Toward a New Paradigm for International Petroleum Trade
国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(3篇)
国外英文原版图书参考文献规范（3篇）国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(一)Implications of ipsilateral spatial neglect after stroke(中风后单侧忽略的影响)Lastupdated: Tuesday 7 October 2014 at 1am PSTStroke researchers have confirmed that damageto the right frontal-subcortical network may cause ipsilateral spatial neglect.A difference was alsoseen in spatial bias, ie, the type of spatial errors among this group tended tobe 'where'(perceptual-attentional) rather than 'aiming' (motor-intentional)errors.IpsilesionalNeglect: Behavioral and Anatomical Correlates was published online ahead ofprint by Neuropsychology.The study was conductedin 12 patients with ipsilateral neglect.A computerizedline-bisection task was used to evaluate spatial errors of 'where' and 'aiming' Little is known about ipsilateral neglect, which is much less common thancontralesional neglect, noted Dr. Barrett. Our findings confirmthat of prior studies showing that these patients tend to have lesions ofthefrontal-subcortical network.An unexpected findingwas the spatial bias toward 'where' errors in this group.Weneed further investigation to determine the differences in functional deficitsbetween ipsilateral and contralateral neglect, and the clinical implications ofthose differences for rehabilitation interventions.国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(二)Cyborg science for the future(未来的机器人科学)Lastupdated: Tuesday 12 August 2014 at 12am PSTNo longer justfantastical fodder for sci-fi buffs, cyborg technology is bringing us tangibleprogress toward real-life electronic skin, prosthetics andultraflexiblecircuits. Now taking this human-machine concept to an unprecedented level,pioneering scientists are working on the seamless marriage between electronicsand brain signaling with the potential to transform our understanding of howthe brain works - and how to treat its most devastating diseases.Their presentation tookplace at the 248th National Meeting & Exposition of the American ChemicalSociety (ACS), the world's largest scientific society.By focusing on thenanoelectronic connections between cells, we can do things no one has donebefore, says Charles M. Lieber, Ph.D. We're really going into a newsize regime for not only the device that records or stimulates cellularactivity, but also for the whole circuit. We can make it really look and behavelike smart, soft biological material, and integrate it with cells and cellularnetworks at the whole-tissue level. This could get around a lot of serioushealth problems in neurodegenerative diseases in the future.These disorders, such asParkinson's, that involve malfunctioning nerve cells can lead to difficultywith the most mundane and essential movements that most of us take for granted:walking, talking, eating and swallowing.Scientists are workingfuriously to get to the bottom of neurological disorders. But they involve thebody's most complex organ - the brain - which is largely inaccessible todetailed, real-time scrutiny. This inability to see what's happening in thebody's command center hinders the development of effective treatments for diseasesthat stem from it.By usingnanoelectronics, it could become possible for scientists to peer for the firsttime inside cells, see what's going wrong in real time and ideally set them ona functional path again.For the past severalyears, Lieber has been working to dramatically shrink cyborg science to a levelthat's thousands of times smaller and more flexible than other bioelectronicresearch efforts. His team has made ultrathin nanowires that can monitor andinfluence what goes on inside cells. Using these wires, they have builtultraflexible, 3-D mesh scaffolding with hundreds of addressable electronicunits, and they have grown living tissue on it. They have also developed thetiniest electronic probe ever that can record even the fastest signaling betweencells.Rapid-fire cellsignaling controls all of the body's movements, including breathing andswallowing, which are affected in some neurodegenerative diseases. And it's atthis level where the promise of Lieber's most recent work enters the picture.In one of the lab'slatest directions, Lieber's team is figuring out how to inject their tiny,ultraflexible electronics into the brain and allow them to become fullyintegrated with the existing b#from 国外英文原版图书参考文献规范（3篇）来自 end#iological web of neurons. They're currently inthe early stages of the project and are working with rat models.It's hard to saywhere this work will take us, he says. But in the end, I believeour unique approach will take us on a path to do something reallyrevolutionary.TitleNanoelectronicsmeetsbiology: From new tools to electronic therapeuticsAbstractNanoscale materialsenable unique opportunities at the interface between the physical and lifesciences, and the interfaces between nanoelectronic devices and cells, cellnetworks, and tissue makes possible communication between these systems at thelength scale relevant to biological function. In this presentation, thedevelopment of nanowire nanoelectronic devices and their application aspowerful tools for the recording and stimulation from the level of single cellsto tissue will be discussed. First, a brief introduction to nanowirenanoelectronic devices as well as comparisons to other tools will be presentedto illuminate the unique strengths and opportunities enabled by activeelectronic devices. Second, opportunities for the creation of powerful newprobes capable of intracellular recording and stimulation at scales heretoforenot possible with existing electrophysiology techniques will be discussed.Third, we will take an 'out-of-the-box' look and consider mergingnanoelectronics with cell networks in three-dimensions (3D). We will introducegeneral methods and provide examples of synthetic 'cyborg' tissues innervatedwith nanoelectronic sensor elements that enabling recording and modulating activityin 3D for these engineered tissues. In addition, we will discuss extension ofthese nanoelectronic scaffold concepts for the development of revolutionaryprobes for acute and chronic brain mapping as well as their potential as futureelectronic therapeutics. The prospects for broad-ranging applications in thelife sciences as the distinction between electronic and living systems isblurred in the future will be discussed.国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(三)例(1) (7)选自英国Edinburgh University Press出版的Modern North American Criticism and Theory: A Critical Guide。
《资源与环境经济学》经典文献
《资源与环境经济学》经典文献P igou, A. C., Economics of Welfare, London: Macmillan，1920William J. Baumol and Wallace E. Oates, The Theory of Environmental Policy, University of Chicago Press, 1988（中高级水平）Xepapadeas, A., Advanced Principles in Environmental Policy, Edward Elgar, 1997（中高级水平）A.M. Freeman, The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values: Theory and Methods, 2nd edition, Resources For Future, 2003Maler, Karl-Goran and Jeffrey Vincent, Handbook of Environmental Economics, Vol1,2,3, North-Holland, 2003(vol 1), 2005(vol 2and 3)T. Haab and T.E. McConnell, Valuing Environmental and Natural Resources: The Econometrics of Non-market Valuation, Edward Elgar Publishers, 2002Stavins, Robert, eds. 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Michael Hanemann "Valuing the Environment through Contingent Valuation" (1994)Peter A. Diamond and Jerry A. Hausman, "Contingent Valuation: Is Some Number Better than No Number?" (1994)Adam B. Jaffe, Steven R. Peterson, Paul R. Portney, and Robert N. Stavins, "Environmental Regulation and the Competitiveness of U.S. Manufacturing: What Does the Evidence Tells Us?" (1995)Michael E. Porter and Claas van der Linde, "Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship" (1995)Karen Palmer, Wallace E. Oates, and Paul R. Portney. "Tightening Environmental Standards: The Benefit-Cost or the No-Cost Paradigm?" (1995)W. Michael Hanemann, Contingent Valuation and Economics, Environmental Valuation: New Perspectives, 79-117, 1995W. Kip Viscusi, Regulating the Regulators, University of Chicago Law Review, 63:1423-1461, 1996Kenneth J. Arrow, Maureen Cropper, George C. Eads, Robert W. Hahn, Lester B. Lave, Roger G. Noll, Paul R. Portney, Milton Russell, Richard Schmalensee, V. Kerry Smith, and Robert N. Stavins, "Is There a Role for Benefit-Cost Analysis in Environmental, Health, and Safety Regulation?" (1996)R. Costanza, R. d'Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, S. Naeem, K. Limburg, J. Paruelo, R.V. O'Neill, R. Raskin, P. Sutton and M. van den Belt, The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature387, pp. 253–260, 1997Michael J. Sandel, "It’s Immoral to Buy the Right to Pollut e" 1997Thomas C. Schelling, "The Cost of Combating Global Warming" (1998)Henry D. Jacoby, Ronald Prinn, and Richard Schmalensee, "Kyoto’s Unfinished Business," Foreign Affairs 77, July/August, 1998: pp. 54-66.Gardner M. Brown and Jason F. Shogren, "Economics of the Endangered Species Act," Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (1998): 3-20.Andrew Metrick and Martin L. Weitzman, "Conflicts and Choices in Biodiversity Preservation" (1998)Nathaniel O. Keohane, Richard L. Revesz, and Robert N. Stavins, "The Choice of Regulatory Instruments in Environmental Policy" (1998)Richard Schmalense, Pau L. Joskow, A. Denny Ellerman, Juan Pablo Montero and Elizabeth M. Bailey, An Interim Evaluation of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Trading, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(3):53-68, 1998Robert N Stavins, What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(3):69-88, 1998 R. David Simpson, Economic Analysis and Ecosystems: Some Concepts and Issues, Ecological Applications, (2)342-349,1998Paul L. Joskow and Richard Schmalense, The Political Economy of Market-Based Environmental Policy: The U.S. Acid Rain Program, Journal of Law and Economics, 41:37-83, 1998Jason F. Shogren, A Political Economy in an Ecological Web, Environmental and Resource Economics, 11(3-4):557-570, 1998Robert W. Hahn, "The Impact of Economics on Environmental Policy," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 39 (2000): 375-399.W. Kip Viscusi, "The Value of Life in Legal Contexts: Survey and Critique," American Law and Economics Review 2 (2000): 195-222.Warwick J. McKibbin, and Peter J. Wilcoxen, "The Role of Economics in Climate Change Policy," Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (2002): 107-129.Lawrence H. Goulder and Robert N. Stavins, "An Eye on the Future," Nature 419 (2002): 673-74.A. Myrick Freeman, "Environmental Policy Since Earth Day I: What Have We Gained?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (2002): 125-46.Susmita Dasgupta, Denoit Laplante, Hua Wang, and David Wheeler, "Confronting the Environmental Kuznets Curve," Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (2002): 147-68.Scott Barrett, "Creating Incentives for International Cooperation: Strategic Choices," in I. Kaul, P. ConceiÁ“o, K. Le Goulven, and R. U. Mendoza (eds.), Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 308-28).Richard T. Carson, Robert C. Mitchell, Michael Hanemann, Raymond J. Kopp, Stanley Presser, and Paul A. Ruud, "Contingent Valuation and Lost Passive Use: Damages from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Environmental and Resource Economics 25 (2003): 257-86.Robert W. Hahn, Sheila M. Olmstead, and Robert N. Stavins, "Environmental Regulation in the 1990s: A Retrospective Analysis," Harvard Environmental Law Review 27 (2003): 377-415.Jeffrey A. Frankel, "The Environment and Globalization," forthcoming in Globalization: What’s New, edited by Michael Weinstein (Council on Foreign Relations, 2004).。
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公共管理学完整版英文翻译XN
Chapter 2课本第一章An Era of Change改变的年代、时代Introduction引言There has been a transformation（转化、变革）in the management of the public sectors of advanced countries.在发达国家的公共部门的管理已经有了一个变革。
This new paradigm poses（形成，造成）a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as fundamental principles of traditional public administration.这个新的范例对几个原先被认为是传统公共行政的基础规则提出了直接挑战。
These seven seeming verities（真理）have been challenged.这几个真理被挑战。
Economic problems in the 1980s meant governments reassessed（重新评估）their bureaucracies and demanded changes. 1980s的经济问题意味着政府重新评估他们的官僚制并且需要改变。
All these points will be discussed at greater length（长度）later, but the main point is there has been total change in a profession that saw little change for around a hundred years.这些观点会在以后做更大范围的讨论，但是这里强调的主要是一点：一百年来很少发生变革的公共职业领域发生了全面变革。
A new paradigm一个新的范例There is some debate over whether or not public managemnet, particularly the new public management, is a new paradigm for public sector management.有个争论，关于公共管理尤其是新的公共管理是不是公共部门管理的一个新的范例。
后华盛顿共识的共识stiglitz
后华盛顿共识的共识Post Washington Consensus Consensus约瑟夫 E. 斯蒂格利茨（Joseph E. Stiglitz）2001年诺贝尔经济学奖得主，前世界银行首席经济学家，前美国总统经济顾问委员会主席如果说当前关于促进世界上穷国的发展还有什么共识的话，那就是：共识根本不存在，除了华盛顿共识（Washington Consensus）没有给出答案。
华盛顿共识既不是成功增长的必要条件，也不是充分条件，尽管它的政策建议在特定国家的特定时期曾是有意义的。
当然，我所提到的华盛顿共识，是指国际金融机构和美国财政部八十年代和九十年代早期所推荐的过度简单化的政策建议，这些政策当时还没像现在这样受到南北各国的广泛批评；我并不是指约翰·威廉姆森的较委婉精致的著作，尽管是他发明了“华盛顿共识”这个概念。
1总之，无论其最初的内容和目标何在，世界上大多人的心目中的“华盛顿共识”是指以私有化、自由化和宏观稳定（主要是价格稳定）为主要内容的发展战略；以及基于对自由市场的坚定信念并且旨在削弱，甚至最小化，政府角色的一系列政策。
2而这种战略与东亚所信奉的战略形成鲜明的对比；在东亚，政府主导发展型国家（development state）扮演着积极的角色。
后华盛顿共识（Post Washington Consensus）将华盛顿共识的失败之处一一揭示出来。
3华盛顿共识对发展中国家的经济结构的认识严重失误，且把目光局限在过于狭隘的目标以及实现这些目标的过于狭隘的工具上。
例如，当技术不断进步时，市场并不能自发的实现效率；这个动态过程恰恰是发展的关键问题；并且这个动态过程中存在重大的外部性问题，而正是这外部性赋予了政府重大的角色。
成功的东亚国家公认了这一角色，而华盛顿共识则没有。
与此类似，华盛顿还对发展中国的一些显而易见的特征视而不见，比如广泛采用的佃农合约。
佃农的实际税率高达50%——有的场合甚至高达66 2/3%，远远高出华盛顿共识所关注的许多其它税率。
Z理论大师威廉·大内
Z理论大师威廉·大内威廉·大内以提出Z理论而闻名世界，并由此引发了人们对日本式管理的关注。
然而，透过大内的著作，人们可以发现，他的理论贡献，并不在于对日本的总结，而在于对美国的启发。
日本式管理在Z理论中的地位，只是一个参照系。
Z理论的本质，是对专业分工和官僚组织进行改造，建立在长期雇用基础上的稳定环境，促成个人和组织的高度融合，开诚布公、容纳批评，以信任、友谊与合作关系打造有机的团队，实现生产经营和社会关系的一体化。
在Z理论迅速走红后，大内没有头脑发热，而是冷静地持续探讨大型组织的复杂性问题。
他再度从美日比较入手，探究企业、社会、政府的三角关系，提出了M型社会。
大内后来一直专注于非政府组织和教育管理研究。
他的Z理论和M型社会，本质是追求组织系统的整合与合作。
所有的管理问题，在大内那里都走向文化；所有的技术问题，在大内那里都走向哲学。
这种管理文化与管理哲学的探讨，使大内把管理学带入了文化人类学领域，也开创了比较管理学的新天地。
1威廉·大内小传威廉·大内（William G.Ouchi,1943－）是一位神龙见首不见尾的管理学家。
他的“首”，是因为他提出的Z理论，在管理学界广为人知；他的“尾”，则是因为人们对他的经历、生活知之甚少，颇有几分神秘。
但是，不论怎样说，单单凭借Z理论，就足以使他在管理领域名扬四海。
大内是日裔美国人，这一点毫无疑问。
仅仅凭他独具特色的姓氏，就可以确定这一点。
许多文章强调他的日裔身份，试图有意无意地告诉人们他同日本的联系是多么密切，但却忽视了另一点，大内生在美国长在美国。
当然，他不是出生在美国本土，而是出生在夏威夷的檀香山（Honolulu,Hawaii）。
但是，他同日本的关系，远远没有同美国的关系那么亲近。
了解这一点，对于掌握大内的理论内涵相当重要。
至于大内的祖上是什么时候移民檀香山的，在各种资料中都查不出端倪，但毋庸置疑他不是第一代移民。
神经外科5本杂志目录 英文-中文 2022年10月
神外杂志英-中文目录(2022年10月) Neurosurgery1.Assessment of Spinal Metastases Surgery Risk Stratification Tools in BreastCancer by Molecular Subtype按照分子亚型评估乳腺癌脊柱转移手术风险分层工具2.Microsurgery versus Microsurgery With Preoperative Embolization for BrainArteriovenous Malformation Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 显微手术与显微手术联合术前栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形的系统评价和荟萃分析mentary: Silk Vista Baby for the Treatment of Complex Posterior InferiorCerebellar Artery Aneurysms点评: Silk Vista Baby用于治疗复杂的小脑下后动脉动脉瘤4.Targeted Public Health Training for Neurosurgeons: An Essential Task for thePrioritization of Neurosurgery in the Evolving Global Health Landscape针对神经外科医生的有针对性的公共卫生培训:在不断变化的全球卫生格局中确定神经外科手术优先顺序的一项重要任务5.Chronic Encapsulated Expanding Hematomas After Stereotactic Radiosurgery forIntracranial Arteriovenous Malformations: An International Multicenter Case Series立体定向放射外科治疗颅内动静脉畸形后的慢性包裹性扩张血肿:国际多中心病例系列6.Trends in Reimbursement and Approach Selection for Lumbar Arthrodesis腰椎融合术的费用报销和入路选择趋势7.Diffusion Basis Spectrum Imaging Provides Insights Into Cervical SpondyloticMyelopathy Pathology扩散基础频谱成像提供了脊髓型颈椎病病理学的见解8.Association Between Neighborhood-Level Socioeconomic Disadvantage andPatient-Reported Outcomes in Lumbar Spine Surgery邻域水平的社会经济劣势与腰椎手术患者报告结果之间的关系mentary: Prognostic Models for Traumatic Brain Injury Have GoodDiscrimination But Poor Overall Model Performance for Predicting Mortality and Unfavorable Outcomes评论:创伤性脑损伤的预后模型在预测death率和不良结局方面具有良好的区分性，但总体模型性能较差mentary: Serum Levels of Myo-inositol Predicts Clinical Outcome 1 YearAfter Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage评论:血清肌醇水平预测动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血1年后的临床结局mentary: Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for First-Line Treatment ofSurgically Accessible Recurrent Glioblastoma: Outcomes Compared With a Surgical Cohort评论:激光间质热疗用于手术可及复发性胶质母细胞瘤的一线治疗:与手术队列的结果比较12.Functional Reorganization of the Mesial Frontal Premotor Cortex in Patients WithSupplementary Motor Area Seizures辅助性运动区癫痫患者中额内侧运动前皮质的功能重组13.Concurrent Administration of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and StereotacticRadiosurgery Is Well-Tolerated in Patients With Melanoma Brain Metastases: An International Multicenter Study of 203 Patients免疫检查点抑制剂联合立体定向放射外科治疗对黑色素瘤脑转移患者的耐受性良好:一项针对203例患者的国际多中心研究14.Prognosis of Rotational Angiography-Based Stereotactic Radiosurgery for DuralArteriovenous Fistulas: A Retrospective Analysis基于旋转血管造影术的立体定向放射外科治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘的预后:回顾性分析15.Letter: Development and Internal Validation of the ARISE Prediction Models forRebleeding After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage信件:动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后再出血的ARISE预测模型的开发和内部验证16.Development of Risk Stratification Predictive Models for Cervical DeformitySurgery颈椎畸形手术风险分层预测模型的建立17.First-Pass Effect Predicts Clinical Outcome and Infarct Growth AfterThrombectomy for Distal Medium Vessel Occlusions首过效应预测远端中血管闭塞血栓切除术后的临床结局和梗死生长mentary: Risk for Hemorrhage the First 2 Years After Gamma Knife Surgeryfor Arteriovenous Malformations: An Update评论:动静脉畸形伽玛刀手术后前2年出血风险:更新19.A Systematic Review of Neuropsychological Outcomes After Treatment ofIntracranial Aneurysms颅内动脉瘤治疗后神经心理结局的系统评价20.Does a Screening Trial for Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients With Chronic Painof Neuropathic Origin Have Clinical Utility (TRIAL-STIM)? 36-Month Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial神经性慢性疼痛患者脊髓刺激筛选试验是否具有临床实用性(TRIAL-STIM)？一项随机对照试验的36个月结果21.Letter: Transcriptomic Profiling Revealed Lnc-GOLGA6A-1 as a NovelPrognostic Biomarker of Meningioma Recurrence信件:转录组分析显示Lnc-GOLGA6A-1是脑膜瘤复发的一种新的预后生物标志物mentary: The Impact of Frailty on Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes: AnAnalysis of 691 821 Nationwide Cases评论:虚弱对创伤性脑损伤结局的影响:全国691821例病例分析23.Optimal Cost-Effective Screening Strategy for Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysmsin Female Smokers女性吸烟者中未破裂颅内动脉瘤的最佳成本效益筛查策略24.Letter: Pressure to Publish—A Precarious Precedent Among Medical Students信件:出版压力——医学研究者中一个不稳定的先例25.Letter: Protocol for a Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Pilot Study on theImplementation of Resource-Stratified Algorithms for the Treatment of SevereTraumatic Brain Injury Across Four Treatment Phases: Prehospital, Emergency Department, Neurosurgery, and Intensive Care Unit信件:一项跨四个治疗阶段(院前、急诊科、神经外科和重症监护室)实施资源分层算法的多中心、前瞻性、观察性试点研究的协议26.Risk for Hemorrhage the First 2 Years After Gamma Knife Surgery forArteriovenous Malformations: An Update动静脉畸形伽玛刀手术后前2年出血风险:更新Journal of Neurosurgery27.Association of homotopic areas in the right hemisphere with language deficits inthe short term after tumor resection肿瘤切除术后短期内右半球同话题区与语言缺陷的关系28.Association of preoperative glucose concentration with mortality in patientsundergoing craniotomy for brain tumor脑肿瘤开颅手术患者术前血糖浓度与death率的关系29.Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders after stroke: a systematic review ofthe literature脑深部电刺激治疗脑卒中后运动障碍的系统评价30.Effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with stereotacticradiosurgery for patients with brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma: inverse probability of treatment weighting using propensity scores免疫检查点抑制剂联合立体定向放射外科治疗肾细胞癌脑转移患者的有效性:使用倾向评分进行治疗加权的反向概率31.Endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations: clinical outcomesof patients included in the registry of a pragmatic randomized trial脑动静脉畸形的血管内治疗:纳入实用随机试验登记处的患者的临床结果32.Feasibility of bevacizumab-IRDye800CW as a tracer for fluorescence-guidedmeningioma surgery贝伐单抗- IRDye800CW作为荧光导向脑膜瘤手术示踪剂的可行性33.Precuneal gliomas promote behaviorally relevant remodeling of the functionalconnectome前神经胶质瘤促进功能性连接体的行为相关重塑34.Pursuing perfect 2D and 3D photography in neuroanatomy: a new paradigm forstaying up to date with digital technology在神经解剖学中追求完美的2D和三维摄影:跟上数字技术的新范式35.Recurrent insular low-grade gliomas: factors guiding the decision to reoperate复发性岛叶低级别胶质瘤:决定再次手术的指导因素36.Relationship between phenotypic features in Loeys-Dietz syndrome and thepresence of intracranial aneurysmsLoeys-Dietz综合征的表型特征与颅内动脉瘤存在的关系37.Continued underrepresentation of historically excluded groups in the neurosurgerypipeline: an analysis of racial and ethnic trends across stages of medical training from 2012 to 2020神经外科管道中历史上被排除群体的代表性持续不足:2012年至2020年不同医学培训阶段的种族和族裔趋势分析38.Management strategies in clival and craniovertebral junction chordomas: a 29-yearexperience斜坡和颅椎交界脊索瘤的治疗策略:29年经验39.A national stratification of the global macroeconomic burden of central nervoussystem cancer中枢神经系统癌症全球宏观经济负担的国家分层40.Phase II trial of icotinib in adult patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 andprogressive vestibular schwannoma在患有2型神经纤维瘤病和进行性前庭神经鞘瘤的成人患者中进行的盐酸埃克替尼II期试验41.Predicting leptomeningeal disease spread after resection of brain metastases usingmachine learning用机器学习预测脑转移瘤切除术后软脑膜疾病的扩散42.Short- and long-term outcomes of moyamoya patients post-revascularization烟雾病患者血运重建后的短期和长期结局43.Alteration of default mode network: association with executive dysfunction infrontal glioma patients默认模式网络的改变:与额叶胶质瘤患者执行功能障碍的相关性44.Correlation between tumor volume and serum prolactin and its effect on surgicaloutcomes in a cohort of 219 prolactinoma patients219例泌乳素瘤患者的肿瘤体积与血清催乳素的相关性及其对手术结果的影响45.Is intracranial electroencephalography mandatory for MRI-negative neocorticalepilepsy surgery?对于MRI阴性的新皮质癫痫手术，是否必须进行颅内脑电图检查？46.Neurosurgeons as complete stroke doctors: the time is now神经外科医生作为完全中风的医生:时间是现在47.Seizure outcome after resection of insular glioma: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and institutional experience岛叶胶质瘤切除术后癫痫发作结局:一项系统综述、荟萃分析和机构经验48.Surgery for glioblastomas in the elderly: an Association des Neuro-oncologuesd’Expression Française (ANOCEF) trial老年人成胶质细胞瘤的手术治疗:法国神经肿瘤学与表达协会(ANOCEF)试验49.Surgical instruments and catheter damage during ventriculoperitoneal shuntassembly脑室腹腔分流术装配过程中的手术器械和导管损坏50.Cost-effectiveness analysis on small (< 5 mm) unruptured intracranial aneurysmfollow-up strategies较小(< 5 mm)未破裂颅内动脉瘤随访策略的成本-效果分析51.Evaluating syntactic comprehension during awake intraoperative corticalstimulation mapping清醒术中皮质刺激标测时句法理解能力的评估52.Factors associated with radiation toxicity and long-term tumor control more than10 years after Gamma Knife surgery for non–skull base, nonperioptic benignsupratentorial meningiomas非颅底、非周期性良性幕上脑膜瘤伽玛刀术后10年以上与放射毒性和长期肿瘤控制相关的因素53.Multidisciplinary management of patients with non–small cell lung cancer withleptomeningeal metastasis in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era酪氨酸激酶抑制剂时代有软脑膜转移的非小细胞肺癌患者的多学科管理54.Predicting the growth of middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms usingdifferences in the bifurcation angle and inflow coefficient利用分叉角和流入系数的差异预测大脑中动脉分叉动脉瘤的生长55.Predictors of surgical site infection in glioblastoma patients undergoing craniotomyfor tumor resection胶质母细胞瘤患者行开颅手术切除肿瘤时手术部位感染的预测因素56.Stereotactic radiosurgery for orbital cavernous hemangiomas立体定向放射外科治疗眼眶海绵状血管瘤57.Surgical management of large cerebellopontine angle meningiomas: long-termresults of a less aggressive resection strategy大型桥小脑角脑膜瘤的手术治疗:较小侵袭性切除策略的长期结果Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons58.5-ALA fluorescence–guided resection of a recurrent anaplastic pleomorphicxanthoastrocytoma: illustrative case5-ALA荧光引导下切除复发性间变性多形性黄色星形细胞瘤:说明性病例59.Flossing technique for endovascular repair of a penetrating cerebrovascular injury:illustrative case牙线技术用于血管内修复穿透性脑血管损伤:例证性病例60.Nerve transfers in a patient with asymmetrical neurological deficit followingtraumatic cervical spinal cord injury: simultaneous bilateral restoration of pinch grip and elbow extension. Illustrative case创伤性颈脊髓损伤后不对称神经功能缺损患者的神经转移:同时双侧恢复捏手和肘关节伸展。
精读五课后练习翻译题答案
Lesson71、“……Live with your head in the lion‟s mouth. I want you to overcome‟em with yeses, undermine‟em with grins, agree‟em to death and destruction, let them swoller you till they vomit or bust wide qpen.”你要在虎口里求生，我要你对他们唯唯诺诺、笑脸相迎，只有让他们丧失警惕，才能战胜他们。
你要对他们百依百顺，叫他们彻底完蛋。
让他们吞掉你们吧，直到撑得他们呕吐，肚子爆裂。
2、My teeth chattered, my skin turned to goose flesh, my knees knocked.我的牙齿直打战，浑身起鸡皮疙瘩，膝盖也在发抖。
3、“I want you to run across at the bell and give it to him right in the belly. If you don‟t get him, I‟m going to get you.”铃声一响，你就给我跑过去，照准他的肚子狠狠地揍。
你不打他，我就打你。
4、I strained to pick up the school superintendent‟s voice, as though to squeeze some security out of that slightly more familiar sound.我竖起耳朵，竭力想听出督学的声音，似乎从他那稍微熟悉的声音中可以得到一点安全感。
5、I moved carefully, avoiding blows, although not too many to attract attend.我小心翼翼地移动着身体，躲避攻击，但我又不能做得过分，否则会引起注意。
政治术语翻译过程中的认知识解——以“新型大国关系”英译为例
69政治术语翻译过程中的认知识解——以“新型大国关系”英译为例杨红燕王旭年内容摘要：认知翻译学的兴起为翻译研究提供了新视角、新范式。
本文着眼于译者翻译过程，结合认知语言学的认知识解相关理论，分析了“新型大国关系”六个具有代表性英译版本在翻译过程中的认知识解表征。
研究发现，翻译过程中对该术语的意识形态内涵识解过程由不成熟到成熟，其中译本的策略和倾向能够以认知识解的不同维度给予合理解释。
识解演进过程反映为译文适切性的不断提高，证实了译者认知识解能力在翻译中的基础性作用。
在政治术语翻译中，识解通过揭示术语潜在的意识形态而自上而下地提高译文准确性。
关键词：新型大国关系；政治术语；认知识解；认知翻译学基金项目：陕西省教育厅哲学社会科学重点研究基地项目“跨文化沟通能力与外宣新词翻译的政治考量”(16JZ058)。
作者简介：杨红燕，西安外国语大学外国语言学及应用语言学研究中心副教授，主要从事应用语言学及翻译学研究。
王旭年，西安外国语大学高级翻译翻译学院硕士研究生，主要从事认知语言学及翻译学研究。
Title:Cognitive Construal in the Process of Translating Political Terms: A Case Study of “New Model of Great Power Relations”Abstract: The cognitive approach to translation provides a new perspective and paradigm for translation studies. This paper focuses on the translation process of the translator, and in light of the theory of cognitive linguistics, analyzes the representation of cognitive construal in the translation process of the six representative English versions of the “新型大国关系”. It is found that in the translation of this political term, the ideological connotation construal of the term is a process from immaturity to maturity. This process of construal evolution reflects the continuous improvement of the appropriateness of the versions, and proves the fundamental role of the translator’s cognitive ability of construal in the process of translation. In the translation of political terms, cognitive construal improves the accuracy of translation from top to bottom by revealing the underlying ideology of the terms.Key words: a New Model of Major-Country Relations; political terms; cognitive construal; Cognitive TranslatologyAuthors: Yang Hongyan is associate professor at Center for Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics Research, Xi’an International Studies University (Xi’an 710061, China). Her major70Foreign Language and Literature Research 3(2020)外国语文研究2020年第3期research areas include applied linguistics and translation studies. E-mail: yanghy_vip@163. com. Wang Xunian is postgraduate student of School of Translation and Interpretation, Xi’an International Studies University (Xi’an 710061, China). His major research areas include cognitive linguisticsandtranslationstudies.E-mail:****************一、引言改革开放以来，我国政府工作报告和外交文献中不断涌现出大量的反映中国“新制度、新体制、新思潮”的政治新词新语（杨红燕、姚克勤 61）。
做事只看表面不看内在的英语作文博
做事只看表面不看内在的英语作文博全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Judging a Book by Its Cover: The Folly of Superficial AssessmentsAs students, we're constantly bombarded with messages about the importance of appearances. From the clothes we wear to the gadgets we carry, society seems obsessed withsurface-level judgments and shallow assessments. But is this really the wisest approach? I would argue that this fixation on appearances is not only misguided but actively harmful, encouraging us to make rash decisions based on limited information while ignoring the true substance that lies beneath.Let's start with the obvious example of judging people solely on their outward appearance. How many times have we written someone off as unintelligent or uninteresting simply because they didn't conform to our superficial ideals of style or attractiveness? By making snap judgments rooted in physical characteristics, we deny ourselves the opportunity to connect with potentially fascinating individuals whose inner depth andunique perspectives remain obscured behind the veil of appearance.This principle extends far beyond just our assessments of other people. Think about the last time you chose a book based purely on its cover design or made a purchasing decision founded entirely on sleek product packaging and clever marketing. While aesthetically pleasing exteriors certainly have their place, reducing our choices to mere visual appeals is a recipe for disappointment and regret. True quality – whether in literature, consumer goods, or any other domain – stems from an intricate interplay of components that can never be fully captured by surface impressions alone.In academics, this propensity for superficiality can be especially damaging. How often have we skimmed reading assignments, opting to skim the surface rather than dive deep into the layered complexities and nuanced insights offered by the text? Or chosen research topics based on their trendiness or apparent simplicity, forgoing richer avenues of inquiry merely because they seemed daunting or unconventional on the surface? By stubbornly clinging to our fixation on the shallow and easily accessible, we deliberately limit our understanding and stunt our intellectual growth.The irony is that many of humanity's greatest achievements and most profound truths have been arrived at by those willing to look past the obvious and delve into the depths that elude surface-level perception. Scientists painstakingly studying seemingly mundane phenomena have revolutionized our understanding of the universe. Philosophers have upended conventional wisdom by interrogating assumptions we once took for granted. Artists have channeled the complexities of the human experience into masterpieces that transcend their material components. In each of these cases, a refusal to accept surface realities as the final word has expanded the frontiers of knowledge and enriched our perspectives in invaluable ways.None of this is to say that appearances are entirely irrelevant – first impressions and aesthetic considerations undoubtedly play important roles in our lives. The problem arises when we allow those surface-level factors to become the be-all andend-all of our judgments, blind to the multifaceted realities that lurk beneath the facades we so readily accept at face value.As students striving to become well-rounded, critically thinking individuals, we must actively resist this impulse toward superficiality. We must train ourselves to question our knee-jerk reactions, to pause before rendering judgment, and to digdeeper in our assessments of people, ideas, and situations. Only through this deliberate effort to look beyond the obvious can we hope to gain a richer, more nuanced understanding of the world around us.Will doing so require more effort? Absolutely. Resisting our hardwired temptation to default to convenient snap judgments demands constant vigilance and mental exertion. But is that investment of energy worthwhile? Undoubtedly. For it is only by peeling back the layers of surface appearances that we can uncover the profound depths of meaning, the unexpected complexities, and the enlightening perspectives so vital to our intellectual and personal growth.So let this be a call to my fellow students to embrace a new paradigm – one that celebrates intellectual curiosity, values nuanced analysis, and rejects the folly of judging things based on exteriors alone. The path may be arduous, but the rewards of a deeper, richer understanding of ourselves and our world make the journey eminently worthwhile. After all, reducing the marvels of existence to mere surfaces is a crime against the very grandeur of life itself. We owe it to ourselves, and to the vast mysteries that surround us, to look篇2Judging a Book by Its Cover: The Perils of Superficial ThinkingWe've all heard the saying "Don't judge a book by its cover," but how many of us actually heed that advice? From an early age, we're conditioned to make snap judgments based on outward appearances. The smartly dressed person must be successful and intelligent. The shabbily attired homeless individual on the street must be lazy or irresponsible. The student who aces every test is a genius, while the struggling classmate is simply slow or unmotivated.On the surface, these snap judgments may seem logical or even accurate. But they represent a dangerous form of superficial thinking that prevents us from seeing the full reality of a person or situation. When we judge too quickly based only on what's visible on the surface, we often miss crucial context, nuance, and depth that can only be understood by taking a deeper look.I'll admit, I used to be terrible about judging based on appearances. Looking back on my high school years, I cringe at how quickly I sized people up based on shallow factors like their clothing, their social clicks, or superficial markers of academic success or failure. The kids from wealthier families who dressedin the latest fashions and drove fancy cars? I instantly perceived them as privileged snobs. The loners who wore all black and kept to themselves? Obviously weird goth losers with no friends. The straight-A students? They must be eitheroddballs with no life beyond studying or just really good test takers without any actual intelligence.How arrogant and misguided I was to make those snap judgments without knowing a single thing about those individuals' personalities, circumstances, hopes, dreams, or inner lives. Who was I to decree that the rich kids were all spoiled brats when I knew nothing about the values their parents instilled or the pressures they might feel to achieve? How could I dismiss the self-contained loners as "losers" when I had no insight into their creative powers, emotional depths, or intellectual curiosities? And to pigeonhole the high-achievers as either soulless automatons or just great test takers was not only insulting but displayed a gross ignorance about the diverse forms of intelligence that can lead to academic excellence.The truth is, I knew nothing about the substantive inner realities of these individuals I was so quick to categorize and judge. I was basing my entire perception of them on surface- level characteristics that represented only the shallowest tip ofthe iceberg. How many potentially rewarding connections and perspectives was I missing out on due to my tendency to make hasty, superficial judgments?Fortunately, my experience in college and the working world has (somewhat) cured me of this toxic tendency toward superficial thinking. I've met incredibly kind-hearted and grounded individuals from obscene levels of wealth. I've encountered passionate,brilliant minds belonging to individuals who don't fit the conventional markers of academic success. I've developed deep respect for those who march to the beat of their own (admittedly eccentric) drum because they taught me the value of authentic self-expression and non-conformity.Along the way, I've learned just how flawed and limiting it is to judge people or circumstances based solely on surface appearances. Why? Because appearances are shallow, mutable representations that often have little to do with the substantive realities festering below the surface. That ill-kempt-looking homeless person I might have averted my gaze from? Perhaps he's a military veteran struggling with PTSD and the systematic failure of social services in our society after being shipped off to war as a teenager. The sullen-faced individual who always seems to have a perpetual frown? For all I know, she could be battlingchronic depression, anxiety, abuse, or any number of unseen inner demons that cause her perpetual unhappiness.The point is, we never really know what obscure contextual factors, ingrained psychological patterns, traumatic experiences, or socioeconomic circumstances are shaping the behavior and presentation of the people we so casually judge and categorize based on fleeting outward appearances. To embrace a more holistic, discerning understanding of the human experience, we need to reserve judgment and strive to look beyond the superficial facades that can often deceive and obscure deeper truths.This isn't to say we should completely abandon our faculty for judging or assessing people and situations. A measure of discernment is healthy and necessary for navigating the world. The key is recognizing the limitations and shallowness of judging solely by appearances. Rather than jumping to conclusions about who a person is or what their deal is based on superficial factors, we need to withhold judgment while篇3Judging a Book by Its Cover: The Perils of Superficial JudgmentWe've all been told since childhood not to "judge a book by its cover." This well-worn adage cautions against making hasty judgments based solely on outward appearances, without taking the time to look deeper. Yet in our fast-paced, visually-driven modern world, it has become all too easy to fall into the trap of superficial evaluation. We size people up with a mere glance, jump to conclusions about their character and abilities based on fleeting first impressions. Faced with a deluge of information and stimuli, we instinctively look for mental shortcuts, favoring snap judgments over nuanced understanding. But this approach is problematic at best and actively harmful at worst.On a personal level, judging others solely by surface markers like clothing, hairstyle, or physical attractiveness is not only unkind but profoundly limiting. We seal ourselves off from entire worlds of richness and depth, closing our minds to the inherent worth and inner complexity of our fellow humans. That grungy, unkempt-looking student quietly taking notes in the back row? With a second, more discerning glance, we might realize they are brilliant and passionate, a rising star in their field. The stylishly dressed, perfectly coiffed individual sitting across from us? Perhaps they are mired in personal struggles, a seething cauldron of insecurity beneath that polished exterior. By allowing ourselves to be blinded by shallow externalities, we renderourselves incapable of true insight into the human condition in all its glorious, messy splendor.This propensity for judging books by their covers doesn't just hamstring our ability to form authentic connections with others; it can also have dire consequences in spheres as diverse as education, employment, entrepreneurship, and beyond. How many gifted artists, scientists, thinkers, and innovators have been tragically overlooked or dismissed due to a hiring manager's biased overemphasis on pedigree and "polish" rather than raw talent and potential? How many brilliant kids have been dismissed as lazy or unintelligent simply because they struggled to conform to the arbitrary litmus tests of a flawed, standardized academic model?The examples are myriad, but they all point to the same truth: our obsession with surface-level appearances is a millstone around the neck of progress, a stubborn anchor holding us back from recognizing and elevating true merit. After all, the greatest revolutionaries and visionaries seldom look the part at first glance. From Einstein's famously rumpled, absent-minded genius to the ragtag gang of college dropouts who created global tech behemoths from humble garage origins, history islittered with reminders that you simply cannot judge the breadth of what lies beneath based on an immediate visual impression.Of course, in a world of limitless information and finite time, we cannot avoid all snap judgments all the time. The human brain is beautifully engineered to swiftly process environmental cues and make split-second evaluations in order to navigate a complex reality. And on some level, judging based onsurface-level optics is inevitable and even necessary - we decide whether a person looks friendly or threatening, whether a situation feels safe or worrisome, all through instinctual assessments of externalities.The key, however, is to recognize that these automatic judgments are just primary data points rather than definitive conclusions. They should be the start of an inquiry rather than the end, launching points for deeper investigation and nuanced understanding. When we encounter someone or something that doesn't quite align with our preconceived notions, instead of defaulting to dismissal or rejection, we must challenge ourselves to pause, look again with fresher eyes, and remain open to having our assumptions upended.This doesn't mean we must extend infinite。
新时代青春姿态英语作文
新时代青春姿态英语作文In the tapestry of life, youth is an epoch adorned with vibrancy, audacity, and the unyielding pursuit of dreams. As we navigate the threshold of a transformative era, it is imperative for us, the architects of tomorrow, to embody a new paradigm of youthfulness. This entails embracing aspirit of resilience, innovation, and social consciousness, forging a path toward a future that is both fulfilling and impactful.The youth of today are confronted with an unprecedented array of challenges and opportunities. Climate change, political turmoil, and technological advancements are shaping our world at an unrelenting pace, demanding a generation that is adaptable, solution-oriented, and globally aware. To meet these challenges head-on, we must cultivate a mindset of resilience. Resilience is not merely the ability to endure adversity, but to learn, grow, and emerge stronger in the face of setbacks. It requires a deep-seated belief in our own capabilities, a willingnessto embrace change, and an indomitable spirit that refusesto be daunted by obstacles.In the words of Nelson Mandela, "Do not judge me by my successes, judge me by how many times I fell down and got back up again." This indomitable spirit is the cornerstoneof resilience, empowering us to overcome challenges, adaptto changing circumstances, and persevere in the pursuit of our goals.Innovation is another essential pillar of the new youth paradigm. In an era marked by rapid technological advancements, it is imperative for us to embrace creativity, critical thinking, and a willingness to challenge thestatus quo. Innovation is not confined to scientific breakthroughs or technological marvels; it encompassesevery sphere of life. It is about finding new solutions to old problems, improving existing systems, and reimaginingthe possibilities of our world. As Albert Einstein famously said, "Imagination is more important than knowledge." The youth of today must foster their imaginations, nurturetheir creativity, and dare to think outside the box. Byembracing innovation, we can unlock our full potential and shape a future that is both progressive and sustainable.Social consciousness is an equally vital aspect of the new youth paradigm. As global citizens, we have a responsibility to be aware of the myriad social, economic, and environmental issues that plague our planet. This consciousness entails empathy, compassion, and a deep-seated commitment to making a positive impact in our communities and beyond. It requires us to challenge injustice, advocate for the marginalized, and work towards creating a more equitable and just society for all. As Mahatma Gandhi once said, "Be the change that you wish to see in the world." The youth of today have the power to be agents of change, to use their voices to speak out against injustice, and to work tirelessly towards building a better world for themselves and generations to come.Resilience, innovation, and social consciousness are not merely abstract concepts; they are the threads that weave together the fabric of the new youth paradigm. By embodying these qualities, we can navigate the complexitiesof the 21st century with confidence, creativity, and a profound sense of purpose. We can become a generation that is not only defined by its youth but by its unwavering determination to leave a lasting legacy on the world.History is replete with examples of young people who have defied expectations and made significant contributions to society. From Malala Yousafzai's fearless advocacy for girls' education to Greta Thunberg's unwavering fight against climate change, young people throughout history have proven that they have the power to change the world.The youth of today stand at the cusp of a new era, an era fraught with both challenges and opportunities. By embracing resilience, innovation, and social consciousness, we can forge a path toward a future that is both fulfilling and impactful. We can become the architects of a better world, a world where every young person has the opportunity to reach their full potential and make a positivedifference in their communities and beyond.。
应对国际大变局的作文英语
应对国际大变局的作文英语In the contemporary era, the world is undergoing a profound transformation, characterized by rapid technological advancements, economic interdependence, and shifting geopolitical dynamics. This essay aims to explore the multifaceted nature of the international landscape and propose strategies for nations to navigate these changes effectively.Firstly, the technological revolution has ushered in an age of information where data is the new currency. Countries must invest in digital infrastructure and education to prepare their workforce for the jobs of the future. The rise of artificial intelligence and automation presents both opportunities for increased efficiency and challenges for labor markets. It is imperative that governments and international organizations collaborate to create policies that protect workers while encouraging innovation.Economically, the globalized world has led to a complex web of trade relationships. The essay argues for the importance of open markets and the need for fair trade agreements that benefit all parties involved. Protectionist measures may provide short-term relief, but they can lead to long-term isolation and economic stagnation. Instead, countries should seek to diversify their trade partners and engage in multilateral trade agreements that promote stability and growth.Politically, the essay discusses the rise of new global powers and the challenges they pose to the existing world order. The emergence of China and the re-emergence of Russia as significant players on the international stage have led to a rebalancing of power. To address this, the essay calls for a renewed commitment to diplomacy and the rule of law. International institutions such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization must be strengthened to mediate disputes and maintain order.Environmental concerns also play a critical role in the current international shift. Climate change is a globalthreat that requires a unified response. The essay emphasizes the need for international cooperation to combat this existential crisis. Nations must commit to the Paris Agreement and work towards sustainable development goals that protect the environment while striving for economic progress.In conclusion, the essay underscores the importance of unity and adaptability in the face of an ever-changinginternational environment. It is only through collective action and a willingness to embrace change that the global community can hope to navigate the complexities of the current era successfully. The future is uncertain, but with foresight, collaboration, and a commitment to shared values, the world can look forward to a more stable and prosperous tomorrow.。
读进新时代,书写新征程的英语作文
读进新时代,书写新征程的英语作文英文回答：Embarking on the New Era, Penning a New Chapter.In the annals of human history, watersheds mark the transition from one epoch to the next. As we navigate the threshold of a transformative period, the dawn of a new era beckons us to embrace its boundless possibilities and forge a path toward an unprecedented future. It is a time not merely to witness history but to actively shape its course through our collective actions and unwavering optimism.The imperative to read into this new era stems from a profound understanding of its multifaceted nature. It is an era characterized by unprecedented technological advancements that have irrevocably altered the fabric of our societies. The proliferation of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, and automation has ushered in a paradigm shift, influencing our ways of living, working,and interacting with the world around us.However, alongside these technological advancements,the new era also presents us with a unique set of challenges. The widening income gap, the erosion of privacy, and the looming threat of climate change demand our urgent attention. To navigate these complexities, we mustcultivate a spirit of collaboration, innovation, and resilience.As we embark on this new chapter, it is incumbent upon us to embrace the transformative power of education. Education empowers us with the knowledge, skills, andcritical thinking abilities necessary to comprehend the complexities of our rapidly changing world. It fosters adaptability, creativity, and problem-solving capabilities, equipping us to navigate the challenges and seize the opportunities that lie ahead.In this endeavor, we must harness the power of lifelong learning. The acquisition of new knowledge and skillsshould not be confined to formal educational settings butshould become an integral part of our daily lives. By embracing continuous learning, we remain adaptable to the evolving demands of the 21st century and contribute meaningfully to the advancement of society.Furthermore, as we pen this new chapter, fostering inclusivity and diversity is paramount. The collective wisdom and perspectives of all members of society are essential for navigating the complexities of the new era. By creating an environment where all voices are heard and valued, we foster innovation, creativity, and a sense of belonging.The task of writing the next chapter in human history is a daunting yet exhilarating one. It requires acollective commitment to lifelong learning, innovation, and inclusivity. As we read into this new era, let us embrace its challenges with courage and enthusiasm, knowing that by working together, we can shape a future that is more equitable, sustainable, and prosperous for generations to come.中文回答：迈入新时代，书写新征程。
应对气候变化的措施英语作文
应对气候变化的措施英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Tackling the Climate Crisis: A Call for Urgent and Collective ActionAs a student deeply concerned about the future of our planet, I cannot help but feel a profound sense of urgency when it comes to addressing the existential threat of climate change. The scientific evidence is clear and overwhelming – human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are causing global temperatures to rise at an alarming rate, leading to more frequent and severe extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and the disruption of ecosystems worldwide.Climate change is not just an environmental issue; it is a crisis that threatens every aspect of our lives, from our food and water security to our economic stability and even our very survival as a species. The consequences of inaction are too grave to ignore, and it is our responsibility, as the inheritors of this planet, to take decisive and immediate action to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change.Fortunately, we have the knowledge and the tools to address this crisis. The solutions are within our grasp, but they require a fundamental shift in the way we think, act, and live. It is time for us to embrace a new paradigm of sustainable development, one that prioritizes renewable energy, energy efficiency, and the protection of our natural resources.One of the most crucial steps we must take is to transition away from our reliance on fossil fuels and toward clean, renewable sources of energy, such as solar, wind, and geothermal power. This transition is not only essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions but also presents a tremendous opportunity for innovation, job creation, and economic growth. By investing in renewable energy technologies and infrastructure, we can create a more sustainable and resilient energy system while also driving technological progress and fostering new industries.Another key strategy is to promote energy efficiency across all sectors of our economy. This includes implementing stricter building codes and appliance standards, encouraging the adoption of energy-efficient transportation options, and incentivizing businesses and individuals to reduce their energy consumption. By using energy more efficiently, we cansignificantly reduce our carbon footprint while also saving money and improving our overall quality of life.In addition to these technological solutions, we must also address the underlying drivers of climate change, such as unsustainable patterns of consumption and production. This requires a fundamental shift in our values and behaviors, one that prioritizes sustainability and environmental stewardship over short-term gains and convenience. We must embrace a more circular economy, where waste is minimized, resources are reused and recycled, and products are designed with their entire life cycle in mind.Moreover, we must recognize the inextricable link between climate change and social justice. The impacts of climate change disproportionately affect the most vulnerable and marginalized communities, exacerbating existing inequalities and threatening to undermine progress towards sustainable development. Addressing climate change, therefore, requires a holistic approach that incorporates principles of equity, human rights, and social inclusion.Ultimately, tackling the climate crisis requires a collective effort from all sectors of society – governments, businesses, civil society organizations, and individuals alike. We must worktogether to develop and implement comprehensive and coordinated strategies that address the multifaceted nature of this challenge.Governments have a crucial role to play in setting ambitious targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions, implementing policies and regulations that incentivize sustainable practices, and investing in research and development of clean technologies. They must also prioritize climate adaptation measures to help communities become more resilient in the face of the inevitable impacts of climate change.Businesses, too, have a responsibility to transition towards more sustainable models of production and operation. This includes adopting clean energy sources, implementing circular economy principles, and integrating sustainability considerations into their decision-making processes. By embracing sustainability as a core value, businesses can not only contribute to the fight against climate change but also gain a competitive advantage in an increasingly eco-conscious marketplace.Civil society organizations play a vital role in raising awareness, advocating for policy change, and mobilizing grassroots action. They must continue to hold governments and corporations accountable, while also empowering individualsand communities to take ownership of the solutions and drive change from the bottom up.And finally, as individuals, we all have a part to play. Every choice we make, from the way we consume and travel to the way we vote and engage in civic life, has an impact on the environment. By adopting more sustainable lifestyles, supporting eco-friendly businesses, and using our collective voice to demand action from our leaders, we can be agents of change in the fight against climate change.In conclusion, addressing the climate crisis is not only a moral imperative but also an existential necessity. The challenges we face are daunting, but the solutions are within our reach if we have the courage and the collective will to act. As students and inheritors of this planet, it is our responsibility to be at the forefront of this fight, to demand change, and to create a sustainable future for ourselves and generations to come.We must act now, with urgency and resolve, to mitigate the impacts of climate change and build a more resilient, equitable, and sustainable world. The time for complacency and inaction is over; the time for bold and transformative action is now. Let us rise to the challenge and leave a legacy of hope and progress for those who will inherit the Earth after us.篇2Confronting the Climate Crisis: A Call to ActionAs a student deeply concerned about the future of our planet, I can no longer remain silent on the critical issue of climate change. The scientific evidence is overwhelming – our Earth is warming at an unprecedented rate, primarily due to human activities that release massive amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. If left unchecked, the consequences will be catastrophic, affecting every aspect of life as we know it.The impacts of climate change are already being felt across the globe. Rising sea levels are threatening coastal communities, causing flooding and displacement of millions. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires, are becoming more frequent and intense, putting lives and livelihoods at risk. Ecosystems are being disrupted, leading to biodiversity loss and jeopardizing the delicate balance of our natural world.As the current generation of students, we have a moral obligation to take decisive action to combat this global crisis. We cannot afford to sit idly by and leave this monumental challenge to future generations. The time to act is now, and we mustapproach this issue with a sense of urgency and collective responsibility.Firstly, we must advocate for a rapid transition to clean, renewable energy sources. Fossil fuels, which have powered our economies for centuries, are the primary drivers of climate change. By investing in solar, wind, and other sustainable energy technologies, we can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and pave the way for a greener future. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate this energy transition, incentivizing the adoption of renewable sources and phasing out fossil fuel subsidies.Secondly, we need to promote sustainable practices in all aspects of our lives. This includes embracing a circular economy, where products are designed to be reused, repaired, and recycled, minimizing waste and resource depletion. Additionally, we should prioritize sustainable transportation, such as public transit, cycling, and electric vehicles, to reduce emissions from the transportation sector. Building energy-efficient homes and offices, reducing consumption of meat and dairy products, and adopting a more plant-based diet are all crucial steps we can take to lower our individual carbon footprints.Education and awareness are key to driving meaningful change. As students, we have a responsibility to educate ourselves and others about the causes, impacts, and potential solutions to climate change. We must engage in open and constructive dialogues, challenging misconceptions and misinformation, and inspiring our peers, families, and communities to take action. By fostering a culture of environmental consciousness, we can create a ripple effect that extends far beyond our immediate circles.Furthermore, we must demand accountability from our leaders and decision-makers. Governments and corporations must be held responsible for their actions and inactions that contribute to the climate crisis. We should advocate for strong environmental policies, such as carbon pricing, emissions regulations, and investments in green technologies. Corporations must be held to higher standards of sustainability and transparency, with consequences for those that fail to meet their environmental responsibilities.Collaboration and global cooperation are essential in tackling a challenge of this magnitude. Climate change knows no borders, and its impacts are felt by all nations, regardless of their contributions to the problem. We must support and participatein international efforts to address climate change, such as the Paris Agreement, and push for more ambitious emission reduction targets and adaptation strategies. By working together as a global community, we can leverage our collective resources, knowledge, and determination to find effective solutions.Technological innovation will also play a pivotal role in our fight against climate change. We must support and invest in research and development of clean technologies, such as carbon capture and storage, advanced battery storage systems, and sustainable agriculture practices. Additionally, we should embrace emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning, which can help us better understand and model the complexities of the climate system, enabling us to make more informed decisions.Lastly, we must recognize that climate change is not just an environmental issue, but also a social justice issue. The impacts of climate change disproportionately affect vulnerable communities, including indigenous populations, marginalized groups, and developing nations that have contributed the least to the problem. We must prioritize climate justice, ensuring that efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change address theseinequities and protect the rights and livelihoods of those most affected.In conclusion, addressing the climate crisis requires a multifaceted approach that involves individual action, policy changes, technological innovation, and global cooperation. As students, we have a unique opportunity to shape the future and be agents of positive change. By raising our voices, demanding accountability, and embracing sustainable practices, we can be the catalysts for a greener, more resilient, and just world.The path ahead is undoubtedly challenging, but the consequences of inaction are far graver. It is our responsibility to confront this crisis head-on, not only for ourselves but for future generations who will inherit the planet we leave behind. Let us unite in this collective effort, fueled by hope, determination, and a shared commitment to preserving the only home we have ever known.篇3Confronting the Climate Crisis: A Call to ActionAs a student, I can't help but feel a sense of urgency about the looming climate crisis that threatens the very future of our planet. The Earth's climate is changing at an unprecedented rate,driven primarily by human activities that release vast amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. If left unchecked, these changes could have catastrophic consequences for humanity and the natural world we depend on.The scientific evidence is overwhelming and indisputable. Rising global temperatures, melting glaciers and ice caps, rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and shifting weather patterns are just a few of the alarming signs that our planet is in distress. These changes are already impacting ecosystems, agriculture, water supplies, and human health, particularly in developing nations and vulnerable communities.It's a sobering reality that the decisions and actions we take today will determine the fate of our planet for generations to come. As students, we have a critical role to play in shaping a sustainable future and mitigating the worst impacts of climate change. We must raise our voices, demand action from our leaders, and embrace lifestyle changes that reduce our carbon footprints.One of the most effective measures we can take is to advocate for a rapid transition to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. These clean energy alternatives have the potential to significantly reduce ourreliance on fossil fuels, which are the primary drivers of greenhouse gas emissions. By supporting policies and initiatives that promote renewable energy development and incentivize their adoption, we can accelerate this crucial transition.Furthermore, we must champion sustainable transportation solutions that reduce our dependence on gas-guzzling vehicles. This could involve investing in public transportation infrastructure, encouraging the use of electric vehicles, and promoting walkable and bike-friendly communities. Small changes, such as carpooling, can also make a significant difference in reducing our individual carbon footprints.Deforestation is another major contributor to climate change, as forests act as vital carbon sinks, absorbing and storing vast amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. We must advocate for the protection and restoration of these invaluable natural resources, supporting policies that discourage illegal logging and promote sustainable forestry practices.On a personal level, we can all make conscious efforts to reduce our energy consumption and waste. Simple actions like turning off lights and electronics when not in use, recycling, and adopting a plant-based or locally sourced diet can have a cumulative impact on reducing our carbon footprints.Education is also a powerful tool in the fight against climate change. As students, we must strive to deepen our understanding of the science behind climate change, its impacts, and potential solutions. By sharing this knowledge with our peers, families, and communities, we can raise awareness and inspire others to take action.Moreover, we should support and participate in youth-led movements and initiatives that demand bold climate action from our leaders and policymakers. Movements like Fridays for Future, led by inspiring young activists like Greta Thunberg, have already galvanized millions of students around the world to raise their voices and demand decisive action on climate change.Ultimately, addressing the climate crisis requires a collective effort from all sectors of society, including governments, businesses, communities, and individuals. As students, we have a unique opportunity to shape the narrative and drive positive change. By embracing sustainable lifestyles, advocating for renewable energy and sustainable practices, and raising our voices in support of bold climate action, we can contribute to a brighter, more sustainable future for all.The challenges posed by climate change are daunting, but inaction is not an option. We must confront this crisis with theurgency and determination it demands. Our planet is at a crossroads, and the decisions we make today will echo through generations to come. As students, we have the power to be agents of change, to inspire hope, and to leave a lasting legacy of a healthier, more resilient Earth for future generations.In the words of the renowned environmentalist David Attenborough, "The future of humanity and indeed, all life on Earth, now depends on us." Let us rise to this challenge, embrace our responsibility, and work tirelessly to build a sustainable future for all.。
Cultural heritage as multi-dimensional
Journal of Socio-Economics31(2002)529–558Cultural heritage as multi-dimensional,multi-valueand multi-attribute economic good:toward a newframework for economic analysis and valuationMassimiliano Mazzanti a,ba Department of Economics,University of Rome III,Rome,Italyb Faculty of Economics,University of Ferrara,Via del Gregorio13,Ferrara44100,ItalyAccepted12March2002AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to review critical issues concerning the economic dimensions of cultural heritage,in order to show that—tangible and intangible—“cultural economic”goods and services,as provided by cultural institutions,may be analysed and valued in a multi-dimensional,multi-attribute and multi-value socio-economic environment.On this multi-dimensional and multi-attribute setting,a conceptual framework for analysing cultural services and cultural capital is established.The paper is speculative in nature,suggesting new prospective for evaluation and empirical inquiry.The work is divided in three parts.Thefirst part begins by surveying the literature on merit goods,re-examining how different paradigms,neo-classic and more unconventional,have dealt with the issue,and assessing why,and to what extent,merit good is a proper economic notion.The second part focuses on the role merit good theory should play in cultural economics,and specifically how it is possible to integrate the merit good and the mixed good theoretical and conceptual framework.Cultural resources are to be defined ideally as joint merit-mixed good,on a multi-dimensional scenario.Cultural capital offers and“produces”services and functions,providing private,public and merit good elements of benefit (value).The multi-dimensional framework also entails a multi-paradigmatic perspective,bringing to-gether neo-classic and non-neo-classic elements.The last section summarises and concludes that such an established conceptual framework indicates and supports new routes for economic valuation and policy making concerning the culturalfield and cultural institutions.Disaggregating cultural activities into many services and functions allows the analysis to focus on single components of“benefit”sup-plied by cultural institutions and demanded by users.Valuing culture as a non-holistic resource might help economic analysis and decision-making processes.The main emerging results are:(i)the notion of merit good is relevant for cultural economics and cultural policy,and it represents a relevant ideal “metaphor”and an important dimension of value associated to“cultural functions”;(ii)the inclusion E-mail address:ma.maz@iol.it(M.Mazzanti).1053-5357/02/$–see front matter©2002Elsevier Science Inc.All rights reserved.PII:S1053-5357(02)00133-6530M.Mazzanti/Journal of Socio-Economics31(2002)529–558of merit good theory gives the possibility to define cultural stock and services as a compelling case of multi-dimensional categorisation of private,public,mixed and collective services,where different the-oretical perspectives are integrated with each other as far as possible;(iii)being intrinsically placed in a dynamic and uncertain setting,merit good theory demonstrates to be,in theoretical and policy term,the necessary a priori for the theory and policy of mixed good provision,both at macro and microeconomic level.Policies motivated by the merit good issue should aim at providing the necessary collective tangible and intangible investments on which long run effects of cultural policies rely;(iv)special effort should be devoted to the study of“demands”associated to cultural goods,emphasising the role of valuation analysis,supported by the conceptual framework here developed.The work intends to constitute a point of reference for future research,generating some controversy and stimulating further contributions.©2002Elsevier Science Inc.All rights reserved.JEL classification:Z10,H40,Q26Keywords:Merit good;Multi-dimensional good;Multi-attributes good;Non-market evaluation;Cultural services1.IntroductionThe paper is divided into three sections.Thefirst part addresses the notion of merit good and merit wants as developed since the original suggestion given by Musgrave(1956,1959)up to the recent contributions.The section is then devoted to surveying the literature on merit good, focussing on both neo-classic and more unconventional contributions(Bekemans,1989).By critically analysing the literature,I will show how merit good can be included as one of the determinant elements of the“economic”definition of cultural good.The analysis builds upon the comprehensive contribution on merit goods presented by Bariletti(1993).The second section,building up on the multi-dimensional framework,defines cultural good as multi-attributes stocks providing multi-value services and functions.This allows setting up a conceptual environment where cultural heritage is classified as a multi-dimensional, multi-attribute and multi-value economic resource.The last section concludes giving some suggestions for future research,concerning the analysis and valuation of benefits deriving from cultural consumption.Most particularly,I will attempt to define the extent to which the framework here developed provides a new basis for valuing(i)cultural goods as non-homogenous economic resources,defined by a set of services and functions(“the supply side”of the market);(ii)infra-and inter-generational values,concerning and linked with the“merit good”dimension of cultural good.On such a basis,evaluation techniques specifically devoted to measuring benefits (“demands”)for goods,as conceptually disaggregated by services and defined over a spectrum of use and non-values,are suggested,in order to study cultural“markets”and reveal people preferences.The valuation of attributes and specification of different dimension of value is also rele-vant to the policy making and to the regulatory process.The necessity of valuing demands arises in order to develop institutions along a path where supply and demand are jointly ex-panding(Darnell,1998).Understanding how people perceive single components of value,the measurement of benefits received by whoever consumes the good,and the trade off betweenM.Mazzanti/Journal of Socio-Economics31(2002)529–558531 functions and services of cultural capital,seem to be main important issues.Further more, knowledge and measurement(and eventually capture)of non-use components of value,both “pure”non-use and“merit good”non-use,is relevant to make explicit the total value of the cultural activities and to set up a balanced,rational,financing mechanism.2.Merit good and economic theory:a survey of the literatureA polarised literature has developed around the concept of merit good,(i)with respect to its relevance for economic theory,and(ii)specifically for the realm of cultural economic analysis and cultural policy.1Since the seminal work by Musgrave,2the views of economists have traditionally seemed poles apart.The merit good concept raises methodologically much more difficult and controversial issues,reflected in the debate over the normative authority of consumer preferences.Neo-classic utilitarian economics starts from methodological individualism,so that any form of cultural public policy,not taking as point of reference individual utility and individual preferences,is ruled out as inconsistent and not strictly economic in nature(Koboldt,1997). Less conventional analysis,rooted on an socio-economic vision,are more oriented to con-sider both individual preferences and collective values as crucial foundations for normative statements and for policymaking.Merit and public-mixed goods have been generally thought to belong to two distinct level of analysis,one relying on ambiguous,or at least vague,economic fundaments,3the other supported by the crystalline world of methodological individualism and rooted on individual preferences.Building up on the literature developed around the concept,I focus on three distinct kinds of contributions:(i)Authors who strongly reject the relevance of the merit good approach for economics ingeneral and specifically for cultural economics.4(ii)Neo-classic oriented analysis,which has attempted to formalise the merit good issue within“maximising”economic models,explained by and linked to static and dynamic market failures,or inter-temporal externality.5(iii)Socio-economic institutional analysis,which supports cultural policies as framed on merit good paradigm,giving relevance to a systemic and broad framework for the analysis of cultural issues.6The section will outline a concise presentation of more relevant works in thefield,aimed at:(a)Highlighting to what extent the merit good theory relevance within cultural economicsis justified and;(b)establishing a new conceptual framework as basis for analysing cultural markets,andcultural heritage issues.Thefirst contribution is provided by Cwi(1980),who,focussing on motivations underlying the increased governmental involvement in cultural policy,takes into account three distinct issues:market failures,public benefits and merit goods.This represents the most standard532M.Mazzanti/Journal of Socio-Economics31(2002)529–558and diffuse approach to the issue of“public provision”of cultural services.The author con-ventionally separates out the political notion of merit good from the publicfinance concept of public good and market failures.Merit good entails,provided directly or through subsidy,“...the imposed preference of a decision-making elite or preferences widely shared”(p.39).I note that the emphasis on elites preferences is a common factor for analysis,which is aimed at showing the paternalistic nature of merit good policies.7Cwi claims that the mixed good nature of cultural goods justifies public support because:(i)local identity,pride and prestige are enhanced;(ii)important economic spillovers affect local business and touristic activities;(iii)education is provided.He concludes that merit good is essentially a political notion and that the merit good issue is an exercise in“advocacy and not economics”.Koboldt(1997)is also sharp in stating his position:neither methodological individualism nor the principle of subjectivism will allow concepts as meritory wants and goods to be accepted within economics.But he makes the usual mistake,placing the emphasis on one informed group(Bureaucracy,politicians?)imposing preferences on others.I will show this is partly a misplaced criticism.The same issue is supported by McClure(1968),who indicates in merit good a“normative empty box”8and by Grampp(1989a,b)who claims that any intervention justified by public or merit benefits to society has no normative roots,causing only inefficiency and leading to rent-seeking behaviour.A similar perspective is supported by Banfield(1984),who builds a constitutional-based argument against merit good-based policies.A special mention should be accorded to the contributions by Stigler and Becker(1977)and West and McKee(1983),who strongly reject the possibility of including merit good within economic theory,on both theoretical and empirical grounds.The authors assume that tastes are stable over time and similar among people.If similarity,on statistical grounds,might be a plausible and sometime an innocent assumption,stability over time is a strong limitation for cultural economic analysis.Concisely,they explain human capital accumulation as associated to a change in the internal shadow price of goods.That is,the shadow prices of extra unit of education(cultural education in this case)declines because each past increment has provided a cumulative investment in human capital.This allows future consumption and appreciation of culture at lower marginal costs.This also implies choices concerning the development of the skill vector,and it is graphically represented by a change in relative prices(constraint),given a stable utility curve.On the other hand,advocates of the“change in tastes”argument seem to suggest that human capital accumulation is reflected by an outward shift of the demand curve. Thus,consuming cultural heritage may(over time)give rise to endogenous changes of taste.9 The subject of using advertising to change tastes exemplifies the“contest”:for one side the provision of information leads to a change in shadow prices,for the other school it causes a shift in demand by affecting tastes.Nonetheless,some scholars,belonging to conventional neo-classic schools,have attempted to integrate the merit good issue within mainstream economic reasoning.As a general example, Duffy(1992)exposes the general neo-classic merit good approach as one consisting of infor-mation deficiency(ignorance,lack of information,myopia),analysed as a form of externality.M.Mazzanti/Journal of Socio-Economics31(2002)529–558533 The externality here consists of a sub optimal allocation of resources(information and related dependent economic choice).If individual agents are let to market forces,a policy intervention is called for,in order to internalise dynamic mis-allocation of resources.The theory usually ends up prescribing subsidies applied to meritory goods and taxes to demerit goods.It is worth noting that the author also includes positive externalities:education is a positive consumption externality associated to services provided by cultural institutions,as individuals attending museums benefit themselves and other members of society.10The classification of merit good among externalities is ambiguous and not completely developed,nonetheless Duffy correctly focuses on the danger of confusing between causality and ers might carry pos-itive externalities on society,but we should contemplate that educational benefits may(partly) accrue to those who are already well educated.In this sense I think it is correct to separate out educational externality11(given a stock of existing social cultural capital)and educational policies aimed at providing and sustaining education,by increasing the stock of human capital, increasing potential demands.Pricing policies and the use of economic instruments could be insufficient for stimulat-ing demand in contexts wherein services are provided by mixed-merit goods(Creigh-Tyte and Selwood,1998;Boorma et al.,1998;Mittone,1992),making necessary to tackle the is-sue by redistributing resources(i.e.,from actual users to“potential”users)and by funding “access-educational”polices aimed at enhancing both capabilities and opportunities.I have shown so far that,within the neo-classic approach,authors have tried,not surprisingly, to reduce and comprehend the issue under the realm of market failures or externalities.I now present some analytical models,which attempt to treat and give economic sense to the merit good category.This will be useful for integrating merit good,mixed good and cultural heritage.Chronologically,Pazner(1972)is one of thefirst authors attempting to formalise merit goods.He intends to study merit wants by means of the standard formal apparatus of modern welfare economics.Nonetheless,his concept of merit want is used interchangeably with that of imposed choice;owing to that,the analysis suffers from paternalism in its broad sense.12Pazner provides a sharp distinction between merit good in form of“unaccounted for externalities”and pure merit good:under the latter category individual has imperfect information of his own actions on his welfare,while thefirst case involves imperfect information of the consequences of actions taken by other individuals on his own welfare.The main contradiction of the model might be the emphasis placed on interference at individual level to promote intelligent free choice in the long run(to enhance capabilities in the long run),by introducing a term(the merit good consumption),which affects social welfare in an extra-individualistic manner,indepen-dently of the individual happening to consume them.13The result of the model is to prescribe a tax to demerit good and a subsidy to merit goods.14The similarity to a standard externality argument is now even more striking:in order to achieve social optimality an individual specific set of prices is required,reflecting the marginal(dis)utility of(de)merit good.This stems from the neo-classic structure shared by merit and externality arguments:individual consumption items affect social welfare over and above their impact on the utility of the particular agent consuming them,leading to discrepancies between social and private benefits.Supplementary pricing policies are needed.The author states“In this sense merit wants can be looked at as an additional item on the list of complications leading to market failure in fulfilling social534M.Mazzanti/Journal of Socio-Economics31(2002)529–558objective”but“there is of course the obvious distinction that the merit want case differs from the externalities case in that the additional impact on social welfare does not arise from directly interdependent individual utilities”(p.471).Pazner provides an insightful contribution,attempting to highlight the difference between “externality”and“merit good inefficiency”.Nonetheless,the analysis remains within afield which just touches the infra-generational and inter-generational equity distributive issues.Successive contributions heavily follows from the same framework.Roskamp(1975)begins from drawing a clear distinction between“imposed preference”and“long run better informed consumer choices”.The analysis builds up on the second concept of merit good,that is goods that can be either private or public goods and whose demand and supply can be determined by private preferences.The focus is nonetheless on individuals,not on infra-individual impli-cations.The work bears strong affinities to Pazner’s,extending the discussion by covering the case of pure public goods,which are also and simultaneously merit goods.This is obviously afirst step forward a multi-dimensional categorisation.The model considers private,public and merit goods:private and merit good can be parcelled out between individuals while public goods are to be consumed in equal amount.The social welfare function has two sets of issues, individual utility functions and a society’s preferences function with respect to the use of merit good.The maximisation problem implies three(f.o.c.)conditions for private,public,and merit good.The optimal solution for merit goods requires different excise taxes to re-establish the equalities of consumption and production marginal rates of substitutions,and usual conditions apply to the other two cases.However,if public goods are at the same time merit good,we should take into account“merit good characteristics”of public goods.Also for public-merit good a set of taxes or subsidies is needed to re-establish Grand Pareto optimality for the gen-eral equilibrium model.Each individual receives a necessary set of excise taxes or subsidies to overcome merit good-based inefficiency.Basu(1975)introduces a dynamic perspective into the analysis,by looking at differences be-tween informed“retrospective choices”and current choices.Intervention is aimed at maximis-ing,over a defined period of time,individual and total social welfare,increasing it with respect to the“uniformed”benchmark.Basu claims this is not paternalistic insofar it maximises ex post social welfare.According to Bariletti(1993),implied paternalism may safeguard individ-ual autonomy under a scheme of“hypothetical consensus—implicit-and explicit-oriented—to the future”.Sandmo(1983)examines merit good theory within the framework of ex post welfare eco-nomics,relying on incomplete market models.He points out that Pazner(1972)presents a model wherein the principle of consumer sovereignty is violated by including merit wants directly into social welfare functions.15On the other hand,ex post welfare economics disre-gard consumer sovereignty only ex ante,while ex post“corrected”consumer demands reflect correct information and may lie on an efficient path.By relying on incomplete market theory, the author concludes that(i)for social welfare to be ex post maximised,individualised price instruments on the merit good must be implemented;(ii)would it be individual pricing,on policy grounds,an unfeasible task,a direct provision of information should be an alternative option.Sandmo rules out case(ii)assuming that direct information has been already provided up to the point where its marginal social benefit equals its marginal cost.The distinction drawn between(i)and(ii)is highly relevant for policy making issues.M.Mazzanti/Journal of Socio-Economics31(2002)529–558535A second optimal solution to the model is then obtained,by turning to a case where no lump sum transfers are allowed and where consumer prices and taxes are uniform across individuals.A modified Ramsey rule states that the tax system should be designed so as to call for taxes designed at reducing(increasing)demand most for commodities that are gross complements with merit goods and least(most)for those that are gross substitutes,depending on whether individual demand is based on too pessimistic or too optimistic estimates of the marginal utility of consumption.In this sense,individuals may be wrong in both directions, under or over valuing commodity utility.The original Sandmo’s conclusion is that not only merit good should be subsidised.The informational distortion could also be corrected via taxes or subsidies on complements and substitutes.In multi-dimensional frameworks where private services are jointly offered together with merit and public ones,this assessment opens new possibility of intervention,although still limited to pricing policies.Besley(1988)adds the possibility that“ex post informed consumers”do not take the optimal choice owing to defective information.This differs from the imperfect informa-tion argument.If information is defective after implementation of merit good policies(i.e., education-information provision,free access to resource consumption),the only option is coercion.Nonetheless,“cultural”merit good policies are“corrective”and not“coercive”poli-cies,that is policies aimed at enhancing opportunities and capabilities for present and future consumption.16To introduce demerit and merit good,Besley postulates that the social planner values a certain good or service differently from private agents.The results are quite standard: meritory goods should be subsidised while demerit good taxed,incentiving or dis-incentiving agents with respect to the consumption of“target goods”.17Within the realm of second best policies,the formula is inversely proportional to the weighted sum of the individual com-pensated demand elasticities,18and depends upon a weighted sum of the deviations of merit quantities from actual quantities.As in Sandmo,fiscal treatment on complements and substi-tutes is suggested in second best frameworks.19With reference to the neo-classic interpretation of merit good,I also argue that it is consis-tent with the Musgrave merit good notion of pathological choices and with policies based on “temporary interference”with choice.One example is the correction of bad information by advertising and information.The issue is one of supply of more and“complete”information to change tastes,or better to“form”tastes and preferences.With this respect,merit goods, under neo-classical perspectives,resemble a(dynamic)inefficiency characterised by subop-timal accumulation of human capital.Normative suggestions usually imply and suggest the implementation of a set of subsides addressing merit good,aimed at affecting tastes,prefer-ences and ultimately consumption by changing relative prices of goods.The opportunity and possibility of implementing complementary polices targeted at providing direct information is sometimes addressed(Sandmo),but never suggested as a priority policy.Merit good arises as an Individual dynamic externality,associated with the idea of imperfect information or myopia,corrected by economic instruments or information provision(McCain,1982).What I argue is that the“black box”of merit good contains more.The survey of the literature has shown how neo-classic and Musgravian definitions of merit good are not necessarily inconsistent with each other,and that they are both worth being included into the(cultural)economic paradigm.“Defective information”,“imperfect information”,“lack of(in-)formation”seem to arise as the three elements justifying merit good536M.Mazzanti/Journal of Socio-Economics31(2002)529–558policies.I present below some other contributions which allows us to set up the multi-dimen-sional framework where placing cultural goods,and—specifically—where analysing merit good as“economic”factor.3.Beyond merit good and(impure)public good.Integrating concepts toward a comprehensive conceptual framework for the analysis of cultural heritage The argument in support of a multi-dimensional framework,is reinforced by referring to Ver Eecke(1998,1999).The author deals with public goods and merit good defining them as ideal socio-economic concepts,re-assessing their importance for economic thinking and their socio-economic foundations.He concludes that merit good and public good are not socially constructed—culturally relative concepts,as the libertarian theory asserts,but powerful ideal categorisations.Ver Eecke argues that the three economic concepts of public,private and merit good are ideal concepts that can be more or less embodied in economic good and capital stocks.This goes along our direction,as the aim is to define cultural goods(institutions,activities)as cultural capital jointly satisfying private and public benefits,and merit wants.Any economic good may share some of private,merit,and public characteristics,being heterogeneously defined over a set of dimensions.Such ideal concepts are more or less embodied in all goods,and so in all cultural goods.20The proper question to ask is which aspects of a particular good exhibit characteristics typical for the concept of private good,for the concept of public good and for the concept of merit good”(p.146).As far as merit good is concerned,“we shall call merit goods those goods which are the“conditions for the possibility”of something that is desired by consumers,even and especially if these merit goods or services them selves are not preferred by consumers.(p.139)Cultural goods lends itself to such ideal categorisation.The“conditions for the possibility of something”signify,for cultural institutions,that merit good polices are necessary in order to sustain and develop,and economically justify,an(infinancial terms)unsustainable market.Merit good policies entails certain degree of paternalistic redistribution of resources (Musgrave,1987).In this respect,Ver Eecke sharply states:“My thought is that the merit good idea would require,for instance,more redistribution than inter-personal utility interde-pendence can justify.Inter-personal utility interdependence can only justify part of what the merit good idea intends to justify”(p.149).This does not indicate that merit good policies are incompatible with consumer sovereignty and the expression/revelation of willingness to pay(WTP)for private services and public func-tions offered by cultural capital.21Merit good policies are,in fact,the necessary pre-conditions for the possibility of expressing a(future)WTP,associated to cultural(use and non-use)con-sumption.Merit good theoretical motivations,and consequentially related cultural policies, lie on a meta-scenario,characterised by long run dynamics.They intrinsically deal with an inter-and infra-generational scenario,where,at a given time,merit good policies provide the basis for future consumption,that is they provide theM.Mazzanti/Journal of Socio-Economics31(2002)529–558537 basis for development of cultural institutions.At any given time,some altruistic values may be motivated by the wish of providing intact the condition for the possibility of cultural consumption.The notions of ability to pay,independent on individual welfare,and WTP,in the sense of interdependence of utilities,are both necessary for the development of cultural institutions.WTP,I argue,is a necessary but not sufficient concept,comprised within the broader framework here depicted.Summing up,an inter-personal utility based notion of merit good,consistent with neo-classic analysis of consumer preferences,is not necessarily inconsistent with a broader socio-economic definition of merit good,but it seems to be comprised within an ideal theoretical framework. This is a crucial assessment for the purpose of this contribution.In fact,as correctly suggested by Ver Eecke,an economic good does not become public or merit good by unobjective social decision,but it is society that realises the legitimate ideal concepts in different ways,depending on historical evolutions of economic and social institutions,on the structure of property rights,on the set of policy objectives.Merit good(and public good)point to the presence of opportunity for public and collective gain,which have to be realised by private and/or public intervention.Within the boundaries of methodological individualism which grounds neo-classic theory, it is possible to conceive merit good by analysing inter-personal utilities and paternalistic mo-tivations.More specifically,analysing how people possessing information and education on the service providing the benefit“value”the benefit other individuals(potential users)would experience consuming(cultural)goods in the present or in future.Some“users”cannot express a real preference for the cultural service,given opportunity and capability constraints.For ex-ample,researchers visiting museums,archaeological sites and libraries;users of libraries and students,cannot express a rational economic preference associated to money value,in absence of a defined budget constraint and of clear“preferences”.Either they are providing to society a value(i.e.,researchers)22or the value is the human capital accumulation taking place from such consumption(students,young users).In this case neither formed tastes and preferences nor a budget constraint are a basis for consistent expression of preferences.Much of cultural policies are targeted to enhance capabilities and opportunities(human cultural capital)for future con-sumption.The valuation of such inter-personal utility benefits has rarely been addressed(Powe and Willis,1996;Riganti and Willis,1997).I believe a measure of infra-generational value is also a way of estimating such benefits.As far as infra-generational benefits are concerned,we may also ask people if and how much do they value provision of culture to social minorities, disadvantaged people,disabled;we focus on distribution of resources23by building up on infra-generational altruistic values.Another specification of benefit is the inter-generational value some people may express;it is worth dividing between pure existence values,individually specific,24and bequest values,associated to some altruistic motivations.Meritory distributive policies,characterised by inter-generational distribution of resources,might be implemented, after(altruistically motivated)consumer surplus is measured,captured and re-distributed.On microeconomic grounds,altruistic and paternalistic preferences provide a theoretical structure on which to set up a distributive and inter-personal notion of merit good(Lazo et al.,1997). Such preferences may be either/both measured,to give a fullfigure of total value,or/and then captured,in order to turn economic benefits intofinancialflows(i.e.,by Trusts or Funds), creating opportunities forfinancing“merit good-oriented”policies.。
一带一路英文演讲
一带一路英文演讲One Belt, One Road Initiative: A New Paradigm for Global ConnectivityLadies and gentlemen,It is my privilege to address you today and shed light on one of the most significant initiatives of our time - the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative. This visionary project, proposed by President Xi Jinping in 2013, aims to foster greater economic cooperation and connectivity among countries along the ancient Silk Road routes and beyond.OBOR embodies the spirit of openness, inclusivity, and win-win cooperation. It consists of two main components - the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The Silk Road Economic Belt spans across Asia, Europe, and Africa, with an emphasis on integrating infrastructure development, facilitating trade, and deepening cultural exchanges. The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road focuses on enhancing cooperation among coastal countries, promoting marine economy, and ensuring maritime safety.Historically, the Silk Road facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures, transforming the world and shaping our present. Today, the OBOR initiative envisions a modern-day revival of this ancient trade route, but on an unprecedented scale. By building roads, railways, ports, and telecom networks, OBOR aims to strengthen regional and international connectivity, allowing for the seamless flow of goods, services, capital, and people.OBOR presents immense opportunities for participating countries. It aims to address infrastructure deficiencies, stimulate economic growth, and promote regional integration. By facilitating trade, it will open up new markets for businesses and create jobs, boosting employment and raising living standards. The initiative will foster cultural exchanges and people-to-people connectivity, bridging gaps and promoting mutual understanding among diverse cultures.This initiative is not limited to infrastructure development but also covers areas such as financial cooperation, policy coordination, and environmental sustainability. The establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the Silk Road Fund has provided financial support for OBOR projects and encouraged international collaboration. Policy coordination ensures smooth implementation of projects, harmonizing regulations and standards to ensure their success. Moreover, environmental sustainability is a key focus, with efforts to promote green and low-carbon development.The OBOR initiative is a testament to China's commitment to globalization, multilateralism, and shared prosperity. It serves as a platform for countries to collaborate, build trust and promote peace. It offers an opportunity for countries to learn from each other's experiences, share technological advancements, and jointly tackle global challenges such as poverty, climate change, and pandemics. Critics argue that the OBOR initiative may lead to a debt trap for participating countries, and that it promotes China's geopolitical ambitions. However, China has emphasized that the initiative isnot a one-way street, but a mutual endeavor. It has encouraged active participation from all interested countries, respecting their sovereignty, and promoting local employment and sustainable development.In conclusion, the OBOR initiative represents a new paradigm for global connectivity. It aims to create a world of shared benefits, fostering economic growth, enhancing cultural exchanges, and promoting peace and stability. By building stronger ties and deepening cooperation among nations, OBOR lays the foundation for a prosperous and harmonious future for all. Let us seize this historic opportunity and work together to build a shared destiny for humanity.Thank you.。
社会工作理论教学大纲
《社会工作理论》课程大纲课程目标:让学生掌握和理解社会工作实务不同领域、不同视角下的理论模式,从而对社会工作实务进行理性的反思和对话,提升社会工作研究生的理论敏感度。
具体目标:掌握西方社会工作实务模式的发展过程,以及背后的理论范式的转移,从而反思批判西方社会工作发展历史的局限和贡献;区分社会问题的微观、中观和宏观不同的影响因素,以及在此基础上形成的不同实物流派,从而反思批判社会工作实务模式的专业技术和整合可能;掌握社会工作的专业核心模式和特定时空的处境化互动,尤其是对中国文化传统和现行体制的融合与碰撞,创造性推动社会工作策略与中国社会的协同转型。
课程纲要:第一讲社会工作理论概述1.理论的属性及其和实践的关系:2.什么是社会工作理论3.社会工作理论分类:类型学框架VS.实务领域框架4.社会工作理论发展:科学主义范式VS.建构主义范式第二讲生态系统视角下的问题解决模式:社会工作新主流框架1.一般系统理论2.生态主义演变3.生态系统框架4.问题解决模式5.生命模式:生态系统框架的运用16.家庭治疗:生态系统框架的运用2第三讲优势视角、能力建设和增能框架:一个有希望的生活世界1.优势视角2.增能概念3.抗逆力模式:优势视角的运用14.能力建设模式:优势视角的运用25.社区资产建设:优势视角的运用3第四讲行为主义和准行为主义理论:证据为本的干预模式1.行为主义理论2.社会学习理论3.认知行为理论4.认知行为治疗5.理性情绪模式6.证据为本的实践模式第五讲精神分析和心理社会模式:病态模式的治疗实践1.弗洛伊德的创造2.自我心理学阶段:埃里克森的贡献3.客体关系理论:克莱因、比昂、温妮科特的贡献4.自身客体理论:海因茨.科胡特5.约翰.鲍尔比和大卫.豪的依附理论6.弗洛伦斯.霍利斯和玛丽.伍茨的心理社会治疗第六讲符号互动理论和社会建构论:反思实践的理论背景1.乔治.H.米德的理论创新2.芝加哥学派(赫伯特.布卢默)和衣阿华学派(曼福德.库恩)之争:情景的权宜性VS.情景的结构性3.认同和角色理论:谢尔顿.斯特莱克和拉尔夫.特纳4.拟据化理论:欧文.戈夫曼5.登斯的结构化理论和身份理论6.布迪厄的建构结构主义和反思实践7.唐纳德.肖恩:反思行动实践第七讲人本主义、现象学和存在主义理论:一个哲学意味的激进实践1.人本主义心理学:马斯洛和罗杰斯的贡献2.作为人道主义的存在主义:让-保罗.萨特3.现象学之后的存在主义:马丁.海德格尔4.人本主义小组工作:格拉斯曼和凯茨5.存在主义社会工作:N.汤普森第八讲马克思主义和批判理论:相对正统的激进实践1.马克思主义:作为异化主题,还是剥削主题?2.安东尼.葛兰西:文化霸权与市民社会3.法兰克福学派:对工具理性的批判4.哈贝马斯:晚期资本主义的合法性危机5.欧内斯特.拉克劳和尚塔尔.莫菲:后-马克思主义的接叙(articulation)实践6.保罗.弗雷勒:受压怕者的教育学7.进步社会工作第九讲性别视角、族群视角和文化视角:反霸权支配的文化激进实践1.第二性:西蒙.D.波伏娃2.母职的再生产:南希.乔德罗3.性别麻烦:朱迪丝.巴特勒4.三种不同的文化观:文化同化、文化融合和文化冲突5.多元文化下的社会化过程和身份认同6.女性主义社会工作实践:丽娜.多米内利和卡伦.希利7.反歧视、反压迫的文化实践:达琳普尔和伯克的理论第十讲后现代主义和后结构主义:处在虚无主义边缘的新激进思维1.表征危机和语言学转向2.从一般语义学到语用学3.克利夫德.格尔茨:地方性知识4.让-弗朗索瓦.利奥塔:民间叙事与合法性5.米歇尔.福柯:真理体制和规训权力6.后现代批判社会工作:迈克尔.怀特和简.福参考文献:1.Robbins, Susan P. Chaterjee, Pranab. Canda, Edward R. Contemporary Human BehaviorTheory: A Critical Perspective for Social Work. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998.2.Turner, Francis. J. and Kendall Katherne A. Social Work Treatment: Interlocking TheoreticalApproaches. Third edition. New York: The Free Press, 1986.3.Howe, David. An Introduction to Social Work Theory: Making Senseof in Practice.Aldershot: Wildwood House, 1987.4.Payne, Malcom. Modern Social Work Theory (third edition) London: Palgrave Macmillan,2005[英]马尔克姆.派恩,《现代社会工作理论》第三版,冯亚丽等译,中国人民大学出版社,2008。
潘基文联合国大会开幕式英语演讲稿：倡导多边主义,维世界和平
潘基文联合国大会开幕式英语演讲稿：倡导多边主义，维世界和平Madam President, Excellencies,It is a great honor for me to address this esteemed gathering today at the opening of the United Nations General Assembly. This year, we are facing unprecedented global challenges, which require us to come together and work inunity and cooperation to find solutions that benefit everyone. The theme of this year's session, "StrengtheningMultilateralism and Multilateral Cooperation for Peaceful, Equitable and Sustainable Societies," is particularlyrelevant in this regard.We are living in an age of uncertainty where the world is facing numerous challenges such as violent conflicts, terrorism, climate change, poverty, inequality, and theCOVID-19 pandemic. These challenges require a multilateral approach, as no single nation or organization can tackle them alone. We need to come together as a global community, combining our resources, knowledge, and expertise to find effective and lasting solutions to these challenges.The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of working together and sharing knowledge and resources to overcome a common threat. The virus does not respect borders, race, religion, or nationality. It has affected every corner of the world, causing massive human and economic losses. The pandemic has exposed the vulnerabilities and inequalities in our societies, and we need to address them collectively. We need to ensure that everyone has access to healthcare, education, food, and shelter, especially the most vulnerable populations.The pandemic has also shown us the importance of science, innovation, and technology in finding solutions to complex challenges. We need to invest in research and development and encourage international cooperation to share knowledge and expertise. The global effort to develop vaccines against COVID-19 demonstrates the power of multilateralism and cooperation.The United Nations remains the most important forum for multilateralism and cooperation. It provides a platform for all nations to come together, to discuss and address global challenges. The principles of the United Nations, enshrinedin its Charter, are based on the values of peace, justice,human rights, and respect for international law. These values should guide our actions and policies, and we should uphold them at all times.In recent years, we have seen a growing trend of unilateralism and nationalism, which undermines multilateralism and cooperation. Protectionism and isolationism can never be a sustainable solution to global challenges. We need to promote dialogue, understanding, and respect among nations and cultures. We need to recognize and appreciate diversity and work towards a common goal of a peaceful and just world.The United Nations has a vital role to play in promoting multilateralism and cooperation. We need to strengthen the United Nations and make it more responsive to the needs of our time. The reform of the Security Council is long overdue, and we need to redouble our efforts to achieve this essential goal. We also need to enhance the role of the General Assembly and ensure it can play a more active role in addressing global challenges.Excellencies,We are facing a critical moment in history, and the decisions we make today will have far-reaching consequences for generations to come. Let us choose multilateralism and cooperation over unilateralism and isolationism, and work together to build a better world for all. Let us promote peace, justice, and respect for human rights, and ensure that no one is left behind. Let us show that we are stronger together and that we can overcome any challenge if we work in unity and cooperation.Thank you.。
International Travel Broadening Perspectives
International Travel BroadeningPerspectivesInternational travel can be a life-changing experience, as it exposes individuals to new cultures, languages, and ways of thinking. This exposure can broaden perspectives and lead to personal growth. However, there are also challenges and potential downsides to international travel that need to be considered. One of the main benefits of international travel is the opportunity to experience different cultures. By immersing oneself in a new environment, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of the customs, traditions, and values of another society. This can lead to greater empathy and tolerance towards people from different backgrounds. In addition to cultural understanding, international travel also provides the chance to learn new languages. Being in a foreign country forces individuals to communicate in different ways, which can lead to the acquisition of new linguistic skills. This can open up opportunities for personal and professional growth, as multilingual individuals are often highly sought after in the global job market. Furthermore, international travel can challenge one's preconceived notions and beliefs. Experiencing different ways of life can lead to a reevaluation of one's own values and perspectives. This can be a humbling and eye-opening experience, as it forces individuals to confront their own biases and prejudices. However, it's important to acknowledge that international travel also has its drawbacks. It can be expensive and time-consuming, making it inaccessible to many people. Additionally, there are potential safety concerns and health risks associated with traveling to unfamiliar places. It's important for travelers to be aware of these challenges and to take necessary precautions. In conclusion, international travel has the potential to broaden perspectives and lead to personal growth. It offers the opportunity to experience new cultures, learn new languages, and challenge one's own beliefs. However, it's important to be mindful of the potential challenges and drawbacks associated with international travel. Overall, the benefits of international travel can far outweigh the negatives, making it a valuable and enriching experience for many individuals.。