure木质素磺酸盐lignosulfonate模拟analog, simulate模式（型）model目meshN纳米材料nano-composite material纳米技术nano-tech钠sodium钠化sodium treatment钠膨润土泥浆sodium bentonite mud 囊衣capsule dressing 囊芯capsule-core内聚力cohesion内摩擦角internal frictional angle 内泥饼internal filter cake 内切圆半径inscribed circle radius 内烯烃isomerised olefins内源和夕卜源颗粒endogenous and exogenous granula 内在因素intermediate factor 能量交换energy exchange泥包bit balling泥饼mud-cake泥饼强度冲刷仪mud filter cake tester泥浆处理mud treatment泥浆是艮踪剂mud tracer泥浆配方mud formula泥浆转化为水泥浆(MTC) mud to cement泥岩mudstone , conglomerate泥页岩shale , argillutite泥质膏岩argillaceous粘度viscosity粘度极大值maximum viscosity粘度计viscosimeter粘附adhere粘附张力adhesive tension粘弹性viscoelastic粘土clay粘土分级评价法method of grading mud-making clay粘土矿物层间距(d001) crystal indices粘土矿物含量clay mineral content粘土片clay latice粘土膨胀clay swelling粘土膨胀倍数swelling ratio of clays粘土稳定性clay stability粘性流体viscous fluid柠檬酸citric acid凝固点freezing point凝析油condensate oil牛顿流体Newtonian fluid扭距torque浓度concentration浓硫酸strong sulfuric浓缩concentration排列line along排驱压力displacement pressure排水water draining剖面图profile map泡沫流体实验装置aerated fluid test simulator泡沫剂foaming agent泡沫衰变机理foam decay mechanism泡沫质量foam quality泡沫钻井液foam drilling fluid酉己方formula ,recipe ,composition配浆时间drilling fluid preparing time配位体ligand配伍性compatibility配制madeup盆地basin喷blowout喷射钻井jet drilling喷嘴粘度nozzle viscosity膨润土bentonite ,montmorillonite膨润土含量bentonite content膨胀swell膨胀剂sweller膨胀率expansion ratio膨胀性堵漏材料expandable plugging additives硼冻胶boracium gel硼砂borax硼酸盐borate偏心度excentricity偏移shift片麻岩gneiss漂珠hollow microsphere品种variety平衡线膨胀率equalibrium linear expansion value平衡压力钻井balanced drilling评价evaluation评价标准evaluation criterion评价井appraisal well平板型层流plate laminar flow平均井深average well depth平均线膨胀率average expansion rate平均直径mean diameter屏蔽环shielding zone屏蔽暂堵技术temporary shielding method ,barrier-building temporary seal incores 破胶剂gel breaker破胶性breaking property破裂压力fracture pressure破裂压力梯度fracture pressure gradient破孚1 break the emulsion 破乳剂demulsifying agent 葡萄糖glucose起至“重要作用play an important role起泡剂frothing agent起下钻阻卡blockage during tripping气液表面能gas-liquid interface energy迁移migration前置液prepad fluid铅（Pb）lead潜在因素implicit factor潜山buried hill浅高压气层shallow high pressure gas formation浅海shallow-water , neritic area浅井shallow well嵌段聚合物block polymer欠饱和盐水钻井液unsaturated salt water drilling fluid欠平衡钻井underbanlanced drilling欠压实uncompaction羟基hydroxy羟基水hydroxy water羟丙基淀粉hydroxypropul starch羟乙基纤维素hydroxyethyl cellulose强造浆软泥岩high mud making soft shale桥堵剂bridge additive切力shearing force侵入深度invasion depth侵蚀erosion亲核化学吸附nucleophyllic chemical adsorption亲水环境hydrophilic environment亲水性hydrophilcity亲油性lipophilic氢hydrogen氢氟酸hydrofluoric acid氢键hydrogen bond氢氧化钠alkali氢氧化钙calcium hydroxide清扫液sweeping fluid清水clear water清洗剂cleaning agent 蜻纶acrylon fiber 蜻纶费丝nitrilon 倾角dip angle 丘陵hill type球形胶束roundness glues 区块block屈服强度shear strength 屈服值yielding point 曲边三角形curved line trangle 取代度substituted ratio 取芯core,coring operation 取芯进尺coring footage 取芯收获率coring recovery rate 曲线curve 去除wipe off 醛aldehydeR热采井thermal production wells热分析thermoanalysis热滚hot aging热滚分散实验roller oven test , hot rolling test热力学thermodynamics热凝橡胶coagulative rubber热效应thermal effect热稳定性temperature resistance ,heat stability ,stabilityat high temperature热重法(TG) thermogravimetry人工神经网络artificial neural network韧性tenacity韧性粒子tenacity particle日产气daily gas融合amalgamation溶洞cave溶胶sol溶解氧dissolved oxygen溶蚀corrode溶蚀性孔洞solution cave溶液solution柔性棒状胶束flexibility claviform glues蠕虫状胶束vermiculate glues孚L滴聚结实验emulsion drop aggregation test孚1化emulsify ,emulsion乳化剂emulsifier乳化钻井液emulsion drilling fluid乳化作用emulsification入井液working fluid软化点沥青softening point asphalt软泥岩soft mudstone软件包software package润滑剂lubricant润滑仪lubricity tester润湿反转wetting transition , wettability reversed 润湿性wettability 弱面weak planeS塞流顶替plug-flow displacement3r/min 读值3r/m reading三高一适当(3H1S) three high and one proper三磺饱和盐水泥浆three-sulfonated-polymer-saturated-brine mud 三钾月安dimethyl amine三甲基单烯丙基氯化铵trimethyl allyl ammonium chloride三维网状结构three-dimensional network structure三乙醇月胺triethavolamine散射scatter铯cesium射孑1 perforation射孔液perforation fluidX-射线计算机层析技术(CT) computerized tomography沙砾岩glutenite砂泥岩sand shale砂岩sand ,sandstone杀菌剂U bacteriostat筛管screen pipe上泵容易easy pumpability上部地层upper formation /segment上古生界upper palaeozoic上升趋势escalating trend上下密度差difference of densities上下限top and bottom limitation上游领域upstream扫描电镜(SEM) scanning electronic microscope 设计design设计原理design principle神经网络nerve network深穿透射孔枪弹deep penetrating bullet深度depth深井钻井deep drilling深探井exploration well渗流phase flow s渗漏leakage渗透peculation '渗透率fluid permeability渗透率各向异性permeability anisotropy 渗透率恢复值return permeability 渗透水化osmotic hydration 渗透性地层permeable formation 渗析纯化purified by dialysis method声波测井sonic logging 声幅值acoustic amplitude 生产能力production capacity 生态环境ecology environment 生物处理biological treatment 生物毒性biotoxicity生物降解biological degradation生物聚合物biological polymer ,xanthan 生物流化床法biological fluid bed method 生物滤池法bio-filter process 生物转盘法biological rotary method 实验trail十八醇octadecanol失水water loss失重weightlessness, weight loss时间推移技术time delaying method石膏gypsolyte, gypsum石灰lime石蜡alpha , paraffin wax石炭系carboniferous system石英quartz石油加工oil refinery石油裂化petroleum cracking process施工作业field operation事故率failure rate湿挤压wet-extrusion室内模拟实验simulating lab test室内实验和现场lab and field室内研究laboratory study室温ambient temperature适量defined amount适应温度reaction temperature示踪分析法mud filtrate tracer analysis释放release收缩shrink疏水性hydrophobicity叔胺盐tertiary ammonium salt数据库data base数学模型mathematical model数字模拟digital analog塑料小球plastic beads树月脂resin, colophony s束缚irreducible束缚水bond water衰变decay瞬时滤失instantaneous filtration , spurt loss瞬时速度instantaneous velocity双层组合套管固井技术pipe-in-pipe casing string双电层斥力double electrode layer repulsion双分支侧钻水平井bi-lateral sidetracking horizontal well 水包油型乳化液oil-in-water fluid 水不溶物water insoluble matter水层water layer水化hydration水化膨胀分散hydrous disintegration水化抑制剂hydrate control水泥环cement sheath水泥浆cement slurry水泥石set cement水泥熟料cement clinker水泥早强剂cement hardener水解hydration水解度hydrolyzing degree水力学hydraulics水基泥浆water-base drilling fluid水敏性water sensitivity水平井段net horizontal section水平井段长extended horizontal depth水平井偏心环空horizontal eccentric annulus水平位移horizontal displacement水溶性water-soluble水溶液aqueous solution水锁water lock水眼粘度bit nozzle viscosity ,Casson high shear viscosity牟思strontium四苯硼酸钠sodium tetraphenyl borate四级固控系统four stage solid control system四球机four-ball instrument松弛测量法relaxation measurement松散地层unconsolidated formation松散吸附水adsorbed water塑性粘度plastic viscosity塑性水泥plastic cement速度场velocity field速敏speed-sensitivity速凝fast setting速凝剂accelerator酸度计滴定法acidometer titration酸酐anhydride酸碱滴定法acid-base titration酸敏acid sensitivity酸溶性acid soluble酸性条件acidic condition酸性粘土acid clay酸渣acid-slug随钻堵漏plugging while drilling顺利go smoothly缩合condensation缩合共聚condensation-copolymerization缩径hole shrinkage羧基carboxylic ,carboxyl竣甲基纤维素钠(Na-CMC) sodium salt of carboxy methyl-celluloseT塔里木盆地tarim basin 太古界archaeozoic 滩海tidal坍塌slough /cave坍塌压力collapse pressure 坍塌页岩sloughing shale 弹塑性plastoelasticity 弹性力学elastic mechanic弹性模量elastic modulus探井prospecting well碳化carbonization碳酸钙calcium carbonate碳酸氢根离子(HCO3-) bicarbonate ion碳酸盐carbonate碳质carbon羰基carboxide陶粒ceramsite套管casing套管壁casing wall套管居中casing centralization套管开窗井段window killing section套管外封隔器external casing packer特低密度ultralow density特性粘度intrinsic viscosity梯度gradient梯度多凝水泥浆gradient multi-setting cement slurry提出propose提取extraction体积分布volume distribution体积分散volume ratio体积恢复当量equivalent volume体系system天然或人造natural and synthetic填充粒子filler particle田青粉sesbania调凝剂thickening time control agent调整井adjustment well铁垢iron dirty铁矿粉hematite铁离子(Fe) ferrous ion铁离子稳定剂ferrous stability铁落木质素磺酸盐fer-rochrome lignosulfonte烃类hydro carbons通井drafting process同时simultaneously同心环空concentric annulus统计statistics统计分析statistics analysis投料比rate of charge土酸clay/mud acid钍thorium途径way 突破breakthroughW外部因素external factors夕卜源exogenous完井液completion fluid完善井improved well 完钻井深total depth 烷基化alkylate烷氧基alkoxy万能显微镜all-powerful microscope 维护简单maintenance is simple 危险区dangerous zone 微观microcosmic微晶micro-crystal 微粒迁移fine migration 微裂缝micro-fissure/fracture, microcrack 微米micron, micrometer微泡沫钻井液micro-foam drilling fluid 微膨胀minimum inflation微生物microbe尾管liner位移与垂深比displacement/vertical depth 未动用石油储藏undeveloped reservoir 文献documents published。
普鲁士蓝类钠离子正极材料的制备及改性研究进展
材料研究与应用 2024，18（2）：195‐206Materials Research and ApplicationEmail ：clyjyyy@http ：//mra.ijournals.cn 普鲁士蓝类钠离子正极材料的制备及改性研究进展杨志豪1,李昌明1*,吴智谋1,钟华3,谈灵操2（1.五邑大学机械与自动化工程学院，广东 江门 529020； 2.五邑大学/江门市高分子材料智能制造重点实验室，广东 江门 529020； 3.广州云通锂电池股份有限公司，广东 广州 510800）摘要： 普鲁士蓝类似物（PBAs ）具有较高理论比容量和开放式三维框架结构，被认为是最具应用前景的钠离子正极材料之一。
然而，大部分通过水溶液反应合成的PBAs ，普遍存在[Fe(CN)6]3−/[Fe(CN)6]4−空位，水分子不可避免进入PBAs 框架中形成配位水，占据了原本Na +的容纳点位，影响了Na +的正常传输，降低了PBAs 材料的比容量。
PBAs 晶体框架受空位影响，其离子导电性和循环稳定性在长时间循环下退化并变差，同时配位水与电解液发生副反应，进一步降低了电池的电化学性能。
为解决上述问题，提高钠离子电池中PBAs 基正极的比容量、循环稳定性、倍率性能和整体能量密度，重点介绍了PBAs 正极材料的制备及改性方法，并总结了各制备及改性方法的特点及效果。
PBAs 的制备方法包括水热法、共沉淀法和单一铁源自分解法。
改性方法包括制备工艺优化和材料复合改性，其中制备工艺优化包括螯合剂、脱水、提高前驱液Na +浓度和结构纳米化，材料复合改性包括元素掺杂、表面涂层、异质结构和复合材料。
研究表明，在富含Na +的前驱液中，采用螯合剂辅助共沉淀法，通过合成过程的水浴加热及样品制备后的真空干燥，可获得空位少、水分少的高结晶度PBAs 。
将制备的PBAs 样品与导电剂进行复合，可进一步改善其电子导电率及倍率性能，有望获得高容量、高循环特性及满足高倍率需求的正极材料 。
植物乳酸杆菌微胶囊化研究
食品科技植物乳酸杆菌微胶囊化研究冯春香，陈思宇，卢明贺（西南科技大学，四川绵阳 621010）摘 要：本文主要阐述了植物乳酸杆菌的功效及微胶囊化，微胶囊壁材的选择及壁材复配工艺以及益生菌微胶囊主要包埋技术，旨在探讨以改性魔芋胶、海藻酸钠、乳清蛋白为复配包埋壁材，采用挤压法制备植物乳酸杆菌微胶囊的可行性，从而为微胶囊壁材的发展提供一种新思路。
关键词：魔芋胶改性；植物乳酸杆菌；微胶囊Study on Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarumFENG Chunxiang, CHEN Siyu, LU Minghe(Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China) Abstract: This paper mainly describes the efficacy and microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum, the selection of microcapsule wall materials and the composite technology of wall materials, and the main embedding technology of probiotic microcapsules. The purpose is to explore the feasibility of preparing Lactobacillus plantarum microcapsules by extrusion method with modified konjac gum, sodium alginate and whey protein as the composite embedding wall materials, so as to provide a new idea for the development of microcapsule wall materials.Keywords: konjac gum modification; Lactobacillus plantarum; microcapsule1 植物乳酸杆菌功效及微胶囊化1.1 植物乳酸杆菌概述植物乳杆菌是一类兼性异型乳酸发酵的革兰氏阳性菌[1]，被广泛地运用在食品发酵产业当中。
东华大学 材料学 专业英语翻译 高分子方向
Graft copolymerization is an efficient method to modify polymers .Various vinyl monomers have been investigated to graft onto starch ,and the starch graft copolymers have been used as flocculating agents , superabsorbents,ion exchanges and matrix or filler of thermo plastics. In this paper,mo dified starch paste by grafting with butylacrylate(BA) is firstly investigated as rubber-reinforcing filler. Three types of natural rubber(NR)/starch composites are prepared . Properties and morphology of these composites and corresponding starch powders are examined .The observed reinforcement effect of modified starch powder on NR/starch composites is interpreted.NO20this exploratory investigation examined the structural mechanism accounting for the enhanced compressive properties of heat-treated Kevlar-29 fibers . A novel theory was set forth that hydrogen-bond disruption and concurrent misorientation of crystallites may account for the observed augmentation of compressive properties. To examine the said theory ,as-received Kevlar-29 fibers were characterized by themogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry in an effort to determine if crosslinking and/or hydrogen disruption was responsible for the improved behavior in compression.NO21to prevent the loss of fiber strength , ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were treated with an ultraviolet radiation technique combined with a corana-discharge treatment .the physical and chemical changes in the fiber surface were examined with scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflectance .the gel contents of the fibers were measured by a standard device .the mechanical properties of the treated fibers and the interfacial adhesion properties of UHMWPE-fiber-reinforced vinyl ester resin composites were investigated with tensile testing .NO22bicomponent fiber were wet-spun from soybean protein and poly(vinyl alcohol). the protein core of spun bicomponent fiber was brittle .our effort was then to study the soybean protein solution ,with the aim of trying to understand the cause for fiber brittleness and to determine the optimum solution conditions for fiber spinning . the effectsof alkali ,urea ,and sodium sulfite on the viscosity of the soybean protein solution were examined. the hydrolytic stability of the soybean protein solution was examined at various pH values at two temperatures .NO13a novel natural polymer blend ,namely ,a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN)composed of crosslinked chitosan with glutaraldehyde and silk fibroin was prepared .the FTIR spectra of the semi-IPN manifested that the chitosan and silk fibroin had a strong hydrogen-bond interaction and formed an interpolymer complex . the semi-IPN showed good pH sensitivity and ion sensitivity, and could also act as an "artificial muscle" because its swelling-shrinking behavior exhibited a fine reversibility.a number of papers have been published on the structure of PAN using X-ray diffraction ,infrared spectroscopy ,nuclear resonance ,and molecular simulations .based on the scattering pattern ,PAN is considered either orthorhombic with 3D,or hexagonal with 2D order . it has been proposed that hexagonal packing ,of PAN chains in dry samples becomes orthorhombic due to co-crystallization of PAN with polar solvent molecules .in this study ,we use in still XRD measurements, and draw upon these earlier publication ,to understand the deformation process on microscopic scale in PAN and its nanocompositeNO15new organic-inorganic hybrids based on PS/TiO2 hybrid membranes were prepared by sol-gel and phase inversion process. the membranes were characterized in terms of morphology, structure ,hydrophlicity, UF ,performance and thermal stability .the results showed that macrovoids were nearly suppressed with formation of sponge like membrane structure .the TiO2 particles were uniformly dispersed in membrane . the nanodispersed morganic network formed after sol-gel process and the strong interaction between inorganic network and polymeric chains led to the improvement of porosity and thermal stability.NO16polymers carrying a hydrolyzable ester function and bactericidal quaternary ammonium salts were successfully synthesized in two steps . the first one was the modification of hydroxyl functions of poly(vinyl alcohol) by chloroacetic anhydride . the structure of synthesized polymers was confirmed by infrared ,1H-,and 13C- nuclear magnetic resonance .the kinetic results were consistent with a 1-order reaction ,and the activation energy in the case of total modification was found to be 16.8(J/Mol) . the second step was the quaternization of the pendant chlorine atom with a long alkyl chain or aromatic tertiary amines.NO17blending homopolymers with block copolymers has been proved to be another interesting approach to modify the morphology of the block copolymer self-assembly. by blending homopolymer of identical chemical structure with one block in the copolymer , the dimension of the domains in the final phase separation has been adjusted , by changing either the volume fraction or the molecular weight of the homopolymer .at low volume fraction of the block copolymers , the structure formation is analogous to micelle formation of surfactant molecules in solutions, and the interfacial tension between the copolymer and the homopolymer is a critical factor.NO18differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical zhermal analysis techniques have been used to characterize different Kevlar/epoxy composites. tetra-functional aliphatic amine and anhydride/diglycidyl epoxy have been used as matrix and different quantities of continuous Kevlar fibers as reinforcement .Kevlar fibers had different effects on curing kinetics and final thermal properties depending on epoxy matrix type . a significant decrease in the glass transition temperature(Tg)was observed as Kevlar content increased when anhydride matrix was used .NO10the electrostatic spinning technique was used to produce ultrafine polyamide-6 fibers. the effects of solution conditions on the morphological appearance and the average diameter of as-spun fibers were investigated by optical scanning and scanning electron ,microscopy techniques . it was shown that the solution properties (i.e. viscosity , surface tension and conductivity) were important factors characterizing the morphology of the fibers obtained .among these three properties ,solution viscosity was found to have the greatest effect . solutions with high enough viscosities were necessary to produce fibers without beads.NO11ternary blend fibers (TBFs) ,based on melt blends of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) , poly(ethylene terephthalate ), and a thermotropic liquid-crystal polymer (TLCP), were prepared by a process of melt blending and spinning to achieve high performance fibers . the reinforcement effect of the polymer matrix by the TLCP component the fibrillar structure with TLCP fibrils of high aspect ratios and the development of more ordered and perfect crystalline structures by an annealing process resulted in the improvement of the tensile strength and modulus for the TBFs .NO12an amphiphilic AB block copolymer composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) as a hydrophilic segment and poly (10-undecenoic acid) as a hydrophobic segment was synthesized . the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the copolymer was 30.8 ..,as determined by the turbidity method . the block copolymer forms micells in an aqueous medium. transmission electron microscopy images showed that these nanoparticles were regularly spherical in shap . the micelle size determined by size analysis was around 160 nm .NO7this work examines the PBT/PET sheath/core conjugated fiber with reference to melt spinning, fiber properties and thermal bonding . regarding the rheological behaviors in the conjugated spinning , PET and PBT show the smallest difference between their melt -viscosity at temperatures of 290 and 260 respectively , which has been thought to represent optimal spinning conditions . the effect of processing parameters on the crystallinity of core material-PET was observed and listed . in order of importance , these factors are the draw ratio, the heat-set temperature , and the drawing temperature.NO8thermoresponsive shape memory fibers were prepared by melt spinning form a polyester polyol-based polyurethane shape memory polymer and were subjected to different postspinning operations to modify their structure . the effect of drawing and heatsetting operations on the shape memory behavior , mechanical properties , and structure of the fibers was studied . in contrast to the as-spun fibers , which were found to show permanent shape , the drawn and heat-set fibers showed significantly higher stresses and complete recovery.NO9the dry-jet-wet spinning process was employed to spin poly(lactic acid) fiber by the phase inversion technique using chloroform and methanol as solvent and nonsolvent ,respectively , for PLA . the as-spun fiber was subjected to two-stage hot drawing to study the effect of various process parameters , such as take-up speed ,drawing temperature , and heat-setting temperature on the fiber structural propertics . the take-up speed speed had a pronounced influence on the maximum draw ratio of the fiber . the optimum drawing temperature was observed to be 90 to get a fiber with the tenacity of 0.6 GPa for the draw ratio of 8 .NO1the purpose of this work is to examine zhe changes in thermal properties and zhe crystallization behavior of polyamide 6(PA6) when filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). the composites were produced by melt mixing starting from an industrial available masterbatch containing as produced MWCNT . the focus of this article is a detailed discussion of results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) ,X-ray ,diffraction (XRD) dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and water sorption . the influence of CNT on zhe thermal transitions (glass transition temperature ,melting ,and crystallization) of PA6 is investigated .NO2the effects of nucleating agents (NAs) on fracture toughness of injection-molded isotactic poly(propylene)/ethylene-diene terpolymer (PP/EPDM) were studied in this work . compared with PP/EPDM blends without any NA,EP/EPDM/NA blends show very small and homo geneous PP sphernlites . as we expected ,PP/EPDM blends nucleated with B-phase NA(TMB-5) present not only a significant enhancement in toughness but also a promotion of brittle-ductile transition . however ,the addition of A-phase NA(DMDBS) has no apparent affect on the toughness of the blends . the impact-fractured surface morphologies of such samples were analyzed via scanning electronic microscope(SEM).NO3solutions of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) or EVOH ,ranging in composition from 56 to 71 wt% vinyl alcohol ,can be readily electrospun at room temperature from solutions in 70% 2-propanol/water . the solutions are prepared at 80 and allowed to cool to room temperature .interestingly, the solutions are not stable at room temperature and eventually the polymer precipitates after several hours . however prior to precipitation , electrospinning is extensive and rapid ,allowing coverage of fibers on various substrates . fiber diameters of ca. 0.2-8.0 um were obtained depending upon the solution concentration .NO4the use of macromonomers is a convenient method for preparing branched polymers . however graft copolymers obtained by conventional radical copolymerization of macromonomers often exhibit poorly controlled molecular weights and high polydispersities as well as large compositional heterogeneities from chain-to-chain . in contrast , the development of "living"/controlled radical polymerization has facilitated the precise synthesis of well-defined polymers with lowpolydispersities in addition to enabling synthetic chemists to prepare polymers with novel and complex architectures .NO5the thermal and electrical conductivities in nanocomposites of single ,walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and polyethylene (PE) are investigated in terms of SWNT loading the degree of PE crystallinity , and the PE alignment . isotropic SWNT/PE nanocomposites show a significant increase in thermal conductivity with increasing SWNT loading , having 1.8 and 3.5 W/m K at a SWNT volume fraction of ———0.2 in low-density PE(LDPE) and high-density PE (HDPE), respectively . this increase suggests a reduction of the interfacial thermal resistance . oriented SWNT/HDPE nanocomposites exhibit higher thermal conductivities , which are attributed primarily to the aligned PE matrix .NO6we previously discovered that isotropic monomer solution show birefringence due to its anisotropic structure after gelation in the presence of a small amount of rod-like polyelectrolyte. here ,we focus on what mechanism is responsible for the formation of anisotropic structure during gelation .various optical measurements are perfected to elucidate the structure change during gelation . it is found that the existence of a large-size structure in monomer solution with the rod-like polyelectrolyte is essentially important to induce birefringence during gelation .。