Experimental investigation of the aging process on ADSS optical fiber cables
病毒学术语中英文对照
A single- generation study 单项包括两代(生殖毒性)的研究 Acentric fragment 无着丝点片段Acridine orange 吖啶橙 Active metabolite 活性代谢产物 Additional test 附加试验 Adduct 加合物 ADME 吸引、分布、代谢、排泄 Administration period 给药期 Advers effect 不良反应 Against humanized proteins serum antibodies 抗人源蛋白血清抗体 Aginal smear 阴道涂片 Air righting reflex 空中翻正反射 Alkylating electrophilic cernter 浣化亲电子中心Allele 基因突变产生的遗传因子 Allergic reactions 过敏性反应(变应性反应) Altenative validated test 有效替代试验 Altered growth 生长改变 Ammoniun sulphide staining of the uterus 子宫硫化胺染色 Analogue 类似物(同系物) Analogue series of substance 同系物Analytical method 分析方法 Anaphase 分裂后期 Aneuploidy 非整倍体 Aneuploidy inducer 非整倍体诱导剂 Antigenic specificity 抗原特异性Art and ethical standards 技术和伦理标准Assessment of genotoxicity 遗传毒性评价 AUC 曲线下面积Auditory startle reflex 惊愕反射(听觉惊跳反射) Autoimmune 自身免疫 Autoradiographic assessment 放射自显影评价Autoradiography 放射自显影 Bacterial mutagenicity test 细菌致突变试验 Bacterial reverse mutation test 细菌回复突变试验 Bacterial strains 菌株 Bacterial test organisms 微生物试验菌 Base pairs 碱基对Base set of strains 基本菌株 Base substitution 碱基置换 Bioanalytical method 生物学分析方法 Bioavailability 生物利用度 Biological method 生物学意义Biotechnological products 生物技术产品 Biotechnoloty-derived pharmaceuticals 生物技术药物 Body burden 机体负担 Bone marrow cell 骨髓细胞 Bouin's fixation 包氏液固定Breakage of chromatid 染色单体断裂 Brealage of chromosome 染色体断裂 Bridging character 桥梁作用 C(time) 一定剂量、某一时间的浓度 Carcinogen 致癌物质Carcinogenesis 致癌性 Carcinogenic hazard 致癌性危害 Carcinogenicity bioassay 致癌性生物检测 Carcinogenicity potential of chemical 化合物的潜在致癌性 Carcinoginicity (oncogenicity) 致癌(致瘤) Cardiovascular 心血管 Case-by-case 个例 Cell proliferation 细胞增殖 Cell cultures 细胞培养 Cell line 细胞系 Cell membrane lipid 细胞膜脂质层 Cell replication system 细胞复制系统 Cell suspension 细胞悬液 Cell-mediated immunity 细胞介导的免疫 Cellular therapy 细胞治疗 Central nervous systems 中枢神经系统 Cerebral spinal fluid 脑脊液 Chemical nature 化学性质 Chinese hamster V79 cell 中国仓鼠V79细胞Chromatide 染色单体 Chromosomal aberration 染色体畸变 Chromosomal damage 染色体损伤 Chromosomal integrity 染色体完整性 Chronic toxicity testing 慢性毒性试验 Classfical biotransformation studies 经典的生物转化试验 Clastogen 染色体断裂剂 Clastogenic 致染色体断裂的 Clinical indication 临床适应证 Cloning efficiency 克隆形成率Closure of the hard palate 硬腭闭合 Cmax 峰浓度 Colony sizing 集落大小 Comparative trial 对比试验Complement binding 补体结合 Completely novel compound 全新化合物 Compound bearing structural alerts 结构可疑化合物 Concentration threshold 阈浓度 Concomitant toxicokinetics 相伴毒代动力学 Continuous treatment 连续接触 Corpora lutea 黄体 Corpora lutea count 黄体数 Cross-linking agent 交联剂 Culture condition 培养条件 Culture confluency 培养克隆率 Culture confluenty 培养融合 Culture medium 培养基 Cytogenetic change 细胞遗传学改变 Cytogenetic evaluation 细胞遗传学评价 Cytokines 细胞因子 Cytotoxicity 细胞毒Degradation 降解 Deletion 缺失 Descriptive statistics 描述性统计 Detection of bacterial mutagen 细菌诱变剂检测 Detection of clastogen 染色体断裂剂检测 Determination of metabolites 测定代谢产物 Developmental toxicity 发育毒性Direct genetic damage 直接遗传损伤 Distribution 分布DNA adduct DNA加合物DNA damage DNA损伤DNA repair DNA 修复DNA strand breaks DNA链断裂 Dose escalation 剂量递增 Dose dependence 剂量依赖关系 Dose level 剂量水平 Dose-limiting toxicity 剂量限制性毒性 Dose-raging studies 剂量范围研究 Dose-relatived mutagenicity 剂量相关性诱变性 Dose-related 剂量相关Dose-relatived cytotoxicity 剂量相关性细胞毒性 Dose-relatived genotoxic activity 剂量相关性遗传毒性 Dose-response curve 剂量-反应曲线 Dosing route 给药途径Embryo-fetal toxicity 胚胎-胎仔毒性 Endogenous components 内源性物质 Endogenous gene 内源性基因Endonuclease 核酸内切酶 Emdpmiclease release from lysosomes 溶酶体释放核酸内切酶End-point 终点 Epitope 抗原决定部位 Error prone repair 易错性修复 Escalation 递增Escherichia coli strain 大肠杆菌菌株 Escherichia coli 大肠杆菌Evaluation of test result 试验结果评价 Exaggerated pharmacological response 超常增强的药理作用 Exposure assessment 接触剂量评价 Exposure period 接解期 External metabolizing system 体外代谢系统F1-animals 子一代动物 False positive result 假阳性结果 Fecundity 多产 Fertility studies 生育力研究 Fetal abnormalities 胎仔异常 Fetal and neonatal parameters 胎仔和仔鼠的生长发育参数 Fetal development and growth 肿仔发育和生长 Fetal period 胎仔期 Fetotoxicity 胎仔毒性First pass testing 一期试验Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) 原位荧光分子杂交 Foetuses 胎仔 Formulation 制剂 Frameshift mutation 移码突变 Frameshite point mutation 移码点突变 Free-standing 独立Fresh dissection technique 新鲜切片技术 Funtional deficits 切能缺陷 Functional test 功能试验 Functional indices 功能性指标 Fusion proteins融合蛋白 Gametes 配子 Gender of animals 动物性别 Gender-specific drug 性别专一性药物Gene knockout 基因剔除 Gene therapy 基因治疗 Gene mutation 基因突变 Genetic 遗传Genetic change 遗传学改变 Genetic damage 遗传学损伤 Genetic endpoint 遗传终点Genetic toxicity 遗传毒性 Genotoxic activity 遗传毒性作用 Genotoxic carcinogen 遗传毒性致癌剂 Genotoxic effect 遗传毒性效应 Genotoxic hazard 遗传毒性危害 Genotoxic potential 潜在遗传毒性 Genotoxic rodent carcinogen 啮齿类动物遗传毒性致癌剂 Genotoxicity 遗传毒性 Genotoxicity test 遗传毒性试验 Genotoxicity test battery 毒性试验组合 Genotoxycity evaluation 遗传毒性评价 Germ cell mutagen 生殖细胞诱变剂 Germ line mutation 生殖系统突变 GLP 临床前研究质量管理规范 Gross chromosomal damage 染色体大损伤 Gross evaluation of placenta 胎盘的大体评价 Growth factors 生长因子 Haemotoxylin staining 苏木素染色 Half-life 半衰期 Hematopoietic cells 造血细胞 Heptachlor 七氯化合物 Heritable 遗传 Heritable defect 遗传缺陷 Heritable disease 遗传性疾病 Heritable effect 遗传效应High concentration 高浓度Histologic appearance of reproductive organ 生殖器官的组织学表现 Histopathological chang 组织病理学改变 Homologous proteins 同系蛋白 Homologous series 同系 Host cell 宿主细胞 Human subjects 人体 Human carcinogen 人类致癌剂Human lymphoblastoid TH6cell 人成淋巴TK6细胞 Human mutagen 人类致突变剂 Humoral immunity 体液免疫 Immature erythrocyte 未成熟红细胞Immediate and latent effect 速发和迟发效应 Immunogenicity 免疫原性 Immunopathological effects 免疫病理反应immunotoxicity 免疫毒性 Implantation 着床 Implantation sites 着床部位 In vitro 体外 In vitro test 体外试验 In vivo 体内 In vivo test 体风试验Incidence of polyploidy cell 多倍体细胞发生率 Incisor eruption 门齿萌发 Independent test 独立试验 Individual fetal body weight 单个胎仔体重 Induced and spontaneous models of disease 诱发或自发的疾病模型Inducer of micronuclei 微核诱导剂 Inhalation 吸入 Inhibitor of DNA metabolism DNA代谢抑制剂 Intact animals 完整动物(整体动物) Internal control 内对照 Interphase nuclei 分裂间期细胞核 Intra-and inter-individual 个体与个体间 Isolated organs 离休器官Juvenile animal studies 未成年动物研究 Kinetic profile 动力学特点 Kinetics 动力学 Lactation 授乳、哺乳Large deletion event 大缺失事件 Late embryo loss 后期胚胎丢失 Level of safety 安全水平Libido 性欲 Life threatering 危及生命 Lipophilic compound 亲脂性化合物 Litter size 每窝胎仔数目 Live and deal conceptuese 活胎和死胎 Live offspring at birth 出生时存活的子代Local tolerance studies 局部耐受性研究 Local toxicity 局部毒性 Locu 位点 Long-termcarcinogenicity study 长期致癌性研究Loss of the tk gene tk基因缺失Major organ formation 主要器官形成 Male fertility 雄性生育力 Male fertility assessment 雄性生育力评价Mammalian sells 哺乳动物细胞 Mammalian species 哺乳类动物 Mammalian sell mutation test 哺乳动物细胞致突变试验 Marketing approval 上市许可 Maternal animal 亲代动物Mating behavior 交配行为 Mating period 交配期 Mating ratio 交配比例 Matrices 基质Maximum tolerated dose(MTD) 最大耐受剂量 Mechanism of genotoxicity 遗传毒性机制Mechanistic investigation 机制研究 Metabolic activation 代谢活化 Metabolic activation pathway 代谢活化途径 Metabolic activation system 代谢活化系统 Metabolism 代谢Metabolites profile 代谢物的概况 Metaphase 中期 Metaphase analysis 分裂中期相分析Metaphase cell 分裂中期相细胞 Micronucleus 微核 Micronucleus formation 微核形成Microtitre 微滴定 Mictotitre method 微滴定法 mimicking 模拟 Mitotic index 有丝分裂指数Molecular characterization 分子特性 Molecular technique 分子技术 Monitor 监测Monoclonal antibodies 单克隆抗体 Non-toxic compound 无毒化合物 Mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell 小鼠淋巴瘤L5178Y细胞 Mouse lymphoma tk assay 小鼠淋巴溜tk检测Mutagen 诱变原 Mutagenic carcinogen 诱变性致癌剂 Mutagenic potential of chemical 化合物的潜在致突变性 Mutant colony 突变体集落 Mutation 突变 Mutation induction in transgenes 转基因诱导突变Necropsy(macroscopic examination) 解剖(大体检查) Negative control 阴性对照 Negative result 阴性结果 Newcleated 有核 Non rodent 非啮齿类Non-clinical 非临床 Non-genotoxic carcinogen 非遗传毒性致癌剂 Non-genotoxic mechanism 非遗传毒性机制 Non-human primate 非人灵长类 Non-linear 非线性 No-toxic-effect dose level 无毒性反应剂量水平 Nucleated bone marrow cell 有核骨髓细胞 Nucleoside analogue 核苷酸同系物 Number of live and dead implantation 宫内活胎和死胎数 Numerical chromosomal aberration 染色体数目畸变 Numerical chromosome changes 染色体数目改变Oligonucleotide grugs 寡核苷酸药物 One ,twe,three generation studies 一、二、三子代研究Paraffine embedding 石蜡包埋 Parameter 参数 Parent compound 母体化合物 Parenteral 非肠道 Particulate material 颗粒物 Peripheral blood erythrocyte 外周血红细胞Pharmacodynamic effects 药效作用 Pharmacodynamics 药效学(药效动力学) Pharmacokinetic 药代动力学 Phenylene diamine 苯二胺 Physical development 身体发育 Physiological stress 生理应激 Pilot studies 前期研究 Pinna unfolding 耳廓张开 Plasmid 质粒 Plasminogen activators 纤维蛋白溶解酶原激活因子 Ploidy 整倍体 Point mutation 点突变 Polychromaticerythrocyte 嗜多染色红细胞 Polycyclic hydrocarbon 多环芳烃 Polymer 聚合物 Polyploidy cell 多倍体细胞 Polyploidy 多倍体 Polyploidy induction 多倍体诱导 Poorly soluble compound 难溶化合物 Positive control 阳性对照 Positive result 阳性结果 Post meiotic stages 减数分裂后期 Post-approval 批准后 Postcoital time frame 交配后日期Postimplantation deaths 着床后死亡 Postnatal deaths 出生后死亡 Postweaning development and growth 断奶后发育和生长 Potential 潜在性 Potential immunogenecity 潜在免疫原性Potential target organs for toxicity 潜在毒性靶器官Pre-and post-natal development study 围产期的发育研究 Pre-and postweaning survival and growth 断奶前后的存少和生长 Precipitate 沉淀期 Precision 精密度 Preclinical safety evaluation 临床前安全性评价 Predetermined criteria 预定标准 Prediction of carcinogenicity 致癌性预测Pregnant and lactation animals 怀孕与哺乳期动物 Preimplantation stages of the embryo 胚胎着床前期 Preliminary studies 预试验 Pre-screening 预筛选 Prevalence of abnormalities 异常情况的普遍程度 Primary active entity 主要活性实体 Priority selection 优先选择 Pro-drug 前体药物 Protocol modification 试验方案修改 Quantification of mutant 突变体定量 Racemate 消旋体 Radiolabeled proteins 放射性同位素标记蛋白 Radiolabelled compounds 放性性同位素标记化合物 Range-finding test 范围确定试验 Rate of preimplantation deaths 着床关死亡率 Rational study design 合理的试验设计 Receptor properties 受体性质 Recombinant DNA proteins DNA重组蛋白Recombinant DNA technology DNA重组技术 Recombination 重组 Recombinant plasma factors 重组血浆因子 Reduction in the number of revertants 回复突变数的减少 Relative plating efficiency 相对接种效率 Relative suspension growth 相对悬浮生长率 Relative total growth 相对总生长率 Relevant animal species 相关动物种属 Relevant dose 相关剂量Relevant factor 相关因素 Repeated-dose toxicity studies 重复剂量毒性研究 Reproductive toxicity 生殖毒性 Reproductive/developmental toxicity 生殖/发育毒性 Reverse mutation 回复突变 Reversibility 可恢复性(可逆性) Risk assessment 危险度评价 Rodent hematopoietic cell 啮齿类动物造血细胞 Route of administration 给药途径 Routine testing 常规试验S9-mix constituent S9混合液成分 Safeguards 安全监测 Safety pharmacology 安全药理学Safety margin 安全范围 Salmonella typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门菌 Sampling time 采样时间Satellite groups 卫星组 Saturation of absorption 吸收饱和 Sensory functions and reflexes 感觉功能和反射Short term toxicity 短期毒性Short or medium-term carcinogenicity study 短或中期致癌性研究 Short treatment 短期处理 Sighting studies 预试验 Singledose(acute)toxicity 单剂量(急性)毒性 Single study design 单一研究设计 Site-specific targeted delivery 定位靶向释放 Small colony 小集落 Small colony mutant 小集落突变体Soft agar method 软琼脂法 Soluble genotoxic impurity 可溶性遗传毒性杂质 Solvent control 溶剂对照 Somatic cell 体细胞 Somatic cell test 体细胞试验 Species 种属 Specificity 特异性 Species specificity 种属特异性 Spindle apparatus 纺缍体 Stages of reproduction 生殖阶段Standard battery of test 标准试验组合Standard 3-test battery 标准三项试验组合 Standard battery 标准组合 Standard battery system 标准组合系统 Standard procedure 标准规程Standard protocol 标准试验方案Standard set of strains 标准菌株组Standard set of tests 标准试验组 Standard test battery 标准试验组合 Statistical evaluation 统计学评价 Steady-state levels 稳态浓度 Step-by-step 逐步 Stepwise process 阶梯式程序 Strain 品系 Structural changes 结构改变 Structural chromosomal aberration 染色体结构畸变 Subgroups 亚组Supravital staining 体外活动染色 Surface righting reflex 平面翻正反射 Survival 存活率suspension 悬浮物 Systemic exposure 全面接触 Target organs 靶器官 Target cell 靶细胞Target histidine genes 组氨酸目的基因 Target tissue 靶组织Target tissue exposure 靶组织接触 Teratogenic response 致畸胎反应 Terminal sacrifice 终末期处死 Test of carcinogenicity 致癌试验 Test approach 试验方法Test battery approach 试验组合方法 Test compound 受试物 Test model 试验模型 Test strategy 试验策略 Test systems 试验系统 Tester strain 试验菌株 Therapeutic 治疗 Therapeutic confirmatory 疗效确定 Therapeutic exploratory 疗效探索Therapeutic indication 治疗适应证 Time course 时程 Timing conventions 分段计时方法Tissue cross-reactivity 组织交叉反应 Tissue distribution 组织分布 Tissue exposure 组织接触Tissue uptake 组织吸收 Tk locus tk位点 Top concentration 最高浓度 Topical 局部的Topoisomerase inhibitor 拓朴异构酶抑制剂 Total erythrocyte 总红细胞Total litter loss 整窝丢失 Toxicity to reproduction 生殖毒性 Toxicokinetics 毒代动力学(毒物代谢动力学) Transgene 转基因 Transgenic animals 转基因动物 Transgenic plants 转基因植物Translocation 移位 Treatment regimen 实施方案 Tubal transport 输卵管运输 Tumor induction 肿瘤诱导 Tumor response 肿瘤反应 Tumor-related gene 肿瘤相关基因 Two or three phase approach 分段(二段或三段)研究 Two study design 分段(两段)研究设计Ovulation rate 排卵率 Unbound concentration 未结合浓度 Unexpected finding 非预期结果Unscheduled DNA synthesis(UDS) 程序外DNA合成 Unstable epoxide 不稳定过氧代物Whole blood 全血。
八年级上册13个实验的实验题
八年级上册13个实验的实验题英文版In the 8th grade science curriculum, students are often required to conduct various experiments to better understand scientific concepts. In this article, we will introduce 13 experiment topics that are commonly included in the 8th grade science textbook.1. Investigating the properties of acids and bases2. Testing the effect of different types of fertilizers on plant growth3. Studying the relationship between temperature and the rate of chemical reactions4. Examining the behavior of light in different mediums5. Investigating the factors that affect the strength of an electromagnet6. Testing the conductivity of different materials7. Studying the process of photosynthesis in plants8. Exploring the principles of buoyancy by conducting experiments with different objects and liquids9. Investigating the properties of different types of soil10. Testing the effectiveness of various insulating materials11. Studying the behavior of sound waves in different environments12. Investigating the effects of different types of pollutants on water quality13. Examining the process of digestion in humans through a simulated experimentThese experiment topics cover a wide range of scientific concepts and provide students with hands-on experience in conducting experiments and analyzing data. Byengaging in these experiments, students can develop their critical thinking skills and deepen their understanding of the scientific method.英文内容的完整中文翻译在八年级科学课程中，学生经常需要进行各种实验来更好地理解科学概念。
雅思阅读电击试验相关材料.doc
雅思阅读V42.S2电击试验相关材料-1【雅思英语】v42s2电击试验这篇文章非常难懂，幸好有两位朋友热情相助，分别从《参考消息》和这个实验的创始人的个人网站找到了相关材料，发给无忧雅思网友共享。
Milgram’s Study of ObedienceAims: Milgram was sceptical about the idea that only strict authoritive figures could afflict the horrors seen during World War Two by the Nazis. He wanted to prove this view held by the general public wrong, by doing an obedience experiment to show that ordinary people of the general public could inflict harm on other human beings.Procedures: 40 males aged 20-50 were recruited through a newspaper advertisement, and paid $4.50 to participate in a study regarding ’memory’. Participants were introduced to a confederate, Mr. Wallice. Lots were drawn to decide who would be the teacher and who would be the learner (the participant always became the teacher). The learner was strapped into a chair with electrodes on his hands.The participant was to ask the learner questions, each incorrect answer was punished with an electric shock, beginning at 15 volts (very mild), going up by 15 volts for every incorrect answer up to 450 volts (danger - severe shock, xxx). The learner stated he had a mild heart condition.Shocks were received in silence up until 300 volts, Mr. Wallice thencomplained of having heart trouble and pounded on the door to be let out. He then refused to answer any more questions. After a short while he became silent and was presumed unconscious or dead.If the teachers questioned the experimenter (also a confederate), they were presented with four orders:1. Please continue,2. The experiment requires you to continue,3. It is essential that you continue,4. You have no choice, you must continue.If the participant still refused to administer any more shocks, they were allowed to stop.Unknown to the participant, the experimenter was an actor, as was the learner. The lots drawn to distinguish roles were fixed, and the electric shocks WERE NOT REAL.雅思阅读V42.S2电击试验相关材料-2参考译文：服从是指按照他人命令去行动的行为，也是人际互动的基本方式之一。
病毒学术语中英文对照
A single- generation study 单项包括两代(生殖毒性)的研究 Acentric fragment 无着丝点片段Acridine orange 吖啶橙 Active metabolite 活性代谢产物 Additional test 附加试验 Adduct 加合物 ADME 吸引、分布、代谢、排泄 Administration period 给药期 Advers effect 不良反应 Against humanized proteins serum antibodies 抗人源蛋白血清抗体 Aginal smear 阴道涂片 Air righting reflex 空中翻正反射 Alkylating electrophilic cernter 浣化亲电子中心Allele 基因突变产生的遗传因子 Allergic reactions 过敏性反应(变应性反应) Altenative validated test 有效替代试验 Altered growth 生长改变 Ammoniun sulphide staining of the uterus 子宫硫化胺染色 Analogue 类似物(同系物) Analogue series of substance 同系物Analytical method 分析方法 Anaphase 分裂后期 Aneuploidy 非整倍体 Aneuploidy inducer 非整倍体诱导剂 Antigenic specificity 抗原特异性Art and ethical standards 技术和伦理标准Assessment of genotoxicity 遗传毒性评价 AUC 曲线下面积Auditory startle reflex 惊愕反射(听觉惊跳反射) Autoimmune 自身免疫 Autoradiographic assessment 放射自显影评价Autoradiography 放射自显影 Bacterial mutagenicity test 细菌致突变试验 Bacterial reverse mutation test 细菌回复突变试验 Bacterial strains 菌株 Bacterial test organisms 微生物试验菌 Base pairs 碱基对Base set of strains 基本菌株 Base substitution 碱基置换 Bioanalytical method 生物学分析方法 Bioavailability 生物利用度 Biological method 生物学意义Biotechnological products 生物技术产品 Biotechnoloty-derived pharmaceuticals 生物技术药物 Body burden 机体负担 Bone marrow cell 骨髓细胞 Bouin's fixation 包氏液固定Breakage of chromatid 染色单体断裂 Brealage of chromosome 染色体断裂 Bridging character 桥梁作用 C(time) 一定剂量、某一时间的浓度 Carcinogen 致癌物质Carcinogenesis 致癌性 Carcinogenic hazard 致癌性危害 Carcinogenicity bioassay 致癌性生物检测 Carcinogenicity potential of chemical 化合物的潜在致癌性 Carcinoginicity (oncogenicity) 致癌(致瘤) Cardiovascular 心血管 Case-by-case 个例 Cell proliferation 细胞增殖 Cell cultures 细胞培养 Cell line 细胞系 Cell membrane lipid 细胞膜脂质层 Cell replication system 细胞复制系统 Cell suspension 细胞悬液 Cell-mediated immunity 细胞介导的免疫 Cellular therapy 细胞治疗 Central nervous systems 中枢神经系统 Cerebral spinal fluid 脑脊液 Chemical nature 化学性质 Chinese hamster V79 cell 中国仓鼠V79细胞Chromatide 染色单体 Chromosomal aberration 染色体畸变 Chromosomal damage 染色体损伤 Chromosomal integrity 染色体完整性 Chronic toxicity testing 慢性毒性试验 Classfical biotransformation studies 经典的生物转化试验 Clastogen 染色体断裂剂 Clastogenic 致染色体断裂的 Clinical indication 临床适应证 Cloning efficiency 克隆形成率Closure of the hard palate 硬腭闭合 Cmax 峰浓度 Colony sizing 集落大小 Comparative trial 对比试验Complement binding 补体结合 Completely novel compound 全新化合物 Compound bearing structural alerts 结构可疑化合物 Concentration threshold 阈浓度 Concomitant toxicokinetics 相伴毒代动力学 Continuous treatment 连续接触 Corpora lutea 黄体 Corpora lutea count 黄体数 Cross-linking agent 交联剂 Culture condition 培养条件 Culture confluency 培养克隆率 Culture confluenty 培养融合 Culture medium 培养基 Cytogenetic change 细胞遗传学改变 Cytogenetic evaluation 细胞遗传学评价 Cytokines 细胞因子 Cytotoxicity 细胞毒Degradation 降解 Deletion 缺失 Descriptive statistics 描述性统计 Detection of bacterial mutagen 细菌诱变剂检测 Detection of clastogen 染色体断裂剂检测 Determination of metabolites 测定代谢产物 Developmental toxicity 发育毒性Direct genetic damage 直接遗传损伤 Distribution 分布DNA adduct DNA加合物DNA damage DNA损伤DNA repair DNA 修复DNA strand breaks DNA链断裂 Dose escalation 剂量递增 Dose dependence 剂量依赖关系 Dose level 剂量水平 Dose-limiting toxicity 剂量限制性毒性 Dose-raging studies 剂量范围研究 Dose-relatived mutagenicity 剂量相关性诱变性 Dose-related 剂量相关Dose-relatived cytotoxicity 剂量相关性细胞毒性 Dose-relatived genotoxic activity 剂量相关性遗传毒性 Dose-response curve 剂量-反应曲线 Dosing route 给药途径Embryo-fetal toxicity 胚胎-胎仔毒性 Endogenous components 内源性物质 Endogenous gene 内源性基因Endonuclease 核酸内切酶 Emdpmiclease release from lysosomes 溶酶体释放核酸内切酶End-point 终点 Epitope 抗原决定部位 Error prone repair 易错性修复 Escalation 递增Escherichia coli strain 大肠杆菌菌株 Escherichia coli 大肠杆菌Evaluation of test result 试验结果评价 Exaggerated pharmacological response 超常增强的药理作用 Exposure assessment 接触剂量评价 Exposure period 接解期 External metabolizing system 体外代谢系统F1-animals 子一代动物 False positive result 假阳性结果 Fecundity 多产 Fertility studies 生育力研究 Fetal abnormalities 胎仔异常 Fetal and neonatal parameters 胎仔和仔鼠的生长发育参数 Fetal development and growth 肿仔发育和生长 Fetal period 胎仔期 Fetotoxicity 胎仔毒性First pass testing 一期试验Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) 原位荧光分子杂交 Foetuses 胎仔 Formulation 制剂 Frameshift mutation 移码突变 Frameshite point mutation 移码点突变 Free-standing 独立Fresh dissection technique 新鲜切片技术 Funtional deficits 切能缺陷 Functional test 功能试验 Functional indices 功能性指标 Fusion proteins融合蛋白 Gametes 配子 Gender of animals 动物性别 Gender-specific drug 性别专一性药物Gene knockout 基因剔除 Gene therapy 基因治疗 Gene mutation 基因突变 Genetic 遗传Genetic change 遗传学改变 Genetic damage 遗传学损伤 Genetic endpoint 遗传终点Genetic toxicity 遗传毒性 Genotoxic activity 遗传毒性作用 Genotoxic carcinogen 遗传毒性致癌剂 Genotoxic effect 遗传毒性效应 Genotoxic hazard 遗传毒性危害 Genotoxic potential 潜在遗传毒性 Genotoxic rodent carcinogen 啮齿类动物遗传毒性致癌剂 Genotoxicity 遗传毒性 Genotoxicity test 遗传毒性试验 Genotoxicity test battery 毒性试验组合 Genotoxycity evaluation 遗传毒性评价 Germ cell mutagen 生殖细胞诱变剂 Germ line mutation 生殖系统突变 GLP 临床前研究质量管理规范 Gross chromosomal damage 染色体大损伤 Gross evaluation of placenta 胎盘的大体评价 Growth factors 生长因子 Haemotoxylin staining 苏木素染色 Half-life 半衰期 Hematopoietic cells 造血细胞 Heptachlor 七氯化合物 Heritable 遗传 Heritable defect 遗传缺陷 Heritable disease 遗传性疾病 Heritable effect 遗传效应High concentration 高浓度Histologic appearance of reproductive organ 生殖器官的组织学表现 Histopathological chang 组织病理学改变 Homologous proteins 同系蛋白 Homologous series 同系 Host cell 宿主细胞 Human subjects 人体 Human carcinogen 人类致癌剂Human lymphoblastoid TH6cell 人成淋巴TK6细胞 Human mutagen 人类致突变剂 Humoral immunity 体液免疫 Immature erythrocyte 未成熟红细胞Immediate and latent effect 速发和迟发效应 Immunogenicity 免疫原性 Immunopathological effects 免疫病理反应immunotoxicity 免疫毒性 Implantation 着床 Implantation sites 着床部位 In vitro 体外 In vitro test 体外试验 In vivo 体内 In vivo test 体风试验Incidence of polyploidy cell 多倍体细胞发生率 Incisor eruption 门齿萌发 Independent test 独立试验 Individual fetal body weight 单个胎仔体重 Induced and spontaneous models of disease 诱发或自发的疾病模型Inducer of micronuclei 微核诱导剂 Inhalation 吸入 Inhibitor of DNA metabolism DNA代谢抑制剂 Intact animals 完整动物(整体动物) Internal control 内对照 Interphase nuclei 分裂间期细胞核 Intra-and inter-individual 个体与个体间 Isolated organs 离休器官Juvenile animal studies 未成年动物研究 Kinetic profile 动力学特点 Kinetics 动力学 Lactation 授乳、哺乳Large deletion event 大缺失事件 Late embryo loss 后期胚胎丢失 Level of safety 安全水平Libido 性欲 Life threatering 危及生命 Lipophilic compound 亲脂性化合物 Litter size 每窝胎仔数目 Live and deal conceptuese 活胎和死胎 Live offspring at birth 出生时存活的子代Local tolerance studies 局部耐受性研究 Local toxicity 局部毒性 Locu 位点 Long-termcarcinogenicity study 长期致癌性研究Loss of the tk gene tk基因缺失Major organ formation 主要器官形成 Male fertility 雄性生育力 Male fertility assessment 雄性生育力评价Mammalian sells 哺乳动物细胞 Mammalian species 哺乳类动物 Mammalian sell mutation test 哺乳动物细胞致突变试验 Marketing approval 上市许可 Maternal animal 亲代动物Mating behavior 交配行为 Mating period 交配期 Mating ratio 交配比例 Matrices 基质Maximum tolerated dose(MTD) 最大耐受剂量 Mechanism of genotoxicity 遗传毒性机制Mechanistic investigation 机制研究 Metabolic activation 代谢活化 Metabolic activation pathway 代谢活化途径 Metabolic activation system 代谢活化系统 Metabolism 代谢Metabolites profile 代谢物的概况 Metaphase 中期 Metaphase analysis 分裂中期相分析Metaphase cell 分裂中期相细胞 Micronucleus 微核 Micronucleus formation 微核形成Microtitre 微滴定 Mictotitre method 微滴定法 mimicking 模拟 Mitotic index 有丝分裂指数Molecular characterization 分子特性 Molecular technique 分子技术 Monitor 监测Monoclonal antibodies 单克隆抗体 Non-toxic compound 无毒化合物 Mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell 小鼠淋巴瘤L5178Y细胞 Mouse lymphoma tk assay 小鼠淋巴溜tk检测Mutagen 诱变原 Mutagenic carcinogen 诱变性致癌剂 Mutagenic potential of chemical 化合物的潜在致突变性 Mutant colony 突变体集落 Mutation 突变 Mutation induction in transgenes 转基因诱导突变Necropsy(macroscopic examination) 解剖(大体检查) Negative control 阴性对照 Negative result 阴性结果 Newcleated 有核 Non rodent 非啮齿类Non-clinical 非临床 Non-genotoxic carcinogen 非遗传毒性致癌剂 Non-genotoxic mechanism 非遗传毒性机制 Non-human primate 非人灵长类 Non-linear 非线性 No-toxic-effect dose level 无毒性反应剂量水平 Nucleated bone marrow cell 有核骨髓细胞 Nucleoside analogue 核苷酸同系物 Number of live and dead implantation 宫内活胎和死胎数 Numerical chromosomal aberration 染色体数目畸变 Numerical chromosome changes 染色体数目改变Oligonucleotide grugs 寡核苷酸药物 One ,twe,three generation studies 一、二、三子代研究Paraffine embedding 石蜡包埋 Parameter 参数 Parent compound 母体化合物 Parenteral 非肠道 Particulate material 颗粒物 Peripheral blood erythrocyte 外周血红细胞Pharmacodynamic effects 药效作用 Pharmacodynamics 药效学(药效动力学) Pharmacokinetic 药代动力学 Phenylene diamine 苯二胺 Physical development 身体发育 Physiological stress 生理应激 Pilot studies 前期研究 Pinna unfolding 耳廓张开 Plasmid 质粒 Plasminogen activators 纤维蛋白溶解酶原激活因子 Ploidy 整倍体 Point mutation 点突变 Polychromaticerythrocyte 嗜多染色红细胞 Polycyclic hydrocarbon 多环芳烃 Polymer 聚合物 Polyploidy cell 多倍体细胞 Polyploidy 多倍体 Polyploidy induction 多倍体诱导 Poorly soluble compound 难溶化合物 Positive control 阳性对照 Positive result 阳性结果 Post meiotic stages 减数分裂后期 Post-approval 批准后 Postcoital time frame 交配后日期Postimplantation deaths 着床后死亡 Postnatal deaths 出生后死亡 Postweaning development and growth 断奶后发育和生长 Potential 潜在性 Potential immunogenecity 潜在免疫原性Potential target organs for toxicity 潜在毒性靶器官Pre-and post-natal development study 围产期的发育研究 Pre-and postweaning survival and growth 断奶前后的存少和生长 Precipitate 沉淀期 Precision 精密度 Preclinical safety evaluation 临床前安全性评价 Predetermined criteria 预定标准 Prediction of carcinogenicity 致癌性预测Pregnant and lactation animals 怀孕与哺乳期动物 Preimplantation stages of the embryo 胚胎着床前期 Preliminary studies 预试验 Pre-screening 预筛选 Prevalence of abnormalities 异常情况的普遍程度 Primary active entity 主要活性实体 Priority selection 优先选择 Pro-drug 前体药物 Protocol modification 试验方案修改 Quantification of mutant 突变体定量 Racemate 消旋体 Radiolabeled proteins 放射性同位素标记蛋白 Radiolabelled compounds 放性性同位素标记化合物 Range-finding test 范围确定试验 Rate of preimplantation deaths 着床关死亡率 Rational study design 合理的试验设计 Receptor properties 受体性质 Recombinant DNA proteins DNA重组蛋白Recombinant DNA technology DNA重组技术 Recombination 重组 Recombinant plasma factors 重组血浆因子 Reduction in the number of revertants 回复突变数的减少 Relative plating efficiency 相对接种效率 Relative suspension growth 相对悬浮生长率 Relative total growth 相对总生长率 Relevant animal species 相关动物种属 Relevant dose 相关剂量Relevant factor 相关因素 Repeated-dose toxicity studies 重复剂量毒性研究 Reproductive toxicity 生殖毒性 Reproductive/developmental toxicity 生殖/发育毒性 Reverse mutation 回复突变 Reversibility 可恢复性(可逆性) Risk assessment 危险度评价 Rodent hematopoietic cell 啮齿类动物造血细胞 Route of administration 给药途径 Routine testing 常规试验S9-mix constituent S9混合液成分 Safeguards 安全监测 Safety pharmacology 安全药理学Safety margin 安全范围 Salmonella typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门菌 Sampling time 采样时间Satellite groups 卫星组 Saturation of absorption 吸收饱和 Sensory functions and reflexes 感觉功能和反射Short term toxicity 短期毒性Short or medium-term carcinogenicity study 短或中期致癌性研究 Short treatment 短期处理 Sighting studies 预试验 Singledose(acute)toxicity 单剂量(急性)毒性 Single study design 单一研究设计 Site-specific targeted delivery 定位靶向释放 Small colony 小集落 Small colony mutant 小集落突变体Soft agar method 软琼脂法 Soluble genotoxic impurity 可溶性遗传毒性杂质 Solvent control 溶剂对照 Somatic cell 体细胞 Somatic cell test 体细胞试验 Species 种属 Specificity 特异性 Species specificity 种属特异性 Spindle apparatus 纺缍体 Stages of reproduction 生殖阶段Standard battery of test 标准试验组合Standard 3-test battery 标准三项试验组合 Standard battery 标准组合 Standard battery system 标准组合系统 Standard procedure 标准规程Standard protocol 标准试验方案Standard set of strains 标准菌株组Standard set of tests 标准试验组 Standard test battery 标准试验组合 Statistical evaluation 统计学评价 Steady-state levels 稳态浓度 Step-by-step 逐步 Stepwise process 阶梯式程序 Strain 品系 Structural changes 结构改变 Structural chromosomal aberration 染色体结构畸变 Subgroups 亚组Supravital staining 体外活动染色 Surface righting reflex 平面翻正反射 Survival 存活率suspension 悬浮物 Systemic exposure 全面接触 Target organs 靶器官 Target cell 靶细胞Target histidine genes 组氨酸目的基因 Target tissue 靶组织Target tissue exposure 靶组织接触 Teratogenic response 致畸胎反应 Terminal sacrifice 终末期处死 Test of carcinogenicity 致癌试验 Test approach 试验方法Test battery approach 试验组合方法 Test compound 受试物 Test model 试验模型 Test strategy 试验策略 Test systems 试验系统 Tester strain 试验菌株 Therapeutic 治疗 Therapeutic confirmatory 疗效确定 Therapeutic exploratory 疗效探索Therapeutic indication 治疗适应证 Time course 时程 Timing conventions 分段计时方法Tissue cross-reactivity 组织交叉反应 Tissue distribution 组织分布 Tissue exposure 组织接触Tissue uptake 组织吸收 Tk locus tk位点 Top concentration 最高浓度 Topical 局部的Topoisomerase inhibitor 拓朴异构酶抑制剂 Total erythrocyte 总红细胞Total litter loss 整窝丢失 Toxicity to reproduction 生殖毒性 Toxicokinetics 毒代动力学(毒物代谢动力学) Transgene 转基因 Transgenic animals 转基因动物 Transgenic plants 转基因植物Translocation 移位 Treatment regimen 实施方案 Tubal transport 输卵管运输 Tumor induction 肿瘤诱导 Tumor response 肿瘤反应 Tumor-related gene 肿瘤相关基因 Two or three phase approach 分段(二段或三段)研究 Two study design 分段(两段)研究设计Ovulation rate 排卵率 Unbound concentration 未结合浓度 Unexpected finding 非预期结果Unscheduled DNA synthesis(UDS) 程序外DNA合成 Unstable epoxide 不稳定过氧代物Whole blood 全血。
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4．A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the african elephant is divided into two disinct （不同的）species．The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants----the Asian elephant，African forest elephant and African savanna elephant．Once they obtained DNA sequences （序列） from two fossils （化⽯），mammoths and mastodons，the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants，they found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian ele The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and Afican forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years the divergenceof the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths，this result amazed all the scienitstsThere has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species，but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species．Previously，many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species despite the elephants'significant size differences，the savanna elelpha Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois，said"we now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose，since 先）for conservation purposes．"66．one of the fossols studied by the reaearchers if that ofDA．the Asian elephantB．the forest elephantC the savanna elephantD the mastodon elephant67．the underlined word"divergence"in paragraph 4means"C"A．evolution B．exhibition C．separation D．examination68．The researchers conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant'sAA．DNA B．height C．weight D．populalion69．What are Alfred Roca's words mainly about？AA．The conservation of African elephants．B．The purpose of studying African elephants．C．The way to divide African elephants into two units．D．The reason for the distinction of African elephants．70．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage？CA．Naturalists'Beliefs about ElephantsB．Amazing Experiment about Elephants．C．An Unexpected Finding about Elephants．D．A Long Scientist Debate about Elephants．分析本⽂为说明⽂．主要介绍了最近的⼀项研究表明⾮洲⼤象被分为两种截然不同的物种---⾮洲草原⼤象和⾮洲深林⼤象．科学家们使⽤了详细的基因剖析，来证明数百万年以来，当⾮洲草原⼤象和⾮洲深林⼤象经历不同的演化历程的同时，这两个不同的物种亦同时演化，这研究结果令科学家们感到惊讶．长期以来，科学界都存在着争论，认为这可能是两个不同的物种，⽽这发现就是迄今最有⼒的科学实证，证明牠们确实是不同的物种．解答 66．D 细节理解．根据第三段的第⼀句"Oncethey obtained DNA sequences 序列）（ from two fossils（化⽯），mammoths and mastodons…"可知，研究⼈员通过化⽯提取的 DNA研究结果为"mastodons 乳齿象"，故选D．67．C 词义猜测．前⾯⼀句"The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and African forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years"讲到了这两种⼤象分离成不同的物种已有数百万年了，由此可判断"divergence"在此是"分离"之意．故选C．68．A 细节理解．根据倒数第⼆段的最后⼀句"However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA．"可知，研究⼈员的结论是在检测⾮洲⼤象DNA的基础上得出来的，故选A．69．A 推理判断．根据最后⼀段的内容"Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals，the forest elephant should become a bigger priority（优先） forconservation purposes"可知，Alfred Roca 的话主要讲的是对不同的⾮洲⼤象要分别采取不同的保护措施．70．C 主旨⼤意．根据本⽂的主题句（第⼀段）"A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct （不同的）species"可知，主要介绍了最近的⼀项研究表明⾮洲⼤象被分为两种截然不同的物种---⾮洲草原⼤象和⾮洲深林⼤象．故选 C．点评解答细节理解题时，⼀个常⽤的⽅法就是运⽤定位法，即根据题⼲和选项中的关键词从原⽂中找到相关的句⼦，与选项进⾏⽐较从⽽确定答案；推理判断题既要求学⽣透过⽂章表⾯⽂字信息推测⽂章隐含意思，⼜要求学⽣对作者的态度、意图及⽂章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，⼒求从作者的⾓度去考虑，不要固守⾃⼰的看法或观点．。
鉴别实验英文作文
鉴别实验英文作文I. The experiment was set up in a controlled environment to ensure accurate results. Each participant was given specific instructions to follow, and the variables were carefully manipulated to test the desired outcome.II. The participants were asked to complete a series of tasks designed to measure their cognitive abilities and problem-solving skills. These tasks ranged from simple puzzles to complex mathematical problems, and each participant was timed to assess their speed and accuracy.III. The data collected from the experiment was analyzed using statistical methods to determine any significant differences between the control group and the experimental group. This analysis helped to identify any patterns or trends in the results.IV. The researchers observed the behavior of theparticipants during the experiment to gather qualitative data that could provide additional insights into their cognitive processes. This involved noting any signs of frustration, confusion, or confidence as they completed the tasks.V. The results of the experiment were then compared to previous studies in the field to see if they were consistent with existing findings or if they revealed any new information. This comparison helped to validate the reliability of the experiment's results.VI. The implications of the findings were discussed in relation to their potential applications in real-world scenarios, such as education, workplace performance, and clinical assessments. This discussion highlighted the practical significance of the experiment's results.。
英语作文科学证据分析
英语作文科学证据分析Scientific Evidence Analysis。
Science is a systematic and logical approach to discovering new knowledge and explaining the natural world through observation and experimentation. Scientificevidence is the data and information that supportsscientific theories and hypotheses. It is essential to analyze scientific evidence to understand its significance and implications.One of the most important steps in analyzing scientific evidence is to determine its reliability. Reliable evidence is evidence that can be trusted to be accurate and unbiased. To determine the reliability of evidence, scientists use a variety of methods such as peer review, replication, and statistical analysis. Peer review is a process in which experts in the field review and evaluate the evidence to ensure its validity. Replication is the process ofrepeating an experiment to ensure that the results areconsistent and reliable. Statistical analysis is used to determine the probability that the evidence is accurate and not due to chance.Another important step in analyzing scientific evidence is to evaluate its significance. Significant evidence is evidence that has a meaningful impact on our understanding of the natural world. To evaluate the significance of evidence, scientists consider factors such as the scope of the evidence, its relevance to current theories, and its potential for future research. They also consider the potential implications of the evidence for society and the environment.Finally, scientists must communicate their findings to the scientific community and the general public. This involves presenting the evidence in a clear and concise manner, using appropriate scientific language and terminology. Scientists must also be transparent abouttheir methods and data, and be open to criticism and feedback.In conclusion, analyzing scientific evidence is acrucial step in the scientific process. It allowsscientists to determine the reliability and significance of their findings, and communicate their discoveries to others. By using rigorous methods and being transparent about their work, scientists can ensure that their evidence is accurate and meaningful, and contributes to our understanding of the natural world.。
八年级英语科学实验单选题50题
八年级英语科学实验单选题50题1. We need a ______ to measure the temperature in the experiment.A. thermometerB. microscopeC. telescopeD. compass答案：A。
本题考查实验器材的名称。
A 选项“thermometer”是温度计，用于测量温度；B 选项“microscope”是显微镜，用于观察微小物体；C 选项“telescope”是望远镜，用于观测远处物体；D 选项“compass”是指南针，用于指示方向。
在实验中测量温度需要温度计，所以选A。
2. The first step of the experiment is to ______ the materials.A. prepareB. completeC. finishD. start答案：A。
本题考查实验步骤的动词。
A 选项“prepare”有准备的意思，准备实验材料是第一步；B 选项“complete”是完成；C 选项“finish”也是完成；D 选项“start”是开始，但“start”侧重于动作的起始，而“prepare”更强调为后续步骤做好准备工作。
所以选A。
3. In the science experiment, we use a ______ to observe the cells.A. rulerB. scaleC. beakerD. microscope答案：D。
本题考查实验器材。
A 选项“ruler”是尺子；B 选项“scale”是秤、刻度；C 选项“beaker”是烧杯；D 选项“microscope”是显微镜，用于观察细胞。
所以选D。
4. Before conducting the experiment, we should ______ the safety rules.A. knowB. understandC. learnD. remember答案：D。
斯坦福监狱实验
2
角色扮演
社会期望要求该环境 下的人扮演好自己的 角色，才能得到社会 认同和生存发展。
3
群体心理
群体塑造的心理力量 可以颠覆一个人惯有 的性格或行为特征。
4
权威体制
强势群体对弱势群体 进行统治，权利过度 集中并缺少限制。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
05
主要结论
情境因素对于性格的塑造具有重大的影响。
感谢倾听
由于津巴多教授四十多年来在心理学研究和教学领域的 杰出贡献，美国心理学会特向他颁发了希尔加德(Ernest R.Hilgard)普通心理学终身成就奖。
斯坦福监狱实验
The Stanford Prison Experiment
路西法效应：
好人是如何变成恶魔的
02
实验准备
志愿者角色分配
V
S
狱卒
囚犯
津巴多教授担任监狱长
共24名志愿者，剩余人员替补
03
实验过程
Day 2
反抗与镇压
实验过程
Day 4
.丧失身份认同
Day 6
实验结束
Day 1 监狱形成期
Day 3
强化角色认知
Day 5
“真实”的监狱
04
实验思考
是什么导致被实验者性格的巨大变化？
导致被实验者性格变化的 原因
1
环境
在特定环境下，人们 会表现出与环境相适 应的态度和行为特征。
毕业于耶鲁大学，曾先后执教于耶鲁大学、斯坦福大学 等，曾任美国心理学会主席，现为恐怖主义跨领域政策、教 育与研究中心主任。
在进行了斯坦福监狱实验之后，津巴多决定寻找利用心 理学帮助人们的途径，于是他设立了害羞诊所，专门治疗成 人和儿童的害羞。他也因此走入大众的视野。
2024 ACT考试科学推理历年题目精粹
2024 ACT考试科学推理历年题目精粹ACT考试是美国学生普遍参加的高中毕业考试之一，其中科学推理部分是考察学生解决科学问题和分析实验数据的能力。
为了帮助考生更好地备考，本文将整理2024年ACT考试科学推理部分历年题目的精华。
请注意，本文不提供具体题目，并且切勿用任何非法手段获取真题，仅供参考和练习。
一、实验设计与解析（Experimental Design and Analysis）本部分主要考察学生对科学实验设计和数据分析的掌握。
1. 实验目的与原理在考试中，通常会给出一段文字描述或实验流程图，要求学生从中判断实验的目的和相关原理。
为了准确回答这类问题，学生需要对各种实验设计和科学原理有一定的了解。
2. 数据分析与应用考生需要根据实验数据和问题要求，从中分析和解释数据，或者进行简单的计算。
这要求考生具备一定的数据处理和统计分析能力，能够识别出关键数据，进行图表解析和数据推理。
二、科学概念与原理（Scientific Concepts and Principles）本部分主要考察学生对科学基本概念和原理的理解与运用。
1. 科学概念的理解考生需要根据给定的科学概念，判断其含义和适用范围，理解该概念在科学实验中的应用。
2. 科学原理的运用在考试中，会涉及一些基本的科学原理，要求学生通过对实验材料的分析和解释来运用这些原理，解答相关问题。
三、科学论证与推理（Scientific Reasoning and Inference）本部分考察学生通过分析论据、构建论证链，做出科学推理和判断的能力。
1. 分析论据学生需要仔细分析给定的实验材料和论证中使用的证据，理解作者的意图和推理链，从中找出正确的答案。
2. 构建论证链考生需要根据实验结果和已知条件，通过构建论证链来推断结论，或者根据问题要求选择符合论证规则的选项。
四、实验结果与结论评估（Evaluation of Experimental Results and Conclusions）本部分主要考察学生对实验结果和结论的评估能力。
专八英语阅读
英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。
中考英语科学实验的伦理问题单选题40题
中考英语科学实验的伦理问题单选题40题1.In a scientific experiment, the researcher should always be _____.A.honestB.cleverC.braveD.careful答案：A。
本题考查科学实验中的伦理原则。
在科学实验中，研究者应该始终保持诚实。
选项B“clever”聪明、选项C“brave”勇敢、选项D“careful”小心，都不符合科学实验中诚实这一基本伦理原则。
2.When conducting an experiment on animals, we must show _____.A.crueltyB.ignoranceC.respectD.indifference答案：C。
在对动物进行实验时，我们必须表现出尊重。
选项A“cruelty”残忍、选项B“ignorance”无知、选项D“indifference”冷漠，都违背了科学实验中尊重生命的伦理原则。
3.In a scientific experiment, telling the truth is a sign of _____.zinessB.honestyC.stupidityD.arrogance答案：B。
在科学实验中，讲真话是诚实的标志。
选项A“laziness”懒惰、选项C“stupidity”愚蠢、选项D“arrogance”傲慢，都与讲真话无关。
4.If a scientist lies about the results of an experiment, it is a violation of _____.A.honorB.truthC.beautyD.power答案：B。
如果科学家谎报实验结果，这是对真理的违背。
选项A“honor”荣誉、选项C“beauty”美丽、选项D“power”力量，都与谎报实验结果无关。
5.In an experiment, respecting the rights of participants is an important principle of _____.A.ethicsB.beautyC.powerD.cleverness答案：A。
高中英语阅读理解主题探究题50题
高中英语阅读理解主题探究题50题1. In the passage, it is mentioned that ancient Egyptians built pyramids mainly for ______.A. religious purposesB. defenseC. housingD. tourism答案：A。
本题考查对文中关键信息的理解。
文中明确指出古埃及人建造金字塔主要是出于宗教目的，B 选项“防御”、C 选项“居住”、D 选项“旅游”在文中均未提及，所以选A。
2. The text tells us that the Roman Empire was known for its ______.A. advanced technologyB. rich literatureC. extensive tradeD. unique art答案：C。
文章中提到罗马帝国以其广泛的贸易而闻名。
A 选项“先进的技术”并非主要特点，B 选项“丰富的文学”不是最突出的方面，D 选项“独特的艺术”也不是其主要知名的原因，故选C。
3. According to the passage, the Mayan civilization was characterized by ______.A. complex calendar systemsB. simple agricultural methodsC. lack of written languageD. small population答案：A。
文中提到玛雅文明的特点是复杂的历法系统。
B 选项“简单的农业方法”不符合实际，C 选项“没有书面语言”错误，玛雅文明有自己的文字，D 选项“人口少”文中未提及，所以答案是A。
4. The passage states that the Industrial Revolution led to ______.A. a decrease in populationB. environmental pollutionC. a decline in agricultureD. less international trade答案：B。
西洋参花多糖闪式提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究
康忠禹，赵大庆，姚佳婧，等. 西洋参花多糖闪式提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（7）：184−190. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023050278KANG Zhongyu, ZHAO Daqing, YAO Jiajing, et al. Optimization of Flash Extraction Process and Antioxidant Activity of American Ginseng Flower Polysaccharides[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(7): 184−190. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023050278· 工艺技术 ·西洋参花多糖闪式提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究康忠禹1，赵大庆1，姚佳婧2，赵丽明1，黄宝泰2，刘 莉2, *，齐 滨2, *（1.长春中医药大学，吉林省人参科学研究院，吉林长春 130117；2.长春中医药大学药学院，吉林长春 130117）摘 要：目的：研究西洋参花多糖闪式提取的最佳工艺条件及抗氧化活性。
方法：以西洋参花为原料，考察提取电压、液料比、提取时间对西洋参花多糖得率的影响，采用响应面法优化西洋参花多糖闪式提取工艺。
通过测定西洋参花多糖对DPPH 自由基和羟基自由基的清除作用及总还原力，考察西洋参花多糖的抗氧化活性。
结果：通过实验得到西洋参花多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为：提取电压：130 V ，液料比：30:1 mL/g ，提取时间：100 s 。
在此条件下，西洋参花多糖得率为11.12%±0.23%，与模型预测值相当；西洋参花多糖体外抗氧化显示其对DPPH 自由基和羟基自由基清除率的IC 50值分别为1.34、1.42 mg/mL ，且具有一定还原力。
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PRECESSION AND NUTAT
MechanicsSpinning MotionPrecession and Nutation of a GyroscopeEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PRECESSION AND NUTATION OF A GYROSCOPE AND DETERMINATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIAUE1040500 07/16 UDFig. 1: Set-up for measuring precession of a gyroscope (with no additional weight added).GENERAL PRINCIPLESA spinning top is a rigid body which spins around an axis fixed at a given point. If an external force acts upon the axis, its torque causes a change in the angular momen-tum. The top thenmoves in a direction perpendicular to the axis and the force acting upon it. Such a motion is called precession. If a top is pushed away from its axis of rotation its starts to undergo a tipping motion. This mo-tion is called nutation. In general, both these motions occur superimposed on one another.In this experiment, a gyroscope is used rather than a top. Its large rotating disc rotates with low friction about an axis which is fixed at a certain bearing point. A counterweight is adjusted in such a way that the bearing point coincides with the centre of gravity. If the gyroscope is in equilibrium and the disc is set spinning, the momentum L will be constant:(1) R L I =⋅ωI : moment of inertia, ωR : angular velocityFig. 2 Set-up for measuring nutation of a gyroscope.The moment of inertia of the rotating disc of the gyroscope is given by:(2) 212I M R =⋅⋅ M : mass of disc, R : radius of discIf extra weight is put on the axis of rotation by addition of a mass m , the additional weight causes a torque τ which changes the angular momentum:(3) d d Lm g r tτ=⋅⋅=r : Distance from bearing point of axis of rotation to wherethe weight of the additional mass actsFig. 3 Schematic of a gyroscope illustrating precession The axis of rotation then moves as shown in Fig. 3 by the following angle:(4) dL m g r dt d L L⋅⋅⋅φ== It also starts to precess. The angular velocity of the preces-sion motion can then be derived:(5) d d P Rm g r m g r t L I φ⋅⋅⋅⋅ω===⋅ω where ω = 2π/T = 2πf :(6)1R P R m g r f T T I⋅⋅==⋅ If the disc is set spinning in the absence of any extra external torque and the axis of rotation is slightly deflected to one side, the gyroscope will exhibit nutation. The angular velocity of the nutation is then directly proportional to the angular velocity of the rotation:(7) N R C ω=⋅ω and R N T C T =⋅ C : constantFig. 4 Schematic of a gyroscope illustrating nutationLIST OF APPARATUS1 Gyroscope 1000695 (U52006)2 Photo Gate 1000563 (U11365)1 Laser Diode, Red 1003201 (U22000)1 3B NET log™ @230V 1000540 (U11300-230) or1 3B NET log™ @115V1000539 (U11300-115) 1 3B NET lab™1000544 (U11310)3 Tripod Stand 150 mm 1002835 (U13270)3 Universal Clamp 1002830 (U13255)3 Stainless Steel Rod 750 mm 1002935 (U15003)SETTING UP A GYROSCOPE∙Place the stand base on a level working surface which is not subject to vibration and use the spirit level to align it to the horizontal.∙Insert the stand rod into the stand base and secure it (Fig. 5, 1).∙Place the rotor head in such a way that its main axle is on the stand rod (Fig. 5, 2).∙Move the flywheel onto the main gyroscope axle as far it will go with the bobbin end facing away from the rotor head (Fig. 5, 3). Insert the spacer and secure the flywheel with the fastening disc (Fig. 5, 3). Fully unscrew the fas-tening screw at the other end of the main axis to begin with.∙First slot the large counterweight, then the small set weight onto the other end of the main axle and screw the fastening screw back into the main axle (Fig. 5, 5,6,7).Move the counterweight and set weight to make the alignment of the main axis horizontal (pointer at 0 on the scale) and secure them both with fastening screws. You may need to make some fine adjustments with the screw. Fig. 5 Setting up the gyroscope.∙Attach the pointer for the flywheel to the flywheel itself with velcro as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.SET-UP AND EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE∙Set-up the two photoelectric gates with the help of stand components such that they are positioned as in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 and use the cable with the 8-pin miniDIN plugs to connect them to analog inputs A and B of the NET log™ unit.Note:When measuring nutation, the photo gate which records the period of nutation should not be operated in “internal light barrier mode” but in “laser light barrier mode”. This is activat-ed by closing the mechanical aperture and aligning the diode laser with the opening in the side of the photo gate.∙Turn on the computer and run 3B NET lab™. Connect the 3B NET log™ unit to the computer with the USB cable. In 3B NET lab™, click the “Test” under “Device connection”, to check the connection.∙Configure analog inputs A and B to 20 V DC in 3B NET lab™ and click the “Inputs OK” button to confirm.∙Set the following parameters:Measuring interval/Rate: 10 ms 100 Hz Osc Number of measurement values: 10000Duration of measurement: 01:40.0 sClick the “Parameters OK” button to confirm.∙For measuring precession, suspend the weight holder with three weights on it from the hole in the front end of the main axle.∙For measuring nutation do not suspend any weights.∙Insert the metal sleeve of the starter thread into the hole in the bobbin and wind the starter thread around the bob-bin.∙Press the “Start” button in 3B NET lab™ to start recording measurements.∙Grip the rear end of the main axle with one hand and hold the grip on the end of the starter thread with the other.Start the flywheel rotating by pulling fast and hard, but steadily, on the starter thread. Then immediately let go of the main axle.Note:When pulling the starter thread, keep it under tension until it has all rolled off the bobbin, otherwise it could get tangled in it.It may be best to have two people doing the starting of 3B NET lab™ and turning the flywheel.Make sure that the gyroscope remains more or less horizontal while doing this.∙For measuring nutation, get the nutation started by hitting the gyroscope axle gently from the side.SAMPLE MEASUREMENTS AND EVALUA-TIONMass M of flywheel: 1.5 kg Radius R of flywheel: 12.5 cm Mass of additional weight m: 150 g Distance r from fulcrum of axle to point from which additional weight is suspended 22.5 cm Fig. 6 (top) and Fig. 7 (top) show some typical results for precession and nutation measurements using 3B NET lab™and the set-ups shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.∙Determine the periods for precession, nutation and rota-tion T P, T N and T R via the changes in the timing diagram recorded for the pulses.In Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 analog input A (blue) corresponds to the timing diagram for the rotation signal and analog input B (red) is the timing diagram for the precession or nutation signals. The period of precession can be read off directly with the help of the cursors. It is the interval between two pulses. For ex-ample, the first precession period in Fig. 6 (centre) T P = 16.52 s.The period of nutation can also be read off directly with the help of the cursors, see Fig. 7 (centre). To do this, identify at least three successive and evenly spaced pulses in the signal. Since in one period of nutation, the photo gate will be ob-scured three times, the nutation period corresponds to the interval between the first pulse and the third one. For exam-ple, the first nutation period in Fig. 7 (centre) T N = 1.64 s.The rotation period is obtained from multiple successive puls-es in the same regions where the corresponding precession or nutation periods were determined. Fig. 6 Precession of gyroscope. Recorded timing diagram (top) and determination of precession period T P (cen-tre) and rotation period T R (bottom) in 3B NET lab™. Fig. 7 Nutation of gyroscope. Recorded timing diagram (top) and determination of nutation period T N (centre) androtation period T R (bottom) in 3B NET lab™.For example, the period of rotation corresponding to the first precession period in Fig. 6 (bottom) T R = 0.24 s/3 = 0.08 s, and that corresponding to the first nutation period in Fig. 7 (bottom) T R = 0.18 s/2 = 0.09 s.∙Enter the periods you have obtained in tables 1 and 2.Table 1: Precession of gyroscope. Precession periods T P androtation periods T R obtained by measurement and frequencies of rotation f R calculated therefrom.Table 2: Nutation of gyroscope. Nutation periods T N and rota-tion periods T R obtained by measurement.∙ Calculate the frequencies of rotation from the rotation periods in Table 1 and enter these into Table 1 as well. ∙Plot the rotation frequencies and precession periods in a graph and fit a straight line through the origin to the points (Fig. 8).∙Use equation (6) to calculate the moment of inertia of the flywheel from the slope of the graph a :222224m0.15kg 9.810.225m s 1440.73s0.0115kg m R P P m g rf T a T I mg rI a⋅⋅=⋅=⋅⇒⋅π⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅==⋅π⋅⋅π⋅=⋅.∙Determine the moment of inertia of the flywheel by means of equation (2):()2211.5kg 0.125m 0.0117kg m 2I =⋅⋅=⋅. The values are in agreement within the bounds of their rela-tive measurement errors of about 1.5%. ∙Plot the periods of rotation Tab. 2 against the periods of rotation in a graph and fit a straight line through the origin to the points (Fig. 9).Direct proportionality between the periods of nutation and rotation as predicted by equation (7) is thereby confirmed.Fig. 8 Frequency of rotation f R of a rotating disc as a functionof the period of precession T PFig. 9 Period of rotation T R as a function of period of nutationT N .f R / HzT P / sT N / s T R / ms。
FDA实验室审计常见缺陷分析及实验室超标事件（OOS）调查
FDA实验室审计常见缺陷分析及实验室超标事件（OOS）调查第一篇：FDA实验室审计常见缺陷分析及实验室超标事件(OOS)调查FDA实验室审计常见缺陷分析及实验室超标事件（OOS）调查一、FDA在新药申报现场审计及其他GMP审计中发现的主要实验室控制缺陷：（一）没有建立科学可靠和适当的标准，以确保药物符合鉴别、含量、质量及纯度标准。
（二）没有验证分析方法的准确度、灵敏度、专属性和重现性等。
新药申报中的分析方法必须进行验证并有相关文件记录验证结果。
（三）建立的规范、标准、取样计划、测试程序或实验室控制程序没有被很好的执行或在执行时没有记录。
一种情况是企业在执行的过程中使用已申报的测试方法没有达到预期的结果，于是重新更改了这个方法，但没有重新申报。
另一种情况是分析员在做实验的时候自己做了变化而没有任何纪录。
（四）没有按照已经制定的书面程序中所规定的合适频率对仪器进行较正，或当仪器准确度或精确度超标时，没有采取适当的纠正措施。
如果仪器校正的结果超标，非常重要的一步就是要调查用这个仪器测试的产品会不会存在质量的隐患，会不会有不准确的结果。
（五）对于质量控制部门的职责或程序没有成文，或者没有被执行。
典型的质量控制部门的职责就是批准标准、程序，并对任何异常事件进行调查。
（六）在不合格批调查方面，对预料之外的偏差/某些批次产品或其组分不符合标准的情况的调查没有覆盖与该异常事件相关的同一产品的其它批次或其他品种。
即使结果认可被拒绝，对超标事件进行调查还是很有价值的，可以判断是不是影响到其它的相关批次。
如果结果超标了，就要确定它的根本原因。
这个原因有助于评价相关批次，即使这些相关批次结果都是在这个标准范围之内，但还是得重新评价结果是否可信。
（七）药品出厂前的测试和释放没有适当的实验室判定程序，以确保药品能最终满足产品质量标准。
二、实验室检验超标事件（OOS）调查程序。
虽然FDA一直在强调实验室超标情况调查的问题，但是在这个问题上还是有很多缺陷项目。
the above results of animal experiment -回复
the above results of animal experiment -回复中括号内的内容是动物实验的结果。
本文将一步一步回答与该结果相关的问题，并从伦理、科学性、替代方法等多个方面进行讨论。
以下是对该实验结果进行详细分析和评价的文章：题目：动物实验结果的伦理与科学性评价及替代方法探讨引言：动物实验是科学研究领域中一种常见的研究方法，但近年来引发了伦理争议。
本文旨在对一项动物实验的结果进行深入分析和评价，以探讨该实验是否符合伦理规范和科学性要求。
同时，我们将进一步讨论替代动物实验的方法，以期促进科学研究的发展和动物福利的保护。
一、动物实验结果的伦理评价：1. 实验动物的选择和使用：首先，我们需要评估实验动物的选择和使用是否符合伦理规范。
该实验所使用的动物种类、数量和来源是否得到合理的解释和正当的使用授权？是否有充分的伦理审查和动物福利考量？如果这些问题的回答为肯定，那么该实验的伦理规范性就得到了初步的确认。
2. 动物实验的痛苦与痛苦缓解措施：进一步评价该实验对动物可能产生的痛苦和苦难。
实验过程中动物是否受到了痛苦、疾病、伤害或丧失福利的可能性？是否有采取必要的痛苦缓解措施，如使用麻醉剂或镇静剂，并及时求助兽医师？伦理评估需要确保在实验中动物的福利和健康得到妥善关照。
3. 动物利用的道义和法律依据：除了考虑动物的福利，我们还要关注是否存在合法和道德的依据来支持该实验所涉及的动物利用。
是否有明确的科学目的和研究问题？是否有公共利益或公共健康的合法依据？伦理评价需要确保动物利用在遵守道义和法律、基于公共利益的前提下进行。
二、动物实验结果的科学性评价：1. 实验设计和可信度：科学性评估的一个关键问题是评估实验设计的质量和可信度。
该实验是否具有适当的实验设计，如随机分组、对照组等？是否有充分的样本大小和统计学分析？是否有严密的实验过程和数据记录，以减少偏差和误差？科学性评价需要确保所得到的结果是可靠和可重复的。
Recent progress in the development of diesel surrogate fuels
a b s t r a c t
There has been much recent progress in the area of surrogate fuels for diesel. In the last few years, experiments and modeling have been performed on higher molecular weight components of relevance to diesel fuel such as n-hexadecane (n-cetane) and 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (iso-cetane). Chemical kinetic models have been developed for all the n-alkanes up to 16 carbon atoms. Also, there has been experimental and modeling work on lower molecular weight surrogate components such as n-decane and n-dodecane that are most relevant to jet fuel surrogates, but are also relevant to diesel surrogates where simulation of the full boiling point range is desired. For two-ring compounds, experimental work on decalin and tetralin recently has been published. For esters, kinetic mechanisms for compounds of lower molecular weights but similar to those found in typical biodiesel blendstocks also have been published. For multi-component surrogate fuel mixtures, recent work on modeling of these mixtures and comparisons to real diesel fuel is reviewed. Detailed chemical kinetic models for surrogate fuels are very large in size, so it is noteworthy that significant progress also has been made in improving the mechanism reduction tools that are needed to make these large models practicable in multidimensional reacting flow simulations of diesel combustion. Nevertheless, major research gaps remain. In the case of iso-alkanes, there are experiments and modeling work on only one of relevance to diesel: iso-cetane. Also, the iso-alkanes in diesel are lightly branched and no detailed chemical kinetic models or experimental investigations are available for such compounds. More components are needed to fill out the iso-alkane boiling point range. For the aromatic class of compounds, there has been little work for compounds in the boiling point range of diesel. Most of the new work has been on alkyl aromatics that are of the range C7eC9, below the C10eC20 range that is needed. For the chemical classes of cycloalkanes and esters, experiments and modeling on higher molecular weight components are warranted. Finally for multi-component surrogates needed to treat real diesel, the inclusion of higher molecular weight components is needed in models and experimental investigations. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
分析现象的英语作文
分析现象的英语作文Title: Analyzing Phenomena: Understanding and Insight。
Introduction:In the realm of academia and beyond, the art of analyzing phenomena is quintessential. It transcends disciplines, offering a systematic approach to understanding the intricacies of various occurrences. Whether scrutinizing social phenomena, economic trends, scientific breakthroughs, or cultural shifts, the process of analysis unveils layers of meaning and insight. This essay delves into the significance of analyzing phenomena and explores its methodologies and implications.Understanding the Significance:Analyzing phenomena serves as a gateway to comprehension and enlightenment. It enables individuals to decipher underlying patterns, causes, and effects within agiven context. Through rigorous examination, seemingly disparate elements coalesce into a coherent narrative, fostering a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Moreover, analysis empowers individuals to make informed decisions, formulate strategies, and devise solutions to complex problems. In essence, it is the cornerstone of critical thinking and intellectual inquiry.Methodologies of Analysis:Various methodologies are employed in the analysis of phenomena, each tailored to suit the specific nature of the subject under scrutiny. Quantitative analysis utilizes statistical tools and mathematical models to quantify and interpret data, yielding empirical insights into phenomena ranging from market trends to demographic shifts. Qualitative analysis, on the other hand, delves into the nuanced aspects of human behavior and perception, employing techniques such as interviews, observations, and content analysis to glean subjective insights and perspectives. Additionally, interdisciplinary approaches amalgamate diverse methodologies, harnessing the strengths of multipledisciplines to offer a comprehensive understanding of complex phenomena.Implications and Applications:The implications of analyzing phenomena extend far beyond the confines of academia, permeating various facetsof society and industry. In the realm of business and economics, market analysis enables companies to anticipate consumer behavior, identify emerging trends, and optimize their operations accordingly. In the field of public policy, policy analysis informs decision-makers about the potential impacts of legislative measures, facilitating evidence-based governance and social welfare. Moreover, inscientific research, the analysis of experimental data elucidates underlying principles and phenomena, driving innovation and technological advancement.Challenges and Considerations:Despite its myriad benefits, the analysis of phenomenais not without its challenges and considerations. One suchchallenge is the inherent complexity and uncertainty surrounding many phenomena, necessitating careful interpretation and validation of findings. Moreover, the subjective biases of analysts can influence theinterpretation of data, potentially skewing results and conclusions. Additionally, the rapid pace of technological advancement introduces new methodologies and tools for analysis, necessitating continuous learning and adaptation.Conclusion:In conclusion, the analysis of phenomena is a multifaceted endeavor that enriches our understanding ofthe world around us. It empowers individuals and organizations to unravel the mysteries of complex phenomena, driving progress and innovation across various domains. By embracing diverse methodologies and fostering critical inquiry, we can harness the power of analysis to navigate the complexities of the modern world and shape a brighter future for generations to come.。
Unit Three The Method of Scientific Investigation
apprenticeship
• 学徒身份；学徒期 Someone who has an apprenticeship works for a fixed period of time for a person who has a particular skill in order to learn the skill. Apprenticeship is the system of learning a skill like this. • After serving his apprenticeship as a toolmaker, he became a manager. • 结束了工具匠的学徒期以后，他当上了经 理。
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translation
• In scientific inquiry it (形式主语) becomes a matter of duty to expose a supposed law(预设的 规律) to every possible verification, and to take care, moreover, that this is done intentionally, and not left to a mere accident, as in the case of apples.
Thesis statement
• the approach used by men of science to define and explain natural phenomena is exactly the same as the approach applied by ordinary men to handle daily issues.