锂电池充电器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文外文文献翻译The-design-of-the-lithium-battery-charger锂电池充电器的设计
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：锂电池充电器的设计文献、资料英文题目：The design of the lithiumbattery charger文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14The design of the lithium battery chargerIntroductionLi-Ion rechargeable batteries are finding their way into many applications due to their size, weight and energy storage advantages.These batteries are already considered the preferred battery in portable computer applications, displacing NiMH and NiCad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly becoming the second major marketplace for Li-Ion. The reason is clear. Li-Ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers,Li-Ion battery packs offer longer run times over NiCad and NiMH packs for the same form factor and size, while reducing weight. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter using Li-Ion batteries without sacrificing run time. As Li-Ion battery costs come down, even more applications will switch to this lighter and smaller technology. Market trends show a continual growth in all rechargeable battery types as consumers continue to demand the convenience of portability. Market data for 1997 shows that approximately 200 million cells of Li-Ion will be shipped, compared to 600 million cells of NiMH. However, it is important to note that three cells of NiMH are equivalent to one Li-Ion cell when packaged into a battery pack. Thus, the actual volume is very close to the same for both. 1997 also marked the first year Li-Ion was the battery type used in the majority of portable computers, displacing NiMH for the top spot. Data for the cellular market showed a shift to Li-Ion in the majority of phones sold in 1997 in Europe and Japan.Li-Ion batteries are an exciting battery technology that must be watched. To make sense of these new batteries, this design guide explains the fundamentals, the charging requirements and the circuits to meet these requirements.Along with more and more the emergence of the handheld electric appliances, to the high performance, baby size, weight need of the light battery charger also more Come more big.The battery is technical to progress to also request continuously to refresh the calculate way more complicatedly is fast with the realization, safety of refresh.Therefore need Want to carry on the more accurate supervision towards refreshing the process, to shorten to refresh time and attain the biggest battery capacity, and prevent°from the battery Bad.The A VR has already led the one step in the competition, is prove is perfect control chip of the next generation charger. The microprocessor of Atmel A VR is current and can provide Flash, EEPROM and 10 ADCses by single slice on the market Of 8 RISC microprocessors of the tallest effect.Because the saving machine of procedure is a Flash, therefore can need not elephant MASK ROM Similar, have a few software editions a few model numbers of stock.The Flash can carry on again to weave the distance before deliver goods, or in the PCB Stick after pack carry on weaving the distance through an ISP again, thus allow to carry on the software renewal in the last one minute.The EEPROM can used for conservancy mark certainly coefficient and the battery characteristic parameter, such as the conservancy refreshes record with the battery that raise the actual usage Capacity.10 A/ Ds conversion machine can provide the enough diagraph accuracy, making the capacity of the good empress even near to its biggest capacity. And other project for attaining this purpose, possible demand the ADC of the exterior, not only take up the space of PCB, but also raised the system Cost.The A VR is thus deluxe language but 8 microprocessors of the designs of unique needleobject" C" currently.The AT90S4433 reference The design is with" C" to write, the elucidation carries on the software design's is what and simple with the deluxe language.Code of C this design is very Carry on adjust easily to suit current and future battery.But the ATtiny15 reference design then use edit collected materials the language to write of, with Acquire the biggest code density.An electric appliances of the modern consumption mainly uses as follows four kinds of batteries:1.Seal completely the sour battery of lead( SLA)2.The battery of NiCd3.The NiMHhydrogen battery( NiMH)4.Lithium battery( Li- Ion)At right choice battery and refresh the calculate way need to understand the background knowledge of these batteries. Seal completely the sour battery( SLA) of lead seals completely the sour battery of lead to mainly used for the more important situation of the cost ratio space and weights, such as the UPS and report to the police the backup battery of the system.The battery of SLA settles the electric voltage to carry on , assist limits to avoid with the electric current at refresh the process of early battery lead the heat.Want ～only the electricity .The pond unit electric voltage does not exceed the provision( the typical model is worth for the 2.2 Vs) of produce the company, the battery of SLA can refresh without limit.The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd use very widespread currently.Its advantage is an opposite cheapness, being easy to the usage;Weakness is from turn on electricity the rate higher.The battery of NiCd of the typical model can refresh 1,000 times.The expired mechanism mainly is a pole to turn over.The first in the battery pack drive over.The unit that all turn on electricity will take place the reversal.For prevent°froming damage the battery wrap, needing to supervise and control the electric voltage without a break.Once unit electric voltage Descend the 1.0 Vs must shut down.The battery of NiCd carries on refresh in settling the electric current by forever . The NiMH hydrogen battery( NiMH) holds to shoot the elephant machine 26 such as the cellular phone, hand in the hand that the importance measure hold equipments, the etc. NiMHhydrogen battery is an usage the most wide.This kind of battery permit.The quantity is bigger than NiCd's.Because lead to refresh and will result in battery of NiMH lose efficacy, carry on measuring by the square in refresh process with.Stop is count for much in fit time.Similar to battery of NiCd, the pole turn over the battery also will damage.Battery of NiMH of from turn on electricity the rate and is probably 20%/ month.Similar to battery of NiCd, the battery of NiMH also settles the electric current to refresh .Other batteries says compare in lithium battery( Li- Ion) and this texts, the lithium battery has the tallest energy/ weight to compare to compare with energy/ physical volume.Lithium battery Settle the electric voltage to carry on refresh with , want to have the electric current restrict to lead the heat in the early battery of refresh the process by avoid at the same time.When refresh the electric current.Descend to produce the minimum electric current of the enactment of company will stop refresh.Leading to refresh will result in battery damage, even exploding.The safety of the battery refreshes the fast charge machine( namely battery can at small be filled with the electricity in 3 hours, is usually a hour) demand of the modern.Can to the unit electric voltage, refresh the electric current and the battery temperatures to carry on to measure by。
智能型充电器的电源和显示的设计外文文献
..毕业设计（论文）外文文献题目：智能型充电器的电源和显示的设计院（系）：自动控制系专业：工业自动化姓名：指导老师：填表日期： 2015年12日The design of the lithium battery chargerIntroductionAccording to the size, weight and energy storage advantages of lithium ion rechargeable battery is being used in many applications. These batteries have been considered for the application of the preferred battery in portable computer, displacing NiMH and NiCad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly become the second major lithium battery market. The reason is obvious. Lithium ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers, lithium ion batteries in the same conditions and the size and weight of cases than NiCad and NiMH can provide more lasting power. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter if using Li ion batteries so without sacrificing battery life. When the lithium ion battery costs down, even more applications will This will change to a lighter and smaller technology. As consumers continue to demand the convenience, indicating that the market trend of recharging a continual growth in all the cells. According to the market data show that approximately about two hundred million batteries will be lithium ion to be shipped in 1997 when compared with 600 million NiMH batteries. However, it is important to note that the electric core electric core three NiMH equivalent to a lithium ion when packaged into a battery pack. Therefore, the actual volume of the two is very close to the same year also marked the first.1997 yearli ion battery type used in the majority of portable computers, displacing NiMH for the top spot. The data show that in 1997 the European and Japanese batteries market showed a shift to lithium Ion in the application of the majority of phones. Lithium ion batteries is an exciting battery technology must be to a high degree of attention. To understand these new batteries, this design guide explains these principles, the charging requirements and circuits to meet these needs.With the advent of handheld appliances more and more, the high performance, small size, light weight of the battery charger is also increasing demand. Continued progress in battery technology also requires charging algorithm more complex to achieve rapid and safe charging. Therefore need to be monitored more precisely on the charging process to shorten the charging time. The maximum capacity of the battery, and to prevent damage to the battery.AVR is a step ahead in the competition, proved to be perfect the next generation charger control chip.Atmel AVR microprocessor is currently on the market can provide Flash with single, 8 of the most efficient RISC EEPROM and 10 ADC microprocessors. Since the program memory for Flash therefore, you can not like MASK ROM, there are several software versions of several models on the stock.Flash can be programmed before delivery, or after the PCB mount through ISP For programming, allowing the software update for.EEPROM can be used to save calibration coefficient and battery parameters at the last minute, such as the preservation of charging records can provide sufficient precision to improve the actual use of the battery capacity.10 A/D converter, the charge after the capacity is closer to its maximum capacity. While the other scheme in order to achieve this goal that may require external ADC, not only occupy PCB space, but also improve the 8 bit microprocessor.AT90S4433 reference design system of the cost of.AVR is a high-level language unique needle object "C" the current design is to use "C" to write the instructions in a high-level language for software design is the design of a simple.C code like how it is easy to adjust to fit the current and future battery. But the ATtiny15 reference design is written in assembly language, to achieve the maximum code density.Modern consumer appliances mainly use the following four kinds of batteries:1 sealed lead acid battery (SLA)2 nickel cadmium battery (NiCd)3 nickel hydrogen battery (NiMH)4 lithium battery (Li-Ion)In the correct choice of battery and charging algorithm need to know the background knowledge of these batteries.Sealed lead-acid battery (SLA) sealed lead-acid battery is mainly used for the occasions of the cost is more important than the space and weight, such as ups and alarm system backup battery.SLA battery with constant voltage charging, supplemented by current limit to avoid in the charging process of early battery overheating. As long as the battery cell voltage does not exceed manufacturer provisions (typical values to 2.2V), SLA batteries can be unrestricted charging.The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd currently in use was very common. Its advantages are relatively cheap, easy to use; drawback is self discharge rate is relatively high. Typical NiCd batteries can be recharged up to 1000 times. Failure mechanism is mainly polarity reversal. In the battery pack in the first is complete discharge of single element will reverse. In order to prevent damage to the battery pack, the need to continuously monitor the voltage. Once a unit voltageDown to 1.0V it is necessary to shut down the.NiCd battery in a constant current way to charge.Nickel hydrogen battery (NIMH) in lightweight handheld devices such as mobile phones and hand-held camera, and so on Ni MH battery is used most widely. The capacity of the battery NiCd. Due to overcharge can cause the failure of NiMH battery, in the charging process of precise measurement is very important to stop at the right time. And NiCd batteries, polarity reversal when the batteries will.NiMH battery self discharge rate is about 20% / month. And NiCd battery, NiMH battery for constant current charging damage.Lithium battery (Li-Ion) compared with other cells described in this article, the lithium battery has the highest energy / energy / weight ratioand volume ratio. The lithium battery charge with constant voltage and current should be limited to avoid overheating of the battery charging process at the beginning. When the minimum electric current down to the manufacturers set when we need to stop charging. Charging will cause damage to the battery, or even an explosion. The safety of the battery charging modern quick charger (usually one hour full charge, the battery can be in less than 3 hours) need to be able to unit voltage, charge current and battery temperature are measured accurately, at the same time the full power to avoid the overcharge damage. Charging method for SLA batteries and lithium batteries for constant voltage current limiting method; charging method of NiCd battery and NiMH battery for constant current method, The judgment method of different stop charging has several. The maximum charge current maximum charge current and battery capacity (C). The maximum charging current of the battery capacity to tend to the numerical representation. For example, the battery capacity is 750 mAh, the charging current is 750 mA, the charging current is 1C (1 times the battery capacity) if the trickle charge current is C/40, then the charging current for the battery capacity divided by 40 is overheated battery charging power transmission to the battery energy in the chemical reaction process. The preserved. But not all electrical energy conversion to chemical energy in the battery. Some electrical energy turns into heat energy a, heating effect on the battery. When the battery is full, if it continues to charge, then all the energy will be transformed into heat. The battery fast charging the battery which will enable rapid warming, if not promptly stop charging the battery will cause the loss of Therefore, it is very important to monitor the temperature and stop the charging in time when designing the battery charger.Stop charging discriminant battery method different applications and work environment limits the of judgment to stop charging method of choice. Sometimes, the temperature is not easy to be measured, but can be measuredvoltage, or other circumstances. This paper to voltage change rate -dV/dt basic judgment stop charging method, and with the temperature and absolute voltage value for assistance and backup. But below the hardware support described in this article about all methods.T - time this is the easiest way to decide when to stop charging. The backup plan is usually used for fast charging. Sometimes, it is also used as a basic solution for a common charge (16 - 14 hours).V - voltage when the voltage exceeds the limit stop charging. Usually with constant current charging with the use of. Maximum current is determined by the battery, usually. In order to prevent the charging current is too large to battery overheating. At this time limited current is very critical. This method is lithium battery of the charge and stop project. The actual lithium battery charger often after up to a maximum voltage also continue to for the second phase of the charging, in order to achieve 100% of the battery capacity. For the battery of NiCd and NiMH battery, this can be as reserve judgment stop charging scheme.-dV/dt - voltage change rate of the judge to stop charging method using the negative voltage change rate. For certain types of batteries, when after the battery is fully charge will lead to voltage drop. At this time the scheme was very fit. This method is commonly used for constant current charging, applicable to the fast charge of the battery of NiCd and NiMH batteries.I - current when the charge current is less than a preset value, it is normally used for a constant voltage charging method. It is suitable for SLA batteries and lithium batteries.T - temperature absolute temperature can be used as the basis for the NiCd battery and NiMH battery to stop charging, but it is more suitable as a backup solution.DT/dt - the rate of temperature rise can be used as a basis for stopping charging. Please refer to the battery manufacturer's specification (NiCd1oC/min), which is suitable for the NiMH battery NiCd battery.DT - beyond the environment temperature of the temperature value when the battery temperature and the environment temperature difference over a limited need to stop charging. This method can be as NiCd battery and battery of SLA stop charging scheme. In cold environment when charging the method than the absolute temperature determination method is better by in most systems often only a temperature probe, had no choice but to charge before the temperature as the environment temperature.DV/dt = 0 - zero voltage difference this method is very similar to the -dV/dt method, and the voltage will not increase the case more accurately. It is suitable for NiCd battery and NiMH battery.This reference design fully realize the battery charger is designed with the latest technology, can be of various popular battery fast charging without modifying the hardware, and around a single hardware platform for the realization of a complete product charger series. Only need the new charging method of ISP download to the flash memory of the processor can get new types. Obviously, this method can greatly shorten the new product launch time and require only a kind of hardware of stock. The design provides a complete for SLA, NiCd, NiMH and Li ion battery of library functions.锂电池充电器的设计介绍根据其尺寸，重量和能量储存优点，锂- 离子可再充电电池正在被用于许多的应用领域。
软包锂电池英文文献
软包锂电池英文文献Soft-Packed Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Technical Overview.Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have revolutionized theway we power our electronic devices, with their high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and long cycle life. Among various battery configurations, soft-packed lithium-ion batteries (SPLBs) have emerged as a popular choice fora wide range of applications, thanks to their unique advantages.Advantages of Soft-Packed Lithium-Ion Batteries.SPLBs offer several advantages compared to traditional battery formats. Firstly, their flexible packaging allowsfor a more compact and lightweight design, making them suitable for space-constrained applications. Secondly, the soft packaging material enhances the battery's safety by preventing internal short circuits and mitigating theimpact of external forces. Furthermore, SPLBs offer betterheat dissipation, enabling them to operate at higher temperatures without compromising performance.Construction and Materials Used.Soft-packed lithium-ion batteries are constructed using a combination of aluminum and plastic films as the outer packaging. This packaging material is chosen for its excellent strength, flexibility, and insulating properties. Inside, the battery comprises an anode, a cathode, a separator, and an electrolyte. The choice of materials for these components is crucial for the battery's performance and safety.Working Principles.During discharge, lithium ions move from the anode, through the separator, to the cathode. This process generates electricity, which powers the connected device. During charge, the ions flow in the opposite direction, returning to the anode. The separator ensures that the ions move through the battery safely, preventing direct contactbetween the anode and cathode, which could lead to short circuits.Applications.Soft-packed lithium-ion batteries are widely used in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. In consumer electronics, their lightweight and compact design makes them ideal for portable devices like smartphones, laptops, and wearables. In electric vehicles, SPLBs offer high energy density and fast charging capabilities, enabling longer driving ranges and shorter charging times. In renewable energy systems, they are used to store energy generated by solar panels or wind turbines, ensuring a continuous supply of power even when the weather conditions are not favorable.Challenges and Future Developments.Despite their many advantages, SPLBs face some challenges, such as safety concerns and recycling issues. Ongoing research is focused on developing safer batterychemistries, improving their thermal stability, and enhancing their recycling potential. Future developments in SPLB technology could lead to even higher energy densities, faster charging speeds, and improved lifespans.Conclusion.Soft-packed lithium-ion batteries represent asignificant advancement in battery technology, offering unique advantages in terms of compactness, lightweight design, and safety. Their widespread use in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems underscores their importance in powering our modern, mobile world. As research continues to address the challenges associated with SPLBs, we can expect further improvements in their performance and safety, enabling even more innovative applications in the future.。
锂电池产品说明书中英文对照版
Warning
1．Do not dispose of battery in a fire as they may explode, battery may also exploded if damaged.
国际标准：NOHON所有锂电池产品不含有镉、铅、汞等污染环境的金属，完全符合国际标准。
【电池正面背面侧面展示：电池尺寸为63.5×41×5.99mm】
使用说明1. 我们建议您在首次使用此NOHNO电池前，将电池完全充电。
2.新电池只有在二、三次完全充电和放电的周期之后才能达到最佳性能。
3.请勿将充满电量的电池连接至充电器因为过分充电可能会缩短电池寿命。
超强电量：采用高密度物料的高容量电芯，制成超级电量的顶级锂电池产品。
安全稳定：所有的锂电池都没有防过冲、防过冲及防短路的精密保护装置，可以保护在意外情况精准启动保护功效。
耐用：NOHON锂电池产品内阻低储电量高，无论待机状态或者通话时间都比一般锂电池产品更长。
环保：锂电池产品充电次数可达五百次以上，这样可大大减低更换电池次数，既节省费用同时更达至环保减排作用。
4.如果您打算长时间不使用电池时，请必须将电池拆下，并存放在低温干燥的环境，而且电池必须充满。电池即使未使用也会自动放电，应避免电池过分放电处于低电状态导致无法再度充电。
5.请使用NOHON为此电池设计的充电ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้充电。
6.请不要放于充电座上充电超过24小时，不使用时将充电器从电源插头及装置中拔出。
7.请不要把电池留在过热或过冷的地方（如夏天或冬天的密封车厢中），会缩短电池电容量及寿命。
锂离子电池英文资料
锂离子电池英文资料锂离子电池技术英文词句2.3 assembly line process(5/15)流水线工艺film loading-vacuum on-film folding-sliding jig backward-top cutting-sliding jig forward-vacuum off-film unloading放上包装膜—抽真空—包装膜折叠-分切夹心的后端-剪掉顶部-分切夹心的前段-释放真空-拿下包装膜station 岗位two station 两个岗位folding 折叠guide type 指导方式top cutting 顶部剪切knife 刀片2.3 assembly line process(6/15)流水线工艺j/r loading-vacuum on-j/r jig backward-bottom former up-upper former down-放极组-抽真空-极组夹具放在后端-模板末端在上面-顶端在下面- heating forming-former up,down-j/r jig forward-vacuum off-j/r unloading加热模板-模板上下翻转-极组夹具朝前-释放真空-取下极组station two station岗位两个岗位heating forming pressing time,preset timer加热模板施压时间施压次数temperature thermocouple温度热电耦time:mmin,2~max.3sec时间：press force :40~50kg压力temperature:150℃温度2.3 assembly line process(7/15)流水线工艺film loading-fim clamp-sliding jig backward-edge pushing-tab clamp-tab unclamp-放上包装膜-包装夹具-分切极组末端-整边-放极耳夹具-卸下极耳夹具sliding jig forward-cell unloading分切极耳前端station two stationheat sealing top热封sealing thickness control(micrometer)热封厚度控制（毫米）sealing control pressing time,preset timer热封控制施压时间施压次数precision regulator精度校准temperature, thermocouple温度热电耦time :min.2~max.3sec时间press force:250kg压力temperature:180~250℃温度2.3 assembly line process(9/15)流水线工艺cell loading-vacuum on-sliding jig backward-side cutting-feeding-tab cutting-放上电芯-抽真空-滑动夹心后端-裁边-流入下工序-剪极耳sliding jig forward-cacuum off-cell unloaing滑动夹心前端-释放真空-取下电芯station two stationside cutting knifeside cutting force 100kgtab cutting knifetab cutting force 100kg2.3 assembly line process(10/15)流水线工艺cell loading-sliding jig backward-vacuum pad down-open-needle down-e/l filling(e/l-needle up-needle up-vacuum pad up-sliding jig forward-cell unloadingstation two statione/l supply 3kuter sub-tank on equipmentmetering pump hi -bar pump,hbd-2bc-17accuracy; under 3.0;±0.1gocer 3.0; ±3.5g2.3 assembly line process(11/15)流水线工艺cell loading-sliding jig backward-jig backward-jig up-vacuum(vacuum chamber)-放上电芯-滑动夹心后端-夹心向后-再向上-抽真空-sealing block forward-sealing热封前端- 密封--sealing block backward-jig down-silding jig forward-cell loading-formation热封后端- 夹心翻转向下-滑动夹心前端-取下电芯-成型station two stationvacuum source 740mmhg max.vacuum pumpsealing control pressing time preset tiomerpressing force, precision regulatortemperature, thermocouple热电偶time:min.3~max4secpress force:250kgtemperatrure:180~250℃2.3 assembly line process(12/15)流水线工艺cell loading-conveyor drive-numbering-numbering-head down-vacuum on-放上电芯- 启动传送带- 编号码-编号码-电芯朝下-抽真空head up-head forwward-head down-vacuum purge-head up-cell unloading电芯朝上- 电芯朝前- 电芯朝下-真空净化- 电芯朝上-取下电芯speed controller motor 25Wnumbering ink jet printercell unloading magacine2.3 assembly line process(13/15)流水线工艺piercing-cell loading-sliding jig backward-jig up-vacuum°assing-穿透？？- 放电芯-滑动夹心后端-夹心向上- 抽真空&脱气sealing block forward-sealing-sealing block backward-jig down-sliding jig forward-cell loading热封前端- 热封–热封后端-滑动夹心前端–取电芯station two stationpiercing ∮6holevacuum source 750mmhg max.vacuum pumpsealing comtrol pressing time ,preset timerpressing force,preision regulator调整压力temperature,thermocouple(温度热电偶)time: min.3~max.4sec时间press force:250kg(压力)temperature:180~250℃(温度)2.3 assembly line process(14/15)流水线工艺cell loading-vacuum on-sliding jig backward-cutter down-cutting-cutter up-放电芯-抽真空-滑动夹心后端-切割刀具向下-切割-切割刀具向上sliding jig forward-vacuum off-cell loading滑动夹心前端- 释放真空-取下电芯电池封口--cutting(切断) knife(刀)2.3 assembly line process(15/15)流水线工艺cell loading-ist folding-2nd folding-heat pressing-3nd folding-4th folding(sicing)放电芯- 第一次折叠-第二次折叠-热压-第三次折叠-第四次折叠cell unloading取下电芯manual-loading-2st foliding-heat pressing-3nd folding-4th folding手工–放上- 第二次折叠- 热压- 第三次折叠- 第四次折叠cell transfer linear transferfolding actuator pneumatic actuatorheat pressing pressing time,preset timerpressing forceprecision regulatortemperature, thermocoupletime:min.2~max.3 secpress force:40kgtemperatrure:80~100℃2.3 assembly line process(1/6)流水线工艺jelly roll supply-jelly roll loading-cell alignment-tab straightening-提供极组-放上极组-电芯排列好-将极耳伸直sealant sealing(sealant film supply)-sealant sealing(sealant film supply)-final sealing- 密封胶密封（密封膜供给）-密封胶密封（密封膜供给）-最终的密封sealant film check-tab forming-jelly roll unloading(ng unloading)检验密封膜-极耳成型-取下极组2.3 assembly line process(2/6)流水线工艺al-foil supply-pre heating(contact)-pouch forming---pouch punch out-—供应箔（铝塑膜）-预热（连接）-成型成袋状- 袋状膜冲压打孔pouch loading(pouch pin hole check)-pouch loading-ist folding-lst folding-2nd folding- 放上袋状膜（检验针孔）-放上袋状膜- 第一次折叠-第二次折叠top cutting(ng unloading)-jelly roll insertion(jelly roll alignment-jelly roll loading)—剪掉顶部—插入极组（调整极组-放上极组）3nd folding-pre heat sealing-package unloading第三次折叠-预热密封—取下包好的电芯2.3 assembly line process(3/6)流水线工艺cell loading-lst top sealing--2nd top sealing-top cooling-side sealing-side cooling-放上电芯-第一次顶部密封-第二次顶部密封-顶部冷却—封边—两边冷却side cutting-short check-cell unloading-ng unloading裁边- 测短路—取下电芯—ng是什么啊package loading-pre weighing-package opening-e/l filling(e/l dispensing e/l supply tank) 放上包装好的电芯—预称重—打开电芯--- 注液（分配电解液电解液供给罐）--lst vacuum-2nd vacuum --lst sealing-2nd sealing-plst-weighing-package unloading-第一次抽真空---第二次真空---第一次密封---第二次密封------称重---取下电芯package loading-package aging--formation 放上电芯---电芯老化-----化成cell loader-cell-loading-piercing-vacuum°assing heat sealing-2nd sealing-装电芯设备-电芯-装上电芯—穿透（？？）-抽真空& 脱气热封—第二次密封side trimming-cell unloading修边--- 取下电芯cell loading-lst folding-2nd folding-3rd folding-4th folding-5th folding(sizing)-放电芯---第一次折叠---第二次折叠---第三次折叠---第四次折叠---第五次折叠（量尺寸）5th folding(sizing)-tab cutting-height&vision check-final weighging-final weighting- 第五次折叠（量尺寸）---剪极耳---检验高度&视觉---最后称重ng rejection-cell unloading-cell unloading-cell palleticing挑选，排除---取下电芯--- （用托盘）搬运电芯1.1 assembly line specification –products流水线特殊产品can type(壳体类型) aluminum can(A3003) 铝壳（材质A3003）conventional prismatic type ,not oval type 传统的方型，不是椭圆型model of cell电池型号basic design model:xx-yy—zz基本设计型号：XX-YY-ZZ range 范围w:30~34mm t:4.0 ~10mm h:40~67mm宽：厚：高：cathode tab正极耳AL,t0.08~0.12mm,w3/4mm铝带，厚度0.08~0.12mm宽度3/4mm welding to top cap with ultrasonic welder 用超声波焊接机超焊在极片头部anode tab负极耳ni,t0.08~0.12mm,w3/4mm镍带，厚度0.08~0.12mm宽度3/4mm welding to top cap with resistance spot welder用阻抗点焊机焊在极片头部can seam welding壳盖的缝隙焊接side welding侧面焊接top insulator 顶部绝缘片injection molded注液模具bottom tape wrapping底部贴胶纸pp-tape,same as j/r wrapping tape, roll,w:28~32mmt:0.05~0.10mm o.d:200mm core id:3inchesfor xx30zz width 28mm,for xx34zz width 32mmfill port welding 补焊砂眼AL Ball (Al050,∮1.37±0.03mm),laser seam welding 激光焊接e/l filling accuracy 精确注液量under 3.0g; ±0.1gover 3.0g ±3.5g r/l filling volume:1~7g 注液量范围1~7gmodel change exchange tool,jig, carrier&tray搬运工具，夹具，搬运盒&托盘option:only carrier&tray (others:sutomatically adiusted其它：适当调整)tray托盘jr极组(256pcs),can壳(300pcs),cap盖帽(100pcs),(rivet) all trays are prepared user1.2 assembly line specification –equipment流水线特殊设备line tact time 流水线标准工时 2.0(30ppm)Drive mechanism 发动装置cam,ac servo drive&air actuatorelectrical power 电源286kva,3p-380v±10%,50hz±1hzpneumatic source 气源13300l/min,0.6mpa (include welding jig cooling包括焊接模具冷却)nitrogen gas 氮气285 l/min, 0.6mpa(for laser welding shield gas激光焊接防护气)laser cooling water激光焊冷却水320 l/min,below25℃fume collector 烟、气收集罐400cfm,explosion-proof type for al-fume,outdoor typefume suction main piping 抽气主管道系统 4 inchexhaust piping排气管道系统5inchdry air piping干燥气管道系统5inchdry chamber(total) 干燥室20.78m3total weight总重量14.8ton(approx大概),(not include laser welder不包括激光焊接机)floor load 场地负荷1500kg/m2dry room height干燥室高度2500mm(min)can seam welding壳盖的缝隙焊接side welding侧面焊接,welding speed 焊接速率10~15mm/sec.(approx) cartesian robot stageelectrolyte filling process注电解液工序40station-80 jig index unit,vacuum真空&pressurize加压elctrolyte filling range注液范围depend on internal dead space of cell design根据电池设计内部的绝对空间hbd-2bc series of hibar pum, japan hibarleak check 测漏differential pressure check system,100pa max.不同压力测试系统，最大为100pa accuracy:+/-0.5%精确度need test actual work 需要通过实际操作测量2.1 assembly parts name&compositionball-top cap assembly盖板流水线(t/c)--top insulator顶部绝缘片(t/l)-cathode正极耳(al-tab铝带)-anode负极耳(ni-tab镍带)- bottom tape底部胶纸(b/t)-jelly roll极芯(j/r)-aluminum can铝壳2.2 assembly process basic specification装配过程概述3.1 prismatic lib assembly processbottom tape底部胶纸-jelly roll insertion极芯入壳-top insulator顶部绝缘片-tab forming极耳修整-top-cap welding顶部极耳焊接-top cap folding极耳折叠-top cap setting卡极耳-seam welding焊缝焊接-leak check测漏-electrolyte filling注液- ball insertion压钢珠-fill port welding补焊砂眼（）3.2 assembly line process(1/8)can supply供应壳non dust paper tray无尘的纸盘can tray size装壳的盘子尺寸270*212*22/32htray capacity盘子容量423048-450can/tray343450-496can/tray(suppiled by user)stack volume堆叠范围48/50h:8tray65/67h:6traycan supply供应壳体-can loading放上壳体-can check检验壳体-jelly roll loading放上极芯(ng reject-bottomtape check检验底部胶纸-bottom tape wrapping贴底部胶纸-jelly roll supply供应极芯-from winder从卷绕机)-jelly roll centering 极芯放在正中央-jelly roll insertion插入极芯-insertion height check检验极芯入壳高度-ng rejectj/r supply 极芯供应tray from winder来自卷绕机的盘子j/r tray size放极芯盘子的尺寸540*540*50hj/r capacity 容纳极芯的数量48/50h:40*8=320/tray65/67h:40*6=240/tray supplied by userstack volume堆叠范围8 traytray handling盘子搬运using manual cart用手推车bottom tape底部胶纸pp tape,rollcore size标准尺寸 3 inch paper coreb/t color 底部胶纸颜色blue or green兰色或绿色b/t check 检验底部胶纸color sensor颜色传感器3.2 assembly line process(2/8)tab straightening拉直极耳—tab position check检查极耳位置—top insulator insertion插入绝缘片(t/I escapement镊子？？—top insulator supply供应绝缘片)—T/I presence check检查绝缘片—tab forming极耳修整—j/r final insertion极芯入壳—t/c welding 盖板焊接(ni tab镍带)—(t/c direction check检查盖板方向—top cap supply盖板供应)—al tab welding铝带超焊—cap/tab welding check检验焊接是否牢固—tab folding极耳折叠—t/csetting&check固定、检验盖板—ng rejecttop cap supply盖板供应tray from cap ass’y m/ccap tray size 装盖板盘子的尺寸340*240*18hcap capacity能装盖板的数量18*6=108 cap/traystack volume 堆叠范围24 tray(2592 cap)j/r final insertion极芯入壳include j/r insertion height check 包括检验极芯入壳高度ni-tab welding焊接镍带resistance spot welding,2points阻抗点焊机，2点include welding current monitor包括焊接电流监控器al-tab welding铝带超焊ultrasonic welding超声波焊接40khx/800w/branson brandtop insulator顶部绝缘片pull check拉力测试cap height check盖板高度检验t/c setting check 检验盖板牢固性setting height check检验固定的高度3.2 assembly line process(3/8)height check#1高度检验1#—pre spot welding预点焊—height check#2高度检验2#—ng reject排除不合格品？？—seam welding#1焊缝焊接1#—seam welding#2焊缝焊接2#—seam welding#3焊缝焊接3#—seam welding#4焊缝焊接4# (jig cooling模具冷却)—short check 测短路—ng reject排除不合格品pre spot welding预点焊laser spot welder激光点焊机,3-points 50w/2-fiber,1system(supplied by user)height check#1 高度检验1# check the top cap setting height 检查盖板固定的高度height check#2 高度检验2# check the top cap welded height 检查盖板焊接高度seam welding缝隙焊接laser welder激光焊接机,10~15mm/sec,700w/2-fiber,4systemsrequire speed down for 34xxyy 对于34xxyy需减速models (prevent against overheat预防过热)supplied by user jig cooling 模具冷却vortex tube,using compressed air热交换管道，采用压缩气体air pressure 0.65mpa (minimum)气压shield gas supply保护气供应nitrogen gas,0.65mpa18/min氮气with digital flow meter数显流动仪表fume collector烟气收集罐400 cfm,1.5kw,amanl/japanexplosion proof,outdoor type户外气体排放装置short check测短路lcr meter3.2 assembly line process(4/8)vacuum out释放真空—equilibrium平衡状态—leak detection 测漏—vent排除气体—ng reject排除不合格品leak check procedure 测漏程序atmosphere气体—vacuum抽真空—equilibrium平衡状态—detection测漏—leaked cell漏气电芯—normal cell 正常电芯leak check测漏differential pressure,100pa max.. 不同压力测试系统，最大为100pavacuum out-100kpa max.释放真空leak detection time 8.0sec.max.测漏时间using master cell采用好的电芯accuracy:+-0.5%精确度cell handling搬运电芯8 cells,simultaneously check 8只电芯，同时检查3.2 assembly line process(5/8)pre weighing预称重—cell loading放上电芯—e/l dispensing 电解液分配—vacuum/vent抽真空/排气—vacuum 抽真空—pressurize加压—vent排气—cell unloading取下电芯—post weighting快速称重—ng rejectelectrolyte supply供应电解液drum桶,200 literusing nitrogen gas使用氮气, 0.02~0.04mpasub-tank in equipment装置内的储槽,3 litermetering pump 抽吸仪表hibar pump,japan hibarhbd-2bc series*2vacuum抽真空-700mmhg,(max.-740mmhg)suction capacity抽吸泵容量310/min.r5c 0040e*02,busch/germany德国？？Pressurize加压nitrogen gas氮气,0.15~0.2mpaWeighing称重load-cell,6digits,nmb/japan日本Display显示;000.00gnozzle cleaning 清洗喷嘴nitrogen gas blow out用氮气吹,0.15~0.2mpafor blow out the remained e/l 把剩余的电解液吹出来process time 工序工时128sec (max)filling accuracy 注液精确度under 3.0g;±0.1g 小于3.0g，±0.1g over 3.0g; ±3.5% 大于3.0g; ±3.5%3.2 assembly line process(8/8),al ball typecleaning paper supply供应纸巾-cap face cleaning清洁盖帽表面-cleaning paper supply供应纸巾-cap face wet cleaning盖帽表面除湿-solvent dispenser溶剂给料器-fill port cleaning清洁注液孔-cleaning paper supply供应纸巾-ball insertion钢珠插入-ball supply钢珠供应-ball press压钢珠-ball height check检验压钢珠的高度--ball seam welding钢珠缝隙焊接-welding check焊接检验-uv glue dispensing UV胶水给料-ng reject-uv curing紫外光固化-cell unloading取下电芯cleaning paper清洁纸巾non-dust paper,roll,width 14mm无尘纸巾，卷，14mm宽3 inch paper coreballsupply钢珠供应bowl feeder钢珠进料器requies testing by the actual sample目前测试样版ball press force压力35~40kgfseam welding定位焊接方法laser seam welder,6.5mm/sec激光焊接工作350w/-fiber,1 system焊接系统(supplied by user)适当调整6.1 model change time 型号变化时间manual conversion type 46-30-48 vs 46-30-xx:6 hours approx.(only different'heieght)xx-xx-xx vs yy-yy-yy:3days6.2 delivery交货manual conversion type 7months to shipping,after l/c open6.3 customer scope 客户范围primary main power wiring to control panel of the each equipment,with main power panel.主要的电源线控制每一个设备的主电路板Primary main pneumatic piping to beside the each equipment, with main air-filter unit.主要的气管道系统装在每个设备的旁边，主要的气体过滤器Primary main nitrogen gas piping to beside the each equipment, with main gas -line filter unit.主要的氮气管道系统装在每个设备的旁边，主要的气体过滤器/All duct piping for suction &exhaust from equipment's inlet/outlet to main duct.所以用于从设备上的进口/出口抽气或排气的输送管道Installation &piping/wiring/wiring for fume collector(outdoor type)给烟气收集器（户外类型）安装管道系统/配线系统Inlet/drain water piping of the washing machine,with waterstrainer.清洗设备的进水/排水管道，水过滤器Laser welding system &laser welder welder import/export fee激光焊接系统&激光输入/输出Cooling water piping for each laser system,below 25℃.(it requires a water filter (strainer)用于激光系统的冷却水，25℃以下（需要一个水过滤器）Cooler or chiller for laser cooling water.激光冷却水的冷却器Dry pneumatic piping for laser shutter operation to each laser system.用于每一个激光系统的激光开关操作的干燥气管道Installation&wiring/cabling for laser fiber and laser control cable.给激光光纤和激光控制电缆安装配线/电缆Installation &wiring/cabling for laser control pendant.给激光控制的悬吊物安装配线/电缆6.4 laser system location outdoor of the dry room. It requires air-conditioning or sufficient ventilation.激光系统位于干燥间的外面。
power supply 电源适配器英文文献
power supply system1.1 General provisions1.1.1 This chapter applies to buildings in the 35 kV and below the power supply system design.1.1.2 distribution system for the design load should be the nature, electricity capacity,engineering characteristics, the scale of construction and development planning and local supply conditions, rationally determine the design.1.1.3 for the distribution system should be designed to guarantee security, supply reliability and advanced technology, and economic rationality.1.1.4 for the distribution system should be a simple clear, and ensure the quality of power supply and reduce electricity losses, and manage and maintain.1.2 grade load and power supply requirements1.2.1 electricity load should be based on supply reliability and power supply interruption in the political, economic losses caused by the impact or the extent of load into one, two and three load load.1. one of the following circumstances, be a load:1) supply disruption it would cause personal injury time.2) will supply disruption in the political, economic or having a significant impact on the losses.3) supply disruption will have a significant impact on the political, economic significance of the normal work of units of electricity, or cause serious disruption of public order at the venue. For example: an important communications hub, a major transport hub, an important economic information center, premium or Class-A sports building, State Guesthouse, the state-level commitment to major state affairs and activities of the hall and frequently used in major international activities of the heavy concentration of public places Electricity, and other important units in the power load. In a load, when the power supply will be interrupted an important impact on real-time processing of computer and computer network to function as well as particularly important in places not allowed interrupt the supply of electricity load, particularly important for the load.2. with one of the following cases, the load should be two:1) interrupted power supply will result in greater political impact.2) supply disruption it would cause more economic losses.3) interruption of electricity supply will be an important impact on the normal work units, or cause disorder in public places when.3. does not belong to a load and load the two electricity load for three load.1.2.2 Building fire in the electricity load levels, should be in line with "high-rise buildings for fire protection design standards" GB50045, "Architectural Design fire norms" GBJ16 countries such as the existing provisions of the relevant norms.1.2.3 in the main building when a load is particularly important in the load, instead of the air conditioning load for a load.1.2.4 When in the main building in a load, rather than the main channel for a lighting load.1.2.5 Table 3.2.2 as a load of computers, its engine room and the media have kept records of the emergency lighting for a load.1.2.6 major telecommunications power to the engine room of a load, the load-sharing power with the construction of the highest levels of power load the same.1.2.7 multi-storey residential elevator for three power load.1.2.8 of the load levels does not specify an important power load, according to the actual situation should be determined in consultation with the departments concerned.1.2.9 a load of the power supply should meet the following requirements:1. load should be one of two power supply when a power failure, while another power should not be damaged. A load capacity of 10 kV or more electrical equipment, should be used both on 10 kV or 35 kV power. If a load capacity not, they should give priority to the use of electricity from the system or close to a second low-voltage power supply units, or by emergency generating units. If a load is only lighting or telecommunications load, to use an uninterruptible power supply or UPS EPS as a backup power supply.2. a load of particular importance in the load, shall also be additional emergency power supply, and other no-load access to emergency power supply system.1.2.10 The following can be used as emergency power supply:1. independent of the normal power generating units.2. power supply network effectively independent of the normal power supply for the feed line.3. uninterruptible power UPS or EPS.1.2.11 According to allow time to interrupt the supply of electricity can be chosen following emergency power:1.Automatic start-up of a rapid response units, to allow time for the interrupted power supply within the 15 s power supply.2. with automatic devices independent of the normal power supply for the feed line, to allow time for the interruption of electricity supply within 1.5 s.3. static uninterruptible power supply devices, to allow time for the power supply interruption of electricity supply milliseconds.1.2.12 load of the two power supply system, to return from the two power supply lines. In smaller or regional electricity load difficult conditions, the two load may be a loop for 6 kV and above the overhead power lines or cables. When the use of overhead line, for a loop overhead power lines when using cable lines, cable should be composed of two power supply lines, each cable should be able to bear 100% of the secondary load.1.2.13 three load on power supply without special requirements.1.3 Power and 10,35 kV power supply system1.3.1 general principles1. 10,35 kV power supply lines to in-depth load center. According load capacity and distribution, bringing the total to the substation and distribution center near the building electricity load, low-voltage substation near their electricity load centres.2. at the same time the supply of electricity for more than two loop and distribution lines, one circuit at the power supply interruption, and the remaining lines should be able to meet all of a load and load all or part of the two power supply.3. back to two units of electricity power lines, when the electricity load the presence of a large load of particular importance in the load or load a lot of fire, both on the power supply should be at the same time.4. in the design of power supply system, only for a load of particular importance in the load, should consider a power system maintenance or failure at the same time, another power failure occurred at the grave situation, this time from the power system in the third power Or set-owned power.5. one of the following conditions, to set-owned unit of electricity power supply:1) the presence of a load when the load is particularly important.2) a set-owned power from the power system in the second economic power of reasonable or a second power supply can not meet the requirements of the load conditions.3) the remote location, away from the power system, power supply departments with the planning, set-owned economic power as the main power reasonable.6.emergency power supply between normal and must be taken to prevent parallel operation of the measures.7. has a load of the electricity unit, when to get two from the regional power grid and power from neighbouring units may have made the second power, with the units to implement the consensus achieved after the second power.8. need two power lines to the electricity unit, should adopt the same voltage power supply, according to the different needs of all levels of load and regional power supply conditions, may also have different voltage power supply.9. power supply system should be simple and reliable, the same voltage power supply system of distribution should not be more than two series.10. on the power supply voltage of 35 kV and the electricity load more focused units, if not 10 kV power equipment, the possibility of the development of small and limited area, in obtaining the consent of the electricity sector, can be straight down 35/0.4 kV distribution Transformer.1.3.2 large civil construction 10,35 kV distribution1. should be based on the electricity load capacity and distribution so that the transformer in-depth load center, to reduce the power loss and non-ferrous metals consumption. One of the following circumstances, to set up scattered distribution transformers:1) a single building or area venues, decentralized electricity load.2) 100m and above the high-rise building.3) large-scale buildings.2. to load and a relatively large concentration of high-rise building and construction of more than 100 m of high-rise building, in addition to the bottom, basement, under the load distribution transformers will be located at the top, the middle layer. Specific requirements, see section 4.2 of this standard.3. for air-conditioning, heating and other seasonal load greater proportion of the buildings, in determining the number of Taiwan transformer capacity, consideration should be given the economic operation transformer.4. in a load of particular importance to set up dedicated low-voltage load of the bus.5. 10kV distribution system to use radiation-under specific circumstances may also have ring-or tree trunks.1.3.3 residential area 10 kV distribution, according to the Code Chapter 24 of the regulations.1.4 voltage power quality and choice1.4.1 units of electricity supply voltage should be based on electricity capacity of electrical equipment, power supply distance, the loop of power supply lines, strategic planning unit of electricity, the local public power grid development plan and its status and other factors, the After the technical and economic comparison identified.1.4.2 capacity of electrical equipment in more than 250 kW or required transformer capacity in excess of 160 kVA to 10 kV power supply to when the larger electrical equipment capacity, by 35 kV power supply, electrical equipment capacity of 250 kW and below the required transformer capacity or In 160 kVA and below, can low-voltage power supply means; supply voltage levels should also meet the specific provisions of the electricity sector.1.4.3 when the power supply voltage of 35 kV, a unit of electricity distribution voltage to a 10 kV; low-voltage distribution voltage should be used 230/400 V.1.4.4 using the air-conditioning, refrigeration, such as large-capacity refrigeration unit electrical equipment, as the load voltage power supply size and the specific situation of reasonable choices.1.4.5 normal operation of circumstances, the terminal voltage electrical equipmentto allow deviation value (the percentage that rated voltage) to meet the following requirements:1. General Motors to ± 5%.2. elevator motor for ± 7%.3. lighting: indoor places for ± 5%; away from the substation to a small area of the general workplace, can not meet the above requirements, for +5%, -10%; emergency lighting, landscape lighting, road lighting and security lighting To +5%, -10%.4. other electrical equipment, when no special provisions for ± 5%.1.4.6 medical diagnostic X-ray machine allows voltage fluctuation range is rated voltage of 10 percent to +10 percent.1.4.7 In order to reduce bias voltage, power supply system should be designed to meet the following requirements:1.A correct choice of transformers and voltage transformer than tap;2. reasonable reduce system impedance;3. reasonable compensation reactive power;4. to the three-phase load balance.1.4.8 calculated voltage bias, should be included to take the following measures after the surge results:1.parallel automatically or manually adjusted compensation capacitors, parallel reactor access capacity.2. automatically or manually adjust the exciting current synchronous motor.3. change the power supply system operating mode.1.4.9 10kV distribution transformers should not be used OLTC transformer, but the local 10 kV power supply can not meet the requirements of bias, and the voltage of electricity units are demanding equipment, set up a separate technical and economic surge devices unreasonable, but also A 10 kV OLTC transformer. 35/0.4kV straight down to a distribution transformer OLTC transformer.1.4.10 in order to limit voltage fluctuations and flicker (not including motor activated to allow the voltage fluctuations) within reasonable limits, the impact of low-voltage load to be taken the following measures:1. using green power.2.load sharing with other distribution lines, to reduce the distribution line impedance.3. large power load or the impact of the group and the impact of the load voltage fluctuations, flicker-sensitive load, preferably from different electricity distribution transformers.1.4.11 for the three-phase low-voltage distribution system to reduce the degree of asymmetry, when the low-voltage distribution system designed to take the following measures:1. 220V or 380 V single-phase power equipment access 220/380 V three-phase system, to make three equilibrium.2. by the regional public low-voltage electricity grid lighting load of 220 V, line current less than or equal to 40 A, may be 230 V single-phase electricity, more than 40 A, 230/400 V to a three-phase power supply and power supply should meet Departments of the relevant provisions.。
中文翻译-锂电池充电器的设计
锂电池充电器的设计介绍根据其尺寸，重量和能量储存优点，锂- 离子可再充电电池正在被用于许多的应用领域。
这些电池已经被考虑为优先的电池于手提式计算机的应用,移置NiMH 和 NiCad电池,而且行动电话正在飞快地成为锂电池的第二个主要的市场。
理由是明显的。
锂- 离子的电池提供很多的好处对与终端消费者。
对于手提式计算机来说,锂- 离子电池在相同条件和大小并减少重量的情况下能够提供比NiCad 和 NiMH更为持久的电力。
相同的优点对于蜂窝电话更是真实的。
一个电话能被做得更小和更轻如果使用李- 离子的电池的话而不牺牲续航时间。
当锂- 离子的电池费用降下来的话,甚至更多的应用将会转变到这一个更轻巧和更小巧的技术上来。
当消费者一直要求方便的时候，市场的趋势表明一个持续不断的增长在所有的可再充电的电池中。
根据以前市场的资料大约在 1997年的时候表明大约二亿个锂-离子电芯将会被装船运送,相比较于 600 百万个NiMH的电芯。
然而,有必要说明的是三个NiMH 的电芯相当于一个锂- 离子的电芯在被包裹为电池包装的时候。
因此，真实的体积对两者来说是非常接近一样的。
1997年也被标记为第一年锂- 离子作为电池类型用于在大多数的手提式的计算机中, 移置NiMH 为高端领域中。
资料显示1997年在欧洲和日本电池电芯市场表现出一个变化对于锂- 离子在多数的电话的应用中。
锂- 离子的电池是一种令人兴奋的电池技术必须给于高度的关注。
要想了解这些新的电池，这设计引导者解释这些原则，要价需求以及符合这些需求的线路。
随着越来越多的手持式电器的出现，对高性能、小尺寸、重量轻的电池充电器的需求也越来越大。
电池技术的持续进步也要求更复杂的充电算法以实现快速、安全的充电。
因此需要对充电过程进行更精确的监控，以缩短充电时间、达到最大的电池容量，并防止电池损坏。
AVR 已经在竞争中领先了一步，被证明是下一代充电器的完美控制芯片。
Atmel AVR 微处理器是当前市场上能够以单片方式提供Flash、EEPROM 和10 位ADC的最高效的8 位RISC 微处理器。
锂电池产品说明书中英文对照版解读
如何处理废弃电子产品
1. 请勿将电子产品当成家庭废弃物丢弃。
2.请依当地的法例规定处理废弃的电子产品。
3.NOHON鼓励您积极参与电子产品回收计划。
保养条款
由购买日期起六个月内，如产品有损坏或故障，经本公司技术人员证实为在正常使用之情况下发生，本公司将提供免费维修服务。维修时必须出示本保用证及购买商号之发票正本，如果用户不能提供，本公司有权不提供免费维修服务，用户可能需要支付相应维修费用。
To ensure that the products for your cell phone or the use of electronic products to provide quality results, in addition to reading the user manual also refer to your cell phone or electronic product guide.
4.如果您打算长时间不使用电池时，请必须将电池拆下，并存放在低温干燥的环境，而且电池必须充满。电池即使未使用也会自动放电，应避免电池过分放电处于低电状态导致无法再度充电。
5.请使用NOHON为此电池设计的充电器充电。
6.请不要放于充电座上充电超过24小时，不使用时将充电器从电源插头及装置中拔出。
7.请不要把电池留在过热或过冷的地方（如夏天或冬天的密封车厢中），会缩短电池电容量及寿命。
保用期内，产品若违反保用条款如下：
1.曾经被非本公司人员恣意改换或修理产品之任何部分。
2.曾经错误操作，错误接触电源，或疏忽使用或水、污秽物渗入产品内，意外事件，天然灾害引致损坏，此保用证自动失败。
电池充电器设计外文翻译文献
电池充电器设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)The design of the lithium battery chargerIntroductionLi-Ion rechargeable batteries are finding their way into many applications due to their size, weight and energy storage advantages.These batteries are already considered the preferred battery in portable computer applications, displacing NiMH and NiCad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly becoming the second major marketplace for Li-Ion. The reason is clear. Li-Ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers,Li-Ion battery packs offer longer run times over NiCad and NiMH packs for the same form factor and size, while reducing weight. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter using Li-Ion batteries without sacrificing run time. As Li-Ion battery costs come down, even more applications will switch to this lighter and smaller technology. Market trends show a continual growth in all rechargeablebattery types as consumers continue to demand the convenience of portability. Market data for 1997 shows that approximately 200 million cells of Li-Ion will be shipped, compared to 600 million cells of NiMH. However, it is important to note that three cells of NiMH are equivalent to one Li-Ion cell when packaged into a battery pack. Thus, the actual volume is very close to the same for both. 1997 also marked the first year Li-Ion was the battery type used in the majority of portable computers, displacing NiMH for the top spot. Data for the cellular market showed a shift to Li-Ion in the majority of phones sold in 1997 in Europe and Japan.Li-Ion batteries are an exciting battery technology that must be watched. To make sense of these new batteries, this design guide explains the fundamentals, the charging requirements and the circuits to meet these requirements.Along with more and more the emergence of the handheld electric appliances, to the high performance, baby size, weight need of the light battery charger also more Come more big.The battery is technical to progress to also request continuously to refresh the calculate way more complicatedly is fast with the realization, safety of refresh.Therefore need Want to carry on the more accurate supervision towards refreshing the process, to shorten to refresh time and attain the biggest battery capacity, and prevent°from the battery Bad.The A VR has already led the one step in the competition, is prove is perfect control chip of the next generation charger. The microprocessor of Atmel A VR is current and can provide Flash, EEPROM and 10 ADCses by single slice on the market Of 8 RISC microprocessors of the tallest effect.Because the saving machine of procedure is a Flash, therefore can need not elephant MASK ROM Similar, have a few software editions a few model numbers of stock.The Flash can carry on again to weave the distance before deliver goods, or in the PCB Stick after pack carry on weaving the distance through an ISP again, thus allow to carry on the software renewal in the last one minute.The EEPROM can used for conservancy mark certainly coefficient and the battery characteristic parameter, such as the conservancy refreshes record with the battery that raise the actual usage Capacity.10 A/ Ds conversion machine can provide the enough diagraph accuracy, making the capacity of the good empress even near to its biggest capacity. And other project for attaining this purpose, possible demand the ADC of the exterior, not only take up the space of PCB, but also raised the system Cost.The A VR is thus deluxe language but 8 microprocessors of the designs of unique needle object" C" currently.The AT90S4433 reference The design is with" C" to write, the elucidation carries on the software design's is what and simple with the deluxe language.Code of C this design is very Carry on adjust easily to suit current and future battery.But the ATtiny15 reference design then use edit collected materials the language to write of, with Acquire the biggest code density.An electric appliances of the modern consumption mainly uses as follows four kinds of batteries:1.Seal completely the sour battery of lead( SLA)2.The battery of NiCd3.The NiMHhydrogen battery( NiMH)4.Lithium battery( Li- Ion)At right choice battery and refresh the calculate way need to understand the background knowledge of these batteries. Seal completely the sour battery( SLA) of lead seals completely the sour battery of lead to mainly used for the more important situation of the cost ratio space and weights, such as the UPS and report to the police the backup battery of the system.The battery of SLA settles the electric voltage to carry on , assist limits to avoid with the electric current at refresh the process of early battery lead the heat.Want ～only the electricity .The pond unit electric voltage does not exceed the provision( the typical model is worth for the 2.2 Vs) of produce the company, the battery of SLA can refresh without limit.The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd use very widespread currently.Its advantage is an opposite cheapness, being easy to the usage;Weakness is from turn on electricity the rate higher.The battery of NiCd of the typical model can refresh 1,000 times.The expired mechanism mainly is a pole to turn over.The first in the battery pack drive over.The unit that all turn on electricity will take place the reversal.For prevent°froming damage the battery wrap, needing to supervise and control the electric voltage without a break.Once unit electric voltage Descend the 1.0 Vs must shut down.The battery of NiCd carries on refresh in settling the electric current by forever . The NiMH hydrogen battery( NiMH) holds to shoot the elephant machine 26 such as the cellular phone, hand in the hand that the importance measure hold equipments, the etc.NiMHhydrogen battery is an usage the most wide.This kind of battery permit.The quantity is bigger than NiCd's.Because lead to refresh and will result in battery of NiMH lose efficacy, carry on measuring by the square in refresh process with.Stop is count for much in fit time.Similar to battery of NiCd, the pole turn over the battery also will damage.Battery of NiMH of from turn on electricity the rate and is probably 20%/ month.Similar to battery of NiCd, the battery of NiMH also settles the electric current to refresh .Other batteries says compare in lithium battery( Li- Ion) and this texts, the lithium battery has the tallest energy/ weight to compare to compare with energy/ physical volume.Lithium battery Settle the electric voltage to carry on refresh with , want to have the electric current restrict to lead the heat in the early battery of refresh the process by avoid at the same time.When refresh the electric current.Descend to produce the minimum electric current of the enactment of company will stop refresh.Leading to refresh will result in battery damage, even exploding.The safety of the battery refreshes the fast charge machine( namely battery can at small be filled with the electricity in 3 hours, is usually a hour) demand of the modern.Can to the unit electric voltage, refresh the electric current and the battery temperatures to carry on to measure by the square, avoid at the time of being filled with the electricity because of leading to refresh.Result in damage.Refresh the method SLA battery and lithium batteries refreshes the method to settle the electric voltage method to want to limit to flow for the ever ; The battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs refresh the method.Settle the electric current method for the ever , and have severals to stop the judgment method for refresh differently.Biggest refresh the electric current biggest refresh the electric current to have relation with battery capacity( C).Biggest usually refresh the electric current to mean with the number of the battery capacity.For example,The capacity of the battery for 750 mAhs, refresh the electric current as 750 mAs, then refresh the electric current as 1 C(1 times battery capacity).If the electric current to flow refresh is a C/40, then refreshing the electric current for the battery capacity in addition to with 40.Lead the hot battery refresh is the process that the electric power delivers the battery.Energy by chemical reaction conservancy come down.But is not all.The electric powers all convert for the sake of the chemistry in the battery ability.Some electric power conversions became the thermal energy, having the function ofthe heating to the battery.When electricity.After pond be filled with, if continue to refresh, then all electric powers conversion is the thermal energy of the battery.At fast charge this will make the battery.Heat quickly, if the hour of can not compare with stop refresh and then will result in battery damage.Therefore, while design the battery charger, to the temperature.It is count for much that carry on the supervision combine to stop refresh in time.The discretion method battery stopped refresh of different and applied situation and work environment limitted to the choice of the method that the judgment stop refresh.The sometimes temperature allow of no.Measure easily, but can measure electric voltage, or is other circumstances.This text takes the electric voltage variety rate(- dV/ dt) as the basic judgment to stop.The method for refresh, but with the temperature and absolute electric voltage be worth for assistance and backup.But the hardware support that this text describe speaks as follows.The method of the havings of say.Time of t –this method that is the decision when stop refresh most in ually used for spare project of the hour of fast charge.Sometimes also be .Refresh(14- 16 Hour) basic project of the method.Be applicable to various battery.Stop refresh when the electric voltage of V – be the electric voltage to outrun the upper ually with the forever settle the electric current refreshes the match usage.The biggest electric current is decide by the battery, usually For the 1 C.For prevent froming refresh the electric current leads to causes battery lead greatly hot, the restrict of the electric current at this time very key.This method Is a lithium battery basic to refresh and stop project. The actual lithium battery charger usually still continues into after attain biggest electric voltage Go the second stage refresh, to attain 100% battery capacity. For battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs are originally method can Be the spare judgment stops refreshing the project.The method exploitation that this judgment of the dV/ dt – electric voltage variety rate stops refresh negative electric voltage variety rate.For the battery of some types, be the battery to be filled with the subsequence Refreshing continuously will cause electric voltage descend. At this time this project was very fit.This method usually useds for the ever to settle the electric current to refresh, Be applicable to to the fast charge of the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMH. The electric current of I – is to refresh the electric current small in a certainthe number that set in advance stop refresh. Usually used for the ever to settle the electric voltage to refresh the method.Be applicable to the SLA Battery and lithium battery.The T –temperature absolute zero can be the basis that battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs stop refresh, but even suited for to be the backup project.Any battery for temperature to outrun initial value have to stop refresh.The basis that the dT/ dt – temperature rising velocity fast charge variety rate of the temperature of hour can be to stop refresh.Please consult the norm that the battery produces the company( battery of NiCdOf typical model be worth for the 1 oC/ min) the – be applicable to the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs.Need to stop refresh when the DT – outrun the temperature value of the environment temperature to be the bad battery temperature and the environment temperature to exceed the certain threshold.This method can be the battery of NiCd and The project that battery of SLA stops refresh.While refreshing in the cold environment this method compares the absolute zero to judge the method better.Because most systems usually only have a temperature to stretch forward, have to will refresh the previous temperature to be the environment temperature.DV/ dt=0 –s zero electric voltages differ this method with- the method of dV/ dt is very and similar, and more accurate under the condition that electric voltage will not go up again. Be applicable to the NiCd Battery and battery of NiMH.This reference design completely carried out the battery charger design of latest technique, can carry on to various popular battery type quicklyRefresh but need not to modify the hardware soon, a hardware terrace carries out a charger product line of integrity.Need only Want to will refresh the calculate way to pass lately the ISP downloads the processor of FLASH saving machine can get the new model number.However, this kind of method can shorten time that new product appear on market consumedly, and need a kind of hardware of stock only.This design provide The in keeping with SLA, NiCd, NiMH of the integrity and the database function of the battery of Li- Ion.锂电池充电器的设计介绍:根据其尺寸，重量和能量储存优点，锂- 离子可再充电电池正在被用于许多的应用领域。
开关电源中英文对照外文翻译文献
开关电源中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Modeling, Simulation, and Reduction of Conducted Electromagnetic Interference Due to a PWM Buck Type Switching Power Supply IA. FarhadiAbstract:Undesired generation of radiated or conducted energy in electrical systems is called Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). High speed switching frequency in power electronics converters especially in switching power supplies improves efficiency but leads to EMI. Different kind of conducted interference, EMI regulations and conducted EMI measurement are introduced in this paper. Compliancy with national or international regulation is called Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Power electronic systems producers must regard EMC. Modeling and simulation is the first step of EMC evaluation. EMI simulation results due to a PWM Buck type switching power supply are presented in this paper. To improve EMC, some techniques are introduced and their effectiveness proved by simulation.Index Terms:Conducted, EMC, EMI, LISN, Switching SupplyI. INTRODUCTIONFAST semiconductors make it possible to have high speed and high frequency switching in power electronics []1. High speed switching causes weight and volume reduction of equipment, but some unwanted effects such as radio frequency interference appeared []2. Compliance with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulations is necessary for producers to present their products to the markets. It is important to take EMC aspects already in design phase []3. Modeling and simulation is the most effective tool to analyze EMC consideration before developing the products. A lot of the previous studies concerned the low frequency analysis of power electronics components []4[]5. Different types of power electronics converters are capable to be considered as source of EMI. They could propagate the EMI in both radiated and conducted forms. Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) is required for measurement and calculation of conducted interference level []6. Interference spectrum at the output of LISN is introduced as the EMC evaluation criterion []7[]8. National or international regulations are the references for the evaluation of equipment in point of view of EMC []7[]8.II. SOURCE, PATH AND VICTIM OF EMIUndesired voltage or current is called interference and their cause is called interference source. In this paper a high-speed switching power supply is the source of interference.Interference propagated by radiation in area around of an interference source or by conduction through common cabling or wiring connections. In this study conducted emission is considered only. Equipment such as computers, receivers, amplifiers, industrial controllers, etc that are exposed to interference corruption are called victims. The common connections of elements, source lines and cabling provide paths for conducted noise or interference. Electromagnetic conducted interference has two components as differential mode and common mode []9.A. Differential mode conducted interferenceThis mode is related to the noise that is imposed between different lines of a test circuit by a noise source. Related current path is shown in Fig. 1 []9. The interference source, path impedances, differential mode current and load impedance are also shown in Fig. 1.B. Common mode conducted interferenceCommon mode noise or interference could appear and impose between the lines, cables or connections and common ground. Any leakage current between load and common ground could be modeled by interference voltage source.Fig. 2 demonstrates the common mode interference source, common mode currents Iandcm1 and the related current paths[]9. The power electronics converters perform as noise source Icm2between lines of the supply network. In this study differential mode of conducted interference is particularly important and discussion will be continued considering this mode only.III. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY REGULATIONS Application of electrical equipment especially static power electronic converters in different equipment is increasing more and more. As mentioned before, power electronics converters are considered as an important source of electromagnetic interference and have corrupting effects on the electric networks []2. High level of pollution resulting from various disturbances reduces the quality of power in electric networks. On the other side some residential, commercial and especially medical consumers are so sensitive to power system disturbances including voltage and frequency variations. The best solution to reduce corruption and improve power quality is complying national or international EMC regulations. CISPR, IEC, FCC and VDE are among the most famous organizations from Europe, USA and Germany who are responsible for determining and publishing the most important EMC regulations. IEC and VDE requirement and limitations on conducted emission are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 []7[]9.For different groups of consumers different classes of regulations could be complied. Class A for common consumers and class B with more hard limitations for special consumers are separated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Frequency range of limitation is different for IEC and VDE that are 150 kHz up to 30 MHz and 10 kHz up to 30 MHz respectively. Compliance of regulations is evaluated by comparison of measured or calculated conducted interference level in the mentioned frequency range with the stated requirements in regulations. In united European communitycompliance of regulation is mandatory and products must have certified label to show covering of requirements []8.IV. ELECTROMAGNETIC CONDUCTED INTERFERENCE MEASUREMENTA. Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN)1-Providing a low impedance path to transfer power from source to power electronics converter and load.2-Providing a low impedance path from interference source, here power electronics converter, to measurement port.Variation of LISN impedance versus frequency with the mentioned topology is presented inFig. 7. LISN has stabilized impedance in the range of conducted EMI measurement []7.Variation of level of signal at the output of LISN versus frequency is the spectrum of interference. The electromagnetic compatibility of a system can be evaluated by comparison of its interference spectrum with the standard limitations. The level of signal at the output of LISN in frequency range 10 kHz up to 30 MHz or 150 kHz up to 30 MHz is criterion of compatibility and should be under the standard limitations. In practical situations, the LISN output is connected to a spectrum analyzer and interference measurement is carried out. But for modeling and simulation purposes, the LISN output spectrum is calculated using appropriate software.For a simple fixed frequency PWM controller that is applied to a Buck DC/DC converter, it is) changes slow with respect to the switching frequency, the possible to assume the error voltage (vepulse width and hence the duty cycle can be approximated by (1). Vp is the saw tooth waveform amplitude.A. PWM waveform spectral analysisThe normalized pulse train m (t) of Fig. 8 represents PWM switch current waveform. The nth pulse of PWM waveform consists of a fixed component D/fs , in which D is the steady state duty cycle, and a variable component dn/f sthat represents the variation of duty cycle due to variation of source, reference and load.As the PWM switch current waveform contains information concerning EMI due to powersupply, it is required to do the spectrum analysis of this waveform in the frequency range of EMI studies. It is assumed that error voltage varies around V e with amplitude of V e1as is shown in (2).fm represents the frequency of error voltage variation due to the variations of source, reference and load. The interception of the error voltage variation curve and the saw tooth waveform with switching frequency, leads to (3) for the computation of duty cycle coefficients []10.Maximum variation of pulse width around its steady state value of D is limited to D1. In each period of Tm=1/fm , there will be r=fs/fm pulses with duty cycles of dn. Equation (4) presents the Fourier series coefficients Cn of the PWM waveform m (t). Which have the frequency spectrum of Fig.9.B-Equivalent noise circuit and EMI spectral analysisTo attain the equivalent circuit of Fig.6 the voltage source Vs is replaced by short circuit and) as it has shown in Fig. 10. converter is replaced by PWM waveform switch current (IexThe transfer function is defined as the ratio of the LISN output voltage to the EMI current source as in (5).The coefficients di, ni (i = 1, 2, … , 4) c orrespond to the parameters of the equivalent circuit. Rc and Lc are respectively the effective series resistance (ESR) and inductance (ESL) of the filter capacitor Cf that model the non-ideality of this element. The LISN and filter parameters are as follows: CN = 100 nF, r = 5 Ω, l = 50 uH, RN =50 Ω, LN=250 uH, Lf = 0, Cf =0, Rc= 0, Lc= 0, fs =25 kHzThe EMI spectrum is derived by multiplication of the transfer function and the source noise spectrum. Simulation results are shown in Fig. 11.VI. PARAMETERS AFFECTION ON EMIA. Duty CycleThe pulse width in PWM waveform varies around a steady state D=0.5. The output noise spectrum was simulated with values of D=0.25 and 0.75 that are shown in Fig. 12 and Fig. 13. Even harmonics are increased and odd ones are decreased that is desired in point of view of EMC.On the other hand the noise energy is distributed over a wider range of frequency and the level of EMI decreased []11.B. Amplitude of duty cycle variationThe maximum pulse width variation is determined by D1. The EMI spectrum was simulatedwith D1=0.05. Simulations are repeated with D1=0.01 and 0.25 and the results are shown in Fig.14and Fig.15.Increasing of D1 leads to frequency modulation of the EMI signal and reduction in level ofconducted EMI. Zooming of Fig. 15 around 7thcomponent of switching frequency in Fig. 16shows the frequency modulation clearly.C. Error voltage frequencyThe main factor in the variation of duty cycle is the variation of source voltage. The fm=100 Hz ripple in source voltage is the inevitable consequence of the usage of rectifiers. The simulation is repeated in the frequency of fm=5000 Hz. It is shown in Fig. 17 that at a higher frequency for fm the noise spectrum expands in frequency domain and causes smaller level of conducted EMI. On the other hand it is desired to inject a high frequency signal to the reference voltage intentionally.D. Simultaneous effect of parametersSimulation results of simultaneous application of D=0.75, D1=0.25 and fm=5000 Hz that leadto expansion of EMI spectrum over a wider frequencies and considerable reduction in EMI level is shown in Fig. 18.VII. CONCLUSIONAppearance of Electromagnetic Interference due to the fast switching semiconductor devices performance in power electronics converters is introduced in this paper. Radiated and conducted interference are two types of Electromagnetic Interference where conducted type is studied in this paper. Compatibility regulations and conducted interference measurement were explained. LISN as an important part of measuring process besides its topology, parameters and impedance were described. EMI spectrum due to a PWM Buck type DC/DC converter was considered and simulated. It is necessary to present mechanisms to reduce the level of Electromagnetic interference. It shown that EMI due to a PWM Buck type switching power supply could be reduced by controlling parameters such as duty cycle, duty cycle variation and reference voltage frequency.VIII. REFRENCES[1] Mohan, Undeland, and Robbins, “Power Electronics Converters, Applications and Design” 3rdedition, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.[2] P. Moy, “EMC Related Issues for Power Electronics”, IEEE, Automotive Power Electronics, 1989, 28-29 Aug. 1989 pp. 46 – 53.[3] M. J. Nave, “Prediction of Conducted Interference in Switched Mode Power Supplies”, Session 3B, IEEE International Symp. on EMC, 1986.[4] Henderson, R. D. and Rose, P. J., “Harmonics and their Effects on Power Quality and Transfor mers”, IEEE Trans. On Ind. App., 1994, pp. 528-532.[5] I. Kasikci, “A New Method for Power Factor Correction and Harmonic Elimination in Power System”, Proceedings of IEEE Ninth International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, Volume 3, pp. 810 – 815, Oct. 2000.[6] M. J. Nave, “Line Impedance Stabilization Networks: Theory and Applications”, RFI/EMI Corner, April 1985, pp. 54-56.[7] T. Williams, “EMC for Product Designers” 3rd edition 2001 Newnes.[8] B. Keisier, “Principles of Electromagnetic Compatibility”, 3rd edition ARTECH HOUSE 1987.[9] J. C. Fluke, “Controlling Conducted Emission by Design”, Vanhostrand Reinhold 1991.[10] M. Daniel,”DC/DC Switching Regulator Analysis”, McGrawhill 1988[11] M. J. Nave,” The Effect of Duty Cycle on SMPS Common Mode Emission: theory and experiment”, IEEE National Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Page(s): 211-216, 23-25 May 1989.基于压降型PWM开关电源的建模、仿真和减少传导性电磁干扰IIA. Farhadi摘要：电子设备之中杂乱的辐射或者能量叫做电磁干扰(EMI)。
介绍充电器电压的英文作文
介绍充电器电压的英文作文英文：As we all know, the voltage of a charger is an important factor to consider when charging our electronic devices. The voltage of a charger determines how fast or how slow our devices will charge, and it also affects the overall health and lifespan of our devices' batteries. 。
For example, if the voltage of a charger is too highfor a specific device, it can cause the device to overheat and potentially damage the battery. On the other hand, if the voltage is too low, the device may charge at a slower rate than desired. Therefore, it is crucial to use a charger with the correct voltage for each device to ensure safe and efficient charging.In addition, different countries and regions may have different standard voltages for their electrical outlets. For instance, in the United States, the standard voltage is120 volts, while in many European countries, the standard voltage is 220 volts. This means that if you travel internationally, you may need to use a voltage converter or a charger with a wide input voltage range to ensure that your devices can be charged properly.In conclusion, the voltage of a charger is a key factor in determining the charging speed and safety of our electronic devices. It is important to pay attention to the voltage specifications of chargers and ensure that they are compatible with our devices to avoid any potential damage or slow charging.中文：众所周知，充电器的电压是我们在给电子设备充电时需要考虑的重要因素。
充电器中英文翻译1
地址：中国·北京 海淀区紫竹院路88号紫竹花园C 座504室 Tel ：0086 10 88552071 Fax ：0086 10 88552071-1024 Address ：C504 Z izhu Garden.88 Z izhu Yuan Road .Haidian.Beijing.China. E-mail ：info@westrocker .com Web ： Leaflet of this charger in ELAN-MOBILE scooter1、 Before charging, please switch off the lock then the battery will be on normalcharging; the yellow light will keep bright as the input and output plugs are connected, (it means the battery is recharging)2、charging time: Charge in 25 degrees with assembly charger, according to thespecified time. Lithium battery needs about 9 to 10 hours.3、 Stop charging If the surface of the charger exceeds 40 degrees during charging,and then continue after the temperature is lower . In winter, place the charger inside the room for an hour and then continue charging.4、This charger has the over-current function and it won’t affect the battery andcharger’s life , usually the charging time doesn’t exceed 18 hour s.General Precautions on charger1、Keep the charger out of children’ reach.2、Do not use when the charger isn’t full.3、Do not use other brand charger, and other types of battery also does not matchthis charger .4、Do not disassemble the charger because of its high voltage circuit.5、Prevent liquid and metal scraps penetrating to the internal charger and forbidfalling and striking in case of damage.6、Do not add any stuff on it in charging.7、Please use it in the dry and ventilation environment for indoor use only.8、Please stop charging and send it to the distributor for check immediately whenyou smell something peculiar or feel the over-heated temperature.。
锂离子电池英语论文
Octadecylamine oxide as the template synthesis of lithiated vanadium oxides half opened- nanotubesSynthesis of Lithiated Vanadium Oxides Half Opened- nanotubes as CathodeMaterials for Lithium Ion BatteriesJunli Sun*In stitute of Science and Research, Departme nt of Scie nee and Research, Chin ese People ' s Armed Police Force Academy, 220 Xihuan Road, Anci District, Langfang City, Hebei Provi nee (065000), Chi na. Tel (86)316-2067617AbstractThe lithiated van adium oxides half ope ned- nano tubes (HOT) are syn thesized by using solid-state and solvothermal react ion with octadecylam ine oxide as the template. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizati ons show that the syn thesizedlithiated van adium oxides nano tubes are half ope ned and agglomerate. X-ray diffractio n (XRD) inv estigatio n dem on strates that the synthesizedhalf opened-nanotubesare most consisted of monoclinic phase LiV 3O8. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) test indicates that some redox processes are hindered, which is propitious to improve electrochemical performanee of LiV 3O8 cathode material.Keywords:electrochemical properties; nano structures; SEM; TEMIntroductionNano structured cathode and anode materials in lithium ion batteries have attracted*Correspo ndi ng author. Tel.: +86-316-2067617; Fax:+86-316-2067613E-mail addresses: sunj un li @nan .c ngreat atte nti on. This is because they show higher capacity tha n conven ti onalelectrodes composed of the same materials, and the surface area of nanostructured electrodes is much larger than that of conventional electrodes. Vanadium oxides have been widely studied as cathode active materials in lithium rechargeable batteries because of their low cost and high theory capacity [1-6]. Chen W et al. use the template hydrothermal treatment to synthesize V2O5 nanotubes. When they are used as cathode, the resulting cell has shown initial discharge specific capacity of 306mAh -1 g at 3.6-1.5V, which is significantly superior to that of materials prepared by conventional methods. This nanotube can maintain 80% of its initial capacity [7]. But there were no reports about any methods to process LiV 3O8 half opened-nanotubes electrode material. In this work, high-ordered LiV 3O8 half opened- nanotubes arrays are synthesized by using The solid-state and solvothermal reaction with octadecylamine oxide as the template.Octadecylamine (18胺)Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)2 ExperimentalAll of the chemical reagents were of analytical grade and used without furtherpurification. 1. V2O5 (0.06 mol) was added to 25 ml 30% (w/w) H2O2 aqueous solution,and the resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h. Then, 0.04 mol mixtures(LiOH H2O and AgNO3 with different mol ratios) were added in a desired stoichiometricratio, together with 15 ml of 1 mol/L HNO3 aqueous solution. PH measurement isperformed with a pH meter using 2.4 for calibration.After continuous stirring for 2 hours, the resulting precursor suspension wastransferred into a 100 mL Teflon-lined autoclave and maintained at 180C for a certain time. After being cooled to ambient temperature naturally, thesolution in the autoclave was collected and finally vacuum-dried at 100 C for 12 h. F inal°ly the solid powder was calcined at certain temperatures for 16 hours. For comparison, without hydrothermal route, LiV 3O8 particles were also calcined at 400 C for 16 hou°rs. 2.2. Measurements The composite cathodes (mg/cm2) were prepared by pressing the mixture of the active materials, conductive material (acetylene black) and binder (PTFE) in a weight ratio of 8/1/ 1. The Li metal was used as the counter and reference electrodes. The electrolyte was 1 M LiPF6 in a 6/3/1 (volume ratio) mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The galvanostatic method was employed to measurethe electrochemical capacity of the samples at a -1current density of 60mAg , with the same cut-off voltages (1.8-4.0 V) for charge and discharge processes, respectively. All tests were performed at room temperature X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was carried out using XRD (D/Max-2500). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) measurements were carried out on a Hitachi S-570 microscope. CHI 660b electrochemical workstation was used to test Cyclic -1 voltammetry (CV) (sean rate: 0.1 mVs , cut off voltage: 1.8 F.O V) measurements.Fig.I.SEM and TEM images of LiV 3O8 half ope ned- nano tubesFig.lshows the morphology of LiV 3O8 half ope ned- nano tubes. For the LiV 3O8 half ope ned- nano tubes powders,Nano tubes are clearly observed on the surfaces of LiV 3O8 particles. The morphology of 1.0 wt. % LiV 3O8 half ope ned- nano tubes and 2.0 wt. % LiV 3O8 half ope ned- nano tubes are much differe nt to bare_iV 3O8. LiV 3O8 particles are coated by AIPO4 nano wires uni formly at 1.0 wt. % AlPO 4 coat ing. When the coati ng amount in crease to 2.0 wt. %, many AIPO4 nano wires can be observed on the surface ofLiV 3O8 particles, but it also can be found that some AIPO4 compound is formed as little particles. In the case of the 3.0 wt. % AIPO4 coat in g, LiV3O8 particles were coated mainly by AIPO4 particles and only few AIPO4 nano wires can be observed. Its morphology is similar to bare LiV 3O8. The reason is that too much concentration of the AIPO4- nan oparticle soluti on will not be propitious to formatio n of AIPO4 nano wires. It has bee n reported by many researchers that surfacemorphology is an importa nt factor for electrochemical performa nces of LiV3O8.The TEM micrographs of 1.0 wt. % LiV 3O8 half ope ned- nano tubes is show n inFig.3. AIPO4 coated on its surface prese ntsa well nano wires (about ① 40 nm and 0.5~2 卩mlong) morphology. One end of AIPO4 nano wires is outward and visible, while ano ther end of it is in visible and in tegrates into LiV3O8 matrix. AIPO4 will partillay react with LiV3O8 to form a solid solution in the surface of LiV3O8 matrix. Compositi on in Fig.3c is con firmed by the EDX spectrum in Fig.3d. The Cu and C eleme nts are attributed to Cu foil. The atomic ratio of Al/P is 1.1:1 approximate to theoretical value.Fig.1. XRD patter ns LiV3O8 half ope ned- nano tubesFig.2 shows the X-ray diffractio n (XRD) patter ns of the five powders syn thesizedby sol-gel methods. From XRD an alyses, all samples are found to be almost in sin gle phase form.lt is show n that all the peaks are in accorda nee with the patter ns ofLiV3O8. So it is suggested that Ag assuredly en ters the san dwich structure, the Ag doped sample is not just a composite of the Ag metal and LiV3O8 phase. The main differe nce is the relative in ten sity of the d oo peaks. It is found that there are only weak X-ray diffraction peaks of Ag x Li 1-X V3O8 (x= 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08) observed, and therelative intensity of the X-ray diffraction pattern of the LiV3O8 powder is the stron gest of all. Accordi ng to K,West[8], the low inten sity of the d100 peak in dicates that the dimensions of the crystallites in the plane are relative small and the crystallizati on is beco ming weak. In other words, this con diti on is propitious to improve the electrochemical performa nce of the van adium oxide cathode materials.nwarlna^lucVoltagelV4.00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350Specific Capacity /mAhg-1[1] D.B. Le, S. Passerini, F. Coustier, J. Guo, T. Soderstrom, B.B. Cwens, W.H. Smyrl, Chem Mater. 10 (1998) 682.[2] S. Okada, J. Yamaki. Extended Abstracts of the 176th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society; Hollywood, CA, 15-20 Oct, P62,1989.[3] J.M. Cocciantell, M. Menetrier, C. Delmas, J.P. Doumerc, M. Pouchard, M. Broussely, J. Labat , Solid State Ionics. 78 (1995) 143.[4] Y. Sakurai, J.I. Yamaki, J Electrochem Soc. 135 (1988) 791.[5] M.G. Minett, J.R. Owen, J Power Sources. 32 (1990) 81.[6] J.M Cocciantell, Brousely M, Doumerc JP, Labat J, Poachard M. J Power Sources.34 (1991) 103.3.53.0 -2.52.0 -1.5 +-504.0[7] W. Chen, J. Peng, L. Mai, H .Yu, Y. Qi, Chem Lett. 33 (2004) 1366.。
外文翻译 关于锂电池
高性能锂电池阳极使用硅纳米线现代人们越来越热衷于研究大容量、长寿命的可在充电的锂电池，这些锂电池应用于便携式电子产品、电动车以及植入式医疗器械等领域。
目前，硅元素因为它的相对低的放电电压和已知的最大理论充电电压（4200mA）而被广泛应用于锂电池阳极的制作材料。
虽然硅的可再充电次数只比目前石墨材料的阳极多十几倍，比其他氧化物和各种氮化物材料的阳极多得多，但是硅阳极也只是有限应用而已，原因是硅在插入和抽出锂的过程中体积将膨胀4倍以上，导致硅效能大幅降低。
这里，我们设计一种硅纳米线电池电极绕行的方法，使得它们能够适应大应变而不至大幅降低效能，还提供一种好的物理接触和传导，并且嵌入锂中的距离短。
我们让硅阳极获得了理论上的充电容量并且最大限度的使放电容量维持在75%而让充放电循环中的损失最小。
通过以往对散装硅薄膜和微米级别的硅材料的研究中发现，锂电池的电极因使用中性能减弱、寿命短的原因归结于电极材料失效和电极中活性物质与集电器的有效接触变少。
利用微米单位的底座，微米或纳米复合材料的阳极，结果也是局限的改进。
虽然用硅薄膜做成的阳极在多个周期内都有稳定的容量，但是没有足够多的用于电池。
（如今使用单面纳米材料的理念和碳材料、Co3O4、SnO2、TiO2被用作阳极是已经被证明可行的），并且相比与散装材料性能有了提高。
纳米线直接安置在金属集流板上，这种几何学放置方式具有几个优点，而这将会在速度上改善金属氧化物阴极材料活性。
第一，本来那些在散装或微米级的材料中会发生的状况，在使用小直径的硅纳米线下可以在没有引发断裂的情况下允许更佳的适应大电流的改变，这与先前的研究一致，那个研究提出了在依赖材料的终端粒度下不会进一步的断裂。
第二，每一个硅纳米线是电连接到金属集流板，以便所有的纳米线促成容积保持。
第三，硅纳米线允许直接连通电子通路提高电荷传输效率。
在基于粒子电极微观结构下、电子载流子移动必须通过小颗粒间接触区域。
此外，每一个硅纳米线都被连接到导电电极，使对粘贴剂和导电添加剂的需要消除了额外质量。
毕业设计--锂电池的发展过程简介相关文献翻译(中文+英文)
锂电池发展简介锂离子电池是一种充电电池，它主要依靠锂离子在正极和负极之间移动来工作。
在充放电过程中，Li+ 在两个电极之间往返嵌入和脱嵌：充电池时，Li+从正极脱嵌，经过电解质嵌入负极，负极处于富锂状态；放电时则相反。
一般采用含有锂元素的材料作为电极的电池，是现代高性能电池的代表。
发展历史早期锂电池锂离子电池(Li-ion Batteries)是锂电池发展而来。
所以在介绍Li-ion之前，先介绍锂电池。
举例来讲，以前照相机里用的扣式电池就属于锂电池。
锂电池的正极材料是二氧化锰或亚硫酰氯，负极是锂。
电池组装完成后电池即有电压不需充电。
这种电池也可以充电，但循环性能不好，在充放电循环过程中容易形成锂结晶，造成电池内部短路，所以一般情况下这种电池是禁止充电的。
[2] 炭材料锂电池后来，日本索尼公司发明了以炭材料为负极，以含锂的化合物作正极的锂电池，在充放电过程中，没有金属锂存在，只有锂离子，这就是锂离子电池。
摇椅式电池我们通常所说的电池容量指的就是放电容量。
在Li-ion的充放电过程中，锂离子处于从正极→负极→正极的运动状态。
Li-ion Batteries就像一把摇椅，摇椅的两端为电池的两极，而锂离子就象运动员一样在摇椅来回奔跑。
所以Li-ion Batteries又叫摇椅式电池。
发展时间点1970年代埃克森的M.S.Whittingham采用硫化钛作为正极材料，金属锂作为负极材料，制成首个锂电池。
1982年伊利诺伊理工大学(the Illinois Institute of Technology)的R.R.Agarwal和J.R.Selman发现锂离子具有嵌入石墨的特性，此过程是快速的，并且可逆。
与此同时，采用金属锂制成的锂电池，其安全隐患备受关注，因此人们尝试利用锂离子嵌入石墨的特性制作充电电池。
首个可用的锂离子石墨电极由贝尔实验室试制成功。
1983年M.Thackeray、J.Goodenough等人发现锰尖晶石是优良的正极材料，具有低价、稳定和优良的导电、导锂性能。
太阳能光伏系统蓄电池充电毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Design of a Lead-Acid Battery Charging and Protecting IC in Photovoltaic System1.IntroductionSolar energy as an inexhaustible, inexhaustible source of energy more and more attention. Solar power has become popular in many countries and regions, solar lighting has also been put into use in many cities in China. As a key part of the solar lighting, battery charging and protection is particularly important. Sealed maintenance-free lead-acid battery has a sealed, leak-free, pollution-free, maintenance-free, low-cost, reliable power supply during the entire life of the battery voltage is stable and no maintenance, the need for uninterrupted for the various types of has wide application in power electronic equipment, and portable instrumentation. Appropriate float voltage, in normal use (to prevent over-discharge, overcharge, over-current), maintenance-free lead-acid battery float life of up to 12 ~ 16 years float voltage deviation of 5% shorten the life of 1/2. Thus, the charge has a major impact on this type of battery life. Photovoltaic, battery does not need regular maintenance, the correct charge and reasonable protection, can effectively extend battery life. Charging and protection IC is the separation of the occupied area and the peripheral circuit complexity. Currently, the market has not yet real, charged with the protection function is integrated on a single chip. For this problem, design a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC is very necessary.2.System design and considerationsThe system mainly includes two parts: the battery charger module and the protection module. Of great significance for the battery as standby power use of the occasion, It can ensure that the external power supply to the battery-powered, but also in the battery overcharge, over-current and an external power supply is disconnected the battery is to put the state to provide protection, the charge and protection rolled into one to make the circuit to simplify and reduce valuable product waste of resources. Figure 1 is a specific application of this Ic in the photovoltaic powergeneration system, but also the source of this design.Figure1 Photovoltaic circuit system block diagramMaintenance-free lead-acid battery life is usually the cycle life and float life factors affecting the life of the battery charge rate, discharge rate, and float voltage. Some manufacturers said that if the overcharge protection circuit, the charging rate can be achieved even more than 2C (C is the rated capacity of the battery), battery manufacturers recommend charging rate of C/20 ~ C/3. Battery voltage and temperature, the temperature is increased by 1 °C, single cell battery voltage drops 4 mV , negative temperature coefficient of -4 mV / ° C means that the battery float voltage. Ordinary charger for the best working condition at 25 °C; charge less than the ambient temperature of 0 °C; at 45 °C may shorten the battery life due to severe overcharge. To make the battery to extend the working life, have a certain understanding and analysis of the working status of the battery, in order to achieve the purpose of protection of the battery. Battery, there are four states: normal state, over-current state over the state of charge, over discharge state. However, due to the impact of the different discharge current over-capacity and lifetime of the battery is not the same, so the battery over discharge current detection should be treated separately. When the battery is charging the state a long time, would severely reduce the capacity of the battery and shorten battery life. When the battery is the time of discharge status exceeds the allotted time, the battery, the battery voltage is too low may not be able to recharge, making the battery life is lower.Based on the above, the charge on the life of maintenance-free lead-acid batteries have a significant impact, while the battery is always in good working condition, battery protection circuit must be able to detect the normal working condition of the battery and make the action the battery can never normal working state back to normal operation, in order to achieve the protection of the battery.3.Units modular design3.1The charging module Chip, charging module block diagram shown in Figure 2. The circuitry includes solar battery array Charge controller controller Discharge controller DC load accumulatorcurrent limiting, current sensing comparator, reference voltage source, under-voltage detection circuit, voltage sampling circuit and logic control circuit.Figure2 Charging module block diagramThe module contains a stand-alone limiting amplifier and voltage control circuit, it can control off-chip drive, 20 ~30 mA, provided by the drive output current can directly drive an external series of adjustment tube, so as to adjust the charger output voltage and current . V oltage and current detection comparator detects the battery charge status, and control the state of the input signal of the logic circuit. When the battery voltage or current is too low, the charge to start the comparator control the charging. Appliances into the trickle charge state when the cut-off of the drive, the comparator can output about 20 mA into the trickle charge current. Thus, when the battery short-circuit or reverse, the charger can only charge a small current, to avoid damage to the battery charging current is too large. This module constitutes a charging circuit charging process is divided into two charging status: high-current constant-current charge state, high-voltage charge status and low-voltage constant voltage floating state. The charging process from the constant current charging status, the constant charging current of the charger output in this state. And the charger continuously monitors the voltage across the battery pack, the battery power has been restored to 70% to 90% of the released capacity when the battery voltage reaches the switching voltage to charge conversion voltage Vsam charger moves to the state of charge. In this state, the charger output voltage is increased to overcharge pressure driverV oltage amplifierV oltage sampling comparatorStart amplifier State level control Charging indicator Logical module Undervoltage detection circuit R- powerCurrent sampling comparator Limiting amplifier Power indicatorV oc is due to the charger output voltage remains constant, so the charging current is a continuous decline. Current down to charge and suspend the current Ioct, the battery capacity has reached 100% of rated capacity, the charger output voltage drops to a lower float voltage VF.3.2 Protection ModuleChip block diagram of the internal protection circuit shown in Figure 3. The circuit includes control logic circuit, sampling circuit, overcharge detection circuit, over-discharge detection comparator, overcurrent detection comparator, load short-circuit detection circuit, level-shifting circuit and reference circuit (BGR).Figure3 Block diagram of battery protectionThis module constitutes a protection circuit shown in Figure 4. Under the chip supply voltage within the normal scope of work, and the VM pin voltage at the overcurrent detection voltage, the battery is in normal operation, the charge and discharge control of the chip high power end of the CO and DO are level, when the chip is in normal working mode. Larger when the battery discharge current will cause voltage rise of the VM pin at the VM pin voltage at above the current detection voltage Viov, then the battery is the current status, if this state to maintain the tiov overcurrent delay time, the chip ban on battery discharge, then the charge to control the end of CO is high, the discharge control side DO is low, the chip is in the current mode, general in order to play on the battery safer and more reasonable protection, the chip will battery over-discharge current to take over the discharge current delay time protection. The general rule is that the over-discharge current is larger, over the Sampling circuitOver discharge detection comparator Control logic circuitLevel conversion circuit Overcharge detection comparator Over-current detection comparator2 Over-current detection comparator1Over-current detection circuitLoad short detection circuitshorter the discharge current delay time. Above Overcharge detection voltage, the chip supply voltage (Vdd> Vcu), the battery is in overcharge state, this state is to maintain the corresponding overcharge delay time tcu chip will be prohibited from charging the battery, then discharge control end DO is high, and charging control terminal CO is low, the chip is in charging mode. When the supply voltage of the chip under the overdischarge detection voltage (Vdd <Vdl,), then the battery is discharged state, this state remains the overdischarge delay time tdl chip will be prohibited to discharge the battery at this time The charge control side CO is high, while the discharge control terminal DO is low, the chip is in discharge mode.ProtectionmoduleFigure4 Protection circuit application schematic diagram4.Circuit DesignTwo charge protection module structure diagram, the circuit can be divided into four parts: the power detection circuit (under-voltage detection circuit), part of the bias circuit (sampling circuit, the reference circuit and bias circuit), the comparator (including the overcharge detection /overdischarge detection comparator, over-current detection and load short-circuit detection circuit) and the logic control part.This paper describes the under-voltage detection circuit (Figure 5), and gives the bandgap reference circuit (Figure 6).Figure5 Under-voltage detection circuitFigure6 A reference power supply circuit diagramBattery charging, voltage stability is particularly important, undervoltage, overvoltage protection is essential, therefore integrated overvoltage, undervoltage protection circuit inside the chip, to improve power supply reliability and security. And protection circuit design should be simple, practical, here designed a CMOS process, the undervoltage protection circuit, this simple circuit structure, process and easy to implement and can be used as high-voltage power integrated circuits and other power protection circuit.Undervoltage protection circuit schematic shown in Figure 5, a total of five components: the bias circuit, reference voltage, the voltage divider circuit, differential amplifier, the output circuit. The circuit supply voltage is 10V; the M0, M1, M2, R0 is the offset portion of the circuit to provide bias to the post-stage circuit, the resistance, Ro, determine the circuit's operating point, the M0, M1, M2 form a current mirror; R1 M14 is the feedback loop of the undervoltage signal; the rest of the M3, M4 and M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14, composed of four amplification comparator; M15, DO, a reference voltage, the comparator input with the inverting Biasing circuit Reference circuit Bleeder circuit difference amplifier Output circuitAmplifierAmplifierinput is fixed (V+), partial pressure of the resistance R1, R2, R3, the input to the inverting input of the comparator, when the normal working of the power supply voltage, the inverting terminal of the voltage detection is lost to the inverting terminal voltage of the comparator is greater than V+. Comparator output is low, M14 cutoff, feedback circuit does not work; undervoltage occurs, the voltage divider of R1, R2, R3, reaction is more sensitive, lost to the inverting input voltage is less than V when the resistor divider, the comparator the output voltage is high, this signal will be M14 open, the voltage across R into M at both ends of the saturation voltage close to 0V, thereby further driving down the R1> R2, the partial pressure of the output voltage, the formation of the undervoltage positive feedback. Output, undervoltage lockout, and plays a protective role.5. Simulation results and analysisThe design of the circuit in CSMC 0.6 μm in digital CMOS process simulation and analysis of the circuit. In the overall simulation of the circuit, the main observation is that the protection module on the battery charge and discharge process by monitoring Vdd potential and Vm potential leaving chip CO side and DO-side changes accordingly. The simulation waveform diagram shown in Figure 7, the overall protection module with the battery voltage changes from the usual mode conversion into overcharge mode, and then return to normal working mode, and then into the discharge mode, and finally back to normal working mode. As the design in the early stages of the various parameters to be optimized, but to provide a preliminary simulation results.Figure7 Overvoltage and under-voltage protection circuit simulation waveform6.ConclusionDesigned a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC. This design not only can reduce the product, they can reduce the peripheral circuit components. The circuit uses the low-power design. This project is underway to design optimization stage, a complete simulation can not meet the requirements, but also need to optimize the design of each module circuit.光伏系统中蓄电池的充电保护IC电路设计1.引言太阳能作为一种取之不尽、用之不竭的能源越来越受到重视。
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中英文对照资料外文翻译文献The design of the lithium battery charger IntroductionLi-Ion rechargeable batteries are finding their way into many applications due to their size, weight and energy storage advantages.These batteries are already considered the preferred battery in portable computer applications, displacing NiMH and NiCad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly becoming the second major marketplace for Li-Ion. The reason is clear. Li-Ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers,Li-Ion battery packs offer longer run times over NiCad and NiMH packs for the same form factor and size, while reducing weight. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter using Li-Ion batteries without sacrificing run time. As Li-Ion battery costs come down, even more applications will switch to this lighter and smaller technology. Market trends show a continual growth in all rechargeable battery types as consumers continue to demand the convenience of portability. Market data for 1997 shows that approximately 200 million cells of Li-Ion will be shipped, compared to 600 million cells of NiMH. However, it is important to note that three cells of NiMH are equivalent to one Li-Ion cell when packaged into a battery pack. Thus, the actual volume is very close to the same for both. 1997 also marked the first year Li-Ion was the battery type used in the majority of portable computers, displacing NiMH for the top spot. Data for the cellular market showed a shift to Li-Ion in the majority of phones sold in 1997 in Europe and Japan.Li-Ion batteries are an exciting battery technology that must be watched. To make sense of these new batteries, this design guide explains the fundamentals, the charging requirements and the circuits to meet these requirements.Along with more and more the emergence of the handheld electric appliances, to the high performance, baby size, weight need of the light battery charger also more Come more big.The battery is technical to progress to also request continuously to refresh the calculate way more complicatedly is fast with the realization, safety of refresh.Therefore need Want to carry on the more accurate supervision towards refreshing the process, to shorten to refresh time and attain the biggest battery capacity, and prevent°from the battery Bad.The A VR has already led the one step in the competition, is prove is perfect control chip of the next generation charger. The microprocessor of Atmel A VR is current and can provide Flash, EEPROM and 10 ADCses by single slice on the market Of 8 RISC microprocessors of the tallest effect.Because the saving machine of procedure is a Flash, therefore can need not elephant MASK ROM Similar, have a few software editions a few model numbers of stock.The Flash can carry on again to weave the distance before deliver goods, or in the PCB Stick after pack carry on weaving the distance through an ISP again, thus allow to carry on the software renewal in the last one minute.The EEPROM can used for conservancy mark certainly coefficient and the battery characteristic parameter, such as the conservancy refreshes record with the battery that raise the actual usage Capacity.10 A/ Ds conversion machine can provide the enough diagraph accuracy, making the capacity of the good empress even near to its biggest capacity. And other project for attaining this purpose, possible demand the ADC of the exterior, not only take up the space of PCB, but also raised the system Cost.The A VR is thus deluxe language but 8 microprocessors of the designs of unique needle object" C" currently.The AT90S4433 reference The design is with" C" to write, the elucidation carries on the software design's is what and simple with the deluxe language.Code of C this design is very Carry on adjust easily to suit current and future battery.But the ATtiny15 reference design then use edit collected materials the language to write of, with Acquire the biggest code density.An electric appliances of the modern consumption mainly uses as follows four kinds of batteries:1.Seal completely the sour battery of lead( SLA)2.The battery of NiCd3.The NiMHhydrogen battery( NiMH)4.Lithium battery( Li- Ion)At right choice battery and refresh the calculate way need to understand the background knowledge of these batteries. Seal completely the sour battery( SLA) of lead seals completely the sour battery of lead to mainly used for the more important situation of the cost ratio space and weights, such as the UPS and report to the police the backup battery of the system.The battery of SLA settles the electric voltage to carry on , assist limits to avoid with the electric current at refresh the process of early battery lead the heat.Want ～only the electricity .The pond unit electric voltage does not exceed the provision( the typical model is worth for the 2.2 Vs) of produce the company, the battery of SLA can refresh without limit.The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd use very widespread currently.Its advantage is an opposite cheapness, being easy to the usage;Weakness is from turn on electricity the rate higher.The battery of NiCd of the typical model can refresh 1,000 times.The expired mechanism mainly is a pole to turn over.The first in the battery pack drive over.The unit that all turn on electricity will take place the reversal.For prevent°froming damage the battery wrap, needing to supervise and control the electric voltage without a break.Once unit electric voltage Descend the 1.0 Vs must shut down.The battery of NiCd carries on refresh in settling the electric current by forever . The NiMH hydrogen battery( NiMH) holds to shoot the elephant machine 26 such as the cellular phone, hand in the hand that the importance measure hold equipments, the etc. NiMHhydrogen battery is an usage the most wide.This kind of battery permit.The quantity is bigger than NiCd's.Because lead to refresh and will result in battery of NiMH lose efficacy, carry on measuring by the square in refresh process with.Stop is count for much in fit time.Similar to battery of NiCd, the pole turn over the battery also will damage.Battery of NiMH of from turn on electricity the rate and is probably 20%/ month.Similar to battery of NiCd, the battery of NiMH also settles the electric current to refresh .Other batteries says compare in lithium battery( Li- Ion) and this texts, the lithium battery has the tallest energy/ weight to compare to compare with energy/ physical volume.Lithium battery Settle the electric voltage to carry on refresh with , want to have the electric current restrict to lead the heat in the early battery of refresh the process by avoid at the same time.When refresh the electric current.Descend to produce the minimum electric current of the enactment of company will stop refresh.Leading to refresh will result in battery damage, even exploding.The safety of the battery refreshes the fast charge machine( namely battery can at small be filled with the electricity in 3 hours, is usually a hour) demand of the modern.Can to the unit electric voltage, refresh the electric current and the battery temperatures to carry on to measure by the square, avoid at the time of being filled with the electricity because of leading to refresh.Result in damage.Refresh the method SLA battery and lithium batteries refreshes the method to settle the electric voltage method to want to limit to flow for the ever ; The battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs refresh the method.Settle the electric current method for the ever , and have severals to stop the judgment method for refresh differently.Biggest refresh the electric current biggest refresh the electric current to have relation with battery capacity( C).Biggest usually refresh the electric current to mean with the number of the battery capacity.For example,The capacity of the battery for 750 mAhs, refresh the electric current as 750 mAs, then refresh the electric current as 1 C(1 times battery capacity).If the electric current to flow refresh is a C/40, then refreshing the electric current for the battery capacity in addition to with 40.Lead the hot battery refresh is the process that the electric power delivers the battery.Energy by chemical reaction conservancy come down.But is not all.The electric powers all convert for the sake of the chemistry in the battery ability.Some electric power conversions became the thermal energy, having the function of the heating to the battery.When electricity.After pond be filled with, if continue to refresh, then all electric powers conversion is the thermal energy of the battery.At fast charge this will make the battery.Heat quickly, if the hour of can not compare with stop refresh and then will result in battery damage.Therefore, while design the battery charger, to the temperature.It is count for much that carry on the supervision combine to stop refresh in time.The discretion method battery stopped refresh of different and applied situation and work environment limitted to the choice of the method that the judgment stop refresh.The sometimes temperature allow of no.Measure easily, but can measure electric voltage, or is other circumstances.This text takes the electric voltage variety rate(- dV/ dt) as the basic judgment to stop.The method for refresh, but with the temperature and absolute electric voltage be worth for assistance and backup.But the hardware support that this text describe speaks as follows.The method of the havings of say.Time of t –this method that is the decision when stop refresh most in ually used for spare project of the hour of fast charge.Sometimes also be .Refresh(14- 16 Hour) basic project of the method.Be applicable to various battery.Stop refresh when the electric voltage of V – be the electric voltage to outrun the upper ually with the forever settle the electric current refreshes the match usage.The biggest electric current is decide by the battery, usually For the 1 C.For prevent froming refresh the electric current leads to causes battery lead greatly hot, the restrict of the electric current at this time very key.This method Is a lithium battery basic to refresh and stop project. The actual lithium battery charger usually still continues into after attain biggest electric voltage Go the second stage refresh, to attain 100% battery capacity.For battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs are originally method can Be the spare judgment stops refreshing the project.The method exploitation that this judgment of the dV/ dt – electric voltage variety rate stops refresh negative electric voltage variety rate.For the battery of some types, be the battery to be filled with the subsequence Refreshing continuously will cause electric voltage descend. At this time this project was very fit.This method usually useds for the ever to settle the electric current to refresh, Be applicable to to the fast charge of the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMH. The electric current of I – is to refresh the electric current small in a certain the number that set in advance stop refresh. Usually used for the ever to settle the electric voltage to refresh the method.Be applicable to the SLA Battery and lithium battery.The T –temperature absolute zero can be the basis that battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs stop refresh, but even suited for to be the backup project.Any battery for temperature to outrun initial value have to stop refresh.The basis that the dT/ dt – temperature rising velocity fast charge variety rate of the temperature of hour can be to stop refresh.Please consult the norm that the battery produces the company( battery of NiCdOf typical model be worth for the 1 oC/ min) the – be applicable to the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs.Need to stop refresh when the DT – outrun the temperature value of the environment temperature to be the bad battery temperature and the environment temperature to exceed the certain threshold.This method can be the battery of NiCd and The project that battery of SLA stops refresh.While refreshing in the cold environment this method compares the absolute zero to judge the method better.Because most systems usually only have a temperature to stretch forward, have to will refresh the previous temperature to be the environment temperature.DV/ dt=0 –s zero electric voltages differ this method with- the method of dV/ dt is very and similar, and more accurate under the condition that electric voltage will not go up again. Be applicable to the NiCd Battery and battery of NiMH.This reference design completely carried out the battery charger design of latest technique, can carry on to various popular battery type quicklyRefresh but need not to modify the hardware soon, a hardware terrace carries out a charger product line of integrity.Need only Want to will refresh the calculate way to pass lately the ISP downloads the processor of FLASH saving machine can get the new model number.However, this kind of method can shorten time that new product appear on market consumedly, and need a kind of hardware of stock only.This design provide The in keeping with SLA, NiCd, NiMH of the integrity and the database function of the battery of Li- Ion.锂电池充电器的设计介绍:根据其尺寸，重量和能量储存优点，锂- 离子可再充电电池正在被用于许多的应用领域。