Architectural Models of Adaptive Hypermedia Based on the Use of Ontologies
architectural practices
architectural practicesArchitectural Practices: Creating Functional and Aesthetic SpacesIntroduction:Architectural practices play a crucial role in shaping the world we live in. From soaring skyscrapers to humble residential homes, architecture combines functionality with aesthetic appeal to create spaces that enhance our lives. In this article, we will take astep-by-step approach to understand the process and principles behind architectural practices.1. Conceptualizing the Design:The first step in any architectural practice is conceptualizing the design. Architects draw inspiration from various sources, including natural elements, cultural influences, and client requirements. They analyze the site's context, weather conditions, and social aspects to develop a design concept that addresses these factors. This conceptualization phase is crucial as it sets the foundation for the rest of the architectural process.2. Initial Design Development:Once the design concept is established, architects proceed to develop the initial design. This involves translating the concept into drawings and plans. Architects use a variety of tools and techniques, such as computer-aided design (CAD) software, to create detailed floor plans, elevations, sections, and three-dimensional models. These drawings help visualize the design and ensure that it meets functional requirements and regulations.3. Functional Analysis:Functionality is a core aspect of architectural practices. Architects analyze the spatial requirements of the building, considering factors such as circulation, ergonomics, and accessibility. They also study the programmatic needs, determining the relationships between different spaces and their functionalities. This functional analysis ensures that the design optimizes space usage and accommodates the intended activities.4. Material Selection and Sustainability:Sustainability has become a significant consideration in modern architectural practices. Architects carefully select materials that are environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and long-lasting. They explore sustainable building techniques, such as green roofs, solar panels, and rainwater harvesting systems, to minimize the building's impact on the environment. By embracing sustainable practices, architects contribute to a more eco-friendly and sustainable future.5. Structural Design and Engineering:Architectural practices incorporate structural design and engineering principles to ensure the safety and stability of the building. Architects collaborate with structural engineers to design the structural system, considering factors such as load-bearing capacity, seismic resistance, and wind loads. They also account for materials' properties, such as their strength and durability, to create a solid and structurally sound building.6. Construction Documentation and Specifications:Architects prepare detailed construction documentation, includingplans, sections, and specifications, to guide builders during construction. These documents outline construction details, material specifications, and quality standards. Architects also collaborate with contractors and suppliers to address any queries or concerns during the construction process. Clear and comprehensive construction documentation ensures the design intent is maintained during construction.7. Project Management and Coordination:Architectural practices involve project management and coordination to ensure a successful outcome. Architects oversee the project's progress, ensuring that it adheres to the design intent and meets the client's expectations. They coordinate with various stakeholders, including builders, subcontractors, and suppliers, to ensure smooth execution. Effective project management ensures that the project stays on schedule, within budget, and meets all necessary standards.8. Interior Design and Finishes:Interior design is an essential aspect of architectural practices.Architects collaborate with interior designers to create cohesive interior spaces that complement the overall design. They select finishes, such as flooring, wall treatments, and lighting, that enhance the aesthetics of the space. Architects ensure that the interior design aligns with the functional requirements and design intent, creating a harmonious and pleasing environment.9. Post-Construction Evaluation:Once the building is completed, architects conductpost-construction evaluations to assess the performance of the design and identify any areas for improvement. They analyze factors such as energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and user satisfaction. Feedback from the occupants of the building helps architects refine their future designs and continuously improve their architectural practices.Conclusion:Architectural practices involve a step-by-step process that combines creativity, functionality, and sustainability to create inspiring spaces. From conceptualizing the design topost-construction evaluations, architects work diligently to bring their vision to life. By considering the site context, incorporating sustainable practices, and ensuring structural integrity, architects shape our built environment in a way that enhances our lives and fosters a sustainable future.。
20151201_adaptivereuse_en
Chapter 2. Adaptive Reuse from Architectural PerspectivesAdaptive reuse of historic buildings is a way of maintainingvalues of architectural heritage while supporting current andfuture development. Conventionally taken as a compromise ofsafeguarding the past, adaptive reusealso implies a road to thefuture. This chapter explores the history and approaches ofadaptive reuse in a global context and multi-disciplinaryperspectives by addressing the threekey conceptsadaptivereuseinvolves – heritage conservation, architectural productionand urban development.1. Adaptive Reuse as an Approach towards HeritageConservation1.1Heritage ValuesAltering existing buildings for new functions is not a newphenomenon. The difference between building conversion andadaptive reuse is that the former was done in a pragmatic waywhich was oftendisregards of the history or architecturalcharacters of the buildings. Whereas adaptive reuse isconducted with the consideration of heritage values of thehistoric buildings.The first systematic analysis of heritage values was done byAloisRiegl (1858-1905), an art historian, and the GeneralConservator of the Central Commission in Austria. As a part ofthe attempts to reorganize the Austrian conservation services,Riegl was commissioned to write a study to define thetheoretical aspects of the work. The results of this study werepublished as The modern cult of monuments: its character andits origin. Riegloutlined the values and concepts whenapproaching conservation of historic buildings.Table 1: Summary of types of values of monuments defined by AloisRiegl.1The differences of values may result in different conservation approaches. For instance, “historical value” referred to a particular, individual stage of a monument, while “age-value” is more comprehensive in considering age, colour and form (Table 1) .The interpretation is more complicated where the …use-value‟ comes into play.“Where a monument has ceased to have …use-value‟, the consideration of …age-value‟ has begun to prevail in its preservation… most would prefer to regard a building in use as something sturdy rather than as something ages and decayed.” Compared with other conservation approaches, adaptive reuse addresses particularly the “use-value”. Regarding the existing use value of historic buildings, Riegl said: “an old building still in use must be maintained in such a condition that it can accommodate people without endangering life or health… practical considerations allow age-value only in a few exceptional cases”.2Age-valueVSHistorical valueUse-valueVSHistoric-value, Age-valueThe contradiction between “newness-value”and “age-value”was regarded by Rieglas the central controversy that raged over the treatment of monuments.3A dichotomy exists where on the one hand there is an appreciation of the old,a view that discouragesany renovation of the old in principle; on the other hand there is an appreciation of the new,a view that seeks to remove all traces of age as disturbing and non-contemporary.Newness-value VSAge-value1.2ArchitecturalPrinciples for Adaptive ReuseTo balance different values of historic buildings while adapting them for new uses, contemporary conservation discipline adopts some basic principles to control the interventions to historic buildings. The following section gives a brief introduction of those principles.Compatibility of UseThe future use(s)of the historic buildings should be compatible with its historic value and architectural character. What does compatibility mean? It is defined in Burra Charter (mentioned in Chapter 1) that “new use of a place should involve minimal change to significant fabric and use; should respect associations and meanings; and where appropriate should provide for continuation of activities and practices which contribute to the cultural significance of the place”.4Minimal ImpactAdaptive reuse is based on the respect for the historical building fabric and significance . Changes are necessary not only to fulfil the future use, but sometimes also to retain the historic value. The changes made to anexisting building should in principle be “as much as necessary but as little as possible”. Any changes should be guided by the assessment of its cultural value and appropriate interpretation. It is explained in Burra Charter that “Changes to a place should not distort the p hysical or other evidence it provides, not be based on conjecture”.5“New work such as additions or other changes to the place may be acceptable where it respects and does not distort or obscure the cultural significance of the place, or detract from itsi nterpretation and appreciation”.6RecognisabilityTo retain authenticity, the changes made to the existing building should be recognisable. Imitation of architectural motives and featuresshould generally be avoided. Even the alterations in history should b e treated cautiously because “the traces of additions, alterations and earlier treatments to the fabric of a place are evidence of its history and uses which may be part of its significance. Conservation action should assist and not impede their understand ing”.7ReversibilityWhen changes that would reduce the cultural significance of the buildings have to be made due to practical reasons, they should be reversible, and be reversed when circumstances permit. To find the best way of adapting the buildings while minimises the reduction of its value, different options should be explored. “Non-reversible change should only be used as the last resort and should not prevent future conservation action”.8These principles will be further illustrated with examples in the next section.2.Adaptive Reuse as an Activity of ArchitecturalProductionThe very basic aim of adaptivereuse is to retain the valued component of the past whilst meet the needs of changing patterns of the future. This doesnot necessarily mean to restrict the scale and expression of new structures. Different from repair and restoration, adaptive reuseopens the way of integrating conservation into the art of architecture. Adaptive reuse of historic buildings can beintriguingand unique. This may be caused by constraints posed by the original building, whichcan stimulate unconventional designs. Therefore,not only adaptive reuse projects thatsensitively keep the original presence of historicvaluesare appreciated, we are also impressed by creative projects that bring new experiencesto people with outstanding architectural expressions.2.1Factors Affecting Architectural InterventionsHow do weallow a new function or a new experience to happen in an adapted and intervened building while retaining its original characters? The process of adapting historic buildings usually begins with the understanding of their characters. The key to adapt existing buildings without compromising theirunique characters hinges on the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the assessment and understanding of the to-be-adapted buildings. The defined features of the historic structure are like “bones” that should accommodate new programmes. How to do this largely depends on the creative mind of the architect. Of course the requirements of urban planning and building regulations are all relevant limitations. Same as architectural production of new buildings, adaptive reuse is also a creative process that cannot be assessed by objective criteria alone. Attitudes towards architectural interventions in adaptive reuse such as preferences of stakeholders and values held by the society are influential subjective factors which could lead to a variety of approaches in projects. Viewing from a historical perspective, architectural conservation as a modern professional always reflected the values of a society at certain time.2.2Different Architectural InterventionsThere are many approaches to classify different architectural interventions in adaptive reuse of old buildings. Most of the approaches are based on the physical composition of the original and new structures. However, neither form nor material (the two basic aspects of architecture) can be indicated in such approaches.Fig. 2-1 Adaptive reuse taxonomies defined by Kelly Goffiney.9wraps weavings juxtapositions parasites insertionsFig. 2-2 The five categories of adaptive reuse defined by Françoise Bollack.10Hence, physical combination of old relics and new constructions can hardly reflect the performance of the intervention and the character of the space. In view of this, we categorise different approaches by interaction between the old and new parts. Three approaches are defined according to the paradigm of the interaction, which are (1) integration; (2) complementary; and (3) association.Original IntergrationComplementary Association Fig.2-3 The classification according to the interactions between old and new aspects.The approach of integration is to conserve the building to the largest extent. It denotes a change in appearance, form or structure which embraces the building in its entirety; the boundary between old and new is thereby dissolved.By complementary, although new and old parts are clearly defined, the incorporation of the newly built sections with the old aspects such as form and material creates continuity with the existing structures. Despite it seems the adapted building is shown in a contemporary form with added structures, the historic aura of the adapted building is not infringed.The approach of association is viewed as the most innovative and adventurous among the three approaches. It transforms old buildings, stressing contrast, dichotomy or even dissonance. By association, no attempt will be made to show what exists originally.After a brief introduction of the three approaches of interventions of buildings in adaptive reuse, examples were selectedto illustrate these approaches in a more comprehensive manner.Integration: Renovation of Vegetable and Grain Silos into Offices in Helsinki, FinlandIt might be hard to imagine how silo, a typical infrastructure for industry or agriculture, is adaptively reused. In Helsinki, the conversion of vegetable and grain silo into the office of a government agency in 200311 shows us the potential of utilising this kind of industrial heritage. The complex consists of a red brick warehouse, a characteristic feature of the old industrial Helsinki seascape and a group of silos. To preserve theindustrial characters of the complex, which anchors its city block located in an industrial district, a new brick addition that faces the street was constructed in the same proportion as the existing warehouse. The narrow windows of the warehouse were enlarged in such a way that the characteristics of the façade stay essentially the same. The silos were turned into elevator shafts and service core, with the offices opened to the courtyard behind.12 The original monumental character of the building has been preserved by tearing down the courtyard elevations thus opening up the offices inside the block towards the South. The modern office concept of emphasising transparency has been set in the old industrial milieu. The massive brick walls, the concrete silos and the dense grid of mushroom pillars of the former warehouse create a unique frame for the architecture of the offices.purpose of unifying the character, the approach of integration presents grated appearance of the historic structure as much as possible. the consideration of the context, this integrated approach is often ed on historic monuments with highly historic values. The historic e for such kind of intervention should be in good condition with high Fig. 2-4 The red brick warehouse and the concrete silos. The part on the left is added.By JussiTiainen.Fig. 2-5 The Inner courtyard of the complex. By JussiTiainen.eness and integrity. Otherwise, the restored or interpreted parts shoulddocumented to avoid inaccurate reconstruction. The physical renewaluilt substance is often more subtle but probably more far-reaching thanplementary” or “association”.Figure 2-6. The mushroom pillarsand the glass wall towards innercourtyard. By JussiTiainen.Complementary: Andalusian Historical Heritage Institute,SpainThe headquarters of Andalusian Historical Heritage Institutewas a ceramics factory on La Cartuja island at Seville. Thefactory itself was a reuse of a fourteenth-century monasticcomplex in mid 19th century. Abandoned in 1982, the site wasrehabilitated in the 1990s by the Andalusian government.The core of the factory was the cloister of the early monastery (Fig. 2-7). Attached was a sprawl of later buildings, some of value, like the monumental bottle kilns (Fig. 2-8), others no more than flimsy sheds.As is often the case, the architect‟s first task was to establish what was worth keeping. Designer Vasquez Consuegra retained t he evidence of the site‟s past and recognized the significance of its more recent history as a factory. The historical structure in its different states were respected in this project. Much of the existing complex have been kept, and new buildings have been constructed on part of the site according to the need of new programmes: restoration studios, laboratories, a library and extensive archive, lecture rooms and galleries open to the public. Older buildings were treated as a stimulating body of material for the new project.The contemporary reflects the older but without imitating it. For example,the restoration studios with a lofty roof structure are entirely new - concrete and steel is used, however they are built usingtraditional industrial architecture qualities and harmoniously complement the original complex (fig. 2-8,9). Refurbishment was guided by a concern to protect old fabric, Fig. 2-7 The cloister of the early monastery.13Figure 2-8The bottle kilns.14Fig. 2-9 The newly built restoration studio.15but to add to it in an entirely contemporary way.In the approach of complementary, the historic character is wellmaintained while the boundary between old and new is clearlydefined. Respecting the spatial context, the recreation orrestoration should follow the original idea. Emphasising themateriality of the original structure, new elements should notcompete with the original. Considering historic authenticity,historical structure of different time period should be interpretedwhile imitation or replication is not allowed.Fig. 2-10. Newly built restorationstudios.16Association: Serpentine Sackler Gallery, LondonSerpentine Sackler Gallery in London was originally aGunpowder Store built in 1805. ZahaHadid's new extension tothe Serpentine Gallery features a glazed restaurant with anundulating fabric roof. Built from a glass-fibre textile, the newtensile structure forms a free-flowing white canopy supportedby five tapered steel columns and outlined by a frameless glasswall.The idea was to use a new material - a tensile structure -and to look at domes and a shell structure to achieve a lightweight contemporary project. Describing the contrast between the new and old structures, ZahaHadid said: "We don't look forward by looking backwards. It is necessary sometimes to be able to match and be adjacent to historic buildings. The idea here was to really prove that you can have these two worlds, which are the new and the old, and then the garden and the park together in a seamless way".17Association: Elbe Philharmonic Hall,HamburgThe Elbe Philharmonic Hall is a concert hall under construction in Hamburg, Germany. Herzog & de Meuron has designed a new structure sits on top of an old warehouse building. Like a large glassy wave, the concert hall seems to float above the former red-brick warehouse. The construction work is scheduled to end in October 2016. The whole building will accommodate two concert halls, a 5-star hotel, apartments and a large car park.While historic character is emphasised in the intervention of integration and complementary, in the case of association, traces of the past become aesthetic backdrops for new structures which may be deliberately disruptive but has a beauty of its Figure 2-11 Serpentine Sackler Gallery. Right is the old gunpower store, left is the added part.Fig. 2-12Elbe PhilharmonicHall in construction, 2015.18own. There is a broad range of design possibilities for this kind of approach, in which the new and the old overlap, mediate and confront each other fearlessly. Same as design and construction of a new architecture, the approach of association is the most interesting as well as challenging. To ensure safety of the original building and the possibility of correcting any wrong decisions, the reversibility of the intervention must always berequired.Whether in the form of integration, complementary or association, the principles of authenticity, minimal intervention, recognisability and especially reversibility safeguard the cultural values of historic architecture. By integration and complementary, the identified historic features are more addressed than by association, which brings in new elements as well as new values. It is thus vital to identify all factors and issues cautiously through investigation and explore different options of intervention before decision-making. In successful adaptive reuse, the arts of architecture should be able to enhance both the values of the original structure and the newly built sections.3.Adaptive reuse as a way for sustainable development Belong to the disciplines of conservation and architecture, it is however the intention of neighbourhood revitalization and environmental sustainable development that has finally impelled the popularisation of adaptive reuse in regions like America and West Europe since 1960‟s. This transformation has much to do with the economic, ecological and social evolution of the time.3.1BackgroundAfter the WWII, the change of built environment in many countries accelerated to such an extent that redundancy followed by demolition became commonplace in urban areas.In economic-developed countries like the States, the post-war years witnessed the movement of suburbanisation, with substantial amount of public housing being built in suburbs, leaving the existing central urban housing stock largely vacant. Information Box: Suburbanisation The trend of city dwellers move from city’s core to fringes began generally in the 19th century. The growth of areas on the fringes of cities exploded after World War II. Especially in metropolitan areas, many residents working in urban centre move to liveWhen people moved to the suburbs, churches and other community buildings in the urban centre were left hence doomed to dereliction and demolition. Planning policies of relocating industry and trade out of the inner cities to suburban areas have also resulted in the demolishment of former industrial buildings in urban centre. The improvement in transportation also led to relocation of industries from densely-developed cities towards more sparsely-populated suburban and rural areas.19 Advantages of traditional harbour cities were weakened with the utilisation of container ships which required deeper and more mechanised ports. Manufacturing industries were moved beyond the shores of the States and Europe due to the cheaper costs. More and more cities and towns were confronted with deindustrialisation, leaving empty buildings disused.20in satellite communities, where their own shopping and service districts have been developed. Transportation advances, industrial growth and immigration had major impacts on this suburb growth. Suburbanization has benefits as well as side effects. It intensifies urban decay and segregation. In America, lower income residents concentrated in the inner city while suburban life relates to while privilege.3.2The rise of adaptive reuseFacing demolition and new built in the process of urban and industries transformation, people began to recognise that retention and revitalization of existing buildings were not just a historical-conservationist issue, but was essential in the character and habitable quality of the area involved. Jane Jacobs is the most influential pioneer that launched this kindo of rethinking.On the one hand, residents had increased identification with the historically evolving tissue of their surroundings; on the other, there was a growing awareness of environment and natural resources. The wish of reusing existing building resources encouraged the rise of adaptive reuse. By reusing existing structure within a site, it utilises a less energy than a typical process of demolition and construction. Adaptive reuse is also seen by many as an effective way of reducing urban sprawl and lessoning environmental impact.Citizens‟ action groups, initiatives and other organisations fought for the retention of existing buildings and neighbourhoods posed great influence on the trail of development. Young people who took their own initiatives and engaged in self-help activities to realise housing and other user requirements accelerated the process of conversion and adaptation of existing buildings.21 The transformation of the society regarding values and bottom-up mechanism resulted from this movement was deep and broad.The attention of planners and governments started to shift from urban renewal and expansion to preservation and reuse of existing buildings and districts. In 1967, the Civic Amenities Act in Britain broke new ground by asking local authorities to designate conservation areas and encouraged other countries to introduce similar legislation.22 More restrained and sensitive urban development began to replace large-scale redevelopment Information Box: Jane JacobsFig. 2-13 Mrs. Jane Jacobs to save the West Village holds up documentary evidence at press conference.24The awareness of identity and the fear of changes of local residents were triggered by Jane Jacobs(1916 –2006), an American-Canadian journalist, author, and activist. She played a major role in this process of rethinking. In her influential work The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), she observed the ways in which cities functioned and argued that urban renewal did not respect the needs of most residents. “Ordinary buildings, as well as landmarks, needed to be preserved - modernist planning had disregarded the organic qualities of the city…Cities need old buildings…by old buildings I mean not museum-piece old buildings… but also a lot of plain, ordinary, low-value old buildings, including some rundown old buildings.”25She changed the urban planning profession and discredited many accepted planning models that dominated mid-century planning.26schemes which could result in structural change. For instance, in the States, Britain and other European countries, their new national policies which provide incentives for refurbishing old buildings rather than demolishing largely encouraged adaptive reuse of old buildings.233.3Trends of adaptive Reuse in the Late 20th Century In the 1980‟s to 1990‟s, working with existing buildings which were sometimes built in the 1960‟swas major in architectural practice. For instance, a survey revealed that over 70% of the workload of American architects was concerned with reuse of buildings at the end of 1990‟s.27 In Britain, the ratio of national resources allocated in new buildings and maintenance of existing buildings has increased from4:1 in the 1990‟s to half-half in the 2000‟s.28 In Germany, the percentage has also continuously shifted towards working with existing buildings. In 1997, 46.3% of construction work was conducted in existing buildings; whereas in 2007, the measures taken in existing buildings contributed 74% of all residential construction.29 Today it is generally accepted in Western Europe and America that conservation policy, of which find new uses for old buildings is a part of, must be integral with planning policy. Underlying this is the insight that successful conversion and integration of existed buildings and their new uses into the functional fabric of towns and cities can have a positive, stimulating effect on the social and economic life of an area.3.4Transformation of industries and industrialbuildingsSuccessful adaptive reuse can be the catalyst of revitalizing existing urban areas, which is particularly notable in the transformation of industrial heritage in the United States and Europe. Industrial heritage distinguishes itself from other types of heritage as it usually has larger site and space, andrelatively less historic value. Industrial buildings often clusterand form industrial areas; adaptive reuse of such industrial areas hence tend to be large urban project or urban transformation. Industrial heritage is not only about identity, memory and traditions; rather, it belongs to cities, sites, and their transformations. The context of urban change requires to be taken into account in the management of industrial heritage sites, and the balance conservation and development. Economic and social decay had been intensified in Americancities since the 1960‟s.30 Several industrial centres which used to flourish were facing terminal decline. Large parts of the inner areas became poor ghettos for immigrants groups. Waterfront and wholesaling areas were made redundant and isolated by new freight-handling methods. After the oil crisis in the early 1970‟s, those decaying cities started to adapt to such change. For example in Boston the rehabilitation of the nearly abandoned Quincy Market, one of the largest market complex built in the United States in the early 1900s, became a huge success. The added buildings expand the market space for more restaurants, specialty shops, office spaces and active open spaces. Other formerly obsolete buildings in the area were refurbished rather than demolished. In late 1970‟s and early 1980‟s, the American attitudes towards old buildings had completely changed. Many former factories became prime tourist destinations.In Britain, industrial heritage was under threat in the 1970‟s as well. In Liverpool, the rescue of the long-threatened Albert Dock, the finest historic dock complex left, was a boost for this rundown northern port city. The shops there were let while the apartments were sold. Granada Television also carried out an immaculate refurbishment of a former office building as its local base. From being a forgotten place, the Dock has been transformed into one of the Liverpool's most important tourist attractions and a vital component of the city's UNESCO world heritage Maritime Mercantile City.31By the late1980‟s, the economic potential of sound old buildings was unquestionable, and the regeneration value of the reuse projects was also recognised.32In the States and Europe, smokestacks and warehouses which once defined neighbourhoods or even cities have become museums that attract streams of visitors and new housing and office buildings which serve the locals. 33 Similar ventures also succeeded in northern France, where old textile mills around Lille have been turned into housing and shopping complexes.34In most cases, new uses in adapted buildings usually do not relate to the former industrial use despite its industrial design. The new programmesin such buildings are often museums and cultural centres since old factories and warehouses often offer large, open raw spaces that fit for exhibition of contemporary art. On the other hand these museums and cultural centres couldbecome destinations and bring in ancillary uses as a result. Adaptive reuse projects are thus used to maintain neighbourhoods‟ sense of history in hopes of attracting visitors to come not only for the exhibitions, but also to eat, shop, and stay overnight. These projects create foci of activities, sources of employment, retail opportunities, as well as reminding visitors and residents of the past achievements and success.Not every place is able to or wants to be a cultural mecca; apart from cultural project, industrial heritage can opt for other types of adaptive reuse such as residential, commercial and mixed-useFig. 2-14. Albert Docks and LiverpoolLandmarks on the River Mersey.36hiFig. 2-15 Duisburg Landscape Park.By Michael Latz.。
建筑表皮的自适应技术与参数化设计方法
遮蔽物等）对建筑表皮进行设计，综合考虑多方面因素，打造低成本、低能耗、高效益的建筑表皮，但固定的建筑形态无法适应复杂多变的室外环境。
可变的建筑表皮在采光效果、热舒适度、降低能耗、视觉观赏等方面具有较好的调节功能，能灵活应对外界环境，可提高建筑能效与室内舒适度。
可变表皮的应用主要分为已有建筑表皮改造和新建建筑表皮两种类型。
前者来自对传统的固定建筑表皮进行加工改造，通过外加电机或替换材料等方法，如使用电驱活动百叶窗、遮阳架、激光切割板等，使其达到可变的效果；后者则是采用自成体系的自适应建筑表皮，能独立应对环境变化，并根据用户的个性化需求调整自身的状态，提高室内环境舒适度和建筑能效。
本文将结合建筑表皮的自适应关键技术特征对其进行分类，并总结、探讨自适应建筑表皮的参数化设计方法。
2自适应表皮技术与分类根据自适应建筑表皮的组成材料，可将其分为主动式可变表皮和被动式可变表皮两大类。
主动式可变表皮包括基本运动表皮和折叠结构表皮，通过独立的运动部件与驱动系统完成变换过程；被动式可变表皮主要采用适应性可变材料，具备自驱动能力，能实时响应外界环境，保持表皮形态稳定的同时实现动态变换。
2.1主动式可变表皮2.1.1基本运动表皮基本运动表皮是由多单元组成的网格系统，它基于遮阳单元的基本运动原理，对各个单元进行调整，从而实现系统整体变换。
基本运动表皮主要分为以下三种类型：①平移，代表二维平面形状的变换，如滑动；②旋转，代表三维空间形体的变换，并可以产生另外三种进阶运动方式，即中心旋转、轴线旋转、摆动；③结合平移与旋转而产生的复杂运动，如膨胀、收缩、折叠、滚动、扭转等（见图1）。
摘要 自适应建筑表皮能对室外变化的环境作出动态响应，可有效降低建筑能耗并提高室内环境舒适度，是近年来建筑学领域的研究热点之一。
本文对自适应建筑表皮的发展现状进行综述，根据自适应建筑表皮的关键技术特征对其进行分类，分析讨论了不同自适应表皮的特点，以及现有理论研究、应用研究和实验研究中仍需攻克的难题，总结并探讨了参数化设计方法与流程。
英语作文未来的房子
In the realm of futuristic architecture,the concept of a house is no longer confined to the traditional four walls and a roof.It has evolved into a dynamic,ecofriendly,and technologically advanced living space that caters to the needs of its inhabitants while harmonizing with the environment.Design and Structure:The future house will be characterized by its innovative design,which may include features such as adaptable spaces,biophilic elements,and selfsustaining capabilities.The structure could be modular,allowing for easy reconfiguration to suit the changing needs of the occupants.The use of smart materials like selfhealing concrete and shapememory alloys will ensure the longevity and resilience of the house.Energy Efficiency:One of the key aspects of a future house is its energy efficiency.Solar panels,wind turbines,and geothermal systems will be integrated into the design to generate clean energy.The house will be equipped with smart systems that optimize energy consumption,using AI to learn the habits of the residents and adjust lighting,heating,and cooling accordingly.Sustainability:Sustainability is at the heart of future housing.Houses will be built using ecofriendly materials,and waste management systems will be designed to recycle and compost waste onsite.Rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling systems will conserve water resources.Green roofs and living walls will not only provide insulation but also improve air quality and create habitats for urban wildlife.Technology Integration:The integration of technology in future homes will be seamless.Smart home systems will control everything from security to entertainment,with voiceactivated assistants and AIdriven automation making daily life more convenient.Virtual and augmented reality will be used for entertainment,education,and even remote work.Mobility and Connectivity:Future houses will be designed with mobility in mind,allowing for easy relocation or expansion.They may even be built on platforms that can move,adapting to changing landscapes or personal preferences.Highspeed internet connectivity will be a standard feature,enabling residents to stay connected globally.Health and Wellbeing:The focus on health and wellbeing will be evident in the design of future homes.Featuressuch as natural light optimization,air purification systems,and spaces designed for relaxation and meditation will contribute to the mental and physical health of the occupants.Security:Advanced security systems will be a fundamental part of future housing.Biometric access controls,surveillance systems integrated with AI for anomaly detection,and smart locks will ensure the safety of the residents.Customization and Personalization:Finally,the future house will offer a high degree of customization and personalization. Residents will be able to tailor their living spaces to their specific tastes and requirements, with3D printing and digital fabrication technologies making it possible to create bespoke furniture and fixtures.In conclusion,the future house will be a reflection of our evolving lifestyles, technological advancements,and environmental concerns.It will be a space that not only meets our basic needs for shelter but also enhances our quality of life through innovation, sustainability,and a deep connection to the natural world.。
仿生建筑资料重点
3、车前子叶序排列
车前子的叶子一般呈螺 旋状排列，夹角为 137º30 30“，结构合理， 所有的叶子都得到了最 充足的阳光。只有这样， 每片叶子方能得到最多 的阳光。
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4、非洲蚁穴
不管是寒冷的冬天还 是炎热的夏天，蚁穴里 面的温度自始至终保持 在3摄氏度左右，而且 蚁穴还能自动调节空气 湿度。
更注重模仿功能上与环境相协调适应， 提倡建筑的可持续发展。适应性是生物 对自然环境的积极共生策略，良好的适 应性保证了生物在恶劣的环境下生存。
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二、仿生建筑的举例
1、天津博物馆
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天津博物馆位于天津银河广场的南端。其结构 设计源于天鹅骨架结构，借助其结构的合理 性和可实施性，通过以表现天鹅展翅高飞的 翼部大跨度网壳体结构，实现了用最少的材 料，建造最大的使用空间的思想。网壳的直 径为200米，高32米，整个博物馆可容纳 12000人。采用现代建筑材料：全金属框架、 幕墙、天棚顶仿生薄壳式结构。
浅谈仿生建筑
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“如果我们对一个问题找到 了一个较好的解答，很可 能大自然已经有了答案。”
—亚里士多德
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当代仿生建筑的理论和设计 实践是建筑师运用自然科学知识 与建筑设计方法结合的有益尝试， 是一种正处于探索阶段的思维模 式的结果。
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一、仿生建筑的分类
1、建筑形式仿生 建筑形式的仿生通过研究生物千
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2、荷叶效应乳胶漆
荷叶
荷叶效应乳胶漆
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与水的接触角至少要达到130度，这时表面具有 显著的憎水性，成珠滚落的雨水才具有自洁功能。 材料的性能是由其组成和结构决定的。把降低表面 张力和形成显微结构结合起来，才能取得很好的荷 叶效应结果。根据表面物理化学中表面平整度对接 触角的影响规律可知，当接触角小于90度时，表面 粗糙度大些能使接触角进一步减小；而当接触角大 于90度时，粗糙表面能使接触角进一步提高。荷叶 效应乳胶漆涂膜与水的接触角大于90度，所以粗糙 的显微结构可提高接触角，约能提高至140度。另 一雨方水面成，珠一滚个落显，微粗糙表面，还可以使灰尘与涂膜 的灰接尘触随面之积带降走至原来的百分之一以下，从而使灰尘 与雨水时的，粘 雨附 水力 在大 墙于面荷灰上叶尘成效应与珠乳涂滚胶膜落漆的，涂附同膜着时力把普。灰通因尘乳此带胶漆，走涂下，膜 使墙面保持干燥和清洁 。
自适应深层残差3d-cnn高光谱图像快速分类算法
计算机辅助设计与图形学学报
Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics
Vol.31 No.11 Nov. 2019
自适应深层残差 3D-CNN 高光谱图像快速分类算法
肖志云, 蒋家旭, 倪 晨
Abstract: In this paper, a deep residual 3D convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) framework is proposed for hyperspectral images classification in order to realize fast training, classification and parameter optimization. Rich spectral and spatial features can be rapidly extracted from samples of complete hyperspectral images using the Network, because the three-dimensional feature extraction algorithm is more suitable for three-dimensional data structure. In addition, the classification accuracy can be effectively improved by data augmentation which rotates and flips hyperspectral image samples from the spatial direction, and TPE algorithm which adjusts hyper-parameters in an artificial search space. Experimental results on the standard hyperspectral data sets, such as Pavia University, Indian Pines and KSC, show that the proposed framework not only deepens the network but also improves the classification accuracy compared with SSRN and other methods. The network optimized by TPE adaptive hyper-parameter optimization algorithm reduces the number of parameters by half and the training time by about 10%, compared with manual settings.
居住空间设计英语
IntroductionResidential space design is an intricate process that transcends mere aesthetics, encompassing functionality, sustainability, emotional well-being, and the integration of advanced technologies. Crafting a high-quality, high-standard living environment necessitates a comprehensive understanding of these diverse elements and their harmonious fusion. This essay presents a multifaceted analysis of designing such spaces, delving into the key aspects that define their excellence.1. **Contextual and Site-Specific Design**A paramount aspect of high-quality residential design lies in its responsiveness to the context and site. A thorough understanding of the locale's climate, topography, cultural heritage, and urban fabric guides architects in creating homes that seamlessly blend with their surroundings. For instance, a coastal residence may incorporate large windows to capture ocean views and harness natural ventilation, while a mountain retreat may emphasize earthy materials and a low-impact footprint. Furthermore, respecting local building codes, zoning regulations, and environmental protection guidelines ensures compliance with legal standards and contributes to sustainable urban development.2. **Functional Layout and Spatial Flow**Efficient spatial planning is fundamental to achieving a high-standard living space. A well-designed layout optimizes the use of available area, ensuring that each room serves its intended purpose without feeling cramped or disconnected. The fluidity of movement between spaces is equally crucial, as seamless transitions promote a sense of spaciousness and ease of daily routines. Open-plan designs, strategic placement of transitional elements like corridors or staircases, and the careful allocation of private and communal zones contribute to an intuitive and enjoyable spatial experience.3. **Adaptive and Flexible Spaces**In today's rapidly evolving lifestyles, residential spaces must be adaptable to accommodate changing needs and preferences. High-quality design embraces flexibility through multipurpose rooms, movable partitions, and convertible furniture. Such features enable homeowners to reconfigure spaces according to their current requirements, whether it be accommodating a growing family, setting up a home office, or hosting guests. Moreover, future-proofing the design with provisions for potential extensions or renovations ensures the long-term relevance and value of the property.4. **Light, Color, and Materiality**The interplay of light, color, and material choices significantly impacts the ambiance, mood, and overall quality of a residential space. Abundant natural light not only enhances visual comfort but also improves energy efficiency and mental health. Strategic placement of windows, skylights, and light wells can maximize daylight penetration, while thoughtful selection of artificial lighting systems ensures optimal illumination during darker hours. Color schemesshould reflect the occupants' tastes and foster the desired atmosphere, be it calming neutrality, vibrant playfulness, or sophisticated elegance. Material choices should prioritize durability, sustainability, and sensory appeal, with a focus on authentic textures, eco-friendly options, and low-maintenance finishes.5. **Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Design**Environmental consciousness is a hallmark of high-quality, high-standard residential design. Architects and designers should employ passive strategies – such as orientation, insulation, shading, and natural ventilation – to minimize energy consumption for heating, cooling, and lighting. Integration of renewable energy systems, like solar panels or geothermal heat pumps, further reduces the home's carbon footprint. Water-saving fixtures, rainwater harvesting, and greywater recycling systems contribute to water conservation. Additionally, the use of locally sourced, recycled, and low-VOC materials, along with green roofs, living walls, and permeable paving, promotes biodiversity and ecological resilience.6. **Technology Integration and Smart Home Features**Incorporating cutting-edge technology enhances the functionality, convenience, and security of a high-standard residence. Smart home systems enable remote control of lighting, temperature, appliances, and security, often via voice commands or smartphone apps. Home automation can also optimize energy usage, monitor indoor air quality, and provide predictive maintenance alerts. Advanced technologies like augmented reality, virtual assistants, and AI-driven personalization can further elevate the living experience, tailoring the environment to individual preferences and routines.7. **Wellness-Oriented Design**Designing for wellness involves creating environments that positively influence physical, mental, and emotional health. This encompasses aspects such as acoustic comfort, air quality, access to nature, and opportunities for physical activity. Sound-absorbing materials, strategic placement of bedrooms away from noise sources, and dedicated quiet zones promote tranquility. Indoor plants, natural ventilation, and air purification systems enhance air quality. Incorporating features like home gyms, yoga studios, or outdoor recreational areas fosters an active lifestyle. Moreover, biophilic design principles, which connect occupants with nature through elements like greenery, natural light, and organic patterns, have been shown to reduce stress and improve overall well-being.8. **Accessibility and Universal Design**Designing residences that cater to diverse abilities and life stages demonstrates a commitment to inclusivity and high standards. Universal design principles ensure that all users, regardless of age, size, or ability, can navigate and utilize the space comfortably and independently. This includes features like level thresholds, wide doorways, non-slip flooring, accessible switches and outlets, and ample maneuvering space in bathrooms and kitchens.Thoughtful consideration of accessibility not only enhances the quality of life for residents but also increases the home's market appeal and resale value.ConclusionDesigning high-quality, high-standard residential spaces requires a holistic approach that integrates contextual sensitivity, functional efficiency, adaptability, aesthetic appeal, sustainability, technology, wellness, and inclusivity. By meticulously addressing these multifaceted aspects, architects and designers can create living environments that surpass mere shelter, offering instead sanctuaries of comfort, inspiration, and enduring value. As lifestyles continue to evolve and new design innovations emerge, the pursuit of excellence in residential space design remains a dynamic and ever-rewarding endeavor.。
Geometric Modeling
Geometric ModelingGeometric modeling is a crucial aspect of computer graphics and design,playing a significant role in various industries such as architecture, engineering, and animation. It involves creating digital representations of objects and environments using mathematical and computational techniques. This process allows for the visualization, analysis, and manipulation of complex geometric shapes, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative products and designs. However, like any technological field, geometric modeling presents its own set of challenges and limitations that need to be addressed. One of the primary challenges in geometric modeling is the accurate representation of real-world objects and environments. Achieving precise and realistic depictions requires a deep understanding of mathematical concepts such as curves, surfaces, and solids. Additionally, the integration of texture, lighting, and shading furthercomplicates the process, as these elements contribute to the overall visual appeal and authenticity of the model. As a result, geometric modelers often face the daunting task of balancing mathematical precision with aesthetic quality, striving to create visually appealing representations that accurately reflect the physical world. Moreover, the scalability of geometric modeling presents anothersignificant challenge. As the complexity and size of models increase, so does the computational demand required for their creation and manipulation. This can leadto performance issues, particularly in real-time applications such as video games and virtual simulations. To address this challenge, geometric modelers must constantly innovate and optimize their techniques to ensure that large-scale models can be efficiently handled and rendered without compromising quality. In addition to technical challenges, geometric modeling also raises ethical considerations, particularly in the context of virtual reality and simulation. The ability to create highly realistic and immersive environments has the potential to blur the lines between the virtual and physical worlds, raising questions aboutthe ethical use of such technology. For instance, the creation of lifelike simulations for training or entertainment purposes may have unintended psychological effects on users, blurring their perception of reality. As such, itis crucial for geometric modelers to consider the ethical implications of theirwork and strive to use their skills responsibly. Despite these challenges, the field of geometric modeling continues to evolve, driven by advancements in technology and the increasing demand for realistic digital representations. Innovations such as 3D scanning and printing have revolutionized the way geometric models are created, allowing for the direct conversion of physical objects into digital form. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning has the potential to streamline the modeling process, automating repetitive tasks and enabling more efficient creation of complex geometries. Ultimately, the future of geometric modeling holds great promise, as it continues to push the boundaries of what is possible in the digital realm. By addressing the challenges and ethical considerations inherent to the field, geometric modelers can harness the full potential of their craft, contributing to the creation of captivating virtual worlds, groundbreaking designs, and innovative technological solutions. As technology continues to advance, the role of geometric modeling will only become more prominent, shaping the way we interact with and perceive the world around us.。
自适应超图正则化低秩矩阵分解
第４１卷第４期２０２３年７月 贵州师范大学学报（自然科学版）ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＧｕｉｚｈｏｕＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ（ＮａｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ）Ｖｏｌ．４１．Ｎｏ．４Ｊｕｌ．２０２３引用格式：李毓静，刘奇龙．自适应超图正则化低秩矩阵分解［Ｊ］．贵州师范大学学报（自然科学版），２０２３，４１（４）：４８ ５７．［ＬＩＹＪ，ＬＩＵＱＬ．Ｌｏｗ ｒａｎｋｍａｔｒｉｘｆａｃｔｏｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈａｄａｐｔｉｖｅｈｙｐｅｒｇｒａｐｈｒｅｇｕｌａｒｉｚｅｒ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＧｕｉｚｈｏｕＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ（ＮａｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ），２０２３，４１（４）：４８ ５７．］自适应超图正则化低秩矩阵分解李毓静，刘奇龙（贵州师范大学数学科学学院，贵州贵阳 ５５００２５）摘要：超图正则化非负矩阵分解（ＨＮＭＦ）是一类常用的数据降维方法。
然而，使用预先构造超图的方法不能较好地反映出样本点间的多元关系。
为解决此问题，设计了一类自适应超图的构造方法，结合非负矩阵分解，建立了自适应超图正则化低秩矩阵分解（ＬＭＦＡＨＲ）模型。
利用乘性更新的方法求解该模型，并证明了该模型的目标函数在迭代过程中单调不增。
数值实验表明：ＬＭＦＡＨＲ算法与经典的低秩矩阵分解算法相比，在ＣＯＩＬ２０数据集上评估指标ＡＣＣ和ＮＭＩ分别有０ ６６％～１ ４８％，０ １９％～１ ４３％的提升，在Ｙａｌｅ数据集上评估指标ＡＣＣ和ＮＭＩ分别有０ ０１％～４ ２９％，０ ３％～８ ４４％的提升。
关键词：矩阵分解；自适应超图；流形学习；聚类中图分类号：Ｏ２４１ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１００４—５５７０（２０２３）０４－００４８－１０ＤＯＩ：１０．１６６１４／ｊ．ｇｚｎｕｊ．ｚｒｂ．２０２３．０４．００４Ｌｏｗ ｒａｎｋｍａｔｒｉｘｆａｃｔｏｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈａｄａｐｔｉｖｅｈｙｐｅｒｇｒａｐｈｒｅｇｕｌａｒｉｚｅｒＬＩＹｕｊｉｎｇ，ＬＩＵＱｉｌｏｎｇ（ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＭａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，ＧｕｉｚｈｏｕＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｇｕｉｙａｎｇ，Ｇｕｉｚｈｏｕ５５００２５，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｈｙｐｅｒｇｒａｐｈｒｅｇｕｌａｒｉｚｅｄｎｏｎ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｍａｔｒｉｘｆａｃｔｏｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎ（ＨＮＭＦ）ｉｓａｐｏｐｕｌａｒｃｌａｓｓｏｆｄａｔａｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｉｔｙｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｐｒｅ ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｅｄｈｙｐｅｒｇｒａｐｈｓｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｂｅｔｔｅｒｒｅ ｆｌｅｃｔｔｈｅｍｕｌｔｉｖａｒｉａｔｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓａｍｏｎｇｓａｍｐｌｅｐｏｉｎｔｓ．Ｔｏｓｏｌｖｅｔｈｉｓｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ，ａｃｌａｓｓｏｆａｄａｐｔｉｖｅｈｙ ｐｅｒｇｒａｐｈｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｉｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄ，ａｎｄａｌｏｗ ｒａｎｋｍａｔｒｉｘｆａｃｔｏｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈａｄａｐｔｉｖｅｈｙｐｅｒｇ ｒａｐｈｒｅｇｕｌａｒｉｚｅｒ（ＬＭＦＡＨＲ）ｍｏｄｅｌｉｓｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｎｏｎｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｍａｔｒｉｘｆａｃｔｏｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｉｃａｔｉｖｅｕｐｄａｔｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄｉｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｓｏｌｖｅｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｌ，ａｎｄｉｔｉｓｐｒｏｖｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｆｕｎｃ ｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｌｉｓｍｏｎｏｔｏｎｉｃａｌｌｙｎｏｎ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｉｎｔｈｅｉｔｅｒａｔｉｖｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ．ＴｈｅｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓｏｎｉｍａｇｅｄａｔａｓｅｔｓＣＯＩＬ２０ａｎｄＹａｌｅｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔ：Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｓ，ＬＭＦＡＨＲａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｓＡＣＣａｎｄＮＭＩｂｙ０．６６％～１．４８％ａｎｄ０．１９％～１．４３％ｏｎＣＯＩＬ２０ｄａｔａｓｅｔｓ，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ，ａｎｄｉｍ ｐｒｏｖｅｓＡＣＣａｎｄＮＭＩｂｙ０．０１％～４．２９％ａｎｄ０．３％～８．４４％ｏｎＹａｌｅｄａｔａｓｅｔｓ，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｍａｔｒｉｘｆａｃｔｏｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎ；ａｄａｐｔｉｖｅｈｙｐｅｒｇｒａｐｈ；ｍａｎｉｆｏｌｄｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ；ｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｉｎｇ８４收稿日期：２０２２－１１－２９基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目（１２０６１０２５）；贵州省教育厅自然科学研究资助项目（黔教合ＫＹ字［２０２１］２９８） 通讯作者：刘奇龙（１９８８－），男，博士，副教授，研究方向：数值代数，Ｅ ｍａｉｌ：ｑｌｌｉｕ＠ｇｚｎｕ．ｅｄｕ．ｃｎ．Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.０ 引言 低秩矩阵分解常用于信息检索，数据压缩和降维等领域［１］。
仿生绿色建筑概念之弦波导流为设计架构建筑体[发明专利]
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专利名称：仿生绿色建筑概念之弦波导流为设计架构建筑体专利类型：发明专利
发明人：赵李英记
申请号：CN201810356114.8
申请日：20180419
公开号：CN108775069A
公开日：
20181109
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明涉及仿生绿色建筑概念之弦波导流为设计架构建筑体，具体公开一种边框阳台。
该边框阳台附着于旋转矩形主体建筑物，以固定小角度旋转，外形主要模仿波浪生成到波浪衰落结构(模仿雌性直立哺乳类胸型)，符合仿生建筑概念，并且每一层楼四边采用调整偏度正弦波边框阳台，其中，仿生绿色建筑弦波导流建筑体，是属于一种有节能减碳环保概念，透过水平和垂直方向连贯形成绿网系统，流线型边框阳台横切隔离每层楼面不同角度分割式导流板，头尾两部分与转角相邻边框阳台相接额外增加流线型导流行程，降低建筑物剧烈震荡而损坏。
再则，圆形螺旋状旋转(绕着中心轴旋转)建筑物，底层边框阳台，由上往下观看地平面愈接近圆形化时，风速增加领域愈小，具备减少大楼风效果，主要达到仿生设计、绿色建筑，动感和减少大楼风效果。
申请人：赵李英记
地址：中国台湾台北市
国籍：TW
代理机构：北京律和信知识产权代理事务所(普通合伙)
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architectural paradigm 建筑范式
architectural paradigm 建筑范式摘要：1.建筑范式的概念和历史发展2.建筑范式的分类和特点3.当代建筑范式的挑战和未来发展趋势正文：建筑范式，是指在建筑设计和建造过程中所遵循的一套原则和方法。
它体现了建筑领域的思想、技术和文化特征，是建筑学发展的重要标志。
从古至今，建筑范式随着人类社会、科技和文化的变迁而不断演变。
一、建筑范式的概念和历史发展建筑范式最早可以追溯到古希腊和古罗马时期，这个时期的建筑以柱式为主要特征，如多立克式、爱奥尼亚式和科林斯式等。
随着历史的推进，建筑范式又经历了文艺复兴、巴洛克、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现代主义等不同阶段。
每个阶段都有其独特的审美观念和技术特点，反映了当时的社会风貌和文化背景。
二、建筑范式的分类和特点1.古典主义：古典主义建筑范式起源于古希腊和古罗马时期，以柱式建筑为主要特征，追求对称、平衡和稳定。
古典主义建筑的代表作有帕特农神庙、古罗马竞技场等。
2.文艺复兴：文艺复兴建筑范式兴起于15 世纪的意大利，强调人文主义，注重对古代建筑的模仿和复兴。
该时期的建筑特点是高耸的穹顶、拱券和柱式等。
代表作有圣彼得大教堂、巴黎卢浮宫等。
3.巴洛克：巴洛克建筑范式出现于17 世纪的欧洲，特点是外形复杂、装饰华丽，富有动态变化。
代表作有罗马耶稣会教堂、凡尔赛宫等。
4.新古典主义：新古典主义建筑范式盛行于18 世纪至19 世纪，强调理性和秩序，注重建筑的功能和经济性。
代表作有美国国会大厦、巴黎歌剧院等。
5.浪漫主义：浪漫主义建筑范式起源于19 世纪初，强调个性和情感，注重建筑与自然环境的融合。
代表作有英国的议会大厦、德国的新天鹅堡等。
6.现代主义：现代主义建筑范式诞生于20 世纪初，以功能主义、理性主义和简约主义为核心，追求建筑的实用性和工业化。
代表作有悉尼歌剧院、纽约世博会等。
三、当代建筑范式的挑战和未来发展趋势随着全球化、可持续发展和数字化技术的影响，当代建筑范式面临着诸多挑战。
超越预制专题前言 Preface to Beyond Prefabrication
发达的木结构使得预制成为古代中国建屋造城中的必然选项。
“墙倒屋不塌”以及便利异地搬迁的属性，早已成为中国人传颂的建筑传统。
近现代混凝土材料的兴起使得建筑物的寿命近乎永久，它快速侵占了木结构的市场份额，但也不拒绝预制。
在上世纪五、六十年代，战后重建的需求结合苏联引入的大板住宅技术，使得中国城市建设有过一个预制应用的高潮时期。
改革开放以来，高层建筑兴建日益普及，预制应用随处可见。
幕墙系统、设备体系甚至次级结构均已大规模采用预制组件。
而结合预制需求，构件的轻量化也变得非常合理。
过去十数年间，得益于全球化带来的资金与技术涌入，城市化与地产开发狂飙激进，建筑工业化的诉求也日益高涨，预制建筑成为行业热门议题。
政府出台各种规范与评分指引，如有形之手，强力推进此方面的创新与应用。
公共投资的大型建筑物，不论是社会住宅还是公共学校，一定的预制化率成为满足审查的前置条件。
在过去三年期间，世界性肺炎疫情又促使各地大力兴建方舱营地、隔离酒店以及核酸检测亭，这进一步将预制建筑、轻量建筑等能快速投放应用的产品或装备的特性放大，呈现给公众。
在一波波混合了需求、技术、行政、管控的浪潮中，深圳的行动相当突出。
早在二十一世纪初期，万科地产便领头尝试住宅的预制建造。
EPC与代建制度更推动了一批兼备预制、建造与设计能力的综合企业的出现。
来到2018年，学位的极度紧缺促使政府对学校建设给予高度重视，以周红玫为代表的规划局，一批有为官员适时推出“新校园运动”，通过一系列具有公众影响力的学校竞赛，选拔优秀建筑师，再与思路领先的教育工作者合谋，将原本设计标准化、管理中央化、建设思路保守的中小学建设撕开了不小的缺口。
公立学校的建设转变为运用新空间、新材料、新技术的新希望工程，促进了教学改革与社区链接，从而产生巨大的社会影响力。
表面上看，预制只是混合了建造技术与结构技术的工程手段，似乎与用户的直接体验相隔较远。
预制工作带来建造现场时间的压缩，生产运输、工艺流程有很大改良，似乎它主要为建造者带来福利。
建筑柔软性设计与灵活性研究
建筑柔软性设计与灵活性研究随着社会的不断发展和人们对生活品质的不断追求，建筑设计也逐渐向着柔软性和灵活性的方向发展。
建筑物的柔软性设计是指设计师在建筑物的功能、结构和造型方面的选择上考虑到适应多种需求和多种变化的能力。
而建筑物的灵活性研究则是指建筑物在使用过程中能够灵活适应不同的功能需求和空间组织方式的能力。
建筑柔软性设计的研究是在满足建筑物基本功能需求的前提下，考虑到人们的不同需求和变化的能力。
这不仅仅是为了满足居住者的需求，也是为了让建筑物能够更好地与外部环境融合。
比如，在气候条件多变的地区，建筑设计师可以选择一种可调节的幕墙系统，以便根据不同的季节和天气条件进行调整。
这样不仅可以调节室内的温度和光线，还可以增加建筑物的节能效果。
另外，建筑物的柔软性设计还包括内部空间的布局和划分，可以根据用户的需求进行灵活的改变。
比如，一个办公建筑可以根据员工数量和工作方式进行灵活的分割，以便满足不同部门和工作团队的需求。
与柔软性设计相伴随的是建筑物的灵活性研究。
建筑物的灵活性是指建筑在使用过程中能够适应不同的功能需求和空间组织方式的能力。
建筑物的灵活性可以体现在结构、布局和服务系统等方面。
在建筑结构方面，设计师可以选择一种可以适应不同功能需求的结构体系，使建筑物在需求变化时可以进行快速的改变。
此外，建筑物的灵活性还可以通过灵活的布局和服务系统来体现。
比如，在多功能展览馆中，设计师可以采用可移动的隔断墙和可调节的照明系统，使展览空间能够根据不同展览的需求进行灵活调整。
建筑柔软性设计和灵活性研究的重要性不仅在于满足人们的需求，还在于建筑物的可持续发展。
通过柔软性设计和灵活性研究，不仅可以减少建筑物的能耗，提高能源利用效率，还可以延长建筑物的使用寿命。
比如，在翻新和改造项目中，考虑到建筑物的柔软性和灵活性设计可以降低翻新和改造的成本，同时减少建筑物废弃产生的环境污染。
在建筑柔软性设计与灵活性研究的过程中，设计师需要综合考虑建筑物的功能、结构、造型和资源利用等多个因素。
建筑空间设计与人体工程学(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑空间设计与人体工程学（英文中文双语版优质文档）As an indispensable part of life, architectural space design has been widely concerned and researched by people. Ergonomics is the discipline concerned with the interaction of human behavior and characteristics of the human body with design and engineering. Combining architectural space design and ergonomics can help us better understand the characteristics and behavior of the human body, thereby optimizing the design of architectural space and improving the comfort and usability of architectural space.First, the basic principles of ergonomicsErgonomics is a discipline based on human physiological characteristics and behaviors. It studies the behavior and physiological responses of human beings in various scenarios such as work, study, and life, as well as the relationship between human beings and various systems such as design and engineering. interaction relationship. In architectural space design, the basic principles of ergonomics mainly include the following aspects:1. Human physiology. Human physical characteristics and physiology are important factors in design and engineering. For example, physiological characteristics such as human height, weight, and stride length will affect the design of doors, staircases, stairs, corridors and other spaces.2. Human cognitive and psychological responses. Human cognition and psychological response are also important factors in architectural space design. For example, for different spaces, people's cognition and feelings are also different, so the psychological response and emotional needs of human beings need to be considered in the design.3. Human behavior and activities. Human behavior and activities are one of the most important factors in architectural space design. For example, different functional areas require different layouts and designs to accommodate people's different behaviors and activity needs.4. Human productivity and safety. In the design of architectural spaces, human work efficiency and safety need to be considered. For example, when designing office space, it is necessary to consider the office efficiency and work safety of employees, so as to improve the work efficiency of the office and the work experience of employees.2. Application of Ergonomics in Architectural Space DesignThe application of architectural space design and ergonomics can help us better understand human physiological characteristics and behavioral needs, thereby optimizing the design of architectural space. The following are several aspects of ergonomic application in the design of architectural spaces:1. Optimization of space layoutIn the design of architectural space, space layout is an important aspect. By understanding human behavior and activity needs, the layout of spaces can be optimized to increase the usability and comfort of spaces. For example, when designing an office space, it is necessary to consider the office needs of employees, reasonably separate the work area from the rest area, and at the same time ensure the basic requirements such as ventilation, lighting, and sound insulation, so as to improve the work efficiency and work experience of employees.2. Design of equipment and facilitiesIn the design of architectural space, the design of equipment and facilities is also an important aspect. By understanding the physical characteristics and behavioral needs of humans, it is possible to design ergonomic equipment and facilities. For example, when designing a kitchen space, it is necessary to consider human body characteristics and action needs, and design ergonomic stoves, sinks and other facilities to facilitate human use.3. Choice of color and materialIn the design of architectural space, the choice of color and material is also an important aspect. By understanding human cognitive and psychological responses, it is possible to choose ergonomic colors and materials. For example, when designing a hospital space, it is necessary to choose materials such as walls and floors with soft colors to relieve the tension of patients.4. Optimization of the environmentIn the design of architectural space, the optimization of the environment is also an important aspect. By understanding human behavior and activity needs, environments can be optimized to increase the usability and comfort of spaces. For example, when designing a school space, it is necessary to optimize the lighting, ventilation and other environments of the classroom to improve the learning effect and learning experience of students.3. Cases of Ergonomics and Architectural Space Design1. Seventh Avenue skyscraper in New YorkThe Seventh Avenue skyscraper in New York is an architectural space design based on ergonomic principles. When designing the building, the architect fully considered the needs of human behavior and activities, rationally arranged different functional areas, and at the same time ensured the basic requirements of ventilation, lighting, and sound insulation, so as to improve the usability and comfort of the building space. The building adopts modern high-tech equipment, which conforms to the principles of ergonomics, making people's work more efficient and comfortable.2. Zero Ring Building in Tokyo, JapanThe Zero Ring Building in Tokyo, Japan is an architectural space design based on ergonomic principles. When designing the building, the architect fully considered human cognition and psychological responses, and selected materials such as walls and floors with soft colors and natural materials to create a comfortable and harmonious environment. In addition, the tower is equipped with modern high-tech equipment and ergonomics to improve the usability and comfort of the building spaces. This design concept is called "ergonomic architecture" and aims to improve the usability, comfort and human health of built spaces.3. The Dolder Grand Hotel in Zurich, SwitzerlandThe Dolder Grand Hotel in Zurich, Switzerland is an architectural space design based on ergonomic principles. When designing the hotel, the architect fully considered the psychological needs of human beings and chose soft colors and materials to create a warm and comfortable environment. In addition, the hotel is also equipped with ergonomic high-tech equipment and facilities, such as comfortable beds, humanized lighting systems, etc., to enhance the guest's stay experience.The above cases demonstrate the close relationship between ergonomics and architectural space design. By considering human behavior, physical characteristics, and psychological needs, architects can design more ergonomic architectural spaces to improve space usability, comfort, and human health.作为生活中不可或缺的一部分，建筑空间设计一直受到人们的广泛关注和研究。
海因茨·伊斯勒的建筑
海因茨伊斯勒的建筑托尼·阔特尼克;约瑟夫·施瓦茨;汪弢【期刊名称】《时代建筑》【年(卷),期】2013(000)005【摘要】瑞士工程师海因茨·伊斯勒是举世公认的壳体结构设计的先驱.在他特别感兴趣的壳体形式中,两个概念被结合在一起:拉蒂的美学概念和自然法则的普适性.由此产生出一个有形式倾向的科学有机主义,一方面这和维奥莱-勒-杜克的概念吻合,另一方面也反映了阿尔伯蒂“均整理论”的思想.但也有人认为在伊斯勒的思想中,这种包含所有自然法则的重要性限制了他的建筑.【总页数】6页(P62-67)【作者】托尼·阔特尼克;约瑟夫·施瓦茨;汪弢【作者单位】苏黎世联邦理工学院建筑系;苏黎世联邦理工学院建筑系;苏黎世联邦理工学院建筑系【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TU33;TU201.1【相关文献】1.从眼镜零售业→国家队队员→健美冠军→健美先生→健身产业巨头——专访法国BOSS国际集团（中国）有限公司、美国ETERS国际健身（中国区）特许加盟总部、湖北奥亚实业总公司、伊特斯（武汉）健身器材制造有限公司、武汉伊特斯健身顾问投资管理有限公司、伊特斯健身（操）国际教练培训学院、伊特斯国际健身美容俱乐部、武汉伊特斯工业园总裁、董事长王焕贤先生 [J],2.位于澳大利亚卡姆巴尔达的圣伊维斯金矿山勒夫诺伊金选矿厂一段半自磨回路的投产与优化[J], Y·阿塔索伊;李帅帅;李长根3.伊斯卡：帮助客户将梦想变为现实--访IMC集团总裁兼伊斯卡全球CEO JACOB HARPAZ先生、伊斯卡中国CEO李玉圃先生 [J], 李维;曹雪雷4.为汽车工业不断研发创新产品——访德国伊萨拜棱辉特霍伊斯勒有限公司精密元器件销售总监Jens Hartmann先生 [J], 陈永光5.探析史诗《巴伊伯勒之子巴姆斯·巴伊拉克之歌》中的婚姻、丧葬习俗 [J], 卡木那·江波孜因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
architectural paradigm 建筑范式
architectural paradigm 建筑范式Architectural paradigm refers to the fundamental principles and beliefs that guide the design and construction of buildings. It encompasses the underlying concepts, styles, and techniques that shape the overall architectural vision of a structure. In essence, architectural paradigm sets the framework for how buildings are conceived, planned, and executed.One of the key aspects of architectural paradigm is the notion of form following function. This principle, popularized by the renowned architect Louis Sullivan, emphasizes the idea that the design of a building should be dictated by its intended purpose. In other words, the function of a building should inform its form, ensuring that the design is not only aesthetically pleasing but also practical and efficient.Another important element of architectural paradigm is the concept of contextualism. This approach emphasizes the importance of considering the cultural, historical, and environmental context in which a building is situated. By taking into account the surrounding context, architects can create structures that harmonize with their surroundings and contribute to the overall sense of place.Architectural paradigm also encompasses the use of innovative materials and technologies. As new materials and technologies become available, architects have the opportunity to push the boundaries of design and construction. From the use of sustainable materials to the incorporation of cutting-edge building techniques, the architectural paradigm is constantly evolving to embrace new possibilities and challenges.Furthermore, architectural paradigm plays a crucial role in shaping the aesthetic qualities of a building. Whether drawing inspiration from classical architecture, modernist design principles, or futuristic visions, the architectural paradigm sets the tone for the visual language of a structure. By defining the overall style, proportions, and details of a building, the architectural paradigm helps to create a cohesive and harmonious design.In conclusion, architectural paradigm is a multifaceted concept that encompasses the fundamental principles, styles, and techniques that guide the design and construction of buildings. By incorporating elements such as form following function, contextualism, innovation, and aesthetics, architects are able to create structures that not only meet the needs of their users but also contribute to the built environment in meaningful and lasting ways. As the architectural paradigm continues to evolve, architects will be challenged to push the boundaries of design and construction, creating buildings that are not only functional and efficient but also beautiful and inspiring.。
ARCH模型综述改进版PPT课件
E-GARCH模型文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系本人改正。
EGARCH或指数（Exponential）GARCH模型由纳尔什（Nelson，1991） 提出。条件方差被指定为：
log
2 t
0log
2
t 1
ARCH(m)模型
模型假定
a , a L a 2
2
t tt t 0 1 t 1
m t 2 m 0> 0 ,对 i> （0 ,有 3. 1i.> 30 ）
t 独立同分布随机变量序列，均值为0，方差为1，0> 0 ,对 i> 0 ,有 i> 0
2）ARCH模型对参数的限制是相当严格的。例如不同阶距 对a1的限制。
3）对于弄清一个金融时间序列的变化的来源， ARCH模型 不能提供任何新见解。它只是提供一个机械的方式来描 述条件方差的状态，而对由什么引起这种变化没有给出 任何启示。
4）ARCH模型会过高估计波动率，因为它对收益率序列大 的孤立的抖动反应缓慢。
第二次则是长记忆在经济学上的研究取得突破，与ARCH 模型相结合所产生的一系列长记忆ARCH的研究从1996年 至今方兴未艾ARCH类模型因其良好的统计特性和对波动 现象的准确描述，被广泛地应用于对经济类时间序列数据， 如利率、外汇汇率、通货膨胀率等的回归分析及预测中。
我们将把介绍的重点放在ARCH模型早期阶段及第一次突 破进展阶段。
GARCH模型认为，在一定时期内，误 差项的方差不仅取决于误差项过去的 方差，而且还取决于过去的误差项本 身。
GARCH(1，1)模型 文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系本人改正。
仿生建筑模型知识点总结
仿生建筑模型知识点总结一、什么是仿生建筑模型仿生建筑模型是将生物学的原理和结构应用于建筑领域的一种新型建筑设计思路。
仿生建筑模型通过研究生物界的各种优秀生物结构，如植物、动物等的生理和结构特点，将这些特点应用于建筑设计中，创造出具有更高适应环境和生态友好的建筑物。
仿生建筑模型通过生物结构的优秀性能，优化了现有的建筑模型，提高了建筑的生态性能和适应性，是建筑领域的一种创新理论和实践。
二、仿生建筑模型的原理1. 自然选择自然选择是生物界的一种基本原理，即适应环境的生物会得到更好的生存和繁殖条件。
仿生建筑模型将自然选择原理运用到建筑设计中，通过研究生物结构的适应性，创造出更适应环境的建筑物。
2. 结构优化生物界的结构经过长期的自然选择，已经取得了很高的结构优化成果。
仿生建筑模型运用生物的结构优化原理，将这些优秀的结构特点运用到建筑设计中，优化建筑的结构和材料的使用，提高建筑的性能和使用寿命。
3. 生态适应生物在漫长的进化过程中，经过了数百万年的适应环境过程，已经具有了很强的生态适应性。
仿生建筑模型通过研究生物的生态适应性，将这些适应性特点应用于建筑设计中，创造出更符合生态要求的建筑物。
4. 节约能源仿生建筑模型通过研究生物结构的节约能源特点，将这些特点应用于建筑设计中，创造出更节约能源的建筑模型，提高建筑的能源利用率，降低建筑的能耗。
三、仿生建筑模型的应用领域1. 高层建筑仿生建筑模型在高层建筑的设计中具有很好的应用潜力。
通过研究生物的结构特点，将适应环境、结构优化、生态适应和节约能源等特点应用于高层建筑的设计中，创造出更适应环境和生态友好的高层建筑。
2. 低层建筑仿生建筑模型在低层建筑的设计中也具有较好的应用前景。
通过研究生物的结构优化、生态适应和节约能源等特点，将这些特点应用于低层建筑的设计中，提高建筑的性能和生态友好性，满足人们对建筑的更高要求。
3. 城市规划仿生建筑模型在城市规划的应用中具有重要意义。
片段性节能设计与建筑创新教学模式
片段性节能设计与建筑创新教学模式
彭雯博
【期刊名称】《知识文库》
【年(卷),期】2016(000)013
【摘要】<正>在健康可持续发展理念的呼吁与要求下,建筑设计教学要求积极融入节能设计理念与内容,并对建筑教学模式进行不断的创新。
经过多年研究与教学实践探索,目前已积累了较多的研究资料,取得了一定的研究成果,提出了行之有效的节能设计教学框架体系。
其中,片段性节能与建筑设计的融合是当前最为主要的一种建筑创新教学模式,对该模式进行研究具有重要现实意义。
1.片段性节能设计概述现代高校教学非常注重教学手段、教学模式的改革与创
【总页数】1页(P107-)
【作者】彭雯博
【作者单位】湖南城建职业技术学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TU201-4
【相关文献】
1.地域性建筑文化基因传承与当代建筑创新
2.地域文化在市政工程建筑设计中的运用——综合性水厂建筑创新案例分析
3.构建体验式教学模式,提高英语课堂教学的有效性——2011学校赛课教学片段分析
4.中国人群DMD基因含外显子片段的限制性带型和RFLPs研究（Ⅰ）──BglⅡ片段的杂交带型及限制性片段长度多态的频率
5.保护区外遗址博物馆建筑创新性浅析--以二里头夏都遗址博物馆为例
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
从“形式追随功能”到“形式追随性能”
从“形式追随功能”到“形式追随性能”
张磊;黄欣
【期刊名称】《城市建筑》
【年(卷),期】2015(000)036
【摘要】本文梳理了近现代以来建筑形式思考的若干重大思潮，提出“形式追随性能”的论断，揭示了低碳可持续视野下建筑形式本体问题思考的新解答。
【总页数】1页(P177-177)
【作者】张磊;黄欣
【作者单位】同济大学建筑与城市规划学院;同济大学浙江学院
【正文语种】中文
【相关文献】
1.形式不仅要追随功能，还要追随趣味——专访赫尔辛基艺术设计大学实用美术系教授芬兰著名工业设计师Timo Salli [J], 耿晓杰
2.形式追随理性——河南出版产业基地方案的形式生成 [J], 马建民
3.继承与创新--小议“形式追随功能” [J], 王岳
4.路易斯·亨利·沙利文:"形式追随功能"的有机建筑师 [J], 江滨; 王飞扬
5.形式追随功能 [J], Athanassios Kaliudis;Simone Kafer
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。