Collider Production of Spin 32 Particles
Quantum spin liquid emerging in 2D correlated Dirac fermions
IC制程专业词汇
1.•Vt could drops or c limbs as gate length shrinks à Short Channel Effect or Reverse Short Channel Effect.2•Vt could drops or climbs as AA width shrinks àNarrow width Effect or Reverse Narrow Width Effect.3•Channel profile determines SCE and RSCE.4•Isolation structure and channel profile determines NWE and RNWE.ASIC: 专用集成电路application specific ICW/S:width/spaceSTI: shallow slot isolationSlurry泥浆, 浆Pad 衬垫RTI 实时检测SC specially characteristic 关键属性Numerical Aperture（N.A.）數值孔徑LDD: low dose drain 轻掺杂漏极: to supperess the SCEATPG:auto test pattern generatorADI: After Developing InspectionDIBL (Drain Induced Barrier Lowering)GIDL(gate induced drain leakage)PSM phase-shift mask 相移掩膜技术SC1 standard clean 1SC2 standard clean 2FEOL front-end of lineBEOL back-end of lineDIBL: drain induced barrier lowerGIDL: drain induced drain leakageSCE: short channel effectSAC oxide: sacrifice oxideDARC: dielectric anti-reflective coating 无机物; barc & tarc bottom and top 有机物SDE:source/drain-extensionRCA : SC1 + SC2Caro:3号液：PRRM: PhotoResist ReMoveEKC : EKC 270T (solvent name)APM，SPM，HPM的主要成分，除何种杂质；HF的作用。
希格斯玻色子 考研英语
希格斯玻色子考研英语In the realm of particle physics, the Higgs boson stands as a pivotal element in the Standard Model, which serves as the most widely accepted framework for understanding the fundamental particles and forces that shape our universe. The discovery of the Higgs boson at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2012 was a monumental milestone, confirming the existence of the last predicted particle in the Standard Model and providing crucial insights into the mechanism that gives particles their mass.The Higgs boson, often referred to as the "God particle," is unique because it is associated with the Higgs field, an energy field that permeates the entire universe. According to the theory proposed by Peter Higgs and others in the 1960s, particles acquire mass by interacting with this field. The more strongly a particle interacts with the Higgs field, the heavier it becomes. Conversely, particles that do not interact with the Higgs field remain massless, such as photons, the particles of light.Understanding the Higgs boson is not only a matter of scientific curiosity but also has profound implications for our comprehension of the universe. For instance, without the Higgs mechanism, atoms would not exist, as the elementary particles they are made of would zip around at the speed of light without ever coming together to form atoms. The Higgs field is thus essential for the formation of complex structures, including stars, planets, and ultimately life itself.The search for the Higgs boson was a decades-long quest that involved thousands of scientists and engineers from around the world. It required the construction of the LHC, the most powerful and complex machine ever built, capable of accelerating protons to near the speed of light and smashing them together at unprecedented energy levels. The detection of the Higgs boson was achieved through the observation of the particles that result from its decay, as the Higgs boson itself is highly unstable and disintegrates almost immediately after being created.The confirmation of the Higgs boson's existence has opened up new avenues of research in particle physics. Scientists are now probing the properties of the Higgs bosonwith greater precision, seeking to uncover any deviations from the Standard Model predictions that could hint at new physics beyond our current theories. Such discoveries could potentially lead to a deeper understanding of the universe's early moments and the conditions that led to the formation of matter as we know it.Moreover, the study of the Higgs boson has broader implications for fields such as cosmology and astrophysics. It plays a significant role in theories of cosmic inflation, the rapid expansion of the universe that occurred fractions of a second after the Big Bang. The Higgs field's interaction with other fields and particles during this period could have shaped the large-scale structure of the universe, influencing the distribution of galaxies and the evolution of cosmic structures.In conclusion, the Higgs boson is a cornerstone of modern physics, providing a key to unlocking the mysteries of mass and the fundamental structure of matter. Its discovery is a testament to human ingenuity and the collaborative spirit of the scientific community. As research continues, the Higgs boson will undoubtedly remain at the forefront of our quest to understand the deepest secrets of the universe.(Note: This document is a creative composition intended for educational purposes and does not contain any direct quotations or copyrighted material.)。
Search for a new state of matter – the Quark-Gluon Plasma一个物质–夸克胶子等离子体的新状态搜索 43
-- multi-parton dynamics (recombination or coalescence or …)
-- Hydrodynamics (constituent quarks ? parton dynamics from gluons to constituent quarks? )
Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions and Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic high pT -- Strombolian eruption
Volcanic mediate pT – Spatter (clumps)
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Volcanic low pT – Bulk matter flows
Evidence for Multi-parton Dynamics in Hadronization of Bulk Partonic Matter at RHIC
Huan Zhong Huang (黄焕中) Department of Physics and Astronomy
University of California Los Angeles
Rafelski+Danos, Molnar+Voloshin …..) Quark Recombination – (R.J. Fries et al, R. Hwa et al)
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Constituent Quark Scaling
Constituent (n) Quark Scaling -- Meson n=2 and Baryon n=3 grouping
p td d td p N y d 2 1 π p td dtd p N 1 y i 12ic vo s ψ R () i)1( 0
科技英语词汇
科技英语词汇数学absolute value 绝对值acute angle 锐角aggregate集合algebra 代数；代数学algorithm 算法analysis 分析analysis of variance 方差分析analytic function分析函数；解析函数analytic geometry 分析几何analytic number theory 分析数论angle 角angular 角的area 面积arithmetic 算术axiomatic set theory 公理集合论calculus of finite difference 有限差演算calculus of variations 变分法cardinal number 基数category 范畴central limit theorem 中心极限定理circle 圆circular points at infinity 圆点class field theory 类域论classical group 典型群common factor公因数complex function 复变函数complex number 复数cone 圆锥体congruence 同余conjugate function 共轭函数constant 常数convolution 卷积coordinate system 坐标系correlation analysis 相关分析curve 曲线curve of second degree 二次曲线cylinder 圆柱体data anlysis 数据分析decimal 小数decision analysis 决策分析denominator 分母derivative 导数determinant 行列式developable surface 可展曲面differential 微分differential and integral calculus 微积分学differential calculus 微分学differential coefficient 导数differential topology 微分拓扑学dimension 维数divisibility 整除elementary function 初等函数elimination method 消元法ellipse 椭圆elliptic function 椭圆函数entropy 熵equal sign 等号equation 等式；方程式error 误差even number 偶数extract roots开方；求根extremum 极值field 域figure 图形finite field 有限域formula (pl. formulae) 公式function 函数functional 泛函数fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑game theory 博弈论generalized inverse matrix 广义逆矩阵geometry 几何学golden section 黄金分割harmonic function 调和函数hyperbola 双曲线improper integral 广义积分incenter 内心indeterminate 不定方程inequality 不等式infinitesimal 无穷小infinity无穷大integral 积分integral calculus 积分学integral equation 积分方程integration 积分法interval analysis 区间分析limit 极限linear 线性的；一次的linear algebra 线性代数linear operator 线性算子line segment 线段logical calculus 逻辑演算mapping 映射matrix 矩阵maximum function 极大函数minimal surface 极小曲面minus减去；负号model logic 模态逻辑moment矩nomogram 算图normal distribution 正态分布numerator分子numerical analysis 数值分析obtuse angle 钝角odd number 奇数optimization 最优化optimization method 优选学origin 原点parabola 抛物线paradox 悖论parallel 平行；平行线parallel algorithm 并行算法parallelogram平行四边形parameter 参数parity 奇偶性partial derivative 偏导数perpendicular bisector中垂线plane 平面polygon 多边形polyhedron 多面体polynomial 多项式positive sign 正号power 幂probability 概率quadratic 二次的radical sign根号random variable 随机变量real number 实数rectangle 长方形；矩形recursion theory 递归论right angle 直角rotundity圆形semicircle 半圆形series 级数set集；集合side 边simple equation 一次方程式sphere 球体；球面square 正方形；平方；直角尺straight line 直线supplementary 互补surface 曲面symmetry 对称taper 圆锥（形）trapezoid / trapezium 梯形triangle 三角形trigonometry 三角学unknown （未知）元；未知数variable 变量variance变方差vector 向量volume 体积物理absolute zero 绝对零度absorption 吸收acceleration 加速；加速度acoustics 声学activator 激活剂alkaline 碱的；碱性的alloy 合金alternating current (AC) 交流电ampere 安培ampere-meter 安培计annealing 退火antiparticle 反粒子atom原子atomic原子的atomic beam 原子束atmosphere 大气层beam splitter 分光膜boson 玻色子calorie 卡calorimetry 量热术cell 电池Celsius temperature 摄氏温度centripetal force 向心力centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质心centrifugal force 离心力charge 电荷coating 涂层；覆盖collision 碰撞collider 对撞机compass 指南针conservation of energy能量守恒constraint 约束continuum 连续体；连续介质convex 凸起的cosmic ray 宇宙射线coulomb 库伦coupling 耦合critical state 临界状态cross section 截面crystal 晶体crystallization 结晶crystallography 晶体学cyclotron 回旋加速器damping 阻尼decay 衰变diamagnetism 抗磁性dielectrics 电介质；绝缘体diffraction 衍射diffusion 扩散direct current (DC) 直流电discharge 放电dislocation 位错dispersion 色散displacement 位移distortion 畸变divergence发散Doppler effect 多普勒效应drag 阻力drift 漂移dynamics 动力学eddy current 涡电流elastic force 弹性力elasticity 弹性力学electromagnetic 电磁的electret 驻极体electric circuits 电路electric current 电流electric field 电场electricity 电学electric polarization 电极化electric potential 电位electric power 电功率electroacoustics 电声学electrocaloric effect 电热效应electrolytic 电解的electromagnetic 电磁的electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic shielding 电磁屏蔽electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetism 电磁学electron 电子electroscope 验电器electrostatic field 静电场elementary particle 基本粒子energy 能量enthalpy 焓；热函entropy 熵exciton 激子；激发子farad 法拉ferroelectricity 铁电性fiber optics 纤维光学first cosmic velocity第一宇宙速度fission裂变fluctuation 波动fluid mechanics 流体力学fluorescence 荧光；荧光性force 力free nergy 自由能friction 摩擦fusion聚合galvanometer 电流计gaseous discharge 气体放电generator 发电机；发生器gluon 胶子grating 光栅gravitational interaction 引力相互作用graviton 引力子gravity wve 重力波hadron 强子heat transfer 热传递heavy lepton 重轻子helium 氦holography 全息摄影术humidity 湿度hydrogen 氢hyperon 超子impulse 冲量incandescent lamp 白炽灯inductance 电感inertia 惯性inertial force 惯性力infrared ray 红外线insulator绝缘体ion 离子ionic离子的ionize 电离；使离子化isotope 同位素jet 喷注joule 焦耳kinetic energy 动能laser 激光latent heat 潜热lever 杠杆lens 透镜magnet 磁体；磁铁magnetic field 磁场magnetics 磁学magnetization 磁化（强度）mass 质量meson 介子microscope 显微镜molecule 分子moment 力矩momentum 动量multimeter 万用（电）表neucleon 核子neucleus 原子核neutrino 中微子neutron 中子nuclide 核素ohm欧姆ohmmeter欧姆计optics 光学ozone 臭氧层parity 宇称phase 相phosphor 荧光粉photon 光子plasma 等离子体pulley 滑轮pyrometer高温计quark 夸克quartz 石英quenching 淬火reacting force反作用力radar 雷达radiation 辐射radioactivity 辐射性raodiocarbon dating 碳定年recoil反冲reflection 反射resistance 电阻resonance 共振（态）reverberation 混响rolling 轧制screw 螺旋semi-conductor 半导体shock wave 激波；冲击波soild 固体sonar 声呐spectrum 光谱spin 自旋stress 应力superconductivity 超导电性swing振幅synchronizer 同步装置telescope 望远镜temperature 温度tension 张力transistor 晶体管ultrasonic 超声的ultraviolet ray 紫外线universal gravitation万有引力uranium 铀vacuum 真空velocity 速度vibration 振动viscosity 粘性急volt 伏特voltage 电压voltmeter 伏特计vortex 涡旋weld 焊接work 功X ray X射线化学acid 酸absorbate 吸附质aerosol 气溶胶alkali 碱alkaline 碱（性）的amino acid 氨基酸anode 阳极base 碱boiling point 沸点bubble point 泡点calorimetric entropy量热熵capillarity 毛细现象carbonification 碳化作用catalyst催化剂cathode 阴极chemical affinity 化学亲合势chemical potential 化学势clone 克隆（无性系繁殖）compound 化合物composite reaction复合反应condensation in capillary 毛细管凝结condensed state 凝聚态conductivity 电导率conductance电导consecutive reaction连串反应coulometer电量计；库伦计critical parameter临界参数cyclic process 循环过程decomposition voltage分解电压demulsification 胶凝作用dew point露点dispersion phase 分散相electrode potential 电极电势electrolytic cell 电解池electromotive force 电动势electrophoresis 电泳embryo 胚胎energy level能级entropy 熵enzyme 酶equilibrium state平衡态ethane 乙烷ethanol 乙醇eutectic point 低共熔点excess pressure 附加压力extensive property 广延性质ferment 发酵；酵素freezing point凝固点gelatin凝胶gene 基因genome 基因组half cell 半电池heat of dissociation 离解热heat of neutralization 中和热heat pump 热泵ionic strength离子强度internal energy内能intermolecular force 分子间力latent heat 潜热macromolecular solution高分子溶液mechanical equivalent of heat热功当量metabolism 新陈代谢methane 甲烷microstate 微态molecular distillation 分子蒸馏negative pole 负极negative adsorption 负吸附overheated liquid 过热液体oxidation 氧化（作用）oxidation-reduction 氧化还原partial pressure 分压pascal 帕斯卡phase change 相变photoreaction 光反应photosensitized reaction 光敏反应photosynthesis 光合作用polarization极化作用polyelectrolyte 聚（合）电解质polyethylene 聚乙烯polymer 聚合物rectify精馏reduced temperature 对比温度relative viscosity 相对粘度relative volatility 相对挥发度reversible process 可逆过程salting out 盐析saturated vapor饱和蒸气sedimentation 沉降solid phase line 固相线solid solution 固态混合物solution 溶液straight chain reactions 单链反应surface excess表面吸附量thermodynamics 热力学transgenic 转基因的triple point 三相点unimolecular reaction单分子反应vaporization 气化work content 功函yield 产率计算机专业access arm 磁头臂；存取臂access time 存取时间adder 加法器address 地址alphanumeric 字母数字的analog computer 模拟计算机analyst 分析员area 区域array 数组；阵列ASCII 美国信息交换标准码assembler 汇编程序audio音频band 区band width带宽batch processing 成批处理BBS 电子布告栏系统binary code 二进制码binary digit 二进制位；二进制数字bit 比特,二进制的一位branch 分支,支线browser 浏览器brush 电刷buffer storage 缓冲存储器byte 字节calculator 计算器call instruction 呼叫指令cancel 取消card punch 卡片穿孔机card reader 卡片阅读机；读卡机cell 单元channel 通道；信道character 字符check digit 校验数位chip 芯片circuit 电路；线路click 点击clear 清除；清零clock 时钟code 代码；编码coder 编码员；编码器command 指令；命令compact disk (CD)光盘compatible兼容的compatibility兼容性compiler 编译程序computer language 计算机语言control unit 控制器core storage, core store 磁心存储器counter 计数器CPU 中央处理器cybernetics 控制论cycle 循环cursor 光标data 数据data processing 数据处理debugging 调试decision 制定delete 删除desktop桌面display 显示屏dialog box 对话框digit 数字,数位,位digital computer 数字计算机disc, disk 磁盘display unit 显示装置driver驱动器drop-down menu 下拉菜单edit 编辑EMS memory 内存encode 编码erase 擦除；清洗；抹除feed 馈送；供给feedback 反馈field 字段；信息组,域file 文件fire wall 防火墙floppy disk软盘flush left 左对齐folder 文件夹font 字体format 格式frame 帧hack 黑客hard disk 硬盘help 帮助highlight 突出显示icon图标identifier 标识符index 索引information 信息inline processing 内处理input 输入inquiry 询问insert 插入interactive 交互式instruction 指令item 项目；项jump 转移key 键,关键码keyboard 键盘latency time 等待时间library 库,程序库linkage 连接line spacing single 单倍行距load 装入；寄存；写入；加载location 存储单元logger 登记器,记录器log in/on注册；登录loop 循环machine language 机器语言magnetic storage 磁存储器magnetic tape 磁带main frame主机matrix 矩阵memory 存储器menu 菜单message 信息；报文microcomputer 微型计算机module 组件；模块modify 修改monitor 监视器；监督程序；管程motherboard主板mouse 鼠标multimedia 多媒体nanosecond 毫微秒network 网络；网numeric, numerical 数字的；数值的octet 八位位组；八位字节operator 操作员optical character reader 光符阅读机optical scanner 光扫描器output 输出overflow 溢出；上溢panel 平板parameter 参数；参量perforator 穿孔机peripheral equipment 外围设备；外部设备personal computer 个人计算机printed circuit 印制电路printer 打印机printout 打印输出process 处理processor 微处理器processing unit 处理部件program 程序program 程序编制programmer 程序设计员programming 程序设计；程序编制punch 穿孔punch 穿孔punched card, punch card 穿孔卡片punch hole 孔；穿孔punched tape, punch tape 穿孔纸带random access 随机存取read 读取reader 阅读程序reading 阅读read-only file 只读文件real time 实时record, register 记录redundancy 冗余right-click 右击routine 例行程序selector 选择器,选择符sentinel 标记sequence 序列,顺序sequential 顺序的serial 串行的.连续的server 服务器shift 移位,移数signal 信号simulation 模拟simulator 模拟器；模拟程序software 软件；软设备sort 分类,排序sorter 分类人员；分类机；分类程序；排序程序sound box 音箱storage 存储器store 存储subroutine, subprogram 子程序switch 开关symbol 符号symbolic language 符号语言system 系统table 表格tabulator 制表机teleprinter 电传打字机terminal 终端terminal unit 终端设备timer 时钟；精密计时器time sharing 分时timing 定时toolbar 工具按钮track 磁道transducer 传感器；翻译机translator 翻译程序：翻译器tools 工具update保更新view 视图virus 病毒visual 视频window 窗口经贸acceptance 承兑acquisition 收购ad valorem duty 从价税after-sales service 售后服务amortization 分期偿还（欠款本息）anti-dumping 反倾销appreciation 升值arbitration 仲裁assessment 估价auction 拍卖auditing 审计average 海损bad debt 呆帐bail out 财政援助balance of payment 国际收支差额balance sheet 资产负债表bank credit 银行信贷bankrupt 破产bar chart 柱形图bar code 条形码bargain 讨价还价benchmark 基准beneficiary 受益人bill of entry 报关单bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading 提单blue chip 蓝筹股board 董事会bonded warehouse 保税仓库bonus 红利brainstorming 集思广益brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度break-even point 收支相抵点broker 经纪人budget 预算bulk goods 散装货byproduct 副产品telegraphic transfer 电汇capital gains 资本收益capital stock 股本carriage 运费certificate of origin 原产地证明chamber of commerce 商会claim 索赔commission 佣金consignee 收货人consumer durables 耐用消费品customize 定制dealer 经销商debit card 借记卡decision-making 决策declaration of income 收入申报deficit 赤字deflation 通货紧缩delivery note 交货单differentiation 产品差异化distribution 分销diversification 经营多样化Dow Jones Industrial Average 道琼斯工业平均指数down payment 首付；定金economic indicator 经济指数endorsement 背书enquiry 寻盘exchange control 外汇管制face value 面值floating rate 浮动汇率foreign exchange 外汇franchise 特许经营freelance 自由职业者free on board 离岸价futures market 期货市场gross domestic/national product 国内/国民生产总值hedging 套期保值idle money 闲置资金import licence 进口许可证industrial tribunal 劳资仲裁庭inflation 通货膨胀infrastructure 基础设施insurance policy 保险单interest rate 利率investment trust 投资信托公司joint venture 合资公司legal expense 诉讼费用letter of credit 信用证liquidation 清算management buyout 管理层够入全部股权marginal cost 边际成本marine insurance 海运保险marketing mix 营销组合market segmentation 市场细分merger 合并mortgage 抵押贷款net asset value 净资产值offer 报盘off-season 淡季的option 期权order 定单overdraft 透支overhead 经常费用patent 专利payoff 回报，赢利performance 业绩price discrimination 价格歧视portfolio 投资组合product life cycle 产品生命周期promotion 促销public relations 公共关系quotation 报价rate of returns 收益率rationalization 合理化改革real estate 房地产refund 退款retail price 零售价securities 证券stock exchange 股票交易所subsidy 补贴surplus 过剩tariff 关税trade deficit 贸易赤字transactions velocity of circulation 货币流通速度underwriter 承保人value added tax 增值税医学albomycin 白霉素allergen过敏原allergy过敏allergic reaction 过敏反应allergic rhinitis过敏性鼻炎anaphylactic shock过敏性休克anatomy解剖学anemia贫血anorexia厌食症apoplexy 中风arthritis 关节炎beriberi脚气病blood pressure 血压blood test 验血blood type A A血型；A型血brainwave脑波bronchitis 支气管炎cancer癌症cerebral apoplexy 脑溢血cholera霍乱circulatory system循环系统clinic 诊所color blindness 色盲common cold感冒computerized tomography CT扫描contraceptive避孕用具cough咳嗽dentin牙质dentist 牙科医生dermatologist 皮肤科医生detoxification解毒作用diabetes 糖尿病dialysis 透析diarrhea 痢疾dissection解剖eardrum / tympanic membrane鼓膜electrocardiogram (ECG) 心电图electroencephalogram (EEG) 脑电图ENT (ear-nose-throat) doctor 耳鼻喉科医生epilepsy癫痫erythromycin 红霉素gastric ulcers 胃溃疡glucose葡萄糖gynaecologist 妇科医生gynecology妇科学head nurse 护士长heat stroke 中暑hormone激素house surgeon 住院外科医生hospitalization 住院治疗immune system免疫系统infectious disease 传染病infertility不孕injection 注射in-patient住院病人in-patient department 住院部intern 实习医生in vitro fertilization试管内受精leukemia白血病life expectancy预期寿命lymph淋巴malnutrition营养不良me asles 麻疹migraine偏头痛nutrition营养obesity 肥胖症obstetrician 产科医生oculist 眼科医生oligocardia 心动徐缓oligoocholia 胆汁过少oligospermia 精子减少oligopnea 呼吸迟缓oligosideremia 血铁减少oligochromimia 血红蛋白过少oligocythmia 红细胞减少oligosteatosis 皮脂减少oncologist 肿瘤科医生ophthalmologist眼科专家ophthalmology眼科学ophthalmic眼炎orthopedist 骨科医生out-patient 门诊病人out-patient department 门诊部ovulation排卵paediatrician 儿科医生paralysis 瘫痪penicillin 青霉素perspiration排汗plastic surgeon 整形外科医生pneumonia 肺炎radiologist 放射科医生register / registration 挂号rejection排斥反应resident physician 住院内科医生resistance抵抗力rheumatoid arthritis类风湿性关节炎saturated fat饱和脂肪scarlatina 猩红热scurvy坏血病sinus窦sinusitis鼻窦炎skin test 皮试smallpox 天花sphygmomanometer 血压计stethoscope听诊器streptomycin 链霉素student nurse实习护士syphilis梅毒total lung capacity总肺活量transplant operation 移植手术tuberculosis (TB) 结核病tumor肿瘤typhoid fever伤寒ultrasonic diagnosis B B超urinalysis 尿检urologist 泌尿科医生vaccine 疫苗venous injection 静脉注射vomit 呕吐ward 病房生物学chrom颜色chromophore生色团chromosome染色体chromatography色谱法melan, melano, nigr 黑melanoma黑素瘤melanin黑色素melanophore黑色素细胞xantho, flavo, fla, flavi, lute黄xanthophyl叶黄素xanthous黄色的，黄色人种xathine黄嘌呤flavin(e)黄素flavone黄酮letein黄体素，叶黄素flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸erythro, rub, rubrm, ruf 红erythrocyte红细胞erythromycin红霉素erythropoitin(EPO)促红细胞生成素chloro, chlor绿，氯chlorophyll叶绿素chloride氯化物chloramphenicol氯霉素cyan, cyano 蓝，青紫色，氰cyanophyceae 蓝藻纲cyanobacteria蓝细菌cyanide氰化物aur, glid, chrys金色aureomycin金霉素chrysose 金藻淀粉chrysanthemum菊花glidstone 金沙石glid 镀金leu, leuco, leuk, leuko, blan, alb无色，白色leucine亮氨酸albomycin白霉素cephal, capit, cran 头，头颅cyte 细胞carn, my, mya, myo,肉，肌肉haem, haemat, hem, aem, sangul 血soma, corp 体，身体some, plast 体，颗粒hepa, hepat 肝heparin 肝素hepatopancreas肝胰腺hepatocyte 肝细胞hepatoma肝癌ren, nephr 肾adrnal肾上腺的nephridia肾管nephron肾单位card, cord 心cardiotoxin 心脏毒素cardiovascular center 心血管中枢electrocardiogram心电图concord一致，和谐ophthalm, ocell, ocul 眼bronchi 鳃filibranch丝鳃lamellibrnch瓣鳃sencondary branchium次生鳃brac, brachi 腕，手臂brachiolaria 短腕幼虫brachionectin臂粘连蛋白bracelet手镯dent, odont 牙齿dentin牙质odontphora 齿舌odontoblast成牙质细胞plum羽plumatus 羽状的plumule绒毛plumage （鸟的）羽毛foli, foil 叶follicle滤泡foiling叶形foliage 叶子foliose 多叶的Haplodermatitis 单纯皮炎haplolichen 单纯苔藓haploid 单倍体Haplomycosis 单孢子囊菌病pan agglutination 全凝集ultra micron 超微粒ultrasonic 超声波的ultraviolet 紫外线ultrasound 超声Subabdominal 腹下的subarchinoid 蛛网膜下腔的subaural 耳下的subscapular 肩胛下的subcapduloperiosteal 关节囊骨膜下的subclavicular 胸骨下的substratum 下层hypoderm 皮下组织cranium颅cranial bone颅骨cranial cavity 颅腔hip 髋coax bone / hip bone 髋骨hip girdle 髋带hip replacement 髋置换base pair盐基对base盐基hydrochloric acid 盐酸salts 盐类tooth decay龋齿dental caries 龋齿palatine bone 腭骨patella髌骨pulp cavity 髓腔medulla 髓质medulla 髓质myelin 髓磷脂cellulose纤维素fibrin 纤维蛋白fibrinogen 纤维蛋白原fibrous cartilage纤维软骨农业land, soil 土壤arable land, tilled land 耕地dry soil 旱田fertile soil 沃土，肥沃的土壤humus 腐殖质irrigable land 水浇地lean soil, poor soil 贫瘠土壤wasteland, barren land 荒地grassland 草地meadow 草甸prairie 大草原pasture land 牧场fallow 休闲地stubble, stubble field 亩茬地straw, hay 稿杆rural population 农村人口rural exodus 农村迁徙land reform, agrarian reform 土地改革mechanization of farming 农业机械化mechanized farming 机械化耕作cattle farm 奶牛场ranch 大农场，牧场hacienda 庄园holding 田产plot, parcel, lot 地块cooperative farm 合作农场collective farm集体农场country, countryside 农村countryman 农民，农夫countrywoman 农民，农妇agronomist 农学家latifundium, large landed estate 大农场主farmer 农户producer 农业工人landowner 地主，土地拥有者absentee landlord 外居地主smallholder, small farmer 小农rancher 牧场主tenant farmer, leaseholder 土地租用人sharecropper 佃农ploughman 农夫，犁田者farm labourers 农场工人，农业工人（美作：farm laborers）farm hand 农场短工cattle farmer 牧场工人cowherd, cowboy 牛仔shepherd 牧人fruit grower 果农vinegrower 葡萄栽植者vintager 采葡萄者farming, husbandry 农业animal husbandry, animal breeding 畜牧业dairy farming 乳品业，乳牛业horticulture 园艺market gardening 商品蔬菜种植业fruit growing 果树栽培vinegrowing, viticulture 葡萄栽培olive growing 油橄榄栽培arboriculture树艺silviculture 造林学agricultural products, farm products 农产品foodstuffs 食品dairy produce, dairy products 乳制品dairy industry 乳品加工业crop year, farming year农事年season 季节agricultural, commodities market 农业市场livestock 牲畜alfalfa 紫苜蓿apple 苹果apricot 杏子aquiculture 水产养殖asparagus 芦笋banana 香蕉barley 大麦bean 豆bee-keeping 养蜂beeswax 蜂蜡branch 树枝breed 繁殖，生育，饲养buffalo 水牛，野牛cabbage 洋白菜calf 小牛，仔camel 骆驼carp 鲤鱼carrot 胡萝卜cassava 木薯castor—bean 蓖麻籽castor—O¨蓖麻油cat fish 鲇鱼cattle 牛(总称)cauliflower 菜花chemical fertilizer 化学肥料cherry 樱桃chicken 小鸡chlorophyll 叶绿素cock 公鸡coconut 椰子cocoon 蚕茧cod 鳕鱼colony 蜂群compost 堆肥，混合肥料corn 玉米cotton 棉花COW 母牛cowboy 牛仔crop 农作物cross—breeding 杂交dairy farm 奶牛场desert 沙漠donkey 驴duck 鸭子egg 鸡蛋fertilizer 肥料fiber 纤维fig 无花果fish 鱼forest 森林fruit 水果game bird 可猎取的鸟garlic 大蒜gene—altered food(crop) 转基因食物(作物) gene—engineered food(crop) 转基因食物(作物)ginseng 人参GM(gene—modified) food(crop) 转基因食物(作物)goat 山羊graft 嫁接grain 谷物grape 葡萄hay 干草hen 母鸡herbicide 除草剂hive 蜂箱honey 蜂蜜honeycomb 蜂巢horse 马incubate 孵化insect pest 病虫，害虫insecticide 杀虫剂irrigation 灌溉lamb 羔羊leaf 树叶levee 大堤，堤livestock (总称)牲畜lobster 龙虾locust 蝗虫log 圆木．1umbering 伐木maize 玉米mating 交配milk 牛奶mink 水貂mule 骡mushroom 蘑菇mustard 芥末nectar 花蜜nitric acid 硝酸oat 燕麦onion 洋葱orange 广柑，橙子organic fertilizer 有机肥料ox 牛parched field 焦干的土地peach 桃peanut 花生persimmon 柿子pesticide 杀虫剂pet 供玩赏的动物，爱畜，宠物photosynthesis 光合作用pineapple 菠萝plum 李子pollen 花粉potato 土豆poultry farming 养鸡场queen wasp 蜂王raise 饲养ram 公羊ranch 牧场rattan 藤reservoir 水库root 树根royal jelly 王浆seed 种子silage 青贮饲料silk 丝silkworm 蚕soybean 大豆squash 南瓜stem 茎，树干straw 稻草strawberry 草莓sugarcane 甘蔗tangerine 红皮桔till 耕作tillable 可耕作的tillage 耕作tomato 西红柿trawler 拖网渔船turkey 火鸡vegetable 蔬菜wasp 黄蜂watermelon 西瓜weed 杂草well 井wheat 小麦石油化工oil field 油田wildcat 盲目开掘的油井percussive drilling 冲击钻探rotary drilling 旋转钻探offshore drilling 海底钻探well 井，油井derrick 井架Christmas tree 采油树crown block 定滑轮travelling block 动滑轮drill pipe, drill stem 钻杆drill bit钻头roller bit 牙轮钻头diamond bit 钻石钻头swivel 泥浆喷嘴turntable, rotary table 轮盘pumping station 泵站sampling 取样sample 样品，样本core sample 矿样storage tank 储油罐pipeline 油管pipe laying 输油管线oil tanker 油轮tank car, tanker （铁路）罐车，槽车tank truck, tanker （汽车）运油罐车，油罐车refining 炼油refinery 炼油厂cracking 裂化separation 分离fractionating tower 分馏塔fractional distillation 分馏distillation column 分裂蒸馏塔polymerizing, polymerization 聚合purification 净化hydrocarbon 烃，碳氢化合物crude oil, crude 原油petrol 汽油（美作：gasoline）LPG, liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气LNG, liquefied natural gas 液化天然气octane number辛烷数，辛烷值vaseline 凡士林paraffin 石蜡kerosene, karaffin oil 煤油gas oil 柴油lubricating oil 润滑油asphalt 沥青benzene 苯fuel 燃料natural gas 天然气olefin 烯烃high-grade petrol 高级汽油plastic 塑料机械assembly line组装线layout布置图conveyer流水线物料板rivet table拉钉机rivet gun拉钉枪screw driver起子electric screw driver电动起子pneumatic screw driver气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA开箱检查fit together组装在一起fasten锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet栈板barcode条码barcode scanner条码扫描器fuse together熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理QC品管cosmetic inspect外观检查inner parts inspect内部检查thumb screw大头螺丝lbs. inch镑、英寸EMI gasket导电条front plate前板rear plate后板chassis 基座bezel panel面板power button电源按键reset button重置键hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts塑胶件SOP制造作业程序material check list物料检查表work cell工作间trolley台车carton纸箱sub-line支线left fork叉车planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer 'plein?刨床miller铣床grinder磨床driller铣床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机general manager总经理be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped 'skr?pid报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation ' ksi'dei?n氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单screwdriver holder起子插座pedal踩踏板stopper阻挡器flow board流水板hydraulic handjack油压板车forklift叉车pallet栈板band-aid创可贴iudustrial alcohol工业酒精alcohol container沾湿台sweeper扫把mop拖把vaccum cleaner吸尘器rag 抹布garbage container灰箕garbage can垃圾箱garbage bag垃圾袋chain链条jack升降机production line流水线chain链条槽magnetizer加磁器lamp holder灯架to mop the floor拖地to clean the floor扫地to clean a table擦桌子air pipe 气管packaging tool打包机packaging打包missing part漏件wrong part错件excessive defects过多的缺陷critical defect极严重缺陷major defect主要缺陷minor defect次要缺陷not up to standard不合规格dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏大(小) cosmetic defect外观不良slipped screwhead/slippery screw head螺丝滑头slipped screwhead/shippery screw thread滑手speckle斑点mildewed=moldy=mouldy发霉rust生锈deformation变形burr(金属)flash(塑件)毛边poor staking铆合不良excesssive gap间隙过大grease/oil stains油污shrinking/shrinkage缩水mixed color杂色scratch划伤poor processing 制程不良poor incoming part事件不良fold of pakaging belt打包带折皱painting make-up补漆discoloration羿色water spots水渍polishing/surface processing表面处理exposed metal/bare metal金属裸露lack of painting烤漆不到位delivery deadline交货期cost成本engineering工程die repair模修die worker模工to start a press开机classification整理regulation整顿cleanness清扫qualified products, up-to-grade products良品defective products, not up-to-grade products 不良品waste废料board看板feeder送料机sliding rack滑料架defective product box不良品箱die change 换模to fix a die装模to take apart a die拆模to repair a die修模packing material包材plastic basket胶筐isolating plate baffle plate; barricade隔板carton box纸箱to pull and stretch拉深to put material in place, to cut material, to input落料to impose lines压线to compress, compressing压缩character die字模to feed, feeding送料transportation运输。
物理英语作文
物理英语作文Title: The Wonders of Physics: Exploring the Universe。
Physics, the fundamental science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter and energy in the universe, encompasses a vast array of phenomena, from the tiniest subatomic particles to the largest celestial bodies. In this essay, we delve into the marvels of physics, exploring its profound implications and the mysteries it continues to unravel.At the heart of physics lies the quest to uncover the underlying principles governing the universe. Through empirical observation, experimentation, and mathematical modeling, physicists strive to elucidate the laws that govern the motion, forces, and interactions of all physical entities. These laws, such as Newton's laws of motion and Einstein's theory of relativity, provide the framework for understanding the dynamics of the cosmos.One of the most fascinating realms of physics is the study of particle physics, which delves into the fundamental constituents of matter and the forces that govern their interactions. The Standard Model of particle physics has successfully elucidated the properties of quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons, forming the basis of our understanding of the subatomic world. Yet, the quest for deeper insights continues, with experiments at particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider probing the frontiers of particle physics and seeking to unravel the mysteries of dark matter, supersymmetry, and beyond.In addition to the microcosm of particle physics, physics also explores the macrocosm of the cosmos itself. Astrophysics and cosmology endeavor to unravel the mysteries of the universe on the largest scales, from the formation of galaxies and stars to the evolution of the cosmos as a whole. Through observations using telescopes and space probes, physicists have gained remarkableinsights into the structure, composition, and dynamics of the universe, revealing its astonishing complexity and beauty.The theory of general relativity, formulated by Albert Einstein, revolutionized our understanding of gravity and the fabric of spacetime. This theory has profound implications for cosmology, providing the theoretical framework for understanding the expanding universe, the nature of black holes, and the origin of gravitational waves. Recent discoveries, such as the detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO and Virgo collaborations, have opened new windows onto the universe, allowing us to explore phenomena previously beyond our reach.Moreover, the field of quantum mechanics challenges our intuitions about the nature of reality, revealing a realm of phenomena governed by probability and uncertainty. Quantum mechanics underpins modern technology, from transistors and lasers to quantum computers and encryption protocols. Yet, its philosophical implications continue to spark debate and intrigue, raising profound questions about the nature of observation, measurement, and the fundamental structure of the universe.Furthermore, physics intersects with numerous other disciplines, from chemistry and biology to engineering and medicine. The insights gleaned from physics research have led to transformative advances in fields such as materials science, renewable energy, and medical imaging, improving the quality of life for people around the globe.In conclusion, physics stands as a cornerstone of scientific inquiry, offering profound insights into the nature of reality and the workings of the universe. From the microscopic realm of particle physics to the cosmic expanse of astrophysics, physics continues to push the boundaries of human knowledge, revealing the wonders of the universe in all its splendor. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos, the journey of discovery promises to be both thrilling and enlightening, enriching our understanding of the world and our place within it.。
宇宙中的黑暗物质：解读物质组成的谜题
宇宙中的黑暗物质：解读物质组成的谜题1. 引言1.1 概述:宇宙中的黑暗物质一直是天文学界的一个谜题。
尽管已经确定黑暗物质存在，并且占据着宇宙中绝大部分的物质组成，但我们对于其究竟是什么以及如何与其他物质相互作用的理解仍然有限。
本文将深入探讨黑暗物质的发现、性质以及当前研究进展和挑战。
1.2 文章结构:本文首先回顾了黑暗物质的发现过程和历史背景。
我们将看到黑暗物质究竟是如何被科学家们发现的，并了解相关研究在推动理论和观测方面的突破。
接下来，我们将详细讨论黑暗物质的性质和特征，包括不同科学观点下的理论模型以及目前采用的探测方法。
在第四节中，我们将介绍当前关于黑暗物质研究的最新进展和面临的挑战，从观测数据分析、实验验证困难以及理论探索方向等方面进行阐述。
最后，在结论与展望部分中，我们将总结研究成果，并展望未来对黑暗物质的深入研究，以及这一科学探索对于理解宇宙和揭示其真相的重要性。
1.3 目的:本文旨在通过对宇宙中的黑暗物质进行详细解读，帮助读者更好地理解人类在这个领域所取得的进展和挑战。
同时，我们也希望激发更多科学家参与到黑暗物质研究中来，共同推动对于这一谜团的探索。
通过该文章，读者将能够了解黑暗物质的基本概念、发现历史、性质特征以及当前研究所面临的问题和可能的突破方向。
这将为读者提供关于黑暗物质相关知识的全面介绍，并引导他们思考关于宇宙构成和演化过程等大问题。
2. Discovery and History of Dark Matter2.1 Discovery Process:The existence of dark matter was first suggested by the Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in the 1930s. Zwicky observed the velocities of galaxies within the Coma Cluster and noticed that their speeds were much higher than what could be accounted for by visible matter alone. He proposed that there must be some invisible form of matter, which he called "dunkle Materie" or dark matter, exerting gravitational forces to explain this discrepancy.Further developments in the study of dark matter came in the late 20th century when astronomers began measuring the rotation curves of galaxies. Vera Rubin and Kent Ford found that stars on the outer edges of spiral galaxies were moving at unexpectedly high speeds, defying thepredictions based on visible mass distribution. Their observations provided additional evidence for the presence of dark matter.2.2 Historical Background:The concept of dark matter gained significant traction during the latter half of the 20th century. Astronomers started conducting various experiments and observations to understand its nature and composition better.One crucial milestone came with measurements taken by NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) mission in 1990. The mission detected tiny fluctuations in temperature across cosmic microwave background radiation, which is considered one of the strongest pieces of evidence for both dark matter and its companion component, dark energy.2.3 Significance of Research:The discovery and research on dark matter are pivotal to our understanding of the universe's structure, formation, and evolution. Dark matter dominates over visible matter by approximately five times, implying that it plays a fundamental role in shaping galaxies' dynamicsand large-scale structures in space.Moreover, understanding dark matter can potentially provide insights into particle physics beyond what has been observed by colliders such as CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Unraveling its properties can shed light on new physics theories like supersymmetry and help answer questions related to the fundamental nature of matter.Undoubtedly, further exploration and investigations into dark matter will continue to shape our comprehension of the cosmos, ultimately leading to breakthroughs in astrophysics and particle physics.Note: The given content is a general overview of the "Discovery and History" section.3. 黑暗物质的性质与特征：3.1 科学观点：在当前的宇宙学理论中，黑暗物质被认为是构成宇宙大部分物质的一个关键组成部分。
Parity Violation in eP Scattering at JLab - Experimental Hall A宇称在JLab实验大厅散射EP-精品文档60页
P. A. Souder
The Standard Model
June 24, 2005
DIS Parity
Ebeam = 1.165 GeV Ibeam = 180 μA Polarization ~85% Target = 2.5 KW
P. A. Souder
(it just wont break!)
The Annoying Standard Model
Nuclear Physics Long Range Plan: What is the new standard model?
Low Q2 offers unique and complementary probes of new physics
Most experts see the precision data as
remarkably consistent
Are Leptonic and hadronic Z couplings seem inconsistent?
Perhaps there are bigger deviations lurking elsewhere???
New Contact Interactions
LEP200
Lee ~ 15 TeV
Does Supersymmetry (SUSY) provide a candidate for dark matter?
•Lightest SUSY particle (neutralino) is stable if baryon (B) and lepton (L) numbers are conserved
专业物理英语词汇c
capture reaction 俘获反应
carat 克拉
carbon 碳
carbon cycle 碳循环
carbon dioxide laser 二氧化碳激光器
carbon filament lamp 炭丝灯
carbon film resistor 碳薄膜电阻器
center of percussion 撞恍心
center of pressure 压力中心
center of rotation 转动中心
center of similarity 相似中心
center of symmetry 对称中心
centered optical system 共轴光学系统
capillary electrometer 毛细管静电计
capillary phenomena 毛细现象
capillary phenomenon 毛细管现象
capillary pressure 毛细管压
capillary tube 毛细管
capillary viscometer 毛细管粘度计
calorimeter 热量计
calorimetric 量热颇
calorimetric measurement 量热
calorimetry 热量测定法
calory 卡
camac 计算机辅助测量和控制系统
camelopardalis 鹿豹座
camera 照相机
camera for electron diffraction 电子衍射照相机
causality 因果律
cause 原因
二十一世纪的新发现作文
二十一世纪的新发现作文英文回答：In the 21st century, there have been numerous groundbreaking discoveries in various fields, from science and technology to medicine and space exploration. One of the most significant discoveries is the detection of gravitational waves, which was first announced in 2016. This discovery confirmed a major prediction of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity and opened up a new window to observe the universe.Another remarkable discovery in the 21st century is the development of CRISPR gene-editing technology. This revolutionary tool allows scientists to precisely edit DNA, leading to potential breakthroughs in treating genetic diseases and creating genetically modified organisms.Furthermore, the discovery of exoplanets outside of our solar system has expanded our understanding of the universeand the possibility of extraterrestrial life. With the advancement of telescopes and space exploration technology, astronomers have identified thousands of exoplanets, someof which may have the conditions to support life.In the field of medicine, the development of immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment byharnessing the body's immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. This has led to significant improvements inthe survival rates of patients with certain types of cancer.In addition, the discovery of the Higgs boson particleat the Large Hadron Collider in 2012 provided crucial evidence for the mechanism of mass generation in the universe, as proposed by the Standard Model of particle physics.These discoveries have not only advanced human knowledge and understanding of the world around us, butthey have also opened up new possibilities for scientific and technological advancements in the future.中文回答：在21世纪，各个领域都取得了许多突破性的发现，从科学技术到医学和太空探索。
Describing Particles in Suspensions-Annotated Bibliography
Educ. Reso. for Part. Techn.014Q-Nelson</014Q/Nelsa-00.htm>Copyright © 2001 Ralph Nelson, Licensed to ERPTDescribing Particles in Suspensions,Annotated Bibliography[Dispersing Powders in Liquids, Part 1]Ralph D. Nelson, Jr., PhD, PEDuPont Co. (retired)205 Mercury RoadNewark, DE 19711-3040Email: ERPTmged@Received: 2001 November 01; Accepted: 2001 December 06Errata: 2005 August 06 - made title descriptiveBackground of This SeriesDispersing Powders in Liquids, by Ralph D. Nelson, Jr. (Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1988) was originally published to accompany courses that the author taught to industrial technologists over a two-decade period. The book was quite popular. All copies of the first edition were sold, the publisher re-issued it in 1993, and most of the second printing were also sold. In 2001 the publisher gave the copyright back to the author, who has now given Educational Resources for Particle Technology a license to post an updated version on the Web as a series of articles. DedicationThe book and these articles are a memorial tribute to my colleagues and companions in research and development from 1976 to 1981 at Du Pont's Colored Pigments Research Center at 256 Vanderpool Street in Newark, New Jersey. I thank the senior scientists, who provided a professional atmosphere and pleasant community within which I learned much about dispersing powders in liquids:Gerald H. Aldridge Kenneth Batzaar Albert R. Hanke James Higgins Julius Jackson Edward Klenke Howard Matrick Benjamin H. Perkins Ernest A. Stefancsik Ronald L. Sweet Robert F. WhiteI also thank my laboratory technicians, who worked on a very broad array of laboratory experiments and plant trials with care, perseverance, dignity, good-humor, and tolerance:Anthony Barski Ira van Emburgh John FoxJohn Gill Joseph M. LoPrete James J. A. O'Leary Kenneth Ryder Charles TiazkunMany others too numerous to note played supporting roles in introducing me to the wonderful (and often frustrating) world that is the industrial production of particulate material.THE TOPIC UNDER DISCUSSIONA slurry (often called a dispersion) consists of small particles suspended in a liquid. Since most untreated particles tend to stick together when they collide, the preparation of a stable dispersion requires that we add dispersants to prevent agglomeration. Through thse articles I hope to help you understand the factors that cause agglomeration and dispersion in a slurry and to provide some guidance for selecting and optimizing the dosage of a surfactant that will produce a stable dispersion of a specific powder in a specific liquid.The field of surface science has become very active over the past quarter century. Several new categories of surfactants have been developed and commercialized, allowing better control of industrial processes and improved product performance. Many new instruments have been developed to monitor low concentrations of surfactants in the slurry environment and to better characterize particles in highly-loaded dispersions. Improved process control techniques allow closer control of slurry properties, better process operability, and better products.This series of articles should be a useful resource for those who teach slurry technology or powder dispersion courses to students who are either engineers recently graduated from college or managers recently transferred to plants that handle slurries. When Terence Allen asked me to write a volume in the series titled Handbook of Powder Technology, I welcomed the twin opportunities of improving my notes and reaching a wider audience. The republication of the book as a series of articles on the ERPT Web site allows revision based on longer experience and also makes the material available around the globe. I hope you enjoy the presentation.A FEW WORDS ABOUT MYSELFAfter earning degrees in chemistry from Colby College and Princeton University, I spent two years as a post-doctoral fellow with the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (which was later renamed the National Institute of Science and Technology). For eight years I professed physical and analytical chemistry at Middlebury College, Brown University, and West Virginia University (where I also earned a degree in Chemical Engineering). I then joined the Du Pont company to practice chemicalengineering. For eight years I provided technical support to the manufacture of colored pigments. In 1982 I became a company-wide consultant in the field of slurry technology, gathering, teaching, and applying the information, materials, equipment, and expert advice required to solve slurry problems.QUESTIONS ADDRESSED BY THIS TEXTThe six articles in this series address the following questions at an introductory level and are intended to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the concepts and terminology found in the primary technical literature and in vendor advertizements. Part 1== a. Introduction: What problems arise in industrial processes due to the presence of particles in liquids or their interaction with liquids? What resources are available to provide training, information, discussion, or personal assistance in solving such problems?== b. Particle Structure: What do the various structures found in clumps of particles look like? What terms are commonly used to describe them?== b. Annotated Bibliography [for the series]Part 2== a. Particle Physics: How are atomic-level forces related to the attractions and repulsions among particles? How do the various contributions to particle interaction depend on slurry composition?== b. Tables of Solid Properties== c. Tables of Liquid Properties== d. Units, Constants, and SymbolsPart 3== a. Surface Chemistry: What are the major chemical classes of particles, liquids, and surfactants. What are the molecular structures of typical commercial surfactants? What sorts of chain length distributions and chemical mixes are present in industrial surfactants?== b. Tables of Surfactant Properties== c. Surfactant ManufacturersPart 4== a. Surface Thermodynamics: How is interfacial energy accounted for in thermodynamic formulas? What factors affect adsorption from solution onto a surface?Part 5== a. Flocculation and Coagulation: How is the rate of flocculation of charged particles related to solution composition? What factors affect micelle formation andsteric stabilization?== b. Selecting a Dispersant: What steps should be followed in selecting, testing, and optimizing the dose of a dispersant?Part 6== Tests that Characterize a Dispersion: What tests are available for characterizing the degree of dispersion? What instruments can be used to analyze the chemicals in the bulk and in the solid-liquid interface of a slurry?Sections of Part 1 of the Series1. Slurries in Everyday Life2. Terms and Operations involving Slurries3. Learning How to Solve Slurry Problems4. Particle Structure5. Particle Heterogeneity6. Particle Size Distribution7. Particle Size Measurement8. Useful Equations for Powders, Slurrys, and Particles9. ReferencesRalph D. Nelson, Jr. earned a BA in chemistry fromColby College and a PhD in physical chemistry fromPrinceton University and was then appointed as anNSF-NRC Postdoctoral Fellow at the NationalBureauof Standards for two years. For seven years he taughtphysical chemistry at Georgetown University,Middlebury College, Brown University, and WestVirginia University, then earned an MSE in chemicalengineering at West Virginia University.He joined the DuPont Company in 1974 and spenttwenty-five years in technical assistance tomanufacturing and as an internal consultant in particle technology, retiring in 1998 as a Senior Research Associate. He wrote Dispersing Powders in Liquids (Elsevier, 1988 and 1995) and has taught continuing education courses at the Center for Professional Advancement, the Univ. of Florida, and within DuPont. He is now the managing editor of Educational Resources for Particle Technology-- a new venture in the on-line, just-in-time, free-of-charge delivery of tutorials in particle technology.-- 1: Slurries in Everyday Life --The world is full of slurries. We encounter systems of solids dispersed in liquids every day -- starting with the pulp in our orange juice and continuing through our evening toothpaste.Many food products go through a slurry stage -- in baking, both careful control of ingredients and an experienced eye are needed to make the final adjustments required to make successful pancake batter, cookie dough, pudding, or sauce. Our homes are built using plaster, linoleum tile, filled plastics, paint, pastes, and grouting material, all of which are either formed from or applied as slurries. The roads we drive on are made from slurries of concrete or asphalt. The books we read are printed with slurries of ink on paper made from wood fiber slurry and coated with clay slurry.Many translucent textile fibers are spun from slurries containing clay or titanium dioxide, and fabrics are often colored blue by applying a slurry of copper phthalocyanine pigment. Ceramic slurries are used to manufacture everything from flower pots to electronic insulators. Silver dispersions are used to print electronic circuit boards, and silver bromide dispersions are used to coat photographic backing films, which are themselves made from dispersions of carbon black in plastic. Slurries of clay are used as ``drilling mud'' for oil wells, and slurries of coal in water and oil are finding increasing use as fuel for industrial burners. The suitability of rural roads for transport and of river bottoms for bridge piers depends on moisture content, mineralogical composition, and what is adsorbed on the particles.Nearer to our hearts are those lotions and potions that make us more attractive by coloring our nails, covering up our pallid cheeks, softening our hands, or polishing our shoes. As you read through this series, keep in mind the many slurry systems about you, and see how their behavior illustrates the principles discussed in this series.Goals of This EndeavourThis series of articles covers a topic that is so broad and complex that either a list of major texts or a table of commercial surfactants would exceed the pages available for this effort. This series is thus selective rather than comprehensive. It is designed to be used by either novices (after taking introductory college-level courses in physics and chemistry) or more experienced technologists (after graduate study and several years of industrial experience).Novices will see what problems can be expected in industrial systems that involve dispersions and can gain an understanding of the structure of the solid clumps being dispersed, particle physics, surfactant phenomena, dispersion nomenclature, solution and surface chemistry, and thermodynamics. The novice who wishes to gain furthercompetence in dispersion technology can follow the detailed suggestions at the end of this chapter.More experienced technologists will find a discussion of the chemical classes of surfactants, commments on the process for selecting a dispersant, suggestions on how to utilize solution and surface chemistry to best disperse a particular solid in a particular liquid, references to more comprehensive treatments of the models, equations and data to illustrate dispersion behavior, tests (for both the plant floor and the research lab) for evaluating the quality of a dispersion and suggestions of alternate ways to deal with common dispersion problems.This series does NOT attempt to give the linguistic sources for dispersion terminology, discuss the history of why the specified models are thought to be best, show extensions of those models, derive equations, include data beyond the most common industrial solids and liquids and surfactants, or provide illustrative problems that might serve as homework assignments. In compensation, it refers the reader to many readily available textbooks, advanced treatises, symposia reprints, encyclopedic collections of data, technical organizations, and manufacturers of surfactants where such supplementary material may be found.When you have completed your study of this series,•You should have a heightened awareness of the complexities of solid-liquid interactions and the scientific principles that govern them.•You should be able to use the principles, equations, and data from this series (and other sources) to select several surfactants that will successfully dispersea given powder in a given liquid, and you should be able to make comparisonsand optimizations to arrive at the best concentration of the best surfactant from that group.•You should be able to understand the terminology of technical articles and advertisements relating to the dispersion of powders in liquids.•You should have some fresh ideas about how to approach and how to solve dispersion problems.•You should know how to locate consultants, vendors, articles, and books that deal with dispersion problems.Organization of the ContentsThis series is designed to help you rapidly find, understand, and apply the concepts, equations, data, and suppliers that you need to solve a specific problem. It isn't necessary to read it from beginning to end; the sections contain some redundancy tohelp those who use the Index or the Table of Contents to locate a topic for immediate study.Part 1a defines many of the terms used in industrial slurry operations and the important features relating to dispersion technology. Part 1b illustrates the terms used to describe clumps of particles and the concepts involved in characterizing particle volume distribution. Part 2 reviews the fundamental forces between particles as modified by the suspension liquid and surface hydrolysis. Part 3 surveys the chemical classes of particles and liquids and surfactants, illustrating the chemical structures of many classes of surfactants.Following this discussion of the system using models that focus on the forces between individual particles and molecules, we examine the system using models that focus on the free energy of a two-dimensional interfacial phase separating two two bulk phases. Part 4 reviews thermodynamic concepts for bulk phases and explains the new terms required when an interface is present. It includes a discussion of adsorption on the solid. Part 5a discusses the formation of flocs, micelles, and surface coatings.Finally we get to the practical considerations of selecting a dispersant and quantifying the behavior of a slurry. Part 5b provides a procedure for selecting a dispersant for a particular solid in a particular liquid and then optimizing that formulation. PArt 6 describes tests to characterize the quality of a dispersion and outlines the principles behind the advanced instrumental techniques available for monitoring the type, quantity, and location of the chemicals present in a slurry.Tables provide data for use in determining how typical solids (Part 2b), liquids (Part 2c), and surfactants (Part 3b) interact in slurries. Part 3b provides lists manufacturers from whom you may learn about surfactants beyond those noted in this series.Part 4b defines the symbols and units used for the more common variables; the less common ones are defined near the equations in which they are used. SI units have been used throughout; the factors for conversion from other units are given in Part 4b. The units associated with a variable are given is square brackets in the text -- for example, the sedimentation velocity is vsed [m/s].Definitions of technical terms are included at the most appropriate point in the text. The Annotated Bibliography describes numerous major texts and data compilations that may satisfy more advanced or more specific needs.Difficulties with the SubjectThe solid state is the most complex state of matter because the molecules within a solid cannot readily move to new positions. This has several major consequences:•It prevents the surface from responding to the surface tension, which would otherwise pull it into a simple spherical shape.•It prevents solid particles which come into contact from merging into a single piece of matter.•It limits thermal diffusion, which would otherwise allow heterogeneities in surface or bulk composition to become distributed evenly.Thus, while only a few parameters are required to describe a bottle of an impure liquid such as oil, many parameters are required to characterize a bucket of an impure powder such as coal, which is comprised of particles of various sizes, shapes, and compositions. The dispersion of a commercial powder in a commercial liquid using a commercial surfactant (with its own impurities) introduces further complexities due to the interactions between the major components of the solid, liquid, and surfactant and all the impurities.The purist might just as well stop reading right here and avoid surface science altogether. There will never be models, equations, and data that can describe a slurry as well as we can describe gas and liquid systems. The best we can do is to gather information describing the range of materials expected to be present, choose data and equations for a model which we believe will be illustrative of the system, make some tests to characterize the prospective mixtures, and hope that the results will lead us in a fruitful direction.The process of choosing surfactants has been called a "black art", implying that practitioners must use nonscientific (and thus disreputable) means to solve problems. While it is true that the addition of dried snake egg yolks and the use of a few vigorous curses will help to disperse a powder in a liquid, responsible slurry technologists will make better progress by following the sound technical principles of surface science. So, look through the extensive range of topics presented here, learn some the nomenclature required to understand the literature of surface science, and then enjoy the benefits that flow from applying the concepts of surface science to both industrial problems and everyday life.-- 2: Operations and Problems Involving Slurries --The following glossary of terms includes brief descriptions of the problems that can arise when suspensions of solids are used in various industrial operations. It is included to show why dispersion science is so important to industry and to alert novices to the typical problems encountered in slurry processes. Many of the concepts described here are discussed in detail later in the book.AGGLOMERATES -- See Aggregates and Granulation. AGGLOMERATION -- the process of producing agglomerates or aggregates. Often involves an auxilliary material (binder) to improve either cohesion in the agglomerate or redispersion in a liquid later on. Granulators, sludge beds and clarifiers use agglomeration intentionally. Unintentional agglomeration may occur as a slurry dries at the top of a tank or in a partially filled pipeline. See Granulation.AGGREGATES -- used by many research and plant workers interchangeably with the term agglomerates to refer to moderately to strongly bonded clumps. Some U.S. experts reserve the term aggregate for strongly bonded clumps and agglomerates for weakly bonded clumps, while some European experts use the opposite convention. Weakly bound clumps can be broken up by squeezing them between our fingers or (in slurries) by low-speed paddle stirrers; strongly bound clumps can be broken only by spatula pressure, hammer impact, or high-speed agitator shear.ATTRITION -- loss of coating or protrusions or adsorbed fine particles when slurry particles collide with one another or with a process surface. Attrition may occur when mixing or pumping slurries, especially when the slurry flows through a narrow constriction, such as a partially opened valve.BLEED -- the passage of particles through a filtercake and filtration medium into the filtrate. Also used to refer to the loss of particles from a centrifuge into the centrate. Numerous conditions can cause bleed -- the particles may be too fine to be trapped; the filtercake may be cracked; the centrifuge may be vibrating; the particles fed to the filter or centrifuge may not be properly flocculated.BLINDING -- blockage of the pores in a filtration medium, leading to a high pressure drop in the filtration equipment. The blockage may be caused by fines or surfactant micelles or precipitation of a solute. In a vacuum filter, liquid evaporates on the discharge side of the filter, concentrating and cooling the filtrate, so precipitation may occur if the solution is near saturation. See Filtration.CEMENTATION -- the process of binding particles together by precipitation at the contact points between particles in a clump. This is most likely to occur during drying or when the slurry flows past surfaces that are colder than the bulk of the slurry. See Fouling and Olation.CHANGE IN PARTICLE SIZE-- may be caused by alternate dissolution and precipitation as the slurry passes through hot and cold zones or through zones of varying concentrations of reactants. This usually leads to increases in size either through building the individual crystals or through cementing several crystals together into porous agglomerates. See Ostwald Ripening. CLASSIFICATION-- separating a slurry (or powder) into two or more streams (or batches) with different particle charqacteristics. If the objective is to produce streams with the same chemical composition but different particle size distributions the preferable term is size classification. If the objective is toseparate a mixture of particles with different chemical compositions into streams each of which has a single composition, the preferable term is sorting. Hydroclones and settling ponds are often used to achieve such separations intentionally. Unintentional classification may occur when a stream is withdrawn from a tee on a pipe (large particles can not follow the liquid as it flows around a sharp curve) or when a stream is drawn from an inadequately agitated tank. Intentional classification often requires that all particles be dispersed as primary particles, so surfactants and shear are used to break up and prevent reformation of aggregates, agglomerates, or flocs. See Elutriation and Sedimentation.COAGULATION -- any sort of agglomeration of particles in a liquid, often used more specifically to distinguish strong, primary well coagulation from weak, secondary well flocculation. Heterocoagulation is the rapid agglomeration that occurs when a slurry of positively charged particles is mixed with a slurry of negatively charged particles. Pairs of oppositely charged particles attract each other into dense, neutral clumps that further agglomerate and settle out rapidily.COATING-- (adjective) the material covering a core particle. (verb) the process of adsorbing or precipitating a material onto a set of core particles. Adsorption of impurities or competing additives may interfere with a coating operation. If the adsorption or precipitation does not proceed as planned, the coating material may precipitate as a separate and smaller set of particles or droplets that may blind filters or cause fouling, as well as leaving the cores uncoated.COMMINUTION -- the process of reducing the average particle size of a set of particles by breaking them into pieces. See Crushing and also Grinding. CREAMING -- See Sedimentation.CRUSHING -- comminution by impact or by anisotropic pressure. CRYSTALLIZATION -- nucleation and growth of particles from a solution or a melt, generally synonymous with precipitation. Sometimes used in a more limited sense for the preparation of large crystals from solutions in which they have significant solubility. See Precipitation and also Ostwald Ripening. DILUTION -- increasing the proportion of liquid in a slurry. The best way to do this is to add fresh liquid rather slowly to the slurry while maintaining good agitation. See Solvent Shock.DISPERSANT DEMAND -- the amount of surfactant required to get a good dispersion. Maximum effect usually comes when the powder adsorbs nearly a complete monolayer of surfactant. ``Excess demand'' means that a particular sample of powder for a plant product requires more surfactant to get to a desired dispersion stability than is required by the plant's standard sample for that product. Since fines have a higher area per unit mass than large particles do, a sample will have excess demand if it has a higher mass percent of fines, agglomerates of fines, or porous particles than are present in the standard. DISPERSION -- (verb) the process of deagglomerating clumps and wettingthem into a liquid. (noun) the suspension of powder in liquid that results from the dispersion process. See Slurry.DRYING -- removal of virtually all liquid from a slurry or paste. If a wet paste is heated, the particles or their coating may dissolve in the hot interstitial liquid. As this liquid evaporates, materials in solution will precipitate to cement the particles together in a strong agglomerate. Even in the absence of cementation, the surface tension of the receding meniscus surrounding the liquid wetting the contact points between particles will exert a strong force that pulls the particles together and promotes sinter bonds. Freeze-drying avoids such pressure sintering. See also Cementation.ELUTRIATION -- loss of fines from a fluidized bed of particles caused by liquid flowing up through the bed faster than the fines are settling. See Entrainment and also Classification.EMULSIFICATION -- the formation of a dispersion of liquid droplets in a second liquid. Emulsion stability depends on the presence of a surfactant or a solid that has one crystal face compatible with one liquid and another face compatible with the other. See also Foam.ENTRAINMENT-- loss of small particles or agglomerates with high void fractions (low sedimentation velocity) with the fluid passing through a fluidized bed, hydroclone, settling tank, or centrifugal separator. Entrainment may cause unacceptable process losses, recycle flow rates, or cleanup costs. FILTRATION -- separating a powder from a liquid by mechanically preventing the flow of particles through a grid or tortuous path which is permeable to the liquid. Poor release of filtercake may occur if the particles are strongly attracted to the filter medium. This interferes with cake discharge from the press (it doesn't fall off readily) and may leave a layer of compact filtercake that makes continued operation inefficient. See also Bleed, Blinding, and Peptization.FINES-- particles much smaller than the mass-average particle size for a particular sample. Fines can be removed through size classification with recycle of the fines for further crystal growth or agglomeration. FLOCCULATION -- the process of particles sticking together into a rather weakly bonded and open structure (high void fraction). Flocculation may occur through fundamental particle attractions or through the adsorption of a flocculation agent which holds the particles together.FLUIDIZED BED -- a set of particles suspended in an upward flow of liquid or gas (or a downward flow if the particles are less dense than the fluid). The liquid's flow rate must be high enough to suspend the particles in the flow with a significant reduction in bed density but not high enough to elutriate a significant mass of particles. Any surfactant originally present may be washed away by the flowing liquid. It is difficult to fluidize particles smaller than 10 $\mu$m because they flocculate easily to form a wide size distribution of clumps that cannot be twisted apart by the small shear forces produced by the fluidizing liquid flow.。
The field nature of spin for electromagnetic particle
a r X i v :h e p -t h /0611342v 1 30 N o v 2006The Field Nature of Spin for Electromagnetic ParticleA.A.ChernitskiiA.Friedmann Laboratory for Theoretical Physics,St.-Petersburg,Russia State University of Engineering and Economics,Marata str.27,St.-Petersburg,Russia,191002Abstract.The field nature of spin in the framework of the field electromagnetic particle concept is considered.A mathematical character of the fine structure constant is discussed.Three topologically different field models for charged particle with spin are investigated in the scope of the linear electrodynamics.A using of these field configurations as an initial approximation for an appropriate particle solution of nonlinear electrodynamics is discussed.Keywords:Spin,Elementary particle,Unified field theory PACS:11.00.00,12.10.-g INTRODUCTION The field electromagnetic particle concept in the framework of an unified nonlinear electrodynamics was discussed in my articles (see,for example,[1,2,3,4]).Here I continue this theme.ELECTROMAGNETIC PARTICLE WITH SPIN Let us consider the electromagnetic particle which is a space-localized solution for a nonlinear electrodynamics field model.A field configuration corresponding to the solu-tion is a three-dimensional electromagnetic soliton.It is not unreasonable to consider the field configuration which is more complicated than the simplest spherically symmetri-cal one with point singularity.The purely Coulomb field is the known example for such simplest configuration.We can consider the field configuration with singly or multiply connected singular region.This singular region can be considered to be small,so that it do not manifest explicitly in experiment.But its implicit manifestation is the existence of the spin and the magnetic moment of the particle.Mass,spin,charge,and magnetic moment of the particle appear naturally in the pre-sented approach when the long-range interaction between the particles is considered with the help of a perturbation method [4].The classical equations of motion for electro-magnetic particle in external electromagnetic field are derived but not postulated.These equations are a manifestation of the nonlinearity of the field model.Charge and magnetic moment in this approach characterize the particle solution at infinity.But mass and spin characterize the particle solution in the localization region and appear as the integrated energy and angular momentum accordingly.Thus we have the following definition forspin:s= M d V,(1) where M r×P is an angular momentum density(spin density),r is a position vector, P (D×B)/4πis a momentum density(Poynting vector).The angular momentum density can appear in axisymmetric static electromagnetic field configurations with crossing electric and magneticfields.In this case the crossing electric and magneticfields give birth to the momentum(Poynting vector)density which is tangent to a circle with center located at the axis.Because of the axial symmetry,the full angular momentum contains only an appropriate axial component of the angular momentum density.Thus we have the spin density directed on the axis z:M z=ρ×P, whereρis a vector component of the position vector which is perpendicular to the axis z.This configuration is shown on Fig.1.zD BP=12=e2free parameters because of the known superposition property for the solutions.But for the case of nonlinear electrodynamics only the entire many-particle solution has the free parameters,and an included particle has not the free parameters.Thus we can assume that the specified value of the electron charge is connected with the nonlinearity of the model which is the cause of the interaction between particles in the world solution.According to formula(2)we have that the dimensionless constant2αis the aspect ratio between the square of the electron charge e2and the value of electron spin s.We can consider that the electron charge is the given constant.But the value of electron spin is calculated in the presented approach by the formula(1).Thus we can consider thefine structure constant as a mathematical one calculated by the formulae2α=clude an electric and a magnetic parts.They can be represented with the help of toroidal harmonics which are the spheroidal harmonics with half-integer index:P ln−12(coshξ),P0−32(coshξ),P1−3。
有关科学的故事英语作文
有关科学的故事英语作文Title: The Marvels of Science: Exploring Stories of Discovery。
Science is a realm of endless wonder and discovery, where the curious minds of humans delve into the mysteries of the universe. Throughout history, countless stories of scientific exploration have captivated our imagination and transformed our understanding of the world. In this essay, we will journey through some of the most remarkable tales of scientific discovery, showcasing the ingenuity and perseverance of those who dared to push the boundaries of knowledge.One of the most iconic stories in the annals of science is that of Sir Isaac Newton and his revelation on gravity. Legend has it that Newton was sitting under an apple tree when an apple fell, prompting him to ponder the forces at play. This moment of inspiration led to his groundbreaking theory of universal gravitation, which laid the foundationfor modern physics. Newton's story serves as a reminder of the power of observation and the importance of asking questions about the natural world.Another fascinating narrative is the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming. In 1928, Fleming returned from a vacation to find that a petri dish containing Staphylococcus bacteria had been contaminated by mold. To his astonishment, he observed that the bacteria surrounding the mold had been destroyed, leading him to identify the mold as a strain of Penicillium and the substance it produced as penicillin. This chance observation revolutionized medicine and ushered in the era of antibiotics, saving countless lives in the process.The tale of Marie Curie and her pioneering research on radioactivity is equally inspiring. Curie, along with her husband Pierre Curie, conducted groundbreaking experiments on radioactive materials, ultimately isolating the elements radium and polonium. Despite facing significant challenges as a woman in the male-dominated field of science, Curie's relentless pursuit of knowledge earned her two Nobel Prizesand paved the way for advancements in nuclear physics and medicine.In more recent times, the discovery of the Higgs boson stands as a testament to the collaborative efforts of the scientific community. In 2012, scientists at the Large Hadron Collider confirmed the existence of the elusive particle, validating the Standard Model of particle physics. This achievement required decades of theoretical groundwork, technological innovation, and international cooperation, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of modernscientific inquiry.These stories represent just a fraction of thecountless discoveries that have shaped our understanding of the world. From the distant reaches of space to the microscopic realms of the quantum world, science continuesto unravel the mysteries of existence. As we reflect on these tales of exploration and insight, we are reminded of the boundless potential of human intellect and the enduring quest for knowledge that defines the scientific endeavor.。
邓稼先生平品质英文作文
邓稼先生平品质英文作文Mr. Deng Jiaxian was a renowned Chinese physicist and one of the key contributors to China's nuclear weapons program. Born on October 10, 1924, in Wenjiang, Sichuan Province, Mr. Deng dedicated his life to advancing scientific research and promoting the development of China's nuclear industry. His commitment to excellence and his unwavering pursuit of quality have left an indelible mark on the field of physics and continue to inspire generations of scientists.Mr. Deng's journey in the field of physics began at a young age. After completing his primary and secondary education in his hometown, he enrolled in the Department of Physics at Tsinghua University in 1945. During his time at Tsinghua, he showed exceptional talent and a deep passion for the subject. He quickly became known for his rigorous approach to scientific research and his ability to tackle complex problems with ease.In 1949, Mr. Deng traveled to the United States to pursue further studies in physics. He enrolled at Purdue University and later transferred to the University of Chicago, where he studied under the guidance of renowned physicist Enrico Fermi. It was during this time that he developed a keen interest in nuclear physics and its potential applications.Upon his return to China in 1955, Mr. Deng joined the Institute of Modern Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He played a crucial role in the development of China's first atomic bomb, which was successfully tested in 1964. His contributions to the nuclear weapons program were instrumental in establishing China as a major nuclear power.In addition to his work on nuclear weapons, Mr. Deng also made significant contributions to the field of high-energy physics. He was actively involved in the design and construction of China's first particle accelerator, the Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC). The BEPC, which was completed in 1988, marked a major milestone in China's scientific development and opened up new avenues for research in particle physics.Throughout his career, Mr. Deng emphasized the importance of quality in scientific research. He believed that scientific advancements should not only be driven by the pursuit of knowledge but also by a commitment to excellence. His meticulous attention to detail and his insistence on rigorous testing and verification have set a high standard for scientific research in China.Mr. Deng's contributions to the field of physics have been widely recognized and celebrated. He received numerous awards and honors, including the National Science and Technology Progress Award, the State Preeminent Science and Technology Award, and the Medal of the Republic. His legacy continues to inspire young scientists to push the boundaries of scientific knowledge and strive for excellence in their work.In conclusion, Mr. Deng Jiaxian was a visionary physicist whose dedication to quality and pursuit of scientific excellence have left an indelible mark on the field of physics in China. His contributions to the development of China's nuclear weapons program and his work in high-energy physics have propelled the country's scientific advancement. Mr. Deng's legacy serves as a reminder of the importance of quality and the pursuit of excellence in scientific research.。
三体这本书的英语作文
三体这本书的英语作文英文回答："The Three-Body Problem" is a science fiction novel by Chinese author Cixin Liu. First published in China in 2008, the novel has been translated into over 30 languages and has sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The novel tells the story of humanity's first contact with an alien civilization, and the subsequent struggle for survival. The novel is notable for its realistic depiction of spacetravel and its exploration of the nature of intelligence.The novel begins in the 1960s, during the height of the Cold War. A group of Chinese scientists are working on a secret project to develop a particle collider. The scientists believe that the particle collider will allow them to communicate with extraterrestrial civilizations. However, when the particle collider is activated, it unexpectedly sends a message to a distant star system. The message is intercepted by an alien civilization, and thealiens respond by sending a fleet of ships to Earth.The arrival of the aliens causes widespread panic on Earth. The governments of the world are unable to agree on how to respond to the threat, and the aliens quickly begin to attack human cities. The human race is on the brink of extinction when a group of scientists and engineers develop a plan to save humanity. The plan involves using the particle collider to create a wormhole, which will allow the humans to escape to another star system.The novel ends with the humans escaping to the new star system, but their journey is far from over. The aliens are still pursuing them, and the humans must find a way to survive in a new and hostile environment."The Three-Body Problem" is a complex and thought-provoking novel that explores the nature of intelligence, the limits of human technology, and the fragility of human civilization. The novel has been praised for its realism, its originality, and its philosophical depth.中文回答：《三体》这部小说由中国作家刘慈欣创作。
英语作文有关实验的题目
英语作文有关实验的题目Title: The Role of Experiments in Scientific Inquiry。
Introduction:In the realm of scientific exploration, experiments serve as the cornerstone for advancing our understanding of the natural world. Through systematic observation, measurement, and analysis, experiments enable scientists to test hypotheses, validate theories, and uncover new phenomena. This essay delves into the significance of experiments in scientific inquiry and their indispensable role in driving progress across various fields.Validity of Hypotheses:Experiments provide a means to assess the validity of hypotheses formulated by researchers. A hypothesis proposes a tentative explanation for a phenomenon based on existing knowledge or observations. Through experimentation,scientists subject these hypotheses to empirical scrutiny, either confirming or refuting their validity. By meticulously controlling variables and conditions, experiments offer a rigorous method for testing the predictions derived from hypotheses.Illustrative Example: 。
六年级介绍邓稼先成就的英语作文
六年级介绍邓稼先成就的英语作文Deng Jiaxian was a renowned Chinese physicist who made significant contributions to the development of China's nuclear weapons program. Born in 1924 in Jiangxi Province, Deng showed an early aptitude for science and mathematics. After graduating from Tsinghua University in 1943, he went on to study physics at the University of Chicago, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1950.Upon returning to China, Deng joined the Institute of Modern Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, where he worked on a variety of research projects related to nuclear physics. In the early 1960s, Deng was appointed the chief designer of China's first atomic bomb project, codenamed "Project 596." Under his leadership, the project successfully carried out China's first nuclear test on October 16, 1964, making China the fifth nuclear-armed country in the world.Deng's achievements did not stop there. In the following years, he continued to lead research efforts in the development of China's nuclear arsenal, including the design and testing of hydrogen bombs. His work played a crucial role in establishing China as a major nuclear power on the world stage.In addition to his work on nuclear weapons, Deng also made significant contributions to the field of particle physics. He was instrumental in the construction of China's first high-energy accelerator, the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider, which played a key role in advancing our understanding of subatomic particles.Deng Jiaxian's legacy as a pioneering physicist and a key figure in China's nuclear program continues to be celebrated today. His dedication to scientific research and his contributions to China's national defense have left an indelible mark on the history of science in China.。
物理和历史的炫酷英语作文
物理和历史的炫酷英语作文英文回答：Physics and History: A Dynamic Duo.Physics and history, two seemingly disparate disciplines, intertwine in captivating ways to illuminate our understanding of the world. From the laws of motion shaping ancient civilizations to the technological advancements revolutionizing our present, these fields share a profound connection.In the ancient world, civilizations like the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans relied on basic principles of physicsfor their survival and progress. The Egyptians used pulleys and levers to construct massive pyramids, while the Greeks developed water clocks and astrolabes to measure time and the stars. The Romans, renowned for their engineering prowess, built aqueducts and roads that utilized principles of fluid dynamics and structural mechanics.As history progressed, scientific discoveries in physics shaped the course of human events. The Renaissance witnessed the rise of experimental science, with figures like Galileo and Newton formulating the laws of motion and gravity. These laws revolutionized warfare, transportation, and architecture, leading to significant societal advancements.In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was fueled by breakthroughs in physics, including the development of steam engines and electricity. These innovations transformed manufacturing, transportation, and communication, laying the foundation for the modern technological era.In the 20th century, physics unfolded the mysteries of the atom, culminating in the development of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. The Manhattan Project, a pivotal moment in history, illustrated the profound impact of physics on international affairs and global security.Today, physics continues to play a pivotal role in our world. From the development of advanced materials to the exploration of space, physicists push the boundaries of human knowledge and technological innovation. The Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator, seeks to uncover the secrets of the universe and advance our understanding of fundamental physics.中文回答：物理与历史，一场精彩的二重奏。
行星哥斯拉的荷电粒子炮原理
行星哥斯拉的荷电粒子炮原理行星哥斯拉的荷电粒子炮是一种强大的能量武器，它通过释放荷电粒子束来摧毁它的目标。
这项技术基于粒子物理学和高能物理学的原理，它的工作原理可以通过以下几个方面来解释。
首先，荷电粒子炮的核心部件是一个粒子加速器。
这个加速器使用强大的电磁场来加速带电粒子，通常是电子或质子，到非常高的速度。
这样的粒子加速器可以是线性加速器或环形加速器，通过不断的加速和轨道调节，粒子的能量就可以被增强到足够高的水平。
其次，经过粒子加速器加速的带电粒子被注入到一个大型储存环中。
这个储存环通常是一个环形真空腔，可以保持粒子在一个稳定的轨道上运动。
在这个储存环中，带电粒子被保持在稳定的状态，并且继续加速，将它们的能量增加到更高的水平。
接下来，一旦带电粒子的能量达到设定的水平，它们将被释放出来，形成一个荷电粒子束。
为了实现这一步骤，一个开关装置被用来打开储存环并且允许粒子束通过。
这个装置通常采用高强度电磁场或者激光脉冲来进行控制，确保粒子束能够准确地发射。
最后，荷电粒子束被聚焦和定向到行星哥斯拉的目标上。
为了实现这一点，粒子束经过一系列的聚焦和定向装置，以确保它们的能量可以准确地传递到目标上。
这些装置通常包括电磁透镜和磁铁，通过改变粒子的轨道来控制粒子束的传输方向和强度。
总的来说，行星哥斯拉的荷电粒子炮利用粒子加速器将带电粒子加速到非常高的能量水平，然后通过释放和聚焦这些粒子来形成一个强大的粒子束，从而摧毁目标。
这种技术结合了现代粒子物理学和高能物理学的原理，以及粒子加速器和聚焦技术的应用。
参考文献：1. Bane, K. L. F., & Chattopadhyay, S. (Eds.). (2013). Particle accelerators, colliders, and the story of high energy physics: charm, strange beauty. Springer Science & Business Media.2. Wilson, E. J. N. (2016). An introduction to particle accelerators. Oxford University Press.3. Wiedemann, H. (2015). Particle accelerator physics. Springer.4. Cottingham, W. N., & Greenwood, D. A. (2007). An introduction to nuclear physics. Cambridge University Press.。
2024年虚拟场景设计与实践考试题库及答案
2024年虚拟场景设计与实践考试题库及答案（含各题型）一、单选题1.在Unity中，如何检测两个物体是否发生了碰撞？A、OnCollisionEnter(Colliderother)B、OnTriggerEnter(Colliderother)C、OnCollisionStay(Colliderother)D、OnTriggerStay(Colliderother)参考答案：A2.在Unity中，Canvas组件用于：A、显示2D图像B、隐藏3D模型C、显示3D模型D、显示动画效果参考答案：A3.在Unity中，以下哪个组件可以实现特效效果？A、ParticleSystemB、AnimationC、AudioClipD、SpriteRenderer参考答案：A4.Unity中，如何获取场景中所有的GameObject对象？A、FindObjectsOfType()B、GetAllObjects()C、FindAll()D、GetObjects()参考答案：A5.在Unity中，使用Canvas组件时，可以通过哪个组件来控制UI元素的显示或隐藏？A、Text组件B、Image组件C、Layout组件D、CanvasGroup组件参考答案：D6.在Unity中，如何检测键盘上的某个键是否被按下？A、Input.GetKey(KeyCode.Space)B、Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space)C、Input.GetKeyUp(KeyCode.Space)D、Input.GetButton(KeyCode.Space)参考答案：B7.在Unity中，使用OnTriggerStay(Colliderother)方法可以检测一个物体是否正在与另一个物体发生触发。
这个方法需要写在哪个脚本中？A、Collider脚本B、Rigidbody脚本C、Transform脚本D、MonoBehavior脚本参考答案：D8.在Unity中，Canvas组件可以设置的属性有：A、Width、Height、DepthB、Position、Rotation、ScaleC、Anchor、Pivot、RenderModeD、Color、Texture、Lighting参考答案：C9.在Unity中，如何获取鼠标当前的位置？A、Input.mousePositionB、Input.mouseScrollDeltaC、Input.mousePresentD、Input.mouseSensitivity参考答案：A10.UnityPanel组件可以通过哪些方式控制显示和隐藏？A、设置Active属性、SetActive方法、SetActiveRecursively方法B、设置Visible属性、SetVisible方法、SetVisibleRecursively方法C、设置Enabled属性、SetEnabled方法、SetEnabledRecursively方法D、设置Shown属性、SetShown方法、SetShownRecursively方法参考答案：A11.在Unity中，使用Image组件时，可以通过哪个属性来控制UI元素的阴影效果？A、ColorB、TextureC、MaterialD、Shadow参考答案：D12.在Unity中，如何获取碰撞发生时的接触点信息？A、collision.normalB、collision.contacts[0].normalC、collision.relativeVelocityD、collision.impulse参考答案：B13.在Unity中，如何检测键盘上的某个键是否正在被按住？A、Input.GetKey(KeyCode.Space)B、Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space)C、Input.GetKeyUp(KeyCode.Space)D、Input.GetButton(KeyCode.Space)参考答案：A14.在Unity中，Image组件可以设置的属性有：A、Width、Height、DepthB、Position、Rotation、ScaleC、Sprite、Color、MaterialD、Texture、Lighting、Shadow参考答案：C15.在Unity中，如何检测鼠标左键是否被按下？A、Input.GetMouseButton(0)B、Input.GetMouseButton(1)C、Input.GetMouseButton(2)D、Input.GetMouseButtonDown(0)参考答案：D16.在Unity中，如何检测鼠标右键是否被按下？A、Input.GetMouseButton(0)B、Input.GetMouseButton(1)C、Input.GetMouseButton(2)D、Input.GetMouseButtonDown(1)参考答案：D17.在Unity中，使用触发器时，需要将碰撞器的isTrigger属性设置为：A、trueB、falseC、0D、1参考答案：A18.在Unity中，使用Text组件时，可以通过哪个属性来控制UI元素的颜色？A、TextColorB、BackgroundColorC、FontColorD、hadowColor参考答案：A19.在Unity中，以下哪个组件可以实现天气效果？A、ParticleSystemB、SkyboxC、LightD、LensFlare参考答案：B20.RawImage组件可以设置哪些属性来控制图像的显示方式？A、AspectRatioB、ScaleModeC、UVRectD、所有属性都可以参考答案：D21.Transform组件可以通过哪些方法来改变游戏对象的位置？A、SetPositionB、TranslateC、MoveD、SetLocalPosition参考答案：C22.UnityPanel组件是哪个命名空间下的类？A、UnityEngine.UIB、UnityEngine.AudioC、workingD、UnityEngine.SceneManagement参考答案：A23.在Unity中，如何检测一个物体是否正在与另一个物体发生碰撞？A、OnCollisionEnter(Colliderother)B、OnTriggerEnter(Colliderother)C、OnCollisionStay(Colliderother)D、OnTriggerStay(Colliderother)参考答案：C24.UnityPanel组件可以添加哪些子组件？A、Text、Image、ButtonB、ext、Mesh、LightC、Audio、Video、ParticleSystemD、Animation、Script、Collider参考答案：A25.在Unity中，使用“Getponent<Collider>().material”可以获取或设置碰撞器的物理材质。
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a r X i v :h e p -p h /9806312v 1 8 J u n 1998DOE-ER-40757-109OSU-HEP-98-3UTEXAS-HEP-98-2COLLIDER PRODUCTION OF SPIN32quarks in hadron-hadron and photon-photoncolliders.The cross sections at LHC energy is large enough to observe such exotic quarks up to a mass of a few TeV.I IntroductionThe recent discovery of the top quark at the Fermilab Tevatron,both by the CDFand D0Collaboration has filled the last missing ingredient in the fermionic sector of the Standard Model (SM).The measured mass and the cross section values are in agreement with those expected from the Standard Model.With the luminosity and/or energy upgrade of the Tevatron collider and with the commissioning of the LHC,we will be able to explore the missing bosonic ingredient of the SM,namely the Higgs boson.We will also be able to explore the presence of heavy 4th generation fermions and also other exotic gauge bosons and fermions.In this work we consider the production of such an exotic particle,namely a spin3It is not outside the realm of possibility that a spin3bound states of ordinary quarks with gluons2or the Higgs boson.There are also theoretical models in which spin32 quark could also exist as the lightest Regge recurrences of light spin1color triplet quarks,in pp,p¯p andγγcolliders.The production of spin3 2quarks in hadron-hadron and photon-2photon colliders.In section III,we give the analytic formulae for the various subprocess cross sections and also the total cross sections for the pp and p¯p colliders.In section IV we give the results for the photon-photon colliders.Section V contains our conclusions. II Feynman Rules for Spin3particle of mass M2can be written as[5,6]L=¯ψαΛαβψβ(1)Λαβψβ=0(2) whereΛαβ=(i∂/−M)gαβ+iA(γα∂β+γβ∂α)iB+with B ≡3A 2+2A +1and C ≡3A 2+3A +1.The parameter A is arbitrary except that A =−11+4d(7)where d is an arbitrary parameter except d =−1p /−Mg αβ−13M 2p αp β−16M 2p /γαγβ−ab3M 2γαp β+ab2A +1,b ≡A2field ψαcan be redefined so that all the A dependentterms can be absorbed in the definition of ψαand no explicit A dependence appears in the propagator[8].In our calculation,as an additional check,we used the general A dependent propagator given by (8)since the cross sections or any physical quantity is independent of A .Moussallam and Soni took A =−1.The interaction Lagrangian for the color triplet spin32γαγµγβ+Agαµγβ+Aγαgµβ+gβαγµT a ψβA a µ(9)where g is the gauge coupling constant,T a are the group generators and A a µare the gauge fields.III Calculation of Cross Sections for Hadron Col-lidersIn this section,we calculate the cross sections for the processes¯p p→Q¯Q+anything(10) andpp→Q¯Q+anything(11) where Q represents the spin3p/−k/−M gαβ−13M2(p−k)α(p−k)β−16M2(p/−k/)γαγβ−ab3M2γα(p−k)β+abM u=g2¯uρ(p)(γνgρα+Aγαgνρ)T bǫνb(k′)gαβ−13M2(k−p′)α(k−p′)β+1k/−p/′−M+a23Mγαγβ+a3M2γβ(k−p′)α(γµgβσ+Aγβgσµ)T aǫµa(k)vσ(15)M s=−g2if abc¯uρ(p)γαT a vρ(p′)1ˆs¯uα(p)T aγµvα(p′)¯u(p1)γµv(p2).(17) Using(12)–(16),the total cross section for the gluon-gluon subprocess is obtained to beˆσ(gg→Q¯Q)=πα2s1−β 66y2+8y+886+5,1841y2+β 24y4+1,178y3−13,626y2+11,380y−97,200−602,64011−4/y.Most of the coefficients in(18)are in disagreement with those of Eq.(14)of Moussallam and Soni[3];only thefirst and last term in thefirst square bracket and thefirst term in the second square bracket agree.A preliminary version of this paper was sent to the authors of ref.[3].ProfessorB.Moussallam has informed us that he has found an algebraic error in their calculations.After correcting for that error,their new results agree with our equation(18)above[4].For the quark-antiquark subprocess,the total cross section isˆσ(q¯q→Q¯Q)=πα2s3y2−163+9612quark(Q)pairproduction at the Tevatron(p¯p,√s=4TeV)is shown in Fig.3.At LHC(pp,√1215ˆs 60ln1+βy−1,2961y (20)whereαis thefine structure constant to be evaluated at q2=M2.The results for the total cross sections for M=200GeV to1TeV are given infig.√5forcolor triplet quarks at high energy2hadronic and photon-photon colliders.At LHC,the cross sections are very large and such a particle of mass up to1TeV will be copicously produced.At the upgraded Tevatron,the cross sections are somewhat smaller but still could be observable if the mass is200GeV or smaller.We have also calculated the production cross sections for photon-photon collisions at various center of mass energies.In writing the interaction(9),we have assumed that the spin3quark production,we need to know how the2particles decay.We have not discussed signals here,since it is addressed in Ref.2. AcknowledgementsThis work was supported in part by U.S.Department of Energy Grants DE-FG13-93ER40757and DE-FG02-94ER40852.References[1]J.G.Taylor,Phys.Lett.,88B,291(1979),and references therein;J.G.Taylor,Phys.Lett.,90B,143(1979),and references therein.[2]I.Antoniadis,Phys.Lett.246B,377(1990);I.Antoniadis,K.Benakali andM.Quiros,Phys.Lett.331B,313(1994);J.D.Lykken,Phys.Rev.D54,3693 (1996);I.Antoniadis,S.Dimopoulos and G.Dvali,Nucl.Phys.B516,70(1998);K.R.Dienes,E.Dudas and T.Gherghetta,hep-ph/9803466;N.Arkani-Hamed, S.Dimopoulos and G.Dvali,hep-ph/9803315;A.Pomerol and M.Quiros,hep-ph/9806263.[3]B.Moussallam and V.Soni,Phys.Rev.D39,1883(1988).[4]B.Moussallam,Private Communication.We thank Professor Moussallam for help-ing us to resolve this discrepancy.[5]W.Rarita and J.Schwinger,Phys.Rev.60,61(1941).[6]P.A.Moldauer and K.M.Case,Phys.Rev.102,279(1956);S.C.Bhargava and H.Watanabe,Nucl.Phys.87,273(1966).[7]L.M.Nath,B.Etemadi and J.D.Kimel,Phys.Rev.D3,2153(1970).[8]V.Pascalutsa,hep-ph/9412321,HU-94-21.[9]Review of Particle Physics,Phys.Rev.D54,131(1996).Figure Captions[Fig1]The tree diagrams for the sub-processes that contribute to the production of heavy spin32quark pairs at the Tevatron(√2quark pair cross section as a function of mass at TeV2000(√[Fig4]The spin3s=14 TeV).The middle line is the gluon-gluon contribution.The bottom line is the quark anti-quark contribution.The top line is the total.[Fig5]The spin3quark mass.2FIG 1MASS (GeV)2004006008001000C R O S S S E C T I O N (p b )10-1010-910-810-710-610-510-4E=500 GeV E=1000 GeV E=1500 GeV E=2000 GeV E=2500 GeV FIG 5LHC: P +P +(14,000)==>Q +Q -(FIG 4)Spin 3/2 Quark Mass(GeV)200400600800100012001400160018002000C r o s s S e c t i o n (p b )10-410-310-210-1100101102103104105106TEVATRON: P +P _(1800 GeV)==>Q +Q _(FIG 2)Spin 3/2 Quark Mass(GeV)200300400C r o s s S e c t i o n (p b )10-410-310-210-1100101102TeV 2000: P +P -(4000 GeV)==>Q +Q - (FIG 3)Spin 3/2 Quark Mass(GeV)2004006008001000C r o s s S e c t i o n (p b )10-610-510-410-310-210-1100101102103。