系统分析与设计Chap09
系统分析与设计
《系统分析与设计》课程设计指导书系统分析与设计是软件工程专业开设的一门理论与实践结合紧密的课程。
学生在学习了相关系统分析与设计、开发工具等理论、方法和工具之后，要在实际应用中培养学生的动手解决问题的能力。
是培养学生应用软件工程思想及团队合作精神，掌握系统分析与设计开发能力过程中的重要环节。
一、课程基本信息二、教学目的与基本要求本门课程设计注重培养学生的操作能力、实践能力、逻辑思维能力、系统分析与设计技术的应用能力以及知识转化与实践能力。
通过实践课程，熟悉和基本掌握软件的工程设计方法、项目管理相关的基本知识、系统需求信息的获取与分析技术、系统过程设计的方法、系统数据设计的方法，以及计算机辅助软件工程工具的使用，并通过综合设计，全面领会和贯通所学习的理论知识。
1.目的通过小型系统的分析与设计开发，使学生掌握系统分析与设计开发的主要步骤和各阶段文档的编写，加深对系统分析与设计应用软件开发的理解，提升学生解决实际问题的能力，培养团队合作精神。
2.基本要求（1）掌握系统调查方法（2）掌握系统分析方法（3）学会简单系统的设计（4）训练程序设计能力（5）学会编写系统分析说明书，系统设计说明书等。
三、内容课程设计过程中，学生需要完成软件工程过程模型选取、项目测算、需求收集、需求分析、以及系统设计等几个环节的工作，最终撰写表述清晰的课程设计报告。
在软件工程过程模型选取环节，学生需根据不同项目的开发特点决定所要采用的开发模型以及将要使用的计算机开发语言。
在项目测算环节，学生将根据给定假设条件计算投资回报率（ROI），平衡点（BEP）以及净现值（NPV），在给定的假定条件下完成经济可行性分析。
同时学生需要根据选取的计算机开发语言完成系统的技术可行性分析。
根据计划阶段法和功能点法来估算项目的规模，计算总未调整的功能点（TUFP），总过程复杂度（PC），调整后项目复杂度（APC），总调整后功能点（TAFP），并从这些数据中求得相应计算机开发语言所要使用的大致代码行数。
系统分析与设计课程设计
系统分析与设计课程设计一、课程目标知识目标：1. 让学生掌握系统分析与设计的基本概念、原则和方法。
2. 使学生了解系统分析的重要性，理解系统设计的基本流程。
3. 帮助学生掌握使用常见工具和技术进行系统分析、设计的能力。
技能目标：1. 培养学生运用系统思维分析问题的能力，能够独立完成小型信息系统的需求分析。
2. 培养学生运用图表、文字等工具表达系统分析、设计结果的能力。
3. 提高学生团队协作、沟通表达的能力，能在小组项目中发挥积极作用。
情感态度价值观目标：1. 培养学生对待系统分析与设计工作的认真、严谨的态度。
2. 激发学生对信息技术学科的兴趣，提高他们探索新知识、新技术的积极性。
3. 引导学生认识到系统分析与设计在现实生活中的应用价值，增强社会责任感和使命感。
课程性质分析：本课程为高中信息技术学科的系统分析与设计部分，旨在让学生了解和掌握信息系统的基本分析方法与设计技巧，培养其信息技术实践能力。
学生特点分析：高中学生具有一定的逻辑思维和分析能力，对信息技术有一定的了解，但可能缺乏实际项目经验，需要通过本课程的学习，提高其系统分析与设计的能力。
教学要求：1. 紧密结合课本内容，注重理论与实践相结合，提高学生的实际操作能力。
2. 以学生为主体，采用启发式、探究式教学方法，引导学生主动学习、思考。
3. 注重团队协作，培养学生的沟通、协作能力，提高其综合素质。
教学内容：1. 系统分析基本概念：介绍系统、子系统、系统环境等基本概念，以及系统分析的定义和作用。
2. 系统分析方法和工具：讲解结构化分析方法（如数据流图、实体关系图等），以及相应的工具（如Visio等）。
3. 系统设计原则与流程：阐述系统设计的基本原则（如模块化、高内聚低耦合等），并介绍系统设计的一般流程。
4. 系统设计方法与技巧：介绍常用的系统设计方法（如面向对象设计、数据库设计等），并通过实例讲解设计技巧。
5. 系统分析与设计的实际应用：结合实际案例，让学生了解系统分析与设计在软件开发、企业管理等领域的应用。
系统分析与设计课后习题答案
第一章1.什么是系统？信息系统一般具有那些特性？答：系统是一组为实现某些结果相互联系相互作用的部件的集合。
1.可分解性2.边界性2.从应用范围来看，信息系统可以分为哪些类型？答：1.事物处理系统2.管理信息系统3.智能支持决策系统4.办公自动化系统3.信息系统中典型的关联人员有哪些？他们的角色是什么？答：系统所有者（通常是中层或者高层经理，对于小型系统来说，可能是中层经理或者主管）、用户、分析设计人员（都代表信息系统的技术专家角色）、外部服务者（业务顾问和系统顾问等）以及项目经理（团队的领导者）4.请解释系统内部用户和外部用户的区别是什么？答：内部系统用户主要是指系统实际操作人员，这些人员往往专注于信息系统的处理速度和处理事务的正确性。
外部系统用户主要是指系统的直接或者间接使用人员，所有这些外部系统用户最关注的是使用系统的服务操作是否简单易学，方便操作。
5.什么是模型驱动分析？为什么要使用此方法？举例说明。
答：模型驱动分析法强调绘制图形化系统模型来记录和验证现有的或建议的系统。
系统模型最终将成为设计和构造一个改进系统的蓝图。
结构化分析、信息工程和面向对象分析都是基于模型驱动的分析方法。
6.什么是系统开发生存周期？在项目启动阶段涉及的主要活动有哪些？答：开发一个完整的系统项目总会经历“目标、计划、分析、设计、实现、维护”这样的过程或步骤，这就是系统开发的生存周期（系统项目启动、业务需求分析、详细系统设计、系统实现与维护）。
启动阶段的主要涉及5个活动：定义问题域、制定项目的进度表、确认项目的可行性、安排项目人员、启动项目。
7.为什么引入系统原型开发方法？它的优缺点是什么？答：采用最经济的方法，尽快设计出一个可以实际运行的系统原型。
优点：提高了用户参与的主动性；系统开放周期短；能更好的适应需求的变化并减少误解，能有效的提高最终系统的质量，特别是用户接受性，为保证将系统提供给用户使用奠定了基础。
缺点：1.系统分析和功能设计贯穿于整个开发过程中，使得系统的总体结构变得不明确；2.原型选取的不确定性可能降低系统开放速度；3.对原型进行分析设计时，依然沿袭结构化方法，自顶向下模块化的设计思想，数据和功能相互分离的缺陷在原型法中依然存在，不利于软件构件的重用；4.开发过程中不断引入用户需求的变化，造成了系统开发的不确定性。
系统分析与设计方法(原书第7版)
系统分析与设计（原书第7版）配套练习目录CHAPTER 1 (2)CHAPTER 2 (4)CHAPTER 3 (6)CHAPTER 4 (9)CHAPTER 5 (11)CHAPTER 6 (14)CHAPTER 7 (16)CHAPTER 8 (19)CHAPTER 9 (21)CHAPTER 10 (23)CHAPTER 11 (26)CHAPTER 11. Management information systems (MIS)A) create and share documents that support day-today office activitiesB) process business transactions (e.g., time cards, payments, orders, etc.)C) capture and reproduce the knowledge of an expert problem solverD) use the transaction data to produce information needed by managers to run the businessE) none of the above2. The term used to describe those people whose jobs involve sponsoring and funding the project to develop, operate, and maintain the information system isA) information workerB) internal system userC) systems ownerD) external system userE) systems builder3. The person who ensures that systems are developed on time, within budget, and with acceptable quality is aA) systems designerB) project managerC) systems ownerD) external system userE) systems builder4. Which one of the following is not a business driver for an information system?A) business process redesignB) knowledge asset managementC) proliferation of networks and the InternetD) security and privacyE) collaboration and partnership5. A task of developing a technical blueprint and specifications for a solution that fulfills the business requirements is undertaken in the following phase of the system development processA) system initiationB) system implementationC) system analysisD) system designE) feasibility analysis6. If a university sets up a web-based information system that faculty could access to record student grades and to advise students, that would be an example of a/anA) CRMB) intranetC) ERPD) extranetE) none of the above7. Which of the following is not a technology driver for an information system?A) enterprise applicationsB) object technologiesC) knowledge asset managementD) collaborative technologiesE) networks and the Internet8. Which of the following is a deliverable of the system implementation phase in a formal system development process?A) technical hardware and software solution for the business problemB) business problem statementC) state ment of the system users’ business requirementsD) technical blueprint and specifications for a solution that fulfills the business requirementsE) none of the above9. An information system that supports the planning and assessment needs of executive management isA) DSSB) TPSC) ERPD) MISE) none of the above10. Decision makers who are concerned with tactical (short-term) operational problems and decision making areA) middle managersB) executive managersC) supervisorsD) mobile managersE) none of the above1. An information system is the combination of computer technology (hardware and software) and telecommunications technology (data, image, and voice networks).A) TrueB) False2. Internal system users include customers, suppliers, and partners.A) TrueB) False3. Business analyst focuses on only the non-technical aspects of systems analysis and design.A) TrueB) False4．Business process redesign is the continuous monitoring of business processes to effect small, but measurable improvements in cost reduction and value-added.A) TrueB) False5. Knowledge asset management is one of the technology drivers for today’s information systems.A) TrueB) False6. Systems analysts are frequently involved in the customization of the ERP applications and theredesign of business processes to use the ERP solutions.A) TrueB) False7. One of the problem-solving steps in systems analysis is to identify the problem.A) TrueB) False8. Project scope, goals, schedule, and budget requirements are determined during the system initiation phase of the system development process.A) TrueB) False9. If software programs need to be written for an information system, they are written during system analysis.A) TrueB) False10. Process management is the activity of defining, planning, directing, monitoring, and controlling a project.A) TrueB) FalseCHAPTER 21. Contemporary Information Systems are interfacing with customers and suppliers using :A) BPRB) CRMC) SCMD) Both A and BE) Both B and C2. Information systems that support the business functions that reach out to suppliers are known as:A) back office information systemsB) decision support systemsC) expert information systemsD) front office information systemsE) none of the above3. Which of the following is not a class of information system applications?A) database management systemB) decision support systemC) expert systemD) management information systemE) office automation system4. Who are the people that actually use the system to perform or support the work to be completed?A) system analystsB) system designersC) system ownersD) system buildersE) none of the above5. Which is not a typical business function?A) SalesB) ServiceC) ManufacturingD) AccountingE) Benefits and Compensation6. The flow of transactions through business processes to ensure appropriate checks and approvals are implemented is called:A) proceduresB) work flowC) process flowD) process requirementsE) procedures7. Language-based, machine-readable representations of what a software process is supposed to do, or how a software process is supposed to accomplish its task is known as:A) prototypingB) software specificationsC) application programsD) human engineeringE) none of the above8. A specification of how the user moves from window to window, interacting with the application programs to perform useful work is called:A) interface specificationsB) software specificationsC) user dialogD) prototyping specificationsE) navigation specification9. Examples of keyless interfaces include:A) bar coding, OCR, pen, and voice recognitionB) mouse, OCR, pen, and voice recognitionC) keyboard, OCR, pen, and voice recognitionD) all of the aboveE) none of the above10. Open database connectivity (OBDC) tools are an example of:A) layerwareB) tool kitC) interfacewareD) middlewareE) none of the above1. Front and back office information systems feed data to management information systems and decision support systems.A) TRUEB) FALSE2. Information sys tems architecture caters solely to the perspectives of the Organization’s top management.A) TRUEB) FALSE3. Business knowledge is derived from data and information.A) TRUEB) FALSE4. System designer's view of data is never constrained.A) TRUEB) FALSE5. Business functions are a group of related processes that support the business.A) TRUEB) FALSE6. System owners specify the business processes in terms of process requirements for a new system.A) TRUEB) FALSE7. A policy is a set of rules that govern a business process.A) TRUEB) FALSE8. An application program is a machine readable representation of what a hardware process is supposed to do.A) TRUEB) FALSE9. Examples of keyless interfaces include bar coding, optical character recognition, digital pen and voice or handwriting recognition.A) TRUEB) FALSE10. Open database connectivity (ODBC) tools allow application programs to work with different database management systems without having to be re-written. This is an excellent example of middleware.A) TRUEB) FALSECHAPTER 31. The first CMM level at which measurable goals for quality and productivity are established isA) Level 1B) Level 2C) Level 3D) Level 4E) Level 52. Project Management ensures thatA) project’s risk is assessedB) project’s feasibility is assessedC) system is developed at minimum costD) both A and BE) none of the above3. The deliverable of the problem analysis phase isA) system improvement objectivesB) problem statementC) statement of constraintsD) statement of workE) none of the above4. Which one is NOT a category of problems represented by the PIECES framework?A) controlB) efficiencyC) serviceD) economicsE) technology5. Which one is NOT a phase of the systems development life cycle?A) problem analysisB) scope definitionC) requirements analysisD) post-implementation reviewE) decision analysis6. A cross life-cycle activity of system development isA) object modelingB) prototypingC) fact-findingD) data modelingE) data flow diagram modeling7. An ongoing activity of systems support isA) assisting usersB) adapting the system to new requirementsC) recovering the systemD) fixing software defectsE) all of the above8. Rapid Application Development (RAD) strategy includes all of the following, exceptA) actively involves system users in the analysis, design, and construction activitiesB) uses waterfall development approach to evolve system conceptC) organizes systems development into a series of focused, intense workshopsD) reduces the amount of time that passes before the users begin to see a working systemE) accelerates the requirements analysis and design phases9. Request for quotation (RFQ) isA) a document that compares business and technical requirements of a commercial application package against the capabilities and features of a specific commercial application packageB) a document that communicates business, technical, and support requirements for an application software package to vendors that wish to compete for the sale of that application package and servicesC) a document that communicates business, technical, and support requirements for an application software package to a single vendor that has been determined as being able to supply that application package and serviceD) a contract with management and the user community to develop or enhance an information systemE) none of the above10. Which of the following phases is unique to the commercial application package implementation strategy as opposed to the rapid application development strategyA) problem analysisB) construction and testingC) scope definitionD) requirements analysisE) business process design1. The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a framework intended to help organizations improve the maturity of their project management processes.A) TrueB) False2. A standard systems development process is purchased or developed at Level 3 of the Capability Maturity Model (CMM).A) TrueB) False3. Rapid Application Development (RAD) and Rational Unified Process (RUP) are two examples of system development methodologies.A) TrueB) False4. Cost-benefit analysis ensures that an information system is developed at minimum cost.A) TrueB) False5. A data flow diagram is one example of a process model.A) TrueB) False6. Correcting or improving efficiency of people and processes is one of the potential problems that may be addressed by an information systems development project.A) TrueB) False7. Divide and conquer is one of the underlying principles of systems development.A) TrueB) False8. A steering committee is comprised of system owners, IT managers, system designers, and system builders, all of whom determine which requests and projects get approved and scheduled.A) TrueB) False9. Statement of work is one of the deliverables of the problem analysis phase.A) TrueB) False10. Rapid application development (RAD) strategy accelerates the requirements analysis and design phases through an iterative construction approach.A) TrueB) FalseCHAPTER 41. Process management isA) the ongoing activity of recording facts and specifications for a system for current and future referenceB) the activity of scoping, planning and staffing the development of a systemC) the activity of organizing the development of a systemD) the activity of calculating the prediction of the costs and effort required for system developmentE) the activity of documenting, managing, and continually improving the process of systems development2. From a project management perspective, a project is considered a success ifA) the system is delivered on timeB) the system is developed within budgetC) the system is acceptable to the customerD) the system is developed using either product-driven or model-driven methodologyE) all of the above3. All of the following are the project management causes of failed projects, exceptA) lack of organization’s commitment to the system development methodologyB) lack of project documentationC) premature commitment to a fixed budget and scheduleD) failure to adopt to business changeE) failure to establish upper-management commitment to the project4. Which one is NOT a project management activity?A) identify tasksB) estimate task durationC) assign resourcesD) assess risksE) direct the team effort5. Which of the following is a graphical network model that depicts a project’s tasks and the relationships between those tasks?A) PERT chartB) WBSC) Gantt chartD) Line chartE) Bar chart6. An inter-task dependency in which two tasks must finish at the same time is referred to asA) Start-to-finish (SF)B) Finish-to-finish (FF)C) Finish-to-start (FS)D) Start-to-start (SS)E) None of the above7. Which of the project management charts is most effective when you want to study the relationships between tasks?A) Gantt chartB) PMBOK chartC) WBS chartD) PERT chartE) Network chart8. Which of the following is the estimated amount of time required to complete a task, based ona weighted average of pessimistic, optimistic, and expected duration?A) minimal durationB) earliest completionC) weighted average durationD) most likely durationE) none of the above9. All of the following are the guidelines for selecting and recruiting team members, exceptA) select the best task for each personB) promote harmony by selecting team members who will complement and work well with each otherC) plan for the futureD) keep the team size as small as is reasonable to minimize communication overhead and difficultiesE) recruit team members with extensive systems development experience10. A model-based technique for estimation wherein standard parameters based on prior projects are applied to the new project is known asA) COCOMOB) decompositionC) resource levelingD) function pointsE) reverse scheduling1. The term project is defined as a sequence of activities that must be completed on time, withinbudget, and at a minimal cost.A) TrueB) False2. The scope of process management is all projects, whereas the scope of project management isa single project.A) TrueB) False3. A project is considered successful if the resulting information system is developed at the lowest possible cost.A) TrueB) False4. Feature creep is the unexpected and gradual growth of requirements during an information systems project, while scope creep is the uncontrolled addition of technical features to a system.A) TrueB) False5. Among the basic functions of a project manager are scoping, planning, directing, estimating, scheduling, programming, and closing.A) TrueB) False6. A PERT chart is a graphical network model that de picts a project’s tasks and the relationships between those tasks.A) TrueB) False7. One of the key objectives of Joint Project Planning (JRP) is to have all stakeholders reach consensus on the business requirement statement for the project.A) TrueB) False8. Statement of work depicts the hierarchical decomposition of a project into phases, activities, and tasks.A) TrueB) False9. Pessimistic duration is the estimation of the maximum amount of time that it would take to perform a task.A) TrueB) False10. A Gantt chart is the most commonly used project scheduling and progress evaluation tool.A) TrueB) FalseCHAPTER 51. A model-driven analysis approach that focuses on the structure of stored data in a system rather than on processes isA) structured analysisB) information engineeringC) rapid architected analysisD) object-oriented analysisE) none of the above2. All of the following are phases of systems analysis, exceptA) decision analysis phaseB) requirements analysis phaseC) design analysis phaseD) problem analysis phaseE) scope definition phase3. Which of the following analysis techniques derive system models from existing system or discovery prototypes?A) rapid architected analysisB) object-oriented analysisC) data modelingD) discovery prototypingE) structure analysis4. Prototypes are used inA) model-driven analysisB) object-oriented analysisC) traditional approachesD) accelerated systems analysisE) structured analysis5. Which of the following is NOT a feasibility analysis criterion?A) technical feasibilityB) schedule feasibilityC) operational feasibilityD) economic feasibilityE) resource feasibility6. Which of the following phases identifies and expresses requirements, prioritizes requirements, updates project plan, and communications the requirements statement?A) logical design phaseB) decisions analysis phaseC) problem analysis phaseD) systems analysis phaseE) none of the above7. The tasks of defining acceptance tests, structuring functional requirements, and validating functional requirements are performed in which one of the phases?A) problem analysis phaseB) decision analysis phaseC) systems analysis phaseD) logical design phaseE) none of the above8. The task of establishing system improvement objectives is performed in which phase of systems analysis?A) problem analysis phaseB) logical design phaseC) scope definition phaseD) physical design phaseE) requirements analysis phase9. The task of identifying and expressing system requirements is performed in which phase of systems analysis?A) problem analysis phaseB) logical design phaseC) scope definition phaseD) requirements analysis phaseE) none of the above10. Cause-and-effect analysis is performed in the following phase of systems analysisA) scope definition phaseB) logical design phaseC) requirements analysis phaseD) physical design phaseE) problem analysis phase1. Information systems analysis emphasizes business issues, not technical or implementation issues.A) TrueB) False2. Information Engineering is one example of a process-driven analysis.A) TrueB) False3. Object-oriented analysis emphasizes the construction of prototypes to more rapidly identify business user requirements for a new system.A) TrueB) False4. Structured analysis, a process-driven analysis approach, focuses on the flow of data through software processes.A) TrueB) False5. Discovery prototyping and rapid architected analysis are examples of accelerated systems analysis approaches.A) TrueB) False6. Requirements discovery and management can be significantly accelerated through the use of fact-finding techniques aimed at collecting information about system problems, opportunities, solution requirements, and priorities.A) TrueB) False7. The scope definition phase looks at the questi on of “Is a new system really worth building?”A) TrueB) False8. The task of developing a baseline schedule and budget is the responsibility of the steering body.A) TrueB) False9. A preliminary problem statement is one of the deliverable of the problem analysis phase.A) TrueB) False10. System models and/or prototypes are the deliverables of the logical design phase.A) TrueB) FalseCHAPTER 61. A property or quality the system must have is called a:A) scopeB) functional requirementC) preliminary requirementD) nonfunctional requirementE) none of the above2. The process of requirements discovery consists of the following activities, exceptA) requirements managementB) sampling of existing documentation, forms and filesC) requirements discoveryD) problem discovery and analysisE) documenting and analyzing requirements3. Which one is NOT a common fact-finding technique?A) prototypingB) interviewsC) research and site visitsD) sampling of existing documents, forms, databasesE) reverse engineering4. A fact-finding technique that involves a large number of observations taken at random intervals is called:A) randomizationB) stratificationC) people samplingD) work samplingE) none of the above5. Which one of the following fact-finding techniques is an inexpensive means of gathering datafrom a large number of individuals?A) observationsB) work samplingC) interviewsD) proxemicsE) none of the above6. Randomly sampling ten invoices based on a given sample size would be an example ofA) stratificationB) closed-ended samplingC) observationD) open-ended samplingE) none of the above7. All of the following are examples of requirements problems, exceptA) missing requirementsB) overlapping requirementsC) costly requirementsD) conflicting requirementsE) ambiguous requirements8. Which of the following types of questions should not be asked on an interview?A) closed-ended questionsB) biased questionsC) open-ended questionsD) loaded questionsE) both (b) and (d)9. Which of the following is an advantage of discovery prototyping?A) serves as a training mechanism for usersB) allows users and developers to experiment with the software and develop an understanding of how the system might workC) aids in building system test plans and scenariosD) aids in determining the feasibility and usefulness of the system before high development costs are incurredE) all of the above10. Which of the following is NOT a guideline for successfully conducting a JRP session?A) stay on scheduleB) allow for ample breaksC) encourage user and management participationD) brainstorm technical alternatives to problems identified in a JRP sessionE) ensure that the scribe is able to take notes1. A nonfunctional requirement of effectiveness represents the system’s ability to produce outputs at a minimal cost.A) TrueB) False2. Ishikawa diagram is used to identify, explore, and depict problems and the causes / effects ofthose problems.A) TrueB) False3. Requirements management is the process of identifying and categorizing system requirements.A) TrueB) False4. Stratification is a systematic sampling technique that attempts to reduce the variance of the estimates by spreading out the sampling or by avoiding very high or low estimates.A) TrueB) False5. An observation technique is typically more expensive compared to other fact-finding techniques.A) TrueB) False6. Interviewing is highly dependent on the systems analyst’s human relations skills.A) TrueB) False7. Structured interviews tend to involve asking open-ended questions.A) TrueB) False8. The following is an example of a closed-ended question: “Who are the individuals performing the credit checks?”A) TrueB) False9. In a typical JRP session, project sponsor plays the role of leader or facilitator.A) TrueB) False10. One of the benefits of Joint Requirements Planning (JRP) is that it helps reduce the amount of time required to develop systems.A) TrueB) FalseCHAPTER 71. Which of the following is an actor of a temporal event?A) external server actorB) primary business actorC) the system itselfD) timeE) none of the above2. A bank customer stops by her bank’s ATM to withdraw money from her checking account. In this case, who is the primary system actor?A) the bank tellerB) the bankC) the bank customerD) the money withdrawal authorization companyE) none of the above3. A bank customer stops by her bank’s ATM to withdraw money from her checking account. In this case, who is the primary business actor?A) the bank tellerB) the bankC) the bank customerD) the money withdrawal authorization companyE) none of the above4. Which of the following would be the best name for a use case?A) withdraw moneyB) withdrawalC) withdrawMoney( )D) money withdrawalE) money5. Which of the following is NOT a good source for identifying business actors?A) existing requirements documentsB) user manual for the existing systemC) context diagramD) entity relationship diagramE) minutes of project meetings6. Which use case relationship is used to model the relationship between a use case and an actor?A) depends onB) inheritanceC) extendsD) usesE) none of the above7. A constraint on the state of the system before the use case can be executed is called a(n):A) triggerB) prior conditionC) post conditionD) open issueE) none of the above8. A use case that captures the interactions between a user and the system free of technology and implementation detail is:A) business requirements use caseB) logical requirements use caseC) extension use caseD) abstract use caseE) none of the above9. The event that initiates the execute of the use case is called a(n):A) preconditionB) post conditionC) prior eventD) initializing eventE) none of the above10. A use case consisting of steps extracted from a more complex use case in order to simplify the complex use case is called a(n):A) temporal use caseB) functional use caseC) abstract use caseD) extension use caseE) business requirements use case1. Use case modeling is the process of modeling a system’s functions in terms of business events, who initiates the events, and how the system responds to those events.A) TrueB) False2. A use case narrative is a sequence of steps, both automated and manual, for the purpose of completing a single business task.A) TrueB) False3. A temporal event is triggered by a temporal action.A) TrueB) False4. An abstract use cased is an excellent tool for reducing redundancy among use cases.A) TrueB) False5. Business requirements use case depicts the interactions between a user and the system free of technology and implementation details.A) TrueB) False6. When performing requirements use case modeling, the first step is to identify business requirements use cases.A) TrueB) False7. Functional decomposition is the act of breaking a system apart into its subcomponents.A) TrueB) False8. According to the use case ranking and priority matrix, uses cases that are easy to implement and have minimal functionality should be developed first.A) TrueB) False9. When constructing a use case dependency diagram, all use cases must have dependencies.A) True。
系统分析与设计
系统分析与设计系统分析与设计是计算机科学与信息技术领域中非常重要的一个环节。
它涉及到对系统进行深入的研究和分析，以便设计出能够满足用户需求的系统。
在这个过程中，需要运用到各种技术和方法，确保系统的可靠性、高效性和易用性。
本文将从系统分析与设计的定义、重要性、流程及方法等方面进行探讨。
系统分析与设计是指通过对系统的调查研究，明确系统的功能、性能和约束条件，以及用户的需求和期望，最终设计出一个满足这些需求的系统。
在进行系统分析与设计时，首先要对系统的要求和问题进行充分的了解和分析。
这包括对系统的目标、范围、功能模块、用户群体等进行详细的调查研究，确保在后续的设计阶段能够准确地满足用户的需求。
系统分析与设计在软件开发过程中占据着非常重要的地位。
通过系统分析，可以帮助开发团队充分了解用户需求，避免在后期开发过程中出现重大变更和问题。
而系统设计则是将系统分析的结果转化为可实现的系统方案，包括系统结构、模块划分、数据流程、界面设计等方面。
一个好的系统设计能够提高系统的稳定性和可扩展性，减少开发成本和风险。
系统分析与设计的流程一般分为需求分析、系统设计、实施、测试和维护等几个阶段。
首先是需求分析阶段，通过对用户需求的收集和整理，明确系统的功能和性能需求。
在系统设计阶段，根据需求分析的结果，设计系统的结构和模块，并确定系统的数据流程和界面设计。
实施阶段是将设计方案转化为实际的系统，并进行相应的编码和集成。
测试阶段则是对系统进行全面的测试，确保系统的稳定性和安全性。
最后是维护阶段，对系统进行不断地更新和维护，确保系统能够持续地满足用户的需求。
在系统分析与设计过程中，有许多方法和工具可以帮助开发团队更好地进行工作。
比如结构化分析方法、面向对象分析方法、UML建模工具等，都可以帮助团队更好地理解系统的结构和功能，从而设计出更加高效和可靠的系统。
此外，还可以借助一些项目管理工具，如甘特图、进度表等，来帮助团队管理和跟踪项目进度，确保项目按计划进行。
系统分析与设计课程设计
系统分析与设计课程设计一、课程目标知识目标：1. 学生能够理解系统分析与设计的概念、原则和方法，掌握基本的分析与设计工具。
2. 学生能够掌握系统需求分析的基本步骤，学会运用结构化分析方法，绘制ER图和数据流图。
3. 学生能够了解系统设计的基本原理，掌握模块化设计、面向对象设计等设计方法。
技能目标：1. 学生能够运用所学知识，独立完成一个小型信息系统的需求分析和设计。
2. 学生能够通过小组合作，进行有效的沟通与协作，共同完成系统分析与设计任务。
3. 学生能够运用相关软件工具，如Visio等，绘制系统分析与设计的图形化文档。
情感态度价值观目标：1. 学生培养对系统分析与设计工作的兴趣，提高对信息系统开发的责任感和使命感。
2. 学生在小组合作中，学会尊重他人意见，培养团队协作精神和沟通能力。
3. 学生能够认识到系统分析与设计在现实生活中的应用价值，增强理论联系实际的能力。
课程性质：本课程为信息技术类课程，旨在帮助学生掌握系统分析与设计的基本理论和方法，培养学生的实际操作能力。
学生特点：高中年级学生，具备一定的信息技术基础，对信息系统开发有一定了解，但系统分析与设计能力有待提高。
教学要求：结合学生特点和课程性质，注重理论与实践相结合，充分调动学生的主观能动性，提高学生的动手能力和团队协作能力。
通过本课程的学习，使学生能够达到上述课程目标，为未来从事信息系统开发和管理打下坚实基础。
二、教学内容1. 系统分析与设计基本概念：介绍系统、分析与设计的基本定义，理解信息系统开发过程中的角色与职责。
- 教材章节：第一章 系统分析与设计概述2. 需求分析：讲解需求分析的意义、方法，学习如何进行数据收集和分析，绘制ER图和数据流图。
- 教材章节：第二章 需求分析3. 结构化分析方法：学习结构化分析方法，包括数据流图（DFD）、实体关系图（ERD）等。
- 教材章节：第三章 结构化分析方法4. 系统设计：介绍系统设计的基本原理，学习模块化设计、面向对象设计等设计方法。
系统分析与设计PPT课件
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
CHAPTER
9
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND THE SYSTEM PROPOSAL
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Four Tests For Feasibility
• Identify alternative system solutions.
• Define and describe four types of feasibility and their respective criteria.
• Perform various cost-benefit analyses using timeadjusted costs and benefits.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Feasibility Analysis
系统分析与设计-精选文档-PPT课件
有輸出 B.任何一個流程不可只 有輸入 C.都以動詞描繪流程
資料儲存體
D. 資料儲存體不能由其中一
個儲存體直接傳資料至另 一個儲存體 E. 資料不能由外部實體直接 傳至資料儲存體 F. 資料不可直接由資料儲存 體傳至外部實體 G. 資料儲存體通常以名詞表 示
繪製資料流程圖的相關規劃-2
資訊系統構成之元素
圖1-1 資訊系統構成之元素
系統
系統的定義：在一個企業中，為達成一 個共同的目的，而將一連串相關的商業 流程串連在一起，就稱之為系統。 系統有九大特色 系統必須存在環境中 系統是有範圍的
系統的特性
由元素組成 各元素互有關連 有界限 有特定的目的 適用於某一個環境 系統包含各種不同之介面 有條件限制 具備輸入 具備輸出
資料儲存體
– 描述資料儲存的場所 – 資料呈現方式包含
• 檔案文件夾 • 電腦檔 • 記事本
– 以缺右邊線條之長方形表示如： – 以儲存體的名字表示之
資料流程圖技術說明-2
流程
– 描述工作的執行，會造成資料的轉變，儲存 及分配 – 以圓角長方形表示
資料起源／終點
– – – – 描述資料的起點及終點 一般稱其為外部實體 以長方形表示 通常以外部實體之名稱表示
利用Microsoft Project 設計甘特圖及網路圖
單元三 系統規劃與選擇
專案計畫書的內容
專案計畫包含(Baseline Project Plan)
–範圍 –利益 –成本 –風險 –資源
工作說明書 (Statement of Work)
–描述此專案應有之產出 –描述各工作項目之大綱
專案計畫書(BPP)
重要的系統概念
分解
系统分析与设计
商業流程
第一章 系統分析與設計簡介 第11-12頁
Slide 13
了解業務(2/3)
圖1-11 簡單的商業模型可能包含一個事件、三個不同流程及一個結果。
第一章 系統分析與設計簡介 第12頁
Slide 14
了解業務(3/3)
新型公司
傳統的：
產品導向 (product-oriented)公司。 服務導向(service-oriented)公司。
一套資訊系統具有五項重要的成分：硬體、軟體、資料、流程、 及人員。
第一章 系統分析與設計簡介 第8頁
Slide 8
資訊系統的元件(2/5)
硬體
硬體(hardware) 包含資訊系統內所有 具體事物。 摩爾定律(Moore’s Law)：積體電路(IC) 上的晶體管(transistor)數量，每24個月 將倍增。
業務概況(business profile)
描述了公司的使命、功能、組織、產品、服務、顧客、競爭者、限制， 以及未來方向等。 商業流程(business process)。 商業流程模型(business process model)。 商業流程模型標記法(business process modeling notation) 。
軟體
系統軟體(system software)。 應用軟體 (application software)：包含 共用軟體(例如Excel, Word)及企業資訊 系統(例如ERP系統)。
水平系統、垂直系統、及老舊系統。
圖1-9 多部伺服器提供的運算能力與速 度才能應付現今 IT 系統的需求。
系统分析与设计课程设计
2014-2015学年第1学期《系统分析与设计》课程设计项目名称：南阳理工学院学生学籍管理系统指导教师：李倩班级：12软工移动２班学生名单:ﻬ目录一绪论ﻩ错误!未定义书签。
1系统简介 ............................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
２设计目的 ............................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
3设计内容 ............................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
二需求分析 ............................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
1．系统目标ﻩ错误!未定义书签。
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系统分析与设计课程设计
设计说明目录1 概述 (1)1.1 编写目的 .............................................................................................................................1.2 参考资料 .............................................................................................................................1.3 术语和缩写词......................................................................................................................2 需求概述 (1)3 结构设计 (2)3.1 总体设计 (2)3.2 功能分配 (3)3.3 接口设计 (6)3.4 数据结构设计 (10)3.4.1 公共数据结构设计 (10)3.4.2 数据库设计 (10)3.4.3 数据结构同程序的关系* ........................................................................................4 类的设计 (13)4.1 类1设计 (13)4.1.1 功能说明 (13)4.1.2 属性说明 (14)4.1.3 公有方法说明 (14)4.1.4 私有方法说明 (14)4.2 类2设计 (14)4.2.1 功能说明 (14)4.2.2 属性说明 (14)4.2.3 公有方法说明 (14)4.2.4 私有方法说明 (14)5 用例实现的设计 (15)5.1 用例1设计 (15)5.1.1 功能说明 (15)5.1.2 界面设计 (15)5.1.3 交互设计 (15)5.2 用例2设计 (15)5.2.1 功能说明 (15)5.2.2 界面设计 (15)5.2.3 交互设计 (16)1 概述1.1 编写目的本文档的编写目的是为网上购物项目的开发提供：a. 软件总体要求，作为用户和软件开发人员之间了解的基础；b. 功能、性能、接口和可靠性的要求，作为软件人员进行设计和编码的基础；c. 验收标准，作为用户确认测试的依据。
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Data flow diagram (DFD) – a process model used to depict the flow of data through a system and the work or processing performed by the system. Synonyms are bubble chart, transformation graph, and process model.
9-5
Process Modeling and DFDs
Process modeling – a technique used to organize and document a system’s processes.
• • • • Flow of data through processes Logic Policies Procedures
9-11
The System is Itself a Process
9-12
Process Decomposition
Decomposition – the act of breaking a system into sub-components. Each level of abstraction reveals more or less detail.
• The DFD has also become a popular tool for business process redesign.
9-6
Simple Data Flow Diagram
9-7
Differences Between DFDs and Flowcharts
• Processes on DFDs can operate in parallel (atthe-same-time)
Function – a set of related and ongoing activities of a business.
• A function has no start or end.
Event – a logical unit of work that must be completed as a whole. Sometimes called a transaction.
• Data stores depicted on a DFD store all instances of data entities (depicted on an ERD) • Named with plural noun
9-10
DeMarco/Yourdon shape
Process Concepts
• Processes on flowcharts execute one at a time
• DFDs show the flow of data through a system
• Flowcharts show the flow of control (sequence and transfer of control)
9-3
Models: Logical and Physical
Model – a pictorial representation of reality.
Just as a picture is worth a thousand words, most models are pictorial representations of reality.
9-4
Physical model – a technical pictorial representation that depicts what a system is or does and how the system is implemented. Synonyms are implementation model and technical model.
9-13
Decomposition Diagrams
Decomposition diagram – a tool used to depict the decomposition of a system. Also called hierarchy chart.
9-14
Types of Logical Processes
• Office, department, division. • An external organization or agency. • Another business or another information system. • One of system’s end-users or managers
• Logical models reduce the risk of missing business requirements because we are too preoccupied with technical results. • Logical models allow us to communicate with end-users in nontechnical or less technical languages.
• Processes on a DFD can have dramatically different timing (daily, weekly, on demand)
• Processes on flowcharts are part of a single program with consistent timing
Process – work performed by a system in response to incoming data flows or conditions. A synonym is transform.
• All information systems include processes - usually many of them • Processes respond to business events and conditions and transform Gane and Sarson shape data into useful information • Modeling processes helps us to understand the interactions with the system's environment, other systems, and other processes. • Named with a strong action verb followed by object clause describing what the work is performed on/for .
Chapter 9
Process Modeling
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Objectives
• Define systems modeling and differentiate logical and physical models. • Define process modeling and explain its benefits. • Recognize and understand basic concepts and constructs of a process model. • Read and interpret a data flow diagram. • Explain when to construct process models and where to store them. • Construct a context diagram to illustrate a system’s interfaces with its environment. • Identify use cases, external and temporal business events. • Perform event partitioning and organize events in a functional decomposition diagram. • Draw event diagrams and merge them into a system diagram. • Draw primitive data flow diagrams and describe the elementary data flows in terms of data structures and procedural logic. • Document the distribution of processes to locations. • Synchronize data and process models using a CRUD matrix.
• Frequently implemented as a file or database. • A data store is “data at rest” compared to a data flow that is “data in motion.” • Almost always one of the following:
9-9
Gane and Sarson shape
• Named with descriptive, singular noun
DeMarco/Yourdon shape
Data Stores
Data store – stored data intended for later use. Synonyms are file and database.