自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理
名词解释自考《英语词汇学》
word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.
Alien非同化词 are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.
Translation-loans. 借译词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.
英语词汇学自考重点
各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。
（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。
2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）（1）Two approachesThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.synchronic 共时法diachronic 历时法（2）Definition: A, synchronicFrom a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）a minimal free form of a language1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。
自考英语词汇学复习大纲自己整理
C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 根本概念1.1 the definition of a word〔he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.〕1.2 sound and meaning ：Symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the1.31.4 vocabulary1.5 classification of words词汇分类basic word stock 根本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非根本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 根本词汇和非根本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词by origin 按起源分：native words and borrowed words本地词和外来词all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话slang 俚语argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words外来词denizens 同化词aliens 异形词translation-loans 译借词semantic-loans 借义词1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obviouscharacteristics 明显的特点C h a p t e r2D e v e l o p m e n tIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2.1 Indo-European印欧语Eastern set：东部诸语族：Western set：西部诸语族：Balto-Slavic 波罗的海-斯拉夫语Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗语Armenian 亚美尼亚语Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语Celtic 凯尔特语Italic 意大利语Hellenic 希腊语——GreekGermanic 日耳曼语Persian 波斯语Bengali 孟加拉国语Hindi 印地语Romany 普吉赛语Prussian 普鲁士语Lithuanian 立陶宛语Polish 波兰语Czech 捷克语Bulgarian 保加利亚语Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语Russian 俄语Norwegian 挪威语Icelandic 冰岛语Danish 丹麦语Swedish 瑞典语German 德语Dutch 荷兰语Flemish 佛兰德语English 英语Portuguese 葡萄牙语Spanish 西班牙语French 法语Italian 意大利语Roumanian 罗马尼亚语Scottish 苏格兰语Irish 爱尔兰语Welsh 威尔士语Breton 布里多尼语Scandinavian languages斯堪的纳维亚语Latin 拉丁语言Historical review历史概述Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary 2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development50000-60000 words 5万~6万间词汇Highly inflected 高度转折complex endings 复杂的结尾vowel changes 元音变化French words 法语词汇leveled endings 水平结尾Early Modern English (1500-1700)早期现代英语Late Modern English (1700-up to the present)晚期现代英语Borrow 借词new words 新词no endings 无结尾from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language。
2023年自考00832英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学意在调查和研究英语单词和单词旳等价物旳形态构造,其语义构造、关系、历史发展、形成和使用方法。
2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词旳定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小旳自由形式，拥有固定旳声音和意义以及句法作用。
2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一旳四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary （5）printing、standardization、dictionary—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than itis today. 古代英语中旳口语比今天更忠实旳代表书面语—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。
词汇学名词解释
1.Free morphemes:自由语素a morphemes that can stand alone.或者alinguistic form that can occur as an independent word.2.Boud morphemes:黏着语素a morphemes that must occur with atlease one other morpheme.3.Back-formation: 逆生法。
is the method of creating words byremoving the supposed suffixes.4.Allomorph：语素变体the phonetic variant of a morpheme in aparticular language.或者one of the variants of the same morpheme 5.conversion:转换法is the formation of new words by convertingwords from one word-class to another word-class.或者Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.6.blending 拼缀法is the formation of new words by combining pastsof two words or word plus a part of anther word .如;smog---smoke +fog.7.Semantic field:语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with thevocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks.The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.8.semantic motivation :语义理据Semantic motivation refers tomotivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.9.conceptual meaning：概念意义。
自考英语词汇学名词解释(54个全)
词汇学名词解释1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. T ake -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word- formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学1、Compounding（合成法）Compounding is a word-formation process of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.e.g. blackboard, air-conditioning, flowerpot2、Derivation（派?生法）= a?xation（词缀法）A word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or su?x,or both, to the base.e.g. belittle, debug, anti-war3、Conversion（词性转移法）Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an a?x.e.g. attack (v. & n.), compound (v. & n.), permit (v. & n.)4、Initialisms（?首字?母连写词）Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter.e.g. BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), VIP (a very important people)5、Acronyms（?首字?母拼?音词）Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term.e.g. OPEC, BASIC, SAM, TEFL, UNESCO6、Clipping（剪裁法）The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available inits full form.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone, gym from gymnastics, taxi from taxicab7、Blending（混合法）Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of whichare not in their full forms.e.g. newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)8、Back formation（逆构法）Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorterword is coined by the deletion of a supposed a?x from a longer form already present in the language.e.g.the verb resurrect was formed from the noun resurrection by removing the supposed derivative su?x -ion, and the verb edit formed from editor by dropping the su?x -or.9、Words from proper names（专有名词构词法）The words that coined from the di?erent proper names. Such as the names of people, the names of places, the names of books, or the names of brands.e.g. watt, hertz, Nicotine10、Reduplication（复制法）Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong; (3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.11、Coinage（新造的字）Coinage is a process of inventing words not based onexisting morphemes.e.g. fruice = fruit +juice, slanguage =slang + language12、Classification of English words according to di?erent criteriaA. By origin:1) native words2) loan wordsB. By level of usage :1)common words2)literary words3)colloquial words4)slang words5)technical wordsC. By notion:1)function words（虚词）2)content words （实词）13、inflectional morpheme (or inflectional a?xes) （曲折词缀）An inflectional aifix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is a?xed.e.g. “s” in chairs, pens ; “es” in boxes, tomatoes;“en” in oxen14、root（词根）(1) 书：A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.e.g. work, boy, moon, walk(2) ?网：A root is a form which is not further analysable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. A rootis the basic part always present in a lexeme.15、stem（词?干）Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional a?xes have been removed.e.g. in the word undesirables, the stem is undesirable;in the word desired, the stem is desire16、base（词基）Base is any form to which a?xes of any kind can be added.e.g. in the word desirable, desire is the base to which a su?x -able is added.17、echoic words or onomatopoeic words（拟声词或象声词）Words motivated phonetically are called echoi words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.e.g. the woof-woof of a dog, the miaow of a cat18、homonyms（异义词）In the English language, there are many pairs or groups of words, which, though di?erent in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.e.g. lead (n. & v.), sow (n. & v.), tear (n. & v.)19、complementary antonyms（互补性反义词）Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition. In a complementary pair the contrast between the two terms is absolute.e.g. alive and dead, single and married20、synchronic dictionary（共时词典）Synchronic dictionaries describe the vocabulary of a certain period or at a certain stage of the development of the language, providing the from, meaning, usage, etc., of the words of the period.e.g. COD, WCD21、allomorph（同位异形体）An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.e.g. the allomorphs -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same su?x22、prefixation（前缀）Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base.e.g. de-, be-, en-23、semantic motivation（语义动机）Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association.e.g.When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone; when we say the leg of a table, we are comparing the tables leg with one of the lower limbs of a human being.24、a?ective meaning（情感意义）A?ective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.e.g. Aha! Alas! and Hurrah!25、hyponymy（上下义关系）Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is “included” in the la tter.e.g. a cat is a hyponym of animal, flute of instrument, chair of furniture26、semantic field（语义场）（1）书：Semantic field theory "took the view that the vocabulary of a given language is not simply a listing ofindependent items (as the headwords in a dictionary would suggest), but is organized into areas, or fields, within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways."（2）?网：Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.e.g.The words red, green, white etc. make up the semantic field of colors;the words father, mother, son etc. make up the semantic field of kinship27、componential analysis（成分分析法）The analysis of word meanings is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components.e.g. cow : [+ Bovine + Adult - Male]man : [+Human + Adult + Male]。
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学在英语学习和教学中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。
英语词汇学研究的是英语词汇的形成、分类、演变和使用等方面的知识。
下面是一些与英语词汇学相关的名词及其解释：1. 词汇（Vocabulary）•词汇是指某一语言系统中的全部词语的总称。
•例子：英语中的词汇包括单词（words），短语（phrases），习语（idioms）等。
2. 词义（Semantics）•词义是指词语所表示的意义或概念。
•例子：单词”apple”表示一种水果。
3. 词根（Root）•词根是构成单词的核心部分，具有词义的基本含义。
•例子：词根“tele-”表示“远程”，如单词”television”表示“远距离看”。
4. 词形（Morphology）•词形是指词语形态上的变化，包括词根的变化、词缀的添加和词语形式的变化等。
•例子：单词”run”经过词形变化可以有”running”（进行时态）和”ran”（过去时态）等形式。
5. 词汇量（Vocabulary Size）•词汇量是指一个人掌握或理解的词汇数量。
•例子：一般来说，英语水平高的人词汇量会相对较大。
6. 同义词（Synonym）•同义词是指语义相近的两个或多个词语。
•例子：“happy”和”glad”都是表示“高兴”的同义词。
7. 反义词（Antonym）•反义词是指意义相对立的两个词语。
•例子：“big”和”small”是表示“大”和“小”的反义词。
8. 多词性（Polysemy）•多词性是指一个词语具有多个不同但相关的词义。
•例子：单词”bank”可以表示“银行”或“河岸”。
9. 词汇补偿（Vocabulary Compensation）•词汇补偿是指在理解语言时，通过上下文和其他线索来推测未知词汇的意义。
•例子：如果不认识单词”obscure”，可以通过上下文来猜测它的意义是“不清楚的”。
这些名词和概念在英语词汇学中起着重要的作用，了解它们可以帮助我们更好地学习和使用英语词汇。
自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理
自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理简答题和名词解释汇总0 introductionLexicology is a branch of linguistics, which is both a theoretical and practical course.There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely ____ and _____. synchronic, diachronicC1 Basic Concepts of Word and VocabularywordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.What is the relationship between sound and meaningThere is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.Eg. Dog means gou in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound rait can mean right, rite, and write, though denoting different things, them have the same sound.Why do more and more differences occur between sound and form?Why is English sound an imperfect representation of the spoken form?●English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.●Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.●Borrowing of foreign language.●Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.●Printing freezes the spelling of words while soundcontinues to change as usual.VocabularyVocabulary refers to the total number of thewords in a language, all the words used in a particular historical period, and all the words of a given dialect and so on.By __, words can be classified into ___.by use frequency, basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary;by notion, content words and functional words;by origin, native words and borrowed words.the basic word stockThe basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.What is the character of basic word stock?●All national character. The basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us.●Stability, they are likely to remain relatively unchanged.●Productivity, they are mostly root words, means they can form new words with other roots and affixes.●Polysemy, they often possess more than one meaning.●Collocability, many of them have many set expressions, proverbial sayings and so on. Eg, heart, a heart of gold, learn by heart.terminologyTerminology is technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in music, symphony.jargonJargon is the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves as in business, bottom line for unavoidableresult.slangSlang is the sub-standard language, which seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like jargon and argot, eg. Dough and bread means money.argotArgot is the jargon of criminals. Only thesub-cultural groups use it, and outsiders can hardly understand it, eg, Persuader means dagger.dialectal wordsDialectal words is words used only by speakers of the dialect in question, eg. Beauty in Australia means excellent.archaismsArchaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. Eg, brethren means brother.neologismsNeologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. Eg, internet.functional wordsFunctional words, also called empty words, form words, do not have notions of their own. Their chief function is to express the relation between words or between sentences. Prepositions, conjunctions belong to it. Eg, on, to.What are the features of native words? 7 They are in basic word stock.They are neutral in style.They are frequent in use.borrowingsWe can classified the borrowed words into four classes according to ____.the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing.The four classes of borrowings are ____. denizens, aliens, translation-loans, semantic-loans.denizensDenizens is words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language. Eg. Pork.aliensAliens are borrowings which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Eg, decor.translation-loansTranslation-loans is words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language. Eg. Mothertongue from Latin.semantic-loansSemantic-loans is words not borrow with reference to the form, but borrow their meanings. Eg, the modern meaning of dream borrowed from Norse.C2 The Development of the English VocabularyThree main period in English historyOld English, Anglo-Saxon; Middle English, 1150-1500; Modern English.If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.Three main sources of new words of present-day English vocabulary(1) the rapid development of modern science and technology；(2) social, economic and political changes；(3) the influence of other cultures and languages.modes of vocabulary development in English historycreation, semantic change, borrowing, reviving archaic.C3 Word Formation P208树状图morphemeMorpheme is the minimal meaningful unit in word formation.Structurally, a morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of language.monomorphemic words monomorphemic words is the morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence, eg, bird, tree, green.allomorphsAllomorphs is morphemes realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word, eg, in cats /s/, in bags/z/.free morphemesfree morphemes, also called free root, is the morphemes which have complete meaning and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, eg. cat, walk.bound morphemesBound morphemes is Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words, eg, recollection = re+collect+ion.bound rootBound root is that part of the word thatcarries the fundamental meaning like a free root, but it is bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to makewords.affixesAffixes is forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.The difference between inflection affixes and derivational affixesinflectional affixesInflectional affixes, also called inflectional morphemes, is affixes which attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectionalderivational affixesDerivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.rootA root is the basic form of a word, which can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg, international, the root is nation.stemA stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added in word formation.P44 一个词，拆分分析。
自考2英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
自考2英语词汇学考试重点精华整理一、词汇学概述1、语言与词汇的关系：语言是词汇和语法规则的总和，而词汇则是语言中最基本的元素。
2、词汇学的定义：词汇学是研究语言的词汇以及词汇的起源、演变、语义和语用等方面的学科。
3、词汇学的研究对象：主要包括词汇的起源、演变过程、语义变化、文化背景等。
二、英语词汇的历史演变1、英语的起源：英语起源于古代日耳曼语，经过长时间的演变和发展，形成了今天的英语。
2、英语词汇的演变：英语词汇经历了许多变化，包括词义的变化、词形的变化、外来词的引入等。
3、英语词汇的分类：英语词汇可以根据其来源、语义、语法等方面进行分类。
三、英语词汇的语义关系1、同义词与反义词：同义词是指具有相同或相似意义的词汇，而反义词则是指具有相反意义的词汇。
2、上下义词与下义词：上下义词是指在一个词汇的语义场中，一个词可以表示另一个词的上层概念或下层概念。
3、词汇的文化意义：词汇的文化意义是指词汇在特定文化背景中所具有的意义。
四、英语词汇的记忆与运用1、记忆策略：记忆策略是指通过一定的方法来提高记忆效率，包括联想记忆、语境记忆等。
2、运用技巧：运用技巧是指在使用词汇时需要注意的事项，包括语用、语法等方面。
3、常见错误分析：常见错误分析是指对学生在使用词汇时容易犯的错误进行分析和纠正。
五、英语词汇的学习方法与技巧1、学习策略：学习策略是指通过一定的方法来提高学习效率，包括制定学习计划、使用学习工具等。
2、学习技巧：学习技巧是指在学习过程中需要注意的事项，包括如何集中注意力、如何提高学习效率等。
3、学习资源：学习资源是指在学习过程中可以使用的各种资源，包括书籍、网站、课程等。
词汇学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究词汇的起源、发展、变化和用法。
它涉及对单词的音、形、义、语法特征和语用意义等方面的研究。
词汇学有一些基本概念，包括词、词汇、词素、词义、语境等。
词是语言中最小的、可以独立使用的意义单位，词汇是语言中所有词的总和，词素是构成词的要素，词义是词的含义，语境是指词所处的语言环境。
2022年自考专业(英语)英语词汇学考试真题及答案1
2022年自考专业(英语)英语词汇学考试真题及答案一、单项选择题1、The definition of a word comprises the following points EXCEPT __（）A.sound unityB.minimal free form of a languageC.unit of meaningD.form that cannot function alone in a sentence2、"Dog" is the father of "doglike", "doghood", "dogsleep", etA.This example shows that words of the basic stock have the characteristic of __（）B.stabilityC.polysemyD.productivityE.ollocability3、Which of the following groups consists of both content words and functional words（）A.rise, five, fun, waterB.ten, but, red, ofC.of, is, in, theD.wind, sun, go, bright4、In Middle English vocabulary, we can find words relating to every aspect of human society, e. g. government, law, food, fashion and so on. Which of the following words does NOT belong to them（）A.logB.aconC.JudgeD.Power5、Which of the following statements is NOT true（）A.nglish is more closely related to German than FrenchB.Old English was a slightly inflected languageC.Old English was a language of full endingsD.Middle English was a language of leveled endings6、In the early Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as __（）A.IndustrializationB.lizabethan AgeC.RenaissanceD.Victorian Age7、The word "denaturalization" can be broken down into "de-", "nature", "-al", "-ize", "-anon", each having meaning of its own. These minimal meaningful units are known as __（）A.morphemesB.llomorphsC.rootD.stem8、Which of the following is the root of the word "internationalists"（）A.interB.nationC.-istD.-al9、Which of the following words is an example of free morphemes （）A.TriedB.eetC.WorkerD.nger10、Which of the following statements is NOT true（）A.Prefixation is the formation of new words by addingsuffixes to stemsB.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stemC.Prefixes only modify the meaning of the stemD.Present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes11、Among the following words, __contains a prefix of time and order（）A.x-wifeB.vice-chairmanC.oreheadD.maltreat12、"A green hand" means an "inexperienced person", not a hand that is green in color. In this sense, we can judge that "a green hand" is a __（）A.morphemeB.proverbC.ompoundD.ree phrase13、The following words are onomatopoetically motivated words EXCEPT __（）A.angB.miniskirtD.hiss14、When we say the "mouth" of a river, we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal. In this sense, the word "mouth" conveys __（）A.onomatopoeic motivationB.morphological motivationC.semantic motivationD.tymological motivation15、"Black" is a kind of color but its meaning is obviously affected when it occurs in such phrases as "black coffee", "black market", etc.This example demonstrates __（）A.grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual contextB.ffective meaning varies from individual to individual, from culture to cultureC.stylistic difference is especially true of synonymsD.ollocation can affect the meaning of words16、"The front of the head" is the __meaning of the word "face （）A.erivedB.primaryD.secondary17、Homonyms are generally words different in __（）A.soundB.spellingC.ormD.meaning18、__share a likeness in denotation as well as in part of speech（）A.SynonymsB.ntonymsC.HomonymsD.Hyponyms19、Word-meaning changes by the following modes EXCEPT __（）A.xtensionB.upgradationC.specializationD.transfer20、The word "meat", which originally meant "food", but now has come to mean "flesh of animals", is an example to illustrate __of meaning（）A.generalizationB.narrowingC.egradationD.levation21、The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance is called __of meaning（）A.xtensionB.narrowingC.transferD.levation22、In __context the meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words（）A.xtra-linguisticB.non-linguisticC.lexicalD.grammatical23、__gives rise to ambiguity in the sentence "I like Mary better than Jean（）A.PolysemyB.HomonymyC.Non-linguistic contextD.Grammatical structure24、What kind of context clue is used in the sentence "Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird Whistell"（）A.xplanationB.efinitionC.xampleD.Synonymy25、"Diamond cut diamond" is an idiom, which reflects __（）A.the constituents of idioms can‘t be replacedB.the word order can‘t be invertedC.the constituents of an idiom can‘t be deletedD.many idioms are grammatically unanalysable26、"Jack of all trades" is an idiom __in nature（）A.verbalB.nominalC.djectivalD.dverbial27、"Turn on" and "turn off" are antonymous idioms, resulting from __（）A.replacementB.dditionC.shorteningD.position-shifting28、__dictionaries involve the most complete description of words available to us（）A.UnabridgedB.eskC.PocketD.Linguistic29、Collins COBUILD English Usage （1992）is a（n）__dictionary（）A.unabridgedB.ncyclopedicC.ilingualD.specialized30、You can find the real English equivalents to some Chinese items in __（）A.hinese-English Dictionary （Revised Edition）（1995）B.Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English with Chinese TranslationC.New English-Chinese DictionaryD.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with ChineseTranslation二、填空题题1、The English vocabulary can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes. Words may fall into content words and functional words by __2、The world has approximately 3000 （some put it 5000）languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families and on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and __3、Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be __4、According to the __which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into prefixation and suffixation5、Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the __of word-meaning6、From the diachronic point of view, __is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word7、The word "picture" originally denoted only "painting", but now has come to include "drawings" and even "photographs". This is an example to illustrate __8、Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical contextand __context9、Idioms each are a semantic __，though each consists of more than one word10、Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into __and encyclopedic dictionaries三、名词解释题1、neologisms2、stem3、reference4、degradation5、true idioms四、简答题1、leorn-ian-Tern-en->learn The above is the development of the word "learn" from Old English through Modern English to Middle English. What can be concluded from the above example from the viewpoint of development of English vocabulary2、What is affixation3、Tell the difference between perfect homonyms and polysemants so far as semantic relatedness is concerned4、Guess the meaning of the underlined word in the following sentence and tell what context clue is used. Indian artists were more active in the quattrocento than in the sixteenth centurywhich followed五、论述题1、Explain full conversion and partial conversion by taking "drinkables" and 查看答案【二、填空题题】1notion2grammar3free4position5core6~10点击下载查看答案【三、名词解释题】1neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.2a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added．3Reference is the relationship between language and the world，In other words on1y when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent, i. e. an object, aphenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful4Degradation or peroration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.5Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences, which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. The true idioms of a language share three common features that differentiate them from plain andsimple collocations: (1) They are not compositional, (2) Their words are not substitutable, and (3) They are not modifiable. 【四、简答题】1In modern English, word ending were mostly lost with just a few exceptions .It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English)to the present analytic language.本题考查其次章印欧语系词汇变化的相关内容2Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms.本题考查第四章英语构成词缀法的概念的理解3The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings。
自考英语词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。
自考英语词汇学重点及大题
⾃考英语词汇学重点及⼤题⾃考英语词汇学00832重点及⼤题⽬录Chapter 1 (1)课⽂重点 (1)名词解释 (4)简答题 (4)Chapter 2 (5)课⽂重点 (5)名词解释 (6)简答题 (7)分析题 (7)Chapter 3 (7)课⽂重点 (7)名词解释 (8)简答题 (9)分析题 (9)Chapter 4 (9)课⽂重点 (9)名词解释 (12)简答题 (12)分析题 (13)Chapter 5 (13)课⽂重点 (13)名称解释 (15)简答题 (15)分析题 (16)Chapter 6 (16)课⽂重点 (16)名词解释 (19)简答题 (20)分析题 (21)Chapter 7 (22)课⽂重点 (22)名词解释 (23)简答题 (23)分析题 (23)Chapter 8 (24)课⽂重点 (24)名词解释 (24)简答题 (25)分析题 (25)Chapter 9 (26)课⽂重点 (26)名词解释 (28)简答题 (29)分析题................................................................................... 29Chapter 10 .. (29)课⽂重点 (29)名词解释 (30)简答题 (30)部分试卷中的⼤题 (31)2016-10 (31)2009-04 (32)Chapter 1课⽂重点1 - The definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.1 词定义包括以下⼏点：（1 ）⼀门语⾔中最⼩的⾃由形式;（2 ）⼀个声⾳的统⼀体（3 ）⼀个意义单位;（4 ）在⼀个句⼦中独⽴起作⽤的⼀个形式。
自考英语词汇学
自考英语词汇学一、基本概念。
1. Word（单词）- 发音：[wɜːd]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：A word is a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed.例如：“book”“run”“happy”都是单词。
2. Lexicon（词汇）- 发音：[ˈleksɪkən]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge. 一个人、一种语言或者一个知识领域的词汇总和。
例如：The lexicon of medical terms is very large.（医学术语的词汇量非常大。
）3. Morpheme（语素）- 发音：[ˈmɔːfiːm]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The smallest meaningful unit in a language. 语言中最小的有意义的单位。
例如，“un - happy”中，“un -”（否定前缀，表“不”）和“happy”都是语素。
二、构词法（Word - formation）1. Prefixation（前缀法）- 发音：[priːfɪkˈseɪʃn]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases or stems. 通过给词根或词干添加前缀来构成新词。
- 例子：- “un -”（不） + “kind”（善良的） = “unkind”（不善良的），“un -”的发音：[ʌn]。
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学（Lexicology）是研究词汇的科学学科。
它涵盖了词汇的各个方面，包括词汇的产生、发展和变化等。
首先，词汇学研究词汇的产生。
词汇是人类语言的基本单位，是人类表达思想和交流信息的重要工具。
词汇的产生与人类的生活和社会环境密切相关。
在人类社会发展的过程中，随着新事物的出现和新概念的产生，新词汇也会随之产生。
例如，随着科技的进步，电脑、互联网、手机等新技术词汇相继产生。
其次，词汇学研究词汇的发展。
词汇的发展主要包括词汇的演变和词义的扩展。
词汇的演变是指词汇在使用过程中发生的变化。
例如，英语中的单词“nice”原本的意思是“愚蠢的”，但随着时间的推移，其词义逐渐扩展为“友好的”、“美好的”等。
词义的扩展是指词汇在使用过程中逐渐获得更广泛的意义。
例如，英语中的单词“mouse”原本指小老鼠，但在计算机领域中，它也指计算机的鼠标。
此外，词汇学还研究词汇的变化。
词汇的变化包括发音、拼写和形态等方面的变化。
发音的变化指的是词汇在不同时期和地区的发音差异。
例如，英语中的单词“knight”在古英语时期的发音是/knixt/，但在现代英语中，它的发音变为/naɪt/。
拼写的变化是指词汇在不同时期和地区的拼写方式的差异。
例如，英语中的单词“colour”在美国被拼写为“color”。
形态的变化是指词汇在不同时期和语言环境中的词形变化。
例如，英语中的单词“goose”的复数形式在古英语中为“gǣs”，而在现代英语中为“geese”。
总之，英语词汇学研究词汇的产生、发展和变化，揭示了词汇在语言中的重要地位和作用。
通过深入研究词汇，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语，提高我们的语言能力。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学是语言学的分支领域之一，研究词汇的性质、结构、意义和使用规律。
以下是对词汇学中几个关键概念的解释：1. 词汇（Lexicon）：词汇是一个语言中的全部词条，包括单词、短语和常用搭配等。
词汇是一种基本的语言单位，是语言交流和理解的基础。
2. 词性（Part of Speech）：词性指词汇中有关词的分类。
根据词的语法和语义特征，可以将词汇分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、代词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
3. 词义（Word Meaning）：词义是一个词汇所表达的概念、事物或动作的意义。
词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词以及词汇搭配等方式进行解释和理解。
4. 词根（Root）：词根是一个词汇的基本核心部分，通常带有主要的语义意义。
通过加前缀、后缀和派生等方式，可以将词根组合成更复杂的词汇形式。
5. 同义词（Synonym）：同义词是具有相同或相似词义的词汇。
同义词可以提供多种不同的方式来表达同一概念，丰富了语言的表达能力。
6. 反义词（Antonym）：反义词是在词义上相互对立或相互排斥的词汇。
通过使用反义词可以传达相反的意义和观点。
7. 语义范畴（Semantic Field）：语义范畴是一组具有相似语义关联的词汇。
这些词汇之间存在概念上的联系，并且可以通过它们之间的关系进行划分和归类。
8. 词汇搭配（Collocation）：词汇搭配指的是在不同上下文中常常一起出现的词组合。
词汇搭配可以是习语、固定搭配或者常用的短语，对于正确地理解和使用词汇是非常重要的。
9. 词法关系（Lexical Relation）：词法关系是不同词汇之间的关系，包括上下义关系、同源关系、形态关系、语法关系等。
这些关系有助于理解词汇之间的联系和共同特征。
10. 词源学（Etymology）：词源学研究词汇的起源和历史发展。
通过对词汇的来源和历史变化的研究，可以了解词汇之间的发展和演变过程。
总之，词汇学的研究有助于我们更好地理解和使用词汇，掌握词汇的形式、意义和用法，从而提高语言的表达能力和沟通效果。
《词汇学》名词解释总汇
《词汇学》名词解释总汇1.Conversion（转换）is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation.2.Neologisms（新词用法）are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society.3. Lexicology（词汇学）is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.4.the elevation of meaning（词义的升格）refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.5.Acronyms（首字母拼音词）words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequencesof letters.6.Hyponymy (上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items).7.Analogy（类比）is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language.8.Motivation（理据）deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor（隐喻）is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as.10.Antonymy (反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.11.Suffix（后缀）: an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem)12. synecdoche（提喻）means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part.13. prefix（前缀）: an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem)14. initialism（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms.16.the degradation of meaning（词义的降格）: is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。
2020年10月自考00832英语词汇学部分真题答案
2020年10月自考00832英语词汇学部分真题答案三、名词解释1. terminology【答案】Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.【解析】术语指特定学科和学术领域所使用的专有名词。
2. compounds【答案】Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.【解析】复合法指由两个或更多的词干相结合而构成新词。
以此种方式形成的词被称为复合词。
3. homonyms【答案】Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.【解析】同形同音异义词指在读音和拼写上或者只是在读音或拼写上相同而词义不同的词。
4. phrasal verbs【答案】Phrasal verbs are idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.【解析】短语动词是由一个动词外加一个介词和/或小品词构成的习语。
5. context (in narrow sense)【答案】In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context, which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.【解析】狭义上讲，语境是指一个词所在的词群、从句和句群环境，这称为语言环境，可以包括一个段落，一个章节，甚至整个一本书。
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词汇学简答等20140405C0 introductionLexicology is a branch of linguistics, which is both a theoretical and practical course.There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely ____ and _____. synchronic, diachronicC1 Basic Concepts of Word and VocabularywordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.What is the relationship between sound and meaningThere is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. Eg. Dog means gou in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound rait can mean right, rite, and write, though denoting different things, them have the same sound.Why do more and more differences occur between sound and form?Why is English sound an imperfect representation of the spoken form?●English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in thelanguage.●Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.●Borrowing of foreign language.●Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.●Printing freezes the spelling of words while sound continues to change as usual.VocabularyVocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, all the words used in a particular historical period, and all the words of a given dialect and so on.By __, words can be classified into ___.by use frequency, basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary;by notion, content words and functional words;by origin, native words and borrowed words.the basic word stockThe basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.What is the character of basic word stock?●All national character. The basic word stock denote the most common things andphenomena of the world around us.●Stability, they are likely to remain relatively unchanged.●Productivity, they are mostly root words, means they can form new words with otherroots and affixes.●Polysemy, they often possess more than one meaning.●Collocability, many of them have many set expressions, proverbial sayings and so on. Eg,heart, a heart of gold, learn by heart.terminologyTerminology is technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in music, symphony.jargonJargon is the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves as in business, bottom line for unavoidable result.slangSlang is the sub-standard language, which seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like jargon and argot, eg. Dough and bread means money.argotArgot is the jargon of criminals. Only the sub-cultural groups use it, and outsiders can hardly understand it, eg, Persuader means dagger.dialectal wordsDialectal words is words used only by speakers of the dialect in question, eg. Beauty in Australia means excellent.archaismsArchaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. Eg, brethren means brother.neologismsNeologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. Eg, internet.functional wordsFunctional words, also called empty words, form words, do not have notions of their own. Their chief function is to express the relation between words or between sentences. Prepositions, conjunctions belong to it. Eg, on, to.What are the features of native words? 7They are in basic word stock.They are neutral in style.They are frequent in use.borrowingsWe can classified the borrowed words into four classes according to ____.the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing.The four classes of borrowings are ____.denizens, aliens, translation-loans, semantic-loans.denizensDenizens is words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language. Eg. Pork.aliensAliens are borrowings which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Eg, decor.translation-loansTranslation-loans is words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language. Eg. Mother tongue from Latin.semantic-loansSemantic-loans is words not borrow with reference to the form, but borrow their meanings. Eg, the modern meaning of dream borrowed from Norse.C2 The Development of the English VocabularyThree main period in English historyOld English, Anglo-Saxon; Middle English, 1150-1500; Modern English.If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.Three main sources of new words of present-day English vocabulary(1) the rapid development of modern science and technology；(2) social, economic and political changes；(3) the influence of other cultures and languages.modes of vocabulary development in English historycreation, semantic change, borrowing, reviving archaic.C3 Word Formation P208树状图morphemeMorpheme is the minimal meaningful unit in word formation.Structurally, a morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of language.monomorphemic wordsmonomorphemic words is the morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence, eg, bird, tree, green.allomorphsAllomorphs is morphemes realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word, eg, in cats /s/, in bags/z/.free morphemesfree morphemes, also called free root, is the morphemes which have complete meaning andcan be used as free grammatical units in sentences, eg. cat, walk.bound morphemesBound morphemes is Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words, eg, recollection = re+collect+ion.bound rootBound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning like a free root, but it is bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.affixesAffixes is forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.The difference between inflection affixes and derivational affixesinflectional affixesInflectional affixes, also called inflectional morphemes, is affixes which attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectionalderivational affixesDerivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.rootA root is the basic form of a word, which can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg, international, the root is nation.stemA stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added in word formation.P44 一个词，拆分分析。