ThefirstpeoplestoinhabitwhattodayisthesoutheasternUnitedStatessustai.
Chapter 3 The Origins of English Words
INTRODUCTION
• It appears that the use of language came about independently in a number of places. All languages change with time. A comparison of Chaucer's English, Shakespeare's English and Modern English shows how a language can change over several hundred years. Modern English spoken in Britain, North America and Australia uses different words and grammar.
• Niger-Congo Family尼日尔—刚果语系
• This family features the many languages of Africa south of the Sahara. The large number of languages include Swahili, Shona绍纳语, Xhosa科 萨语 and Zulu.
• The Malayo-Polynesian Family马来－玻里尼西亚语系
21世纪大学英语读写教程第一册第3课内容讲解
21世纪大学英语读写教程第一册第3课内容讲解21世纪大学英语读写教程第一册第3课内容讲解导语：史蒂夫莫里斯一出生就是盲目的，可是他并没有自我放弃，而是顽强生存得有声于色，下面是一篇讲述史蒂夫莫里斯的英语课文，欢迎阅读。
Stevie Wonder: Sunshine in the ShadowWhen Stevie Morris was born, on May 13, 1950, the doctors shook their heads and told the mother that her son was born blind and likely would always be that way. She broke into tears.Blind and black and poor — what kind of life could this new infant have? In her wildest dreams, Mrs. Morris could never have imagined that her new baby would become a famous musician called Stevie Wonder. At the time, all she could do was pray —and worry.Stevie himself didn't worry at all. Life was too full. He was brought up among church-going people whose faith helped them bear the poverty. He loved music and would pound spoons or forks on any surface that faintly resembled a drum.He even ran and played with sighted children. "I didn't realize I was blind until I was about four," he says. That might sound strange. To a small child just learning about the world, it wasn't strange at all. Stevie heard and smelled and touched. As far as he knew, that was all anyone could do. That was life.When Stevie's mother got tired of her tables being used for drums, she bought him a toy set. He played so hard that he had actually worn the toy out within a few weeks. Other toy sets followed; then an uncle added a toy harmonica, and Stevie learned to play it so quickly that everyone was amazed.Stevie taught himself to play the piano as quickly as he hadonce learned the harmonica. With friends, he began playing rock and roll music. They performed on the front porch of Stevie's apartment building, drawing crowds of neighbors to watch and listen and clap time to the beat."I loved that beat," Stevie says. He not only loved the beat, he was very good at making it.Ronnie White, of the Miracles singing group, heard Stevie and promptly took him down to his recording company, Motown Records."Give him an audition," Ronnie said. They did. All the top people at Motown got together to hear a little blind boy who wasn't even ten years old yet. At first, they were being nice. Poor kid. They didn't want to hurt his feelings.Then they heard Stevie sing and play, and nobody said "poor kid" anymore. They were too busy congratulating themselves on finding a youngster who could be the musical talent of the decade. "He's a wonder boy," somebody said as they watched little Stevie dart from one instrument to the next, playing each one with ease."Wonder," somebody else said, "Little Stevie Wonder."The new name stuck and Stevie Morris became Little Stevie Wonder. He had his first hit when he was twelve years old. It was called "Fingertips" and it was a smash.Over the following years, Little Stevie Wonder became one of the top recording artists at Motown, producing one hit after another. But as he grew into adulthood, Stevie began to get tired of the way the Motown company controlled all aspects of his career. He wanted to write and produce his own songs, but the Motown company thought it was unwise to change a winning formula.When he turned 21, Stevie finally got his freedom. Against Motown's wishes he started exploring: he made records that combined gospel, rock and roll, and jazz and which used African and Latin American rhythms. To the record company's surprise, Stevie's new albums such as "Music of My Mind" and "Innervisions" were even more popular than his early ones. Stevie Wonder had become a mature man and an independent musical artist.Just after this success, however, tragedy struck. In August of 1973, Stevie was involved in a serious car accident. For nearly a week he lay in a coma, unable to speak or walk. "We don't know when he'll be out of danger," the doctor said. Everyone waited and prayed. Suddenly, it didn't matter that Stevie was a musical genius or that he had conquered blindness and poverty. All he had left was his faith and strong will.That turned out to be enough. Stevie fought back from the shadow of death as he had once fought out from the shadow of blindness. He went on to give more performances, make more hit records.The car accident changed Stevie by making him reevaluate his goals in life. He still loved to make music, but he also started to pay more attention to the world outside. He worked to create a national holiday to honor the civil rights leader Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr.. He recorded songs urging racial harmony and raised money to end world hunger. Recently, Stevie was honored by South African president Nelson Mandela for his work against that country's system of racial apartheid.Stevie Wonder has faith and fame, wealth and love. He has not only conquered his own darkness, but through his music and his social activities he has been able to bring sunshine to theshadow of many other lives.New Wordssunshinen. the light and heat of the sun 阳光infantn. a very young child 婴儿musiciann. a person who performs on a musical instrument, or who writes music 乐师，作曲家prayvi. (for, to) speak to God in order to give thanks or to ask for help 祈祷，祈求spoonn. 匙，调羹faintlhad. slightly; mildly 轻微地;微弱地resemblevt. look or be like 像，类似drumn. 鼓tirev. (使)感到疲劳;(使)厌倦，(使)厌烦harmonican. 口琴amazevt. fill with great surprise; cause wonder in 使惊奇;使惊羡*porchn. (建筑物前有顶的)门廊，入口处apartmentn. 公寓大楼;一套公寓房间vi. applaud 拍手miraclen. 奇迹promptlyad. immediately and without any delay 迅速地，及时地auditionn. (对志愿艺人等的.)面试(指试读、试唱、试奏等)kidn. a child 小孩congratulatevt. speak to (a person) with praise and admiration for a happy event or sth. successfully done 祝贺youngstern. a young person, esp. a boy 年轻人;男孩talentn. 1. a special ability or skill 天才，天资;超常智能2. people of such ability 人才decaden. a period of 10 years 十年(期)*dartvi. move suddenly and quickly 猛冲，飞奔instrumentn. 乐器;仪器;器具;器械easen. 1. freedom from difficulty 容易2. freedom from discomfort, pain or worry 安适;悠闲;无痛苦;无忧虑fingertipn. the end of a finger 指尖n. 轰动的演出，巨大的成功v. (cause to) break into pieces violently 打碎，粉碎adulthoodn. 成年aspectn. a particular part or feature of sth. being considered 方面careern. a profession or occupation with opportunities for advancement or promotion 职业;生涯formulan. 公式，程式;准则，方案explorev. 探索;探测;勘探gospeln. (= gospel music) 福音音乐(美国黑人的一种宗教音乐，具有爵士音乐和美国黑人伤感歌曲色彩)jazzn. 爵士音乐rhythmn. 节奏;韵律*albumn. 1. a long-playing record with several items by the same performer (同一表演者的)集锦密纹唱片2. a book with blank pages for stamps, photographs, etc. 集邮册，相册maturea. fully grown or developed mentally or physically 充分发育的;(智力或体力)成熟的independenta. 独立的，自主的tragedyn. 1. a terrible event that causes great sadness 惨事，灾变2. a serious play with a sad ending 悲剧involvevt. 使陷入，使卷入;牵扯，连累coman. 昏迷musicala. of or for music 音乐的geniusn. 天才;创造能力;天才人物conquervt. gain control over (sth. unfriendly or difficult) 征服;克服(困难等)performancen. the acting of a play, the playing of a piece of music, the doing of a dance, etc., in front of an audience 演出，表演，演奏reevaluatevt. 重新评价goaln. 1. an end; objective 目的;目标2.(足球等的)球门;得分进球hungern. state of not having enough to eat; lack of food 饥饿urgevt. 力劝;恳求;敦促raciala. characteristic of race; due to or resulting from race 种族的;由种族引起的harmonyn. agreement (of feelings, interests, opinions, etc.) 和睦，融洽，一致apartheidn. (南非的)种族隔离famen. the condition of being known or talked about a lot 名声，名望activityn. 活动;行动Phrases and Exgressionsbreak intobegin suddenly (to cry, sing, laugh, etc.) 突然(哭、唱、笑)起来bring uptake care of during infancy and childhood; nurse and educate 抚养;养育as far asto the degree that 就…;尽…;至于get tired ofbe no longer interested in 厌倦，厌烦wear outmake useless by use 把…用坏;把…穿破with easewithout difficulty 容易地，无困难地grow intobecome gradually with the passage of time 成长的congratulate oneself on /that ...因…而暗自庆幸Proper NamesStevie Wonder史蒂威·旺达(人名)Morris莫里斯(姓氏)Ronnie White罗尼·怀特(人名)Motown Records莫顿唱片公司Innervisions《内心幻觉》(唱片名)Martin Luther King, Jr.小马丁·路德·金(1929 — 1968，美国民权运动领袖) Nelson Mandela纳尔逊·曼德拉(1918 —，南非共和国总统)。
2 The Development of the English Vocabulary
The Development of the English Vocabularytroduce the history and the general characteristics of English; • Let students know the growth of contemporary English vocabulary and the modes of vocabulary development Teaching focus: • the Indo-European language family • three phases of the historical development • general characteristics of English • three sources of contemporary English vocabulary • modes of vocabulary development
5. Italic意大利语族（ 5 romance 意大利语族（ 意大利语族 languages） ） Portuguese葡萄牙语 Spanish西班牙语 French法语 Latin Italian意大利语 Rumanian罗马尼亚语 6. Germanic日耳曼族 日耳曼族 English英语 German德语 Dutch荷兰语 Flemish弗来芒语 Scandinavian languages
• The Dravidian Family德拉维达语系 又称达罗毗荼语系 • The languages of southern India (in contrast to the Indo-European languages of northern India). Tamil is the best known of these languages. • Austro-Asiatic Family南亚语系 • This family are a scattered group of languages in Asia. They are found from eastern India to Vietnam. Languages include Vietnamese and Khmer. • Niger-Congo Family尼日尔 刚果语系 尼日尔—刚果语系 • This family features the many languages of Africa south of the Sahara. The large number of languages include Swahili, Shona绍纳语, Xhosa科 科 萨语 and Zulu. • For more information,please refer to /langfams.html
2005年10月托福阅读真题
0510作文题目166.People recognize a difference between children and adults. What events (experiences or ceremonies) make a person an adult? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answerSection Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestion 1-10All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own food. The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a nonelective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals-- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals -- have in common.But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animal's life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do no survive.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The care that various animals give to their offspring.B. The difficulties young animals face in obtaining food.C. The methods that mammals use to nurse their young.D. The importance among young mammals of becoming independent.2. The author lists various animals in line 5 toA. contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammalsB. describe the process by which mammals came to be definedC. emphasize the point that every type of mammal feeds its own youngD. explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective3. The word "tend" in line 7 is closest in meaning toA. sit onB. moveC. noticeD. care for4. What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their young?A. It is unknown among fish.B. It is unrelated to the size of the young.C. It is dangerous for the parents.D. It is most common among mammals.5. The word "provisioning" in line 13 is closest in meaning toA. supplyingB. preparingC. buildingD. expanding6. According to the passage, how do some insects make sure their young have food?A. By storing food near their young.B. By locating their nests or cells near spiders and caterpillars.C. By searching for food some distance from their nest.D. By gathering food from a nearby water source.7. The word "edge" in line 17 is closest in meaning toA. opportunityB. advantageC. purposeD. rest8. The word "it" in line 20 refers toA. FeedingB. momentC. young animalD. size9. According to the passage, animal young are most defenseless whenA. their parents are away searching for foodB. their parents have many young to feedC. they are only a few days oldD. they first become independent10. The word "shielded" in line 22 is closest in meaning toA. raisedB. protectedC. hatchedD. valuedQuestion 11-21:Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied sothat the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.11. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The origins of textile decorationB. The characteristics of good-quality printsC. Two types of printmakingD. Types of paper used in printmaking12. The word "prime" in line 2 is closest in meaning toA. principalB. complexC. generalD. recent13. The author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describeA. the woodcuts found in China in the fifth centuryB. the use of woodcuts in the textile industryC. the process involved in creating a woodcutD. the introduction of woodcuts to Europe14. The word "incised" in line 15 is closest in meaning toA. burnedB. cutC. framedD. baked15. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage/A. "patterns"(line 5)B. "grain"(line 8)C. "burin"(line 16)D. "grooves"(line 17)16. The word "distinctive" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. uniqueB. accurateC. irregularD. similar17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that itA. developed from the art of the goldsmithsB. requires that the paper be cut with a burinC. originated in the fifteenth centuryD. involves carving into a metal plate18. The word "yield" in line 23 is closest in meaning toA. imitateB. produceC. reviseD. contrast19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?A. Their designs are slightly raised.B. They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.C. They were first used in Europe.D. They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth century?A. Prints could be made at low cost.B. The quality of paper and ink had improved.C. Many people became involved in the printmaking industry.D. Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable.21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that theyA. can be reproduced on materials other than paperB. are created from a reversed imageC. show variations between light and dark shadesD. require a printing pressQuestions 22-31:The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun --- the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god.Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds.22. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The development of agricultureB. The locations of towns and villagesC. The early people and cultures of the United StatesD. The construction of burial mounds23. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States?A. The development of trade in North AmericaB. The establishment of permanent settlementsC. Conflicts with other Native American groups over landD. A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.24. What does the term "Adena-Hopewell"(line 7) designate?A. The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell cultureB. The two most important nations of the Adena-Hopewell cultureC. Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds.D. Two important trade routes in eastern North America25. The word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning toA. producingB. exchangingC. transportingD. loading26. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning toA. conqueredB. precededC. replacedD. imitated27. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development?A. About A.D. 400B. Between A.D. 400 AND A.D. 700C. About A.D. 1200D. In the sixteenth century28. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors?A. The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food.B. The Mississippians sold their food to other groups.C. The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates.D. The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.29. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children of the Sun"(line 22)?A. To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs.B. To argue about the importance of religion in their culture.C. To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.D. To provide an example of their religious rituals.30. The phrase "charged with" in line 26 is closest in meaning toA. passed onB. experienced atC. interested inD. assigned to31. According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the following purposes EXCEPTA. religious ceremoniesB. meeting places for the entire communityC. sites for commerceD. burial sitesQuestion 32-40:Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.)The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever thatby 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain.32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of theA. popularity of turnpikesB. financing of new roadsC. development of the interiorD. laws governing road use33. The word "primitive" in line 1 is closest in meaning toA. unsafeB. unknownC. inexpensiveD. undeveloped34. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country withA. other inland communitiesB. towns in other statesC. river towns or seaportsD. construction sites35. The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning toA. in need ofB. in place ofC. at the start ofD. with the purpose of36. According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building?A. The states could not afford to build roads themselves.B. The states were not as well equipped as private companies.C. Private companies could complete roads faster than the states.D. Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior.37. The word "it" in line 11 refers toA. legislatureB. companyC. authorityD. payment38. The word "imitation" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. investmentB. suggestionC. increasingD. copying39. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state thatA. built roads without tollgatesB. built roads with government moneyC. completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one yearD. introduced new law restricting road use40. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21 as an example of a feature of wagons that wasA. unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehiclesB. first found in GermanyC. effective on roads with uneven surfacesD. responsible for frequent damage to freightQuestion 41- 50:In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditionsexist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals(the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia.41. What is the passage mainly about?A. The destructive effects of salt on rocks.B. The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley.C. The amount of salt produced in Death Valley.D. The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways.42. The word "it" in line 9 refers toA. salty waterB. groundwater tableC. capillary actionD. sediment43. The word "exert" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. putB. reduceC. replaceD. control44. In lines 13-17, why does the author compare tree roots with growing salt crystals?A. They both force hard surfaces to crack.B. They both grow as long as water is available.C. They both react quickly to a rise in temperature.D. They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table.45. In lines 17-18, the author mentions the "expansion of halite crystals...by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration"in order toA. present an alternative theory about crystal growthB. explain how some rocks are not affected by saltC. simplify the explanation of crystal prying and wedgingD. introduce additional means by which crystals destroy rocks46. The word "durable" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. largeB. strongC. flexibleD. pressured47. The word "shattered" in line 20 is closest in meaning toA. arrangedB. dissolvedC. broken apartD. gathered together48. The word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning toA. most recentB. most commonC. least availableD. least damaging49. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the effects of salts on rocks?A. Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging.B. Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice.C. A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering.D. Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley,50. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common?A. They are protected from weathering.B. They do not allow capillary action of water.C. They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley.D. They contain more carbonates than sulfates.阅读答案ACDDA ABCDB CACBC ABBDA DCBAB CCACD BBDCC AADBC AAAAD BCBCC。
冲刺讲义
一、Listening Comprehension（听力）Exercise oneSection A:1. Me? Just a little.我？只听懂一点点4. Don’t mention it. （借钱）不客气5. It is really unimaginable. 真的超出想象Section B:6. classmates 同学7. Last Christmas. 上个圣诞节见的面9. USD＄280.280美元10. He hadn’t realized he was speeding. 他还没有意识到超速15. Carry his groceries home. 帮他把杂货带回家Exercise twoSection A:3. perhaps I got to read through them again.也许我该再看一遍4. yes, identical同一的ones. 是的，是同卵双胞胎Section B:9. they try to be friendly to them.他们尽力对他们友好10. at 2:00 两点12. his car was hit from behind.他的车尾被撞了（追尾了）13. he has to finish his report 他得完成他的报告14. See the Niagara.游览尼亚加拉瀑布15. In a bookstore 在书店16. a timetable of events.参观时刻表17. they live far away.他家住得很远（500公里）Exercise threeSection A:2. yes, it is worth your while to do so.是的。
值得你去做3. oh, I am sorry, I didn’t notice it.对不起，我没注意到5. How much do you want to change?你想兑换多少零钱？Section B:8. long holidays attract her 长假期吸引她10. a book store 书店（没提到）12. a couple of items 几件东西13. he is tired of厌倦his work 他厌倦邮局的工作14. sample cutting 切片样品（标本）16. he once gave a book as a present他曾经送他人一本书作为礼物五年前出版的一本小说18. she planned house and other buildings她设计房子和其他建筑物19. the architects were men 建筑设计师都是男的20. storage buildings（她主要设计）仓库Exercise fourSection A:1. no, it is really freezing 是的，天气真寒冷2. maybe tomorrow if I hurry up 如果快些，也许明天能完成Section B:6. it has plenty of light 房间光线很好7. to see a new type of boiler来看新款的热水器9. in the women’s dormitory.在女生宿舍10. their schoolmates 他们的同学16. they may support the employers他们会支持雇主17. a third party would impose a settle 第三方来裁决Exercise fiveSection A:1. no, I don’t mind at all 我一点也不介意3. thank you for saying so很感激你这麽说5. I’m afraid I don’t我恐怕不喜欢Section B:6. toothpaste, coffee and a doll 牙膏，咖啡，洋娃娃12. a bookstore书店16. receptionist and guest接待员和顾客。
电大英语考试试题及答案
交际用语A（（句子的开头字母））1、Afternoon, sir. Where to? A. Please get me to the airport2、Are you sure about that? D. Oh, yes. I’m absolutely positive3、All the team members tried their best,We lost the game, .A.However4、A lecture hall is where students attend lectures.C.oneB1、Before I got to the cinema, the film . A.had begunC1、Could you tell me where Mr. Lake is?-- B. At the office2、Can I help you to get it down? C. Thanks. It’s so nice of you3、can you turn down the radio,please?B.I’m sorry,Ididn’t reahze it was that loud4、Can I get you a couple of tea?A.That’s v ery nice of youD1、Do you think the exam will be put off? C. Not likely2、Don’t worry,There is --------------roomfor all your books here C.enoughE1、Excuse me, would you lend me your calculator? A. Certainly. Here you are2、Excuse me,now can I get to the nenrest supermarket?D.Sorry,sir,I’m a stranger here myself F1、Fine weather it is! A.WhatH1、Hello, Sally. How’s everything?— D. Just so-so2、Hello, could I speak to Don please?-- _D. Who’s speaking?4、How’s the movie? Interesting? C. Far from. I should have stayed home watching TV5、Her parents died when she was very young,so she was brought up byher aunt.6、-------he said is quite right. B.What7、Hello,Saiiy,How’s everything? C.Just so-soI1、I don’t like the spots programs on Su ndays. —B. Neither do I3、In my opinion, you’d better take a couple of days off.A. I’ll take your advice4、I think the Internet is very helpful. — A. Yes, so do I5、I have an appointment with Dr. Johnson. —C. Please wait for minute. He is busy now6、I’m trying to call Marie, but there’s no answer. D. Really? Maybe she’s out7、Is this the motel you mentioned? B. Yes, it’s as quiet as we expected8、It happened on a winter night9、I know it isn’t important but I can’t help thinking about it10、I don’t suppose he will attend the meeting,B,will be11、I think all these are main points much attention B.worthy of12、I prefer classicmusic pop muice. D.to13、I’m tired. I working very hard.B.have beenL1、Let’s take a wal k. A. Yes, let’s2、Let me the case carefully berore I apaw a conclusion.B.look intoM1、May I help you, madam?-- D. Yes, I’d like 2 kilos of oranges2、Must we hand in our homework now? C. No, you needn’t3、May I know your address? A.Sure,Here you are4、May I talk to the headmaster now?A.Sorry,he is busy at the moment5、Mary forgot a letter to her mother ,so she wrote to her just now B.to writeN1、Nice weather, isn’t it?—C. Yes, it is2、NO only I but also Jane ane mary tired of having one examination after another. B.areO1、Oh,sorry to bother you .A.That’s okey2、Of all the stories here,I like this one It’s not interesting at all.D.lonstS1、Silk by Chinese for thousand of years now.B.has been usedT1、That’s all settl ed .It needn’t be talked.2、Time is money! We should our time B.make good use of3、They the trarn until it disappeared in the distance. B.watched4、The patient acted on the doctor’s and finally recovered.B.adviceW1、What kind of TV program do you like best? C. It’s hard to say, actually。
英语新视野读写教程第一册课文原文
Unit 1
Learning a Foreign Language
Learning a foreign language was one of the most difficult
yet most rewarding experiences of my life.
Although at times, learning a language was me.I carried a little dictionary with me everywhere I went,
as well as a notebook in which I listed any new words I heard.
I made many, sometimes embarrassing, mistakes.
When I went to senior middle school,
I was eager to continue studying English;
however, my experience in senior school was very different from before.
who spoke much better than I did.
I began to feel intimidated.
So, once again, although for different reasons,
I was afraid to speak.
It seemed my English was going to stay at the same level forever.
That was the situation until a couple of years later,
Chapter 3 the Development of the__ English Vocabulary
Chapter 3 the Development of the English Vocabulary In the study of words, it is of great importance to know something about the origin and growth of the vocabulary. The English language is not the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles. Then where does it come from? In what way is English related to other languages? A synchronic overview of the Indo-European Language Family will answer these questions.3.1 The Indo-European Language FamilyThe world has 3,000 (some put it 5,000) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.The Indo-European, one of these, is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East and India. Most of the Indo-European languages are dead. The surviving Indo-European languages fall into ten principal groups, which fall into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite, and Tocharian.The Germanic family, which is our chief concern as English and its nearest relations are all members of this family. First, we have the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then come German, Dutch, Flemish and English.3.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development of EnglishEnglish has been the language of England for a comparatively short period. Since its introduction into the island about the middle of the fifth century it has had a career extending through only fifteen hundred years. The first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts. Their languages Celtic were dialects of still another branch of the Indo-European language family. The second major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions.葡萄牙语 Potuguese 古法语 Old French 罗马尼亚语 Romanian 诺曼法语 Norman French 现代法语 Modern French 印欧语系 Indo-European （消亡） 意大利语族 Italic 奥斯干语支 Oscan 拉丁语支 Iatin 温布利安语支 Umbrian （消亡） 凯尔特语族 Celtic 盖尔语 Gallic 不列颠语支 Brittanic 盖尔语支 Gaelic 古爱尔兰语 Old Irish 古威尔士语 Old Welsh 哥特语 Gothic 东部语支 East 西部语支 West 日耳曼语族 Germanic 北部语支 North 东部语支 East 古诺尔斯语 Old Norse 冰岛语 Icelandic 挪威语 Norwegi 皮克特语 Pictish 威尔士语 Welsh 布列特尼语 Breton 科尼什语 Cornish 西部语支 West 德语 German 低地德语 Low German 高地德语 High German 现代标准德语 Modern German 荷兰语 Dutch 佛兰芒语 Flemish 古撒克逊语 Old Saxon 古低地弗兰克尼语 Old Low Franconian 肯特方言 Kentish 诺森布里亚方言 Northumbrian 默西亚方言 Mercian 西撒克逊方言 West Saxon 现代英语Modern English南部方言 Southern Dialect (盎格鲁人) Angles北部方言 Northern Dialect 中部方言Midland Dialect 东中部方言East Midland Dialect早期现代英语Early Modern English瑞典语 Swedish 丹麦语Danish 苏格兰盖尔语 Scottish Gaelic 爱尔兰盖尔语 Irish Gaelic 曼克斯语 Manx 古英语 Old English 西班牙语 Spanish 意大利语 Italian 盎格鲁·弗里西亚语Anglo-Frisian 古弗里西亚语 Old Frisian3.2.1 Old English (450-1150)The withdrawal of Roman troops virtually invited the invasion of the rich lowlands by the Picts and Scots from the North. The Celts appealed to Germanic warriors from across the North Sea for assistance in defending their land. Soon these German tribes, called Angles, Saxons and Jutes, came in great numbers and became their conquerors.The Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later to be called England (the land of Angles). Their language, historically known as Anglo-Saxon, dominated and almost totally blotted out the Celtic.Though the Saxons were numerically superior to the Angles, the latter were influential enough to impose their name on the whole. That is why the country was called England, and the language English. It is from this language that our present-day English is derived.Old English (the Anglo-Saxon) has a vocabulary of about 50, 000 to 60,000 words, which are almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.Old English was a highly inflected language, which differ greatly from the language that we use today.3.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500)The Danish rule continued from 1016 to 1042. Then the Saxon Dynasty was restored and Edward the Confessor, who had no children, came to the English throne and reigned over a united England until 1066. At his death, Harold succeeded him as king of the country. As he was not in the direct line of succession, his rule was opposed by William, Duke of Normandy, first cousin of Edward, for William considered himself the rightful heir to the throne. The English nobles disagreed, so William invaded the island. At the battle of Hastings (1066), the power of Harold was crushed and William became master of England. This event was known in history as the Norman Conquest. However, the influx of French words into English did not occur until after 1300. Norman French became the polite speech. The native tongue was a despised language which was left to the use of boors and serfs.In the next hundred years or so, with the separation of the two nations, the nobility of England still spoke French, but bit by bit English came back into the schools, the law courts and government and regained social status. It made the final step back to a position of importance when it emerged once again as a respected literary medium with the Wycliff translation of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer, Langland and others. Norman French was a class language, never the speech of England.The Middle English period was one of great changes, changes more extensive and fundamental than those that had taken place at any time before and since. The single most significant fact of this period was the steady erosion of the Old English inflectional systems. If we say that the Old English was a period of full endings, the Middle English was a period of leveled endings. Another significant point is the French influence on English vocabulary. The number of French words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society.3.2.3 Modern English (1500-up to the present )Modern English dates from the Caxton and the establishment of printing in England. It may be subdivided into Early Modern English (1500-1700) and Late Modern English (1700- up to the present).In the early period of Modern English, enormous numbers of Latin words became English words because of the Renaissance. These contributed to the decidedly Latinate flavour of Modern English. Now the rapidly expanding use of printing and the needs of the schools began to set standard spellings for most words.Since the mid-seventeenth century, England experienced the Bourgeois Revolution followed by the Industrial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.Since the beginning of 20th century, particularly after World War II, thousands and thousands of new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions and scientific achievements.3.3 General Characteristics of English3.3.1 Receptivity, Adaptability and HeterogeneityEnglish has taken to itself material from all other languages and has made the new elements its own. Having received all kinds of foreign elements, the English vocabulary is copious and heterogeneous.3.3.2 Simplicity of InflectionOld English was characterized by ‘full endings’, Middle English by ‘leveled endings’ and Modern English by ‘lost endings’.3.3.3 Relatively Fixed Word-orderIn an analytic language like Modern English, the word order is required to be relatively fixed. The semantic relation is closely connected to the positions of the words. The change of word-order may result in a change of meaning.3.4 Foreign Elements in the English VocabularyOf all the foreign languages from which words have been borrowed into English, Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian stand out as the major contributors, which have had great influence on the English language vocabulary.3.4.1 LatinFor 2,000 years Modern English vocabulary has borrowed so heavily and complexly from Latin.1) The Pre-Anglo-Saxon PeriodDuring the Pre-Anglo-Saxon Period the words borrowed naturally reflected the new conceptions and experience in war and agriculture, e.g. battle, banner, cheese, pepper, butter, etc.2) The Old English PeriodBorrowings of this period came in the wake of the introduction of Christianity into Britain in 597. In the four hundred years or more up to the Norman Conquest, a variety of additional Latin words were adopted. Among the church terms are altar, candle, creed, disciple, nun, etc.3) The Middle English PeriodThe Norman Conquest marked the beginning of the third period of borrowingfrom Latin, though many of them made their way through French. The lexical settlers of Latin via French are generally more popular than those borrowed directly from Latin. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were especially prolific in Latin borrowings under the influence of Renaissance. The following is a list of direct Latin borrowings in this period: gesture, history, include, incredible, individual, innumerable, necessary, nervous, picture, polite, popular, prevent, private, solar, temporal, etc. It is noticeable that some of the Latin suffixes, -able, -ible, -al, -ous, -ive and others now become common in English.4) The Modern English PeriodWords borrowed since 1,500 are late ones, which are mostly of abstract and scientific character. These words generally retain their Latin forms: focus, status, circus, apparatus, genius, esteem, minimum, maximum, via, criteria, species, series, protest, enterprise, etc.Many of the frequently used abbreviations are from Latin:i.e. (id est) = that is to saye.g. (exempli gratia) = for examplea.m. (ante meridiem) = before noonetc. (et cetera) = and so onp.m. (post meridiem) = after nooncf. (confer) = compareibid. (ibidem) = in the same place3.4.2 GreekThe influx of Greek words into English began with the revival of learning from Greek classics. Here is a selection of such borrowings, which, even if through Latin and French, remain identifiably Greek in form, e.g. democracy, politics, logic, philosophy, atom, geography, mathematics, clinic, diagnosis, alphabet, drama, grammar, idiom, poem, poet, rhythm, athlete, marathon, architect, hero, idiot, method, music, mystery, etc.The greatest influence of Greek perhaps lies in its loan of word-building elements into English. The Greek and Latin elements are assimilated with native elements in such a way that they can be mixed to form new words, known as hybrids. For example, anti- and hyper-, which are Greek prefixes, meaning ‘against’and ‘beyond’ respectively, can be added to English root as in anti-British and to Latin root as in hypersensitive. The Greek verb suffix –ize can be fixed at the end of words of any origin to form verbs, e.g. popularize, westernize, etc.3.4.3 FrenchIt is estimated that about one fourth of modern English vocabulary has come from French. Until the Norman Conquest, the exchange of words between English and French had been minimal. But when William the Conqueror ascended the English throne, French suddenly became the language of government. Almost overnight English had become a second class language in its native land. In the one and the half centuries immediately after the Conquest, a number of probably fewer than 1,00 French words were absorbed into the permanent vocabulary of English.The supremacy of French began to recede in the mid-13th century, when theacculturated descendants of the invaders at last began to think of themselves more as Englishmen than French and with it Norman French gave way to English. Borrowing from French now was free. Between 1250 and 1500 an approximate 9,000 words of French origin poured into the language, of which at least 75 percent are still in use today, e.g. govern, crown, country, power, council, people, nation, prince, duke, judge, jury, court, angel, sacrifice, miracle, preach, virtue, duty, conscience, war, battle, captain, soldier, beef, mutton, pork, bacon, roast, soup, supper, feast, tower, castle, fashion, dress, coat, fur, joy, pleasure, leisure, sport, etc.Although the rate of foreign borrowings tapered off to a certain extent during the 15th century, it sharply revived in the 16th and the English Renaissance. Nevertheless, new French borrowings during this period tended to be supplementary rather than central to the English vocabulary as there was a resistance that grew on the part of the English to borrowing of any kind. In the 150 years between 1650 and 1800, less than half as many French words were brought into English as had been added in the preceding years of the same length of time. Such words as ballet, dentist, cartoon, publicity, ridicule, routine are representatives of the hundreds of words absorbed in the period under discussion.Contemporary French influence on English since 1800 is difficult to define. But one thing is certain that the rate at which we have borrowed has increased considerably over that of the 18th century though the rate is still a fraction of what it was in the Middle Ages.3.4.4 ScandinavianThe Scandinavian languages: Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic, constitute the northern branch of the Germanic group. The earliest recorded form of Scandinavian is Old Norse. The Vikings, who were first to raid Britain in A.D. 787, were a Germanic people closely related to the Anglo-Saxons, who had originally lived just south of them on the Continent. Their languages known as Old Norse were very similar to Old English. Sharing a stock of basic words, the two peoples could understand each other quite well. In the 200 years that followed from the Norsemen invasion, Norsemen swarmed into the British Isles and occupied the greater part of the land, which remained bilingual. However, the English element eventually prevailed and the descendants of the Norsemen gradually forgot Norse and spoke English. The English then was the result of the fusion of the two peoples and cultures. Accordingly, hundreds of words were permanently absorbed into the English vocabulary. Many of these were basic and everyday words, often displacing original English ones such as skill, husband, sister, bag, bank, club, both, they, them, get, take, die, hit, happy, low, tight, ugly, wrong, etc.Numerically, the Scandinavian words in the English vocabulary are not many as compared with those of French.3.4.5 Other Foreign ElementsAs we have mentioned above, English is a heavy borrower, which has absorbed words from all the major languages of the world with which it has had contact. Apart from Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian, the other elements are much less important. Even among the minor languages, Italian, German, Dutch and Spanishhave made considerable contributions to the English vocabulary. All the others are felt to be superficial.1)ItalianSome of the Italian words borrowed into English are: corridor, balcony, design, sonnet, model, picturesque, piano, violin, concert, opera, spaghetti, macaroni, broccoli, campaign, cannon, attitude, casino, influenza, jeans, umbrella, volcano, etc.2) GermanThe number of German borrowings is limited, some of them are nickel, Fahrenheit, ecology, hamburger, noodle, dollar, kindergarten, semester.3)DutchDutch is closely related to English. As the Dutch were leaders in the sea and the seafaring as well as industry, and transportation, especially in the golden ages in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, three quarters of the Dutch borrowings occurred during this period: yacht, sledge, stove, landscape, sketch, skate, boss, Santa Claus, etc.4)Spanish and PortugueseWords from Portuguese are mainly associated with slave culture. The more recent loanwords coming directly from Portuguese include Negro, potato, cafeteria, zebra, apricot, banana, etc.5)CelticCeltic is the language spoken by the earliest people in the British Isles, but unfortunately it has hardly had any influence on English vocabulary. Only a meager handful of Celtic words are left in English: dun, slough etc. the Celtic element is also found largely in place names such as rivers (Thames, Avon) and city names (York, London, Kent).There are some other loan words borrowed from other languages.Arabic: alcohol, coffee, cotton, magazine, muslin, sofa etc.Indian: candy, pajamas, shampoo etc.Russian: czar, vodka etc.Czech: robot.Bulgarian: coachPersian: bazaar, orange, check, lilac etc.Turkish: turkey, yoghurt etc.Malay: bamboo, caddy etc.Polynesian: taboo, tattooJapanese: kimono, karate, judo, tatami, etc.Australian aboriginal dialect: kangaroo, koalaAmerican Indian: moose, raccoon etcMexican: chocolate, tomato etc.Caribbean: barbecue, canoe, hurricane, maize etc.African: lion, paper, sack etc.Chinese: typhoon, tea, china, chopsticks, tofu, yin-yang, zongzi, etc.In earlier times, borrowing was a very important means of vocabulary development. While in modern times, the role of borrowing is diminishing and can hardly compare with some of the means of word-creation such as affixation,compounding and conversion.。
2005年10月份托福阅读真题及答案
Question 11-21:Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.11. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The origins of textile decorationB. The characteristics of good-quality printsC. Two types of printmakingD. Types of paper used in printmaking12. The word "prime" in line 2 is closest in meaning toA. principalB. complexC. generalD. recent13. The author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describeA. the woodcuts found in China in the fifth centuryB. the use of woodcuts in the textile industryC. the process involved in creating a woodcutD. the introduction of woodcuts to Europe14. The word "incised" in line 15 is closest in meaning toA. burnedB. cutC. framedD. baked15. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage/A. "patterns"(line 5)B. "grain"(line 8)C. "burin"(line 16)D. "grooves"(line 17)16. The word "distinctive" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. uniqueB. accurateC. irregularD. similar17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that itA. developed from the art of the goldsmithsB. requires that the paper be cut with a burinC. originated in the fifteenth centuryD. involves carving into a metal plate18. The word "yield" in line 23 is closest in meaning toA. imitateB. produceC. reviseD. contrast19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?A. Their designs are slightly raised.B. They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.C. They were first used in Europe.D. They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth century?A. Prints could be made at low cost.B. The quality of paper and ink had improved.C. Many people became involved in the printmaking industry.D. Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable.21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that theyA. can be reproduced on materials other than paperB. are created from a reversed imageC. show variations between light and dark shadesD. require a printing pressQuestions 22-31:The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery,pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun --- the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god.Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds.22. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The development of agricultureB. The locations of towns and villagesC. The early people and cultures of the United StatesD. The construction of burial mounds23. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States?A. The development of trade in North AmericaB. The establishment of permanent settlementsC. Conflicts with other Native American groups over landD. A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.24. What does the term "Adena-Hopewell"(line 7) designate?A. The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell cultureB. The two most important nations of the Adena-Hopewell cultureC. Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds.D. Two important trade routes in eastern North America25. The word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning toA. producingB. exchangingC. transportingD. loading26. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning toA. conqueredB. precededC. replacedD. imitated27. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development?A. About A.D. 400B. Between A.D. 400 AND A.D. 700C. About A.D. 1200D. In the sixteenth century28. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors?A. The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food.B. The Mississippians sold their food to other groups.C. The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates.D. The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.29. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children of the Sun"(line 22)?A. To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs.B. To argue about the importance of religion in their culture.C. To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.D. To provide an example of their religious rituals.30. The phrase "charged with" in line 26 is closest in meaning toA. passed onB. experienced atC. interested inD. assigned to31. According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the following purposes EXCEPTA. religious ceremoniesB. meeting places for the entire communityC. sites for commerceD. burial sitesQuestion 32-40:Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.)The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain.32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of theA. popularity of turnpikesB. financing of new roadsC. development of the interiorD. laws governing road use33. The word "primitive" in line 1 is closest in meaning toA. unsafeB. unknownC. inexpensiveD. undeveloped34. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country withA. other inland communitiesB. towns in other statesC. river towns or seaportsD. construction sites35. The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning toA. in need ofB. in place ofC. at the start ofD. with the purpose of36. According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building?A. The states could not afford to build roads themselves.B. The states were not as well equipped as private companies.C. Private companies could complete roads faster than the states.D. Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior.37. The word "it" in line 11 refers toA. legislatureB. companyC. authorityD. payment38. The word "imitation" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. investmentB. suggestionC. increasingD. copying39. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state thatA. built roads without tollgatesB. built roads with government moneyC. completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one yearD. introduced new law restricting road use40. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21 as an example of a feature of wagons that wasA. unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehiclesB. first found in GermanyC. effective on roads with uneven surfacesD. responsible for frequent damage to freightQuestion 41- 50:In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests tothe chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals(the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia.41. What is the passage mainly about?A. The destructive effects of salt on rocks.B. The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley.C. The amount of salt produced in Death Valley.D. The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways.42. The word "it" in line 9 refers toA. salty waterB. groundwater tableC. capillary actionD. sediment43. The word "exert" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. putB. reduceC. replaceD. control44. In lines 13-17, why does the author compare tree roots with growing salt crystals?A. They both force hard surfaces to crack.B. They both grow as long as water is available.C. They both react quickly to a rise in temperature.D. They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table.45. In lines 17-18, the author mentions the "expansion of halite crystals...by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration" in order toA. present an alternative theory about crystal growthB. explain how some rocks are not affected by saltC. simplify the explanation of crystal prying and wedgingD. introduce additional means by which crystals destroy rocks46. The word "durable" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. largeB. strongC. flexibleD. pressured47. The word "shattered" in line 20 is closest in meaning toA. arrangedB. dissolvedC. broken apartD. gathered together48. The word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning toA. most recent文档收集于互联网，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑,有帮助欢迎下载支持.B. most commonC. least availableD. least damaging49. According to the passage, which of the following is true about theeffects of salts on rocks?A. Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging.B. Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice.C. A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering.D. Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley,50. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common?A. They are protected from weathering.B. They do not allow capillary action of water.C. They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley.D. They contain more carbonates than sulfates.答案CACBC ABBDA DCBAB CCACD BBDCC AADBC AAAAD BCBCC1文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.。
1997年12月北美语法题
1997年12月北美语法题1. The acting of Mary Ann Duff was characterized by subdued dramatic force, fidelity to ____, and a marked unity of effect.(A) of each play the structure(B) the structure of each play(C) the play each structure of(D) each play the structure of2. The coherent light of a laser ____ entirely of synchronized waves of a single frequency that travel in the same direction.(A) it composes(B) to compose it(C) is composed(D) is composing it3. _____ that ornithischians, planteating dinosaurs, lived about 225 million years ago.(A) Scientists believe(B) Scientists believing(C) Scientists believe in(D) Scientists‟ belief4. _____ that book American art out of the fomanticism of the mid 1800‟s and carried it to the most powerful heights of realism.(A) Winslow Homer‟s paintings(B) It was Winslow Homer‟s paintings(C) When Winslow Homer‟s paintings(D) Paintings of Winslow Homer5. Settlers of the western United States had a sense of equality in the face of hardship, ____ democratic political practices.(A) led to(B) they had led(C) which led to(D) was leading them to6. The National Medal of Science is the ____ given by the United States government.(A) highest science award(B) highest award for scientific(C) award that is the highest scientific(D) highest, and awarding scientists7. Prehistoric people made paints by grinding colored materials ____ into powder and adding water.(A) if vegetation and clay(B) that vegetation and clay are(C) how vegetation and clay(D) such as vegetation and clay8. The concept of television, ____ images over distances, had intrigued scientists even before the intention of moving pictures or radio.(A) the transmission of(B) transmits to(C) for transmission(D) the transmitting9. Recent technology gives computers ____, making them multimedia machines withinteractive potential.(A) both audio and video capability(B) its capability is both audio and video(C) both audio and video are capable(D) capable of both audio and video10. ____ at a music store was one of Lil Armstong‟s first professional jobs as a young pianist when she came to Chicago in 1917.(A) Demonstration tunes(B) Demonstrating tunes(C) Demonstrate tunes(D) Tunes that demonstrated11. The first people to live in ____ Hawaii were the Polynesians, who sailed there in large canoes from other Pacific Islands about 2,000 years ago.(A) now where is(B) what is now(C) it is now(D) now this is12. The Alaskan blackfish exhibits ____ to both extreme cold and low concentrations of oxygen under the ice.(A) remarkable, and resistance(B) remarkable, resistant(C) remarkably resistant(D) remarkable resistance13. Penicillin acts both ____.(A) killing bacteria and their growth being inhibited(B) and to kill bacteria and to inhibit their growth(C) by killing bacteria and by inhibiting their growth(D) kills bacteria and inhibits their growth14. Now until the 1850‟s ____ in New York seek to rescue historic building from destruction or alteration.(A) some concerned citizens(B) did some concerned citizens(C) some citizen concerned(D) when some concerned citizens did15. If a diamond is heated without oxygen, it will turn to graphite, a form of ____ that it …s used as lubricant.(A) carbon is so soft(B) is carbon so soft(C) carbon so soft(D) so soft the carbon16. Gold or silver bullions serve into commerce as mediums of exchange all over the world.17. Today‟s farmers have increased milk production greatly through improved methods ofbreeding, feeding, and manage dairy cattle.18. Hypoglycemia is a condition in which a rapidly drop in blood sugar most often resultsfrom an oversecretion of insulin from pancreas.19. Newborn infants show a distinct preference for human voices over other sounds and alsoprefer her own mothers‟ voices to the voices of strangers.20. The chippewa and Santee Sioux of the Upper Mississippi River regional have usedcatlinite to produce carvings for almost 150 years.21. Absolutely nothing that floats, neither a corked bottle nor a 50,000-ton ships, canescape the effects of water currents.22. The Wright Brothers were owner of a bicycle shop, and they used a number of bicycleparts to make the original motorized airplane.23. Gemstones are usually bright, color, opaque or transparent minerals found in the rocksof the Earth .24. The modern detective story, in which a detective solves a crime by discovering andinterpretation evidence, is considered to have originated with Edgar Allan Poe‟s “ The Murders in the Rue Morgue” in 1841.25. The superintendent of women nurse for the Union Army during the Civil War wasDorothea Dix .26. Slow growth in the early1900‟s, linked with rising unemployment, less spend, andmeager business investments, led many experts to declare a recession.27. Orchestrating musical works requires a understanding of the range and characteristicsof each instrument.28. The Canadian province of British columbia is rich of minerals and, because over 50percent of the land is covered with forests, lumbering is its major industry.29. Each major styles of architecture emerged because new problems in building orchallenges in design appeared for architects to resolve.30. Much of the significant research related for the theory of numbers concerns thedistribution of prime numbers.31. Lauren Bacall made her film debut in To Have and Have Not, starting together HumphreyBogart, who later became her husband.32. The black leopard is very dark that its spots are difficult to see.33. On steep hillsides, tree roots bind to soil that might otherwise be washed away if heavyrains.34. Carson Mecullers was only 23 when she published her first novel, The Heart Is a LonelyHunter, for what she received much acclaim.Aand follow other members of own species.36. The invention of fresh metaphors today continues to make it possible the vividexpression of emotions.37. Proteins are made up of long, folded irregularly chains, the links of which are aminoacids.38. Although most species of small birds gather in groups at feeders provided by bird-watchers,the bright red cardinals usually appears alone or with its mate.39. The astronomy is the oldest science, but it continues to be at the forefront of scientificthought.40. Henry David Thoreau was an American writer who is remembered for his faith in thereligious significance of the nature.。
chapter 3 the Development of the English Vocabulary
Among them, the Germanic family is our chief concern as Modern English is derived from a collection of Germanic dialects, that were first brought to the British Islands in the fourth and fifth centuries. English and its nearest relations are all members of this family. First, we have the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then come German, Dutch, Flemish and English.
印欧语系 Indo-European
凯尔特语族 Celtic 盖尔语 Gallic
日耳曼语族 Germanic
意大利语族 Italic
北部语支 North 不列颠语支 Brittanic 古诺尔斯语 Old Norse
东部语支 East 哥特语 Gothic
奥斯干语支 Oscan
拉丁语支 Iatin
现代标准德语 Modern German
佛兰芒语 Flemish
肯特方言 Kentish
默西亚方言 Mercian
诺森布里亚方言 Northumbrian
西撒克逊方言 West Saxon
中部方言 Midland Dialect
21世纪读写教程unit1~8原文及翻译
unit1、Winston Churchill—His Other LifeMy father, Winston Churchill, began his love affair with painting in his 40s, amid disastrouscircumstances. As First Lord of the Admiralty in 1915, he had been deeply involved in a campaign in the Dardanelles that could have shortened the course of a bloody world war. But when themission failed, with great loss of life, Churchill paid the price, both publicly and privately: He was removed from the Admiralty and lost his position of political influence.我的父亲温斯顿丘吉尔是在40 几岁开始迷恋上绘画的，当时他正身处逆境。
1915 年，作为海军大臣，他深深地卷入了达达尼尔海峡的一场战役。
原本那次战役是能够缩短一场血腥的世界大战的，但它却失败了，人员伤亡惨重，为此丘吉尔作为公务员和个人都付出了代价：他被免去了海军部的职务，失去了显赫的政治地位。
Overwhelmed by the disaster — "I thought he would die of grief," said his wife, Clementine — he retired with his family to Hoe Farm, a country retreat in Surrey. There, as Churchill later recalled, "The muse of painting came to my rescue!"我本以为他会因忧伤而死的。
2005年10月份托福阅读真题_真题-无答案
2005年10月份托福阅读真题(总分50,考试时间120分钟)Section Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestion 1-10All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own food. The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a nonelective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals-- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals -- have in common.But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animal's life is when it first finds **pletely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do no survive.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The care that various animals give to their offspring.B. The difficulties young animals face in obtaining food.C. The methods that mammals use to nurse their young.D. The importance among young mammals of becoming independent.2. The author lists various animals in line 5 toA. contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammalsB. describe the process by which mammals came to be definedC. emphasize the point that every type of mammal feeds its own youngD. explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective3. The word "tend" in line 7 is closest in meaning toA. sit onB. moveC. noticeD. care for4. What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their young?A. It is unknown among fish.B. It is unrelated to the size of the young.C. It is dangerous for the parents.D. It is **mon among mammals.5. The word "provisioning" in line 13 is closest in meaning toA. supplyingB. preparingC. buildingD. expanding6. According to the passage, how do some insects make sure their young have food?A. By storing food near their young.B. By locating their nests or cells near spiders and caterpillars.C. By searching for food some distance from their nest.D. By gathering food from a nearby water source.7. The word "edge" in line 17 is closest in meaning toA. opportunityB. advantageC. purposeD. rest8. The word "it" in line 20 refers toA. FeedingB. momentC. young animalD. size9. According to the passage, animal young are most defenseless whenA. their parents are away searching for foodB. their parents have many young to feedC. they are only a few days oldD. they first become independent10. The word "shielded" in line 22 is closest in meaning toA. raisedB. protectedC. hatchedD. valuedQuestion 11-21:Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks upthe ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.11. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The origins of textile decorationB. The characteristics of good-quality printsC. Two types of printmakingD. Types of paper used in printmaking12. The word "prime" in line 2 is closest in meaning toA. principalB. complexC. generalD. recent13. The author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describeA. the woodcuts found in China in the fifth centuryB. the use of woodcuts in the textile industryC. the process involved in creating a woodcutD. the introduction of woodcuts to Europe14. The word "incised" in line 15 is closest in meaning toA. burnedB. cutC. framedD. baked15. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage/A. "patterns"(line 5)B. "grain"(line 8)C. "burin"(line 16)D. "grooves"(line 17)16. The word "distinctive" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. uniqueB. accurateC. irregularD. similar17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that itA. developed from the art of the goldsmithsB. requires that the paper be cut with a burinC. originated in the fifteenth centuryD. involves carving into a metal plate18. The word "yield" in line 23 is closest in meaning toA. imitateB. produceC. reviseD. contrast19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?A. Their designs are slightly raised.B. They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.C. They were first used in Europe.D. They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth century?A. Prints could be made at low cost.B. The quality of paper and ink had improved.C. Many people became involved in the printmaking industry.D. Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable.21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that theyA. can be reproduced on materials other than paperB. are created from a reversed imageC. show variations between light and dark shadesD. require a printing pressQuestions 22-31:The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located. **plex civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun --- the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god.Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds.22. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The development of agricultureB. The locations of towns and villagesC. The early people and cultures of the United StatesD. The construction of burial mounds23. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States?A. The development of trade in North AmericaB. The establishment of permanent settlementsC. Conflicts with other Native American groups over landD. A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.24. What does the term "Adena-Hopewell"(line 7) designate?A. The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell cultureB. The two most important nations of the Adena-Hopewell cultureC. Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds.D. Two important trade routes in eastern North America25. The word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning toA. producingB. exchangingC. transportingD. loading26. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning toA. conqueredB. precededC. replacedD. imitated27. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development?A. About A.D. 400B. Between A.D. 400 AND A.D. 700C. About A.D. 1200D. In the sixteenth century28. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors?A. The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food.B. The Mississippians sold their food to other groups.C. The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates.D. The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.29. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children of the Sun"(line 22)?A. To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs.B. To argue about the importance of religion in their culture.C. To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.D. To provide an example of their religious rituals.30. The phrase "charged with" in line 26 is closest in meaning toA. passed onB. experienced atC. interested inD. assigned to31. According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the following purposes EXCEPTA. religious ceremoniesB. meeting places for the **munityC. sites **merceD. burial sitesQuestion 32-40:Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from **munities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all **merce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unableto finance road construction, states turned for help to **panies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in **munications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave **pany the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.)**pany built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on **panies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The **mon road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the **mon of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain.32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of theA. popularity of turnpikesB. financing of new roadsC. development of the interiorD. laws governing road use33. The word "primitive" in line 1 is closest in meaning toA. unsafeB. unknownC. inexpensiveD. undeveloped34. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country withA. other **munitiesB. towns in other statesC. river towns or seaportsD. construction sites35. The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning toA. in need ofB. in place ofC. at the start ofD. with the purpose of36. According to the passage, why did states want **panies to help with road building?A. The states could not afford to build roads themselves.B. The states were not as well equipped as **panies.C. **panies **plete roads faster than the states.D. **panies had greater knowledge of the interior.37. The word "it" in line 11 refers toA. legislatureB. companyC. authorityD. payment38. The word "imitation" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. investmentB. suggestionC. increasingD. copying39. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state thatA. built roads without tollgatesB. built roads with government moneyC. completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one yearD. introduced new law restricting road use40. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21 as an example of a feature of wagons that wasA. unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehiclesB. first found in GermanyC. effective on roads with uneven surfacesD. responsible for frequent damage to freightQuestion 41- 50:In Death V alley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals(the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia.41. What is the passage mainly about?A. The destructive effects of salt on rocks.B. The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley.C. The amount of salt produced in Death Valley.D. The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways.42. The word "it" in line 9 refers toA. salty waterB. groundwater tableC. capillary actionD. sediment43. The word "exert" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. putB. reduceC. replaceD. control44. In lines 13-17, why does the **pare tree roots withgrowing salt crystals?A. They both force hard surfaces to crack.B. They both grow as long as water is available.C. They both react quickly to a rise in temperature.D. They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table.45. In lines 17-18, the author mentions the "expansion of halitecrystals...by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration"in order toA. present an alternative theory about crystal growthB. explain how some rocks are not affected by saltC. simplify the explanation of crystal prying and wedgingD. introduce additional means by which crystals destroy rocks46. The word "durable" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. largeB. strongC. flexibleD. pressured47. The word "shattered" in line 20 is closest in meaning toA. arrangedB. dissolvedC. broken apartD. gathered together48. The word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning toA. most recentB. **monC. least availableD. least damaging49. According to the passage, which of the following is true about theeffects of salts on rocks?A. Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging.B. Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice.C. A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering.D. Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley,50. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common?A. They are protected from weathering.B. They do not allow capillary action of water.C. They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley.D. They contain more carbonates than sulfates.。
《英语词汇学》
Lectures on English LexicologyMain Sections for the Lectures:Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1What Is a Word?A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.1.2 Sound and MeaningA word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to a certain thing with a cluster of sounds. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.1.3 Sound and FormIt is generally agreed that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans.In spite of the differences, at least eighty percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.1.4 V ocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary.The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one million words.1.5 Classification of Words1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Non-basic V ocabularyBasic words have the following characteristics:1.All national character: they denote the most common things and phenomena ofthe world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.2.Stability: as these words denote the commonest things necessary to life, they arelikely to remain unchanged.3.Productivity:as they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, they caneach be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes4.Polysemy:words of this kind often possess more than one meaning becausemost of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.5.Collocability: most of these words enter quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages, and proverbial sayings.“All national character” is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.Non-basic words include the following:1.Terminology（术语）: technical terms used in particular disciplines andacademic areas.2.Jargon（行话）: the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts,sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.3.Slang（俚语）4.Argot（黑话）5.Dialectal words（方言词语）6.Archaisms（古语）7.Neologisms（新词）1.5.2 Content Words and Functional WordsContent words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words（实义词）. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity, etc.Functional words do not have notions of their own. They are also called empty words. The chief function of these words is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences. They are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.Content words are numerous and the number is ever growing whereas the functional words which make up a small number of vocabulary，remain stable. However, functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words.1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words: words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language.Native words have two other features:1.Neutral in style: since native words denote the commonest things in humansociety, they are used by all people, in all places, on all occasions, and at all times.Stylistically, native words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropriate in formal style.2.Frequent in use: Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech andwriting. The percentage of native words in use runs usually as high as 70 to 90 percent.Borrowed word: words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.The loan words can be classified into four classes:1.Denizens（同化词）are words borrowed early in the past and now are wellassimilated into the English language. eg: pork----porc(F) cup---cuppa(L) 2.Aliens（非同化词）are borrowed words which have retained their originalpronunciation and spelling. eg: bazzar (per) intermesso( IT)3.Translation loans（译借词）4.Semantic loans（语义借词）Questions and Tasks on P20: 1—6Chapter 2: The Development of the English Vocabulary The English language is not the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles.A Historical Overview of the English vocabularyThe first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts. Their languages were dialects of still another branch of the Indo-European language family—Celtic（克尔特语）.The second major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions. In 55-54 B.C., the Romans invaded the British Isles and were to occupy the land until about 410.When the Roman empire began to crumble, the Germanic tribes came in. they are Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.2.2.1 Old English (450—1150)The Germanic tribes took permanent control of the land, which was to be called England (the land of Angles). Their language, historically known as Anglo-Saxon, dominated and almost totally blotted out the Celtic. People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.2.2.2 Middle English (1150--1500)Old English began to undergo a great change when the Normans invaded England from France in 1066. the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. Between 1250 and 1500 about 9,000 words of French origin poured into English. 75 percent of them are still in use today.2.2.3 Modern English (1500—up to now)Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance.In the mid-seventeenth century, England experienced the Bourgeois Revolution followed by the Industrial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power.Although borrowing remained an important channel of vocabulary expansion, yet more words are created by means of word-formation.Growth of Present-day English V ocabularyGenerally, there are three main sources of new words: the rapid development of modern science and technology; social, economic and political changes; the influence of other cultures and languages.Modes of V ocabulary DevelopmentModern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change, borrowing.1.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots, affixes and other elements. In modern times, creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.2.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet thenew need.3.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularlyin earlier times.Questions and Tasks on P33: 3, 4, 10Chapter 3: Word Formation IThough borrowing has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary, vocabulary is largely enriched on an internal basis.boys boy+schecking check+ingchairman chair+manMorphemes（词素）the smallest meaningful unit of language Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, e.g. boys---boy+-s indicates pluralitychecking---check+-ingdisappointment词是由一个或一个以上的词素构成的。
英语四六级备考提升--英语六级写作高级短语
英语六级写作高级短语 英语六级写作高级短语：1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。
一些人认为……There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some peoplesuggest that ____。
2. 俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying______.It ’s the experience of our forefathers ，however ，it is correct in many cases even today 。
3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。
首先，……;其次，……。
更为糟糕的是……。
Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______。
4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。
Nowadays,it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides,______。
5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。
它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages。
6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them_____。
小学下册E卷英语第二单元自测题[含答案]
![小学下册E卷英语第二单元自测题[含答案]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/8161477cb6360b4c2e3f5727a5e9856a561226a9.png)
小学下册英语第二单元自测题[含答案]考试时间：80分钟（总分:100）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：_____ (学校花园) can teach students about nature.2. 填空题：I found a _______ (小青蛙) near the pond.3. 填空题：The garden is a place for ______.4. 听力题：The chemical formula for glucose is ________.5. 听力题：A thermometer measures how hot or cold something is in ______.6. 填空题：The first woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physics was _______. (居里夫人)7. 填空题：We need ________ (水) to drink.8. 听力题：The capital of Uruguay is __________.9. 填空题：The bird chirps happily in the _______ (鸟儿在_______中快乐地鸣叫).10. 听力题：The capital of Croatia is _______.11. 选择题：What do we call a person who helps students learn?A. TeacherB. TutorC. EducatorD. All of the above12. 选择题：What is the main language spoken in Brazil?A. SpanishB. PortugueseC. EnglishD. French答案:B13. 填空题：My cat likes to chase _______ (光点) on the floor.14. 填空题：The ________ has a unique pattern on its skin.15. 填空题：My dog has a shiny ______ (毛发).16. 听力题：My brother plays the ____ (keyboard) in a band.17. 填空题：The __________ (人类价值) guide our actions.18. 听力题：The ____ has a distinctive call and can be loud.19. 选择题：What is the term for a young fox?A. CubB. KitC. PupD. Calf答案:B. Kit20. 听力题：I can ________ the piano.21. 填空题：I enjoy playing with my toy ____ in the garden. (玩具名称)22. 听力题：An exothermic reaction releases ______.23. ts can grow in ______ (贫瘠) soil. 填空题：Some pla24. 填空题：I enjoy planting _______ in my garden (我喜欢在我的花园中种_______).25. 听力题：My brother is a great ________.26. 填空题：My friend’s father is my __________. (朋友的父亲)27. 填空题：A pelican catches fish with its ________________ (喙).28. 听力题：A __________ is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction.29. 填空题：The country known for its friendly people is ________ (新西兰).30. 选择题：Which animal can change its color to blend in?A. ChameleonB. ElephantC. ZebraD. Parrot31. 听力题：The _____ (flower/tree) is blooming.32. 听力题：A _____ is a group of stars that forms a pattern.33. 听力题：I can ______ (play) the drums in the band.34. 选择题：What is the term for a scientist who studies rocks?A. BiologistB. GeologistC. ChemistD. Physicist答案:BThe chemical formula for magnesium hydroxide is _______.36. 填空题：I built a huge _________ (城堡) with my building blocks and it looks _________ (很棒).37. 填空题：The ant is very ________________ (勤劳).38. 填空题：I enjoy going to ________ (音乐会) with my friends.39. 选择题：What do we call the scientific study of living organisms?A. BiologyB. ChemistryC. PhysicsD. Astronomy答案: A40. 选择题：What do we call a scientist who studies animal behavior?A. EthologistB. ZoologistC. BiologistD. Ecologist答案: A41. 填空题：The country known for its fjords is ________ (以峡湾闻名的国家是________).42. 听力题：The __________ is a famous historical site.43. 填空题：The __________ (印第安人) have a rich cultural history in North America.44. 听力题：The sun is _____ (shining/raining) today.45. 听力题：The capital city of Sweden is ________.46. 听力题：__________ are substances that can neutralize bases in a reaction.Did you see that _____ (小狗) chasing its tail?48. 填空题：A seahorse's method of reproduction is quite ________________ (独特).49. 选择题：How many weeks are in a year?A. 48B. 50C. 52D. 54答案: C50. 选择题：What is the name of the planet we live on?A. MarsB. VenusC. EarthD. Jupiter答案:C51. 填空题：I enjoy reading ________ (故事书) before I go to sleep. My favorite book is about a ________ (小女孩) and her adventures.52. 听力题：The baby is sleeping ___. (quietly)53. 选择题：What do you call the layer of the Earth where we live?A. CrustB. MantleC. CoreD. Atmosphere答案: A54. 听力题：The symbol for sodium is _____.55. 填空题：The __________ (种子) needs soil to grow.56. 填空题：A ____(community needs assessment) identifies gaps in services.My sister is a _____ (舞者) who trains every day.58. 填空题：My sister enjoys __________ (学习) about different cultures.59. 填空题：My cousin is very __________ (聪明).60. 填空题：A _______ (小火烈鸟) stands on one leg in the water.61. 听力题：A ____ is often kept in a cage and talks.62. 填空题：My _____ (舅舅) is a firefighter.63. 填空题：The _______ (小袋熊) likes to dig in the ground.64. 听力题：A __________ is formed when two or more elements combine.65. 填空题：My favorite season is _______ (春天) because flowers bloom.66. 选择题：What is the term for a baby goat?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. Foal答案: B. Kid67. 选择题：What do bees produce?A. MilkB. HoneyC. SilkD. Wax答案:B. Honey68. 听力题：My dad _____ a new car last week. (bought)The garden is full of _______ (花园里满是_______).70. 听力题：It is _____ (sunny/rainy) today.71. 填空题：My friend is always __________ (支持我的).72. 选择题：Which word means "to go quickly on foot"?A. WalkB. JumpC. RunD. Crawl答案: C. Run73. 听力题：The capital city of Vietnam is __________.74. 选择题：What is the name of the famous ancient structure in Egypt?A. ColosseumB. PyramidsC. ParthenonD. Stonehenge答案: B75. 填空题：I enjoy watching _____ flutter in the garden.76. 听力题：The _______ of a pendulum can be affected by wind.77. 填空题：The ______ (生物多样性) of plants is essential for ecosystems.78. 填空题：The _____ (拼图) is colorful and fun.79. 听力题：The ____ is a small rodent that likes to nibble on seeds.80. 填空题：Let’s have a __________ (形容词) __________ (玩具名) party!My _______ (金鱼) swims in a bowl.82. 听力题：The _______ of a substance is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume.83. 填空题：The __________ (历史学校教育) helps students learn about their heritage.84. 填空题：The _____ (章鱼) is a fascinating sea creature.85. 听力题：The __________ is essential for maintaining biodiversity.86. 听力题：The flowers are ______ (growing) in the garden.87. 听力题：A ______ is a substance that can donate an electron.88. 选择题：What is the most widely spoken language in the world?A. SpanishB. MandarinC. EnglishD. Hindi答案:B89. 填空题：Machu Picchu is an ancient __________ (印加) city located in Peru.90. ts have _____ (刺) to protect themselves from animals. 填空题：Some pla91. 填空题：My mom is a ______ (老师).92. 听力题：The _______ can be used for making scented oils.93. 听力题：The __________ is a part of the plant that anchors it to the ground.My grandma has many _______ (我奶奶有很多_______).95. 听力题：The chemical formula for sodium bicarbonate is _______.96. 选择题：What do we call the part of the tree that grows underground?A. BranchB. LeafC. TrunkD. Root答案: D97. 听力题：An exothermic reaction ______ energy to the surroundings.98. 听力题：The chemical formula for carbon monoxide is _______.99. 听力题：The __________ helps to maintain the earth's ecosystems.100. 听力题：Reactions can be categorized as either exothermic or _____ based on energy changes.。
小学上册第9次英语第二单元测验卷(含答案)
小学上册英语第二单元测验卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I love to watch _______ (鸟) fly.2.Heat of reaction refers to the _____ change that occurs during a reaction.3.Which country is known for sushi?A. ChinaB. JapanC. ThailandD. India答案:B4.The flowers in the garden are _______ and cheerful, making me happy.5.I wish I could have a ________ (飞行器) like Peter Pan. It would be an amazing________ (体验).6.I have a _____ (玩具枪) for dress-up.7.What is the name of the process by which a caterpillar becomes a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. EvolutionC. AdaptationD. Transformation答案:A8.What is the largest planet in our solar system?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Venus9. A ______ is a small animal that hops around.10.What is the capital of Sri Lanka?A. ColomboB. KandyC. GalleD. Jaffna答案:A Colombo11.What type of animal is a frog?A. MammalB. ReptileC. BirdD. Amphibian答案:D Amphibian12.The bison's bulk helps it endure harsh ______ (天气).13.My sister is a _____ (学生) who loves science.14.What do you call the natural satellite of Earth?A. SunB. StarC. MoonD. Planet答案:C15.My dad is a __________ (机械工程师).16.The weather is _____ (warm/cold) in spring.17.My favorite TV show is ________ (喜剧).18.There are many ________ in the ocean.19.What do we call the large desert in Africa?A. SaharaB. GobiC. KalahariD. Atacama20.The ______ is known for her contributions to literature.21.The _____ (森林) is full of wildlife.22.The dog loves to play with a ______ (球) in the park.23.The capital of Italy is _______.24.I want to ___ a new toy. (get)25.How many bones are in the human skull?A. 22B. 24C. 26D. 28答案:A26.My sister has a keen interest in __________ (天文学).27.My dad is very ________.28.The girl is very ________.29.The bunny's fur is soft and _____ warm.30.The __________ (历史的回声) resonates with humanity.31. A __________ is a substance that can change color depending on pH.32.What do you call the study of living things?A. BiologyB. ChemistryC. PhysicsD. Geography33.What do you wear on your feet?A. HatB. ShoesC. GlovesD. Scarf34.My brother loves to be __________ (积极的) in sports.35. A ________ (小岛) is smaller than an island.36.My father _______ (工作) at a bank.37.Chemicals are often measured in ________.38.Which holiday is celebrated on December 25th?A. HalloweenB. ThanksgivingC. ChristmasD. New Year答案:C39. A __________ is a tool used to measure volume.40.The _______ (The Renaissance) led to a revival in art and learning.41.The ________ (人工栽培) supports agriculture.42.I enjoy playing _____ (桌面游戏) with my friends.43.I enjoy watching the _______ (小动物) at the zoo.44.The _____ (香味) of flowers attracts bees.45. A frog can change from tadpole to ______ (青蛙).46.What do we call a person who studies literature?A. Literary CriticB. AuthorC. PoetD. All of the above47.What do we call a person who studies animals?A. BiologistB. ZoologistC. BotanistD. Ecologist答案:B48.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. RiceD. Salt答案:B49.We have a ________ (schedule) to stick to.50.Keeping my ________ (名词) organized helps me find my toys easily.51.He loves to ___ (travel/study).52.The chemical symbol for oxygen is _______.53.What is the value of 8 × 8?A. 54B. 56C. 64D. 72答案:C54.How many legs do insects have?A. 6B. 8C. 4D. 10答案:A55.I see a _____ (squirrel) collecting nuts.56.What do you call a baby chicken?A. CalfB. ChickC. DucklingD. Kit答案:B57.My _______ (猫) enjoys climbing on high surfaces.58.The Earth's surface is made up of various ______.59.The ____ hops around and loves to chase after things.60.What is the opposite of old?A. YoungB. ElderlyC. AncientD. Mature61. A __________ (植物的生长) cycle includes several stages.62.The chemical formula for lithium chloride is _____.63.We visit the ______ (社区中心) for workshops.64.My friend has a pet ______ (狗) that is very playful.65.Which of the following is a primary color?A. PurpleB. GreenC. RedD. Orange66.My favorite snack is ________.67.What do you wear on your head?A. ShoesB. ShirtC. HatD. Pants答案:C68.The first human to orbit the Earth was ________ (尤里·加加林).69.I have a ___ (story/book) to tell you.70.How many days are there in a week?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8答案:C 771.Foxes have bushy _______ (尾巴).72.What is the capital of Portugal?A. LisbonB. MadridC. BarcelonaD. Porto答案:A Lisbon73.My family likes to ______ (一起) eat dinner.74. A chemical reaction that occurs spontaneously is known as a ________ reaction.75.Sedimentary rocks can contain fossils of __________.76.My sister is a _____ (演员) who loves theater.77.What do we call the process of making something from raw materials?A. RecyclingB. ManufacturingC. DistributingD. Shipping答案:B78.How many planets are in our solar system?A. 7B. 8C. 9D. 1079.My favorite color for toys is _______ (我最喜欢玩具的颜色是_______).80. A metal that is highly malleable is ______.81. A solution with a pH of is very ______.82.We are going to ______ (camp) in the woods.83.The _____ is our nearest neighbor in space.84. A chemical change can result in a change in ______.85.The rabbit’s soft fur keeps it _________ (温暖).86.The _______ of a pendulum can be illustrated with a clock.87.I want to _____ (write) a letter.88. A __________ (科学探索) expands our understanding of the natural world.89._____ (地下根系) stabilize plants during storms.90.What do you call a large body of land surrounded by water?A. IslandB. PeninsulaC. ContinentD. Mountain答案:A91.What do you celebrate on your birthday?A. New YearB. ChristmasC. Your birthD. Thanksgiving答案:C92.ts are ______ (食肉) and catch insects for food. Some pla93. A mixture that contains two or more phases is called a _______ mixture.94.The fruit is _______ (ripe) and delicious.95.I enjoy planting _____ in my flower pots.96.The __________ (历史的评价) can vary over time.97.What do we call a person who makes bread?A. BakerB. ButcherC. ChefD. Cook98.Trees need sunlight, water, and __________ to grow.99.Who was the first president of the USA?A. Abraham LincolnB. George WashingtonC. Thomas JeffersonD. John Adams答案:B100. A __________ is a rock formed from cooled and solidified magma.。
南宁2024年小学第7次英语第3单元全练全测(含答案)
南宁2024年小学英语第3单元全练全测(含答案)考试时间：80分钟（总分:120）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：The flowers are _____ in the garden. (blooming)2、填空题：We have a picnic in the ________ (草地) every spring.3、Which animal is known for its ability to change color?A. ChameleonB. SharkC. EagleD. Horse答案: A. Chameleon4、听力题：The process of sublimation involves a solid changing to a __________.5、填空题：The first human rights declaration was the ________ (人权宣言).6、How do you say "house" in Spanish?A. CasaB. MaisonC. HausD. Domo7、听力题：We have a _____ (聚会) for Halloween.8、听力题：A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its ______.9、填空题：My sister is passionate about __________ (环保).The _____ (rainforest) is rich in biodiversity.11、How many continents are there in the world?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8答案:C. 712、填空题：An example of a gas is _______. (氧气)13、听力题：The ______ is a huge explosion of a star.14、填空题：My sibling has a great sense of __________ (审美).15、填空题：The _____ (海豚) loves to surf the waves.16、听力题：She has a new ________.17、填空题：We have a ______ (丰富的) variety of snacks at home.18、填空题：I saw a ________ jumping in the river.19、____ (植物) can grow in water. 填空题：Some flo20、选择题：What is the name of the famous author who wrote "To Kill a Mockingbird"?A. Harper LeeB. Mark TwainC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. J.D. Salinger21、填空题：My dog loves to fetch a _______ (球) at the park.22、填空题：The ________ has a sweet fragrance.The chemical formula for ammonia is _______.24、habitat fragmentation) threatens many species. 填空题：The ____25、What is the largest land animal?A. HippopotamusB. GiraffeC. ElephantD. Rhino答案: C26、填空题：Ants work together to build a ________________ (巢).27、填空题：The ________ sings in the morning.28、听力题：My brother likes to explore ____ (new places).29、选择题：What is the capital of England?A. ParisB. LondonC. BerlinD. Rome30、听力题：We have _____ (English/math) class today.31、填空题：A ____(research study) investigates specific environmental challenges.32、填空题：The capital of Spain is ________ (马德里).33、听力题：The capital city of Argentina is __________.34、填空题：The first female governor in the U.S. was ________ (娜奈·亨利).35、填空题：The eel swims smoothly in the ______ (水).36、What is the name of the place where we can see wild animals in their natural habitat?A. ZooB. SafariC. AquariumD. Farm答案:B37、What is the capital city of Argentina?A. Buenos AiresB. SantiagoC. MontevideoD. Lima38、填空题：My mom is very _______ (形容词) when it comes to gardening. 她的花园很 _______ (形容词).39、What do we call the liquid that falls from the sky?A. SnowB. RainC. HailD. Sleet答案:B40、听力题：The _______ of a car is increased by going downhill.41、填空题：The _______ (猪) enjoys rolling in mud.42、听力题：The chemical formula for sodium thiosulfate is _______.43、填空题：The __________ (气球) flew over the mountains.44、What is the opposite of 'hot'?A. WarmB. ColdC. CoolD. Heat答案:B45、听力题：A hamster runs on its ______ at night.46、填空题：The ______ (小鸭子) waddles after its mother to the ______ (水边).47、What do we call the person who writes books?A. ActorB. ArtistC. AuthorD. Musician答案:C48、填空题：My dog loves to dig _______ (洞) in the yard.49、听力题：He is very ___. (kind)50、听力题：A _______ is a solution that does not conduct electricity.51、听力题：I enjoy _____ (reading/watching) movies.52、选择题：What is the opposite of good?A. BadB. NiceC. KindD. Sweet53、填空题：In winter, some trees lose their _____ (叶子).54、填空题：I want to _____ (grow) my own vegetables.55、What is the name of the famous wizarding school in "Harry Potter"?A. HogwartsB. DurmstrangC. BeauxbatonsD. Ilvermorny答案: A56、What is the main ingredient in salad?A. MeatB. VegetablesC. BreadD. Cheese57、填空题：My ________ (玩具名称) helps me learn math.58、What is the name of the famous American monument in Washington, D.C.?A. Lincoln MemorialB. Washington MonumentC. Jefferson MemorialD. Vietnam Veterans Memorial答案:B59、carbon capture technology) helps reduce emissions. 填空题：The ____60、听力题：The garden is _______ (full) of vegetables.61、What do you call the upper part of a tree?A. TrunkB. BranchC. CanopyD. Roots答案:C62、Who is the main character in "Alice in Wonderland"?A. Snow WhiteB. AliceC. CinderellaD. Dorothy答案:B63、听力题：The _______ is the energy required to break bonds in a chemical reaction.64、听力题：They are friends since _____ (childhood/adulthood).65、听力题：She speaks ________ languages.66、听力题：The chemical formula for methane is _______.67、What do we call the act of encouraging personal responsibility?A. AccountabilityB. OwnershipC. LeadershipD. All of the Above答案：D68、听力题：The ________ (conference) gathers experts.69、填空题：The _______ (小虎) is known for its beautiful stripes.70、填空题：I can ______ (克服) challenges with determination.71、What do we call the area of land surrounded by water?A. IslandB. PeninsulaC. ContinentD. Coast72、填空题：When it rains, I wear my ________ (雨衣) and jump in the ________ (水坑).73、填空题：I have a collection of ________ toys.74、听力题：The chemical symbol for iodine is ______.75、听力题：The ____ is known for its colorful feathers.76、选择题：What is the capital of Japan?A. BeijingB. TokyoC. SeoulD. Bangkok77、Which of these is a common pet?A. TigerB. DogC. EagleD. Owl答案:B78、填空题：I enjoy ______ (探索) new places.79、听力题：Aluminum is a lightweight ______.80、听力题：A mixture can be separated by _______ methods like filtration.81、听力题：She is very ________ at drawing.82、听力题：The Earth’s ______ is responsible for its magnetic field.83、听力题：Table sugar is also known as _____.84、听力题：The flowers are _____ in the sunshine. (smiling)85、填空题：Ancient Greece is known for its contributions to ________.86、填空题：I can make my own rules with my toy ________ (玩具名称).87、听力题：I wear a ___ (hat/scarf) in winter.88、听力题：We are having a ______ (party) this weekend.89、填空题：I enjoy drawing ______ (漫画) characters and creating my own ______ (故事).90、听力题：She is ___ (laughing/sobbing) at the movie.91、听力题：His favorite color is ________.92、选择题：Which of these animals can swim?A. LionB. WhaleC. HorseD. Monkey93、听力题：The process of plants making food is called ______.94、听力题：A mixture of metals is known as an _____.95、填空题：The __________ (历史的完整性) is vital for accuracy.96、听力题：Astronomy dates back thousands of years to ancient ______.97、选择题：What do we call a traditional story that explains something in nature?A. MythB. FableC. LegendD. Tale98、听力题：The smallest unit of a compound is a _______.99、填空题：The ancient Romans built ________ as a form of public entertainment.100、听力题：The capital of the Bahamas is __________.。