Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using Matlab - Content

Attia, John Okyere. “FrontMatter.”Electronics and Circuit Analysis using MATLAB. Ed. John Okyere AttiaBoca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999ELECTRONICS and CIRCUIT ANALYSIS using MATLABJOHN O. ATTIA Department of Electrical EngineeringPrairie View A&M UniversityBoca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.CRC PressThis book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying.Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd. N.W. , Boca Raton, Florida 33431.Trademark Notice:Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trade-marks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.No claim to original U.S. Government worksInternational Standard Book Number 0-8493-1176-4Library of Congress Card Number 98-46071Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0Printed on acid-free paperPREFACEMATLAB is a numeric computation software for engineering and scientific calculations. MATLAB is increasingly being used by students, researchers, practicing engineers and technicians. The causes of MATLAB popularity are legion. Among them are its iterative mode of operation, built-in functions, simple programming, rich set of graphing facilities, possibilities for writing additional functions, and its extensive toolboxes.The goals of writing this book are (1) to provide the reader with simple, easy, hands-on introduction to MATLAB; (2) to demonstrate the use of MATLAB for solving electronics problems; (3) to show the various ways MATLAB can be used to solve circuit analysis problems; and (4) to show the flexibility of MATLAB for solving general engineering and scientific problems.AudienceThe book can be used by students, professional engineers and technicians. The first part of the book can be used as a primer to MATLAB. It will be useful to all students and professionals who want a basic introduction to MATLAB. Parts 2 and 3 are for electrical and electrical engineering technology students and professionals who want to use MATLAB to explore the characteristics of semiconductor devices and the application of MATLAB for analysis and design of electrical and electronic circuits and systems.OrganizationThe book is divided into three parts: Introduction to MATLAB, Circuit analysis applications using MATLAB, and electronics applications with MATLAB. It is recommended that the reader work through and experiment with the examples at a computer while reading Chapters 1, 2, and 3. The hands-on approach is one of the best ways of learning MATLAB.Part II consists of Chapters 4 to 8. This part covers the applications of MATLAB in circuit analysis. The topics covered in Part II are dc analysis, transient analysis, alternating current analysis, and Fourier analysis. In addition, two-port networks are covered. I have briefly covered the underlying theory and concepts, not with the aim of writing a textbook on circuit analysis and electronics. Selected problems in circuit analysis have been solved using MATLAB.Part III includes Chapters 9, 10, 11 and 12. The topics discussed in this part are diodes, semiconductor physics, operational amplifiers and transistor circuits. Application of MATLAB for problem solving in electronics is discussed. Extensive examples showing the use of MATLAB for solving problems in electronics are presented.Each chapter has its own bibliography and exercises.Text DisketteSince the text contains a large number of examples that illustrate electronics and circuit analysis principles and applications with MATLAB, a diskette is included that contains all the examples in the book. The reader can run the examples without having to enter the commands. The examples can also be modified to suit the needs of the reader.AcknowledgmentsI appreciate the suggestions and comments from a number of reviewers including Dr. Murari Kejariwal, Dr. Reginald Perry, Dr. Richard Wilkins, Mr. Warsame Ali, Mr. Anowarul Huq and Mr. John Abbey. Their frank and positive criticisms led to considerable improvement of this work.I am grateful to Mr. Zhong You for typing and running some of the MATLAB programs in this book and I am also grateful to Mr. Carl Easton and Mr. Url Woods for drawing the circuit diagrams found in the text. I thank Ms. Debbie Hawkins and Cheryl Wright who typed several parts of this book. I am appreciative of Ms. Judith Hansen for her editing services. Special thanks go Ms. Nora Konopka, at CRC Press, who took an early interest in this book and offered me any assistance I needed to get it completed. I thank Ms. Mimi Williams, at CRC Press, for thoroughly proofreading the manuscript.The questions and comments from electrical engineering students at Prairie View A&M University led to rewriting some sections of this work. Special thanks go to the students who used various drafts of this book and provided useful comments.A final note of gratitude goes to my wife, Christine N. Okyere, who encouraged me to finish the book in record time. With equanimity and understanding, she stood by me during the endless hours I spent writing.DEDICATIONDedicated to my family membersChristine, John II and Angelafortheir unfailing love, support and encouragementCONTENTSCHAPTER ONE MATLAB FUNDAMENTALS1.1 MATLAB BASIC OPERATIONS1.2 MATRIX OPERATIONS1.3ARRAY OPERATIONS1.4COMPLEX NUMBERS1.5 THE COLON SYMBOL ( : )1.6M-FILES1.6.1 Script files1.6.2 Function filesSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYEXERCISESCHAPTER TWO PLOTTING COMMANDSFUNCTIONSGRAPH2.12.2 X-Y PLOTS AND ANNOTATIONS2.3 LOGARITHMIC AND POLAR PLOTSCONTROLSCREEN2.4SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYEXERCISES CHAPTER THREE CONTROL STATEMENTS FORLOOPS3.1STATEMENTS IF3.2LOOP3.3WHILE3.4 INPUT/OUTPUT COMMANDSSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYEXERCISESCHAPTER FOUR DC ANALYSIS4.1 NODAL ANALYSISANALYSIS LOOP4.24.3 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER4.3.1 MATLAB diff and find FunctionsSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYEXERCISES CHAPTER FIVE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS RCNETWORK5.1NETWORKRL5.2CIRCUITRLC5.35.4 STATE VARIABLE APPROACH5.4.1 MATLAB ode functionsSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYEXERCISESCHAPTER SIX AC ANALYSIS AND NETWORKFUNCTIONS6.1 STEADY STATE AC POWER6.1.1 MATLAB functions quad and quad86.2 SINGLE- AND THREE-PHASE AC CIRCUITS6.3 NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS6.3.1 MATLAB functions roots, residue andpolyval6.4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE6.4.1 MATLAB Function freqsSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYEXERCISESCHAPTER SEVEN TWO-PORT NETWORKS7.1 TWO-PORT NETWORK REPRESENTATIONSz-parameters7.1.1y-parameters7.1.2h-parameters7.1.37.1.4 Transmission parameters7.2 INTERCONNECTION OF TWO-PORTNETWORKS7.3 TERMINATED TWO-PORT NETWORKSSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYEXERCISES CHAPTER EIGHT FOURIER ANALYSISSERIES8.1FOURIER8.2 FOURIER TRANSFORMS8.2.1 Properties of Fourier transform8.3 DISCRETE AND FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS8.3.1 MATLAB function fftSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYEXERCISES CHAPTER NINE DIODES9.1 DIODE CHARACTERISTICS9.1.1 Forward-biased region9.1.2 MATLAB function polyfit9.1.3 Temperature effects9.2 ANALYSIS OF DIODE CIRCUITS9.3 HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER9.3.1 MATLAB function fzero9.4 FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION9.5 ZENER DIODE VOLTAGE REGULATORCIRCUITSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYEXERCISESCHAPTER TEN SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS10.1 INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORbandsEnergy10.1.1carriersMobile10.1.210.2 EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR10.2.1 Electron and hole concentrations10.2.2 Fermi level10.2.3 Current density and mobility10.3 PN JUNCTION: CONTACT POTENTIAL,CURRENTJUNCTION10.3.1 Contact potential10.3.2 Junction current10.4 DEPLETION AND DIFFUSIONCAPACITANCES10.4.1 Depletion capacitance10.4.2 Diffusion capacitance10.5 BREAKDOWN VOLTAGES OF PN JUNCTIONSREFERENCESEXERCISES CHAPTER ELEVEN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS11.1 PROPERTIES OF THE OP AMP11.2 INVERTING CONFIGURATION11.3 NON-INVERTING CONFIGURATION11.4 EFFECT OF FINITE OPEN-LOOP GAIN11.5 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF OP AMPS11.6 SLEW RATE AND FULL-POWERBANDWIDTH11.7 COMMON-MODE REJECTIONSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYEXERCISES CHAPTER TWELVE TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS12.1 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS12.2 BIASING OF BJT DISCRETE CIRCUITS12.2.1 Self-bias circuit12.2.2 Bias stability12.3 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT BIASING12.3.1 Simple current mirror12.3.2 Wilson current source 12.4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OFCOMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER 12.5 MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS 12.6 BIASING OF MOSFET CIRCUITS 12.7 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OFCOMMON-SOURCE AMPLIFIER SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY EXERCISESLIST OF EXAMPLES IN TEXT CHAPTER ONE MATLAB FUNDAMENTALSEXAMPLE DESCRIPTION1.1 Power Dissipation in a Resistor1.2Complex Number Representation1.3 Equivalent Resistance1.4Quadratic EquationCHAPTER TWO PLOTTING COMMANDSEXAMPLE DESCRIPTION2.1Voltage and Current of an RL Circuit2.2Gain versus Frequency of an RC Amplifier2.3Polar Plot of a Complex NumberCHAPTER THREE CONTROL STATEMENTSEXAMPLE DESCRIPTION3.1Horizontal and Vertical Displacement3.2 A 3-bit A/D Converter3.3Consecutive Integer NumbersCHAPTER FOUR DC ANALYSISEXAMPLE DESCRIPTION4.1Nodal Voltages of a Simple Circuit4.2 Circuit with Dependent and IndependentSources4.3Loop Analysis of a Bridge Circuit4.4Power Dissipation and Source Current4.5Nodal Voltage Circuit with Dependent Sources4.6Maximum Power DissipationCHAPTER FIVE TRANSIENT ANALYSISEXAMPLE DESCRIPTION5.1 Charging of a Capacitor with Different TimeConstants5.2Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor5.3Current Flowing through Inductor of RLCircuit5.4Current Flowing through a Series RLC Circuit5.5Voltage across a Parallel RLC Circuit5.6State Variable Approach to RC Circuit5.7State Variable Approach to an RLC CircuitAnalysis5.8State Variable Analysis of a NetworkCHAPTER SIX AC ANALYSIS AND NETWORK FUNCTIONS EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION6.1Power Calculations of One-port Network6.2AC Voltage of an RLC Circuit6.3AC Current and Voltage of a Circuit with TwoSources6.4Unbalanced Wye-wye Connection6.5Network Function, Poles and Zeros of a Circuit6.6Inverse Laplace Transform6.7Magnitude and Phase Response of an RLCCircuitCHAPTER SEVEN TWO-PORT NETWORKSEXAMPLE DESCRIPTION7.1 z-parameters of T-Network7.2 y-parameters of Pi-Network7.3y-parameters of Field Effect Transistor7.4h-parameters of Bipolar Junction Transistor7.5Transmission Parameters of a SimpleImpedance Network7.6Transmission Parameters of a SimpleAdmittance Network7.7y-parameters of Bridge T-Network7.8Transmission Parameters of a SimpleCascaded Network7.9 Transmission Parameters of a Cascaded System7.10z - parameters and Magnitude Responses of anActive Lowpass FilterCHAPTER EIGHT FOURIER ANALYSISEXAMPLE DESCRIPTION8.1Fourier Series Expansion of a Square Wave8.2Amplitude and Phase Spectrum of Full-waveRectifier Waveform8.3Synthesis of a Periodic Exponential Signal8.4DFT and FFT of a Sequence8.5Fourier Transform and DFT of a DampedExponential Sinusoid8.6Power Spectral Density of a Noisy SignalCHAPTER NINE DIODESEXAMPLE DESCRIPTION9.1Determination of Diode Parameters from Data9.2I-V characteristic of a Diode at DifferentTemperatures9.3Operating Point of a Diode Using GraphicalTechniques9.4 Operating Point of a Diode using IterativeTechnique9.5Battery Charging Circuit – Current, ConductionAngle and Peak Current9.6Capacitor Smoothing Circuit – Calculation ofCritical Times9.7Full-wave Rectifier – Ripple Voltage, DcOutput Voltage, Discharge Time and Period ofRipple9.8 A Zener Diode Voltage RegulatorCHAPTER TEN SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION10.1 Electron Concentration versus Temperature10.2Minority Carriers in Doped Semiconductor10.3Electron and Hole Mobilities versus DopingConcentration10.4Resistivity versus Doping10.5Junction Potential versus Voltage10.6Effects of Temperature on Reverse SaturationCurrent10.7Depletion Capacitance of a PN Junction10.8 Diffusion and Depletion Capacitance as aFunction of Voltage10.9Effect of Doping Concentration on theBreakdown Voltage of a PN Junction CHAPTER ELEVEN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION11.1 Frequency Response of Miller Integrator11.2Transfer function, Poles, and Zeros of a Non-inverting Op Amp Circuit11.3Effect of Finite Open Loop Gain11.4 Open Loop Gain Characteristics of an Op Amp11.5Effect of Closed Loop Gain on the FrequencyResponse of an Op Amp11.6Output Voltage versus Full-power Bandwidth11.7Effect of CMRR on the Closed Loop GainCHAPTER TWELVE TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION12.1 Input Characteristics of a BJT12.2 Output Characteristics of an NPN Transistor12.3Self-Bias Circuit – Stability Factors andCollector Current as a Function ofTemperature12.4Comparison of Simple Current Mirror andWilson Current Source12.5Frequency Response of a Common EmitterAmplifier12.6 I-V Characteristics of NMOS12.7Operating Point Calculation of NMOS BiasingCircuit12.8Voltage and Current Calculations for aMOSFET Current mirror12.9Common-source Amplifier Gain, Cut-offFrequencies and Bandwidth。