电子商务企业文化中英文对照外文翻译文献

合集下载

5 电子商务外文翻译英文文献中英对照管理信息系统

英文原文The Source Of Article：Russ Basiura, Mike BatongbacalManagement Information SystemIt is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is universalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learning, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowledge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine scientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape that the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that the crossbar mingles.1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world economy, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men propose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strategic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admitted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. In 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the lower cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the calculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has risen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the book shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that internal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet does not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine application in the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da university administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information system relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the information system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, administration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definition management information system target and meritorious service capacity and component, but alsomake known the management information system to be living the level that attains at that time.1.1 The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase is counting the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between the incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and more not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE that the American airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book the bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spots, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot ”wholly to check whether to be the free place up some one flight numbers. Yet through approximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for instance it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is administer information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as status reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM corporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the calculating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work. Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all over the American various places to every one components once more like works an element, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference element, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufacture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the systematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communal once more and manufactures informationsystem CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, that system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make known with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily can not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the information system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. Thatsystem may program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. Its proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularly the personnel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversation. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic importance message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump report form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then developing up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on individual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Data Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the calculating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , the slave system concept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the system of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the information system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine technique lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, model library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission making a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of the world at the early da ys of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriatePopularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every profession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alternations:A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized toestablishing MIS’s system, and causing the administration technique headfor the ageing.B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MISsupplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with togetherwith the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merelybig-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-sizebusiness also not exceptions of self, universally establish the communal datanetwork, like the electronic mail and electron data exchange and so on, MISsupplied the well support environment to the application of Intranet’stechnique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past fewyears in the interest of the business.Through international technique developme nt tendency is see, in the 90’s 20 centuries had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique.1. Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost and technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment organization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service capacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Shall act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of strategic importance of the director service?2. Intelligentization Decision Support System (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was sufficiently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level personnel staff.3. Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel project that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product design cutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the reproduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in order to meet the demand that client continuously changes.4. Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distinguishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simplifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and answers client requires swiftly.2. The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of information system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-reaching effect with.Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be assisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects living and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation development that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. This express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathematical model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to producethe term in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and conti nuously lifts individual’s quality. In The wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term.At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It completely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution.The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS.英文翻译文章的出处：Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal管理信息系统管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System), 在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它变得越来越重要、越来越普及。

电子商务外文翻译文献

The Strategic Challenges of E-commerceIntroduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systemsand f i n ancial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain withus, in t heir modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modernforms of commerce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditionalmodel.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wide Web, has provided an easy to use communication channel for businesses tocontact current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread electronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payment for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quotea number of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP , Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which suggest that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone.The number of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wizards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supportsanywhere from a single user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) directory of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries inthe "Companies" directory of the Y ah o Guide to WWW (Y ah o , 1996), with thetotal number of Web sites doubling approximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Netscape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995with growth at 8% per month (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information and supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the processes and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies include:anizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making businesses more efficient.2.Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers and facilitate new methods of marketing.3.Electronic payment systems for g o ds and services - these are emerging, although the majority of payments are still based on relatively expensivetraditional cheque clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes inthe way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to describe the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key c omponentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisational support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research company Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate intention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was defined by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 65% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistics, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. However, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy and security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) notedthat " … in order to thrive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of managing and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM andBPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utilise all three components tochange their market or develop new markets. Those who do notadapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businesses should investigate the implicationsof these technologies for them and the markets within which they operate.MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce and the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities are likely to lead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, takingon roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazinepublisher, Cond Naste, has moved into the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruitment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we currently call‘m arke ting’.Cle arly,the appearance o f electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of this technology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involved in marketing need to understand the full range o f products and services required b y the electronic community. They must learn totake advantage of the technology that allows customers to move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as necessary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1.What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gather this information and for what should it be used?2.Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and transactions, making it available for later analysis?3.When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing profe s ionals comprehend the differences? One needs to engage t he customer as part of thetransaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities arestill not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Webhas changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transactions are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to haverem arked that he co uld n’t tell if the Kod ak Web site was a m one y ma ker.But heknew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since doorto d oo r sale sm e n,o n ly no w the custo m e rs we re kno ckin g o n Ko d ak’s d o o r.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communities, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy games; and with a shared life experience. The busine s opportunity is for those who support and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. By satisfying the requirements ofrelational marketing and transactions, companies may gain important insightsinto their customers’ nature and needs. For example, a baby products company could entice customers to order items from an associated on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophisticated demands has led companies to seek new ways of acquiring,managing and utilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally alteredthe channels through which companies and customers maintain their relationships. The capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensitive personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, networks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s(1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electronic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practised widely by many businesses. Helinks relationship marketing to the imaginary (similar to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, more relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and between employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisationinto the market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. Thecommunities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insightsforce us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, competition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries betweenfirms and markets dissolve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new image of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the potential problems. Privacy is also an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely to be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipient. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a customer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target better educatedand more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that their customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need tomake a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best developed through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer interaction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the value and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weakentrust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolution in marketing concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instancesof many-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (a one-to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approaches which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the W eb.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including the consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In order to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage in consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers -‘convenienc e shoppers’and‘explorers’(those str-e s e m tart consum ers whoare happy to surf the Web looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, the sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means finding relevant information is becoming moreand more difficult - despite the best efforts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf.Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy,trust andsecurity (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on theissues ofInternet privacy and security, in the context of normal business activities, many millions of people trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering over the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct debit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error. So why is it that weexpect the Internet to support a level of trust and security which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electronically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or group of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break therules within an electronic c ommunity. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that try to advertise on academic discussion groups(mail bombs) and community policing against pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consumer controlled medium. The traditional customer loyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, Customer, Client, Partner, Advocate) is still applicable, but now operatesin a different fashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The transition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instantaneous nature of the Internet makes this more difficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by the following example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large, multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electronics manufacturer that used France Te le com’s Telnet system to support EDI-like c onnections to approximately 10,000 separateretailers and independent service engineers throughout France (accessed through Minitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet service and the commercial applications which emergedto exploit it, provide insights into the developmentof commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement parts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted electronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on-line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapiddelivery, the firm was able to eliminate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two weeks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need for parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, service engineers were further bound-in following the introductionofa revenue producing, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert system which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed.。

电子商务中英文文献.doc

电子商务中英献电子商务中英献（一)［１]梁静着.销售互动中的说服效果给予消费者说服应对的视角[Ｍ]．杭州浙江大学，2012：37—38．[2］银成钺，杨雪,王影．基于关键事件技术的服务业顾客问互动行为研究［Ｊ]。

预测20１0:15—20.［3]蒋婷，胡正．服务接触中游客间互动行为研究－—基于关键事件技术的方法［J］.学刊.［３7］张岳.信任与感知风险对客户络购物意愿的影响研究［Ｊ].商业经济,2012(３92），2：150—8６—91。

［4]黄莹，朱建荣。

络口碑质量对服装消费者购买意愿影响的实证研究［J］.现代商业,2013：22－２4。

［5]綦晓燕。

络购物感知风险的研究综述［J］．科技创业月刊，20１0（11),1４４—1４６。

[6]冯建英,穆维松，傅泽田.消费者的购买意愿研究综述［J］．现代管理科学,２０06（11）７-9.［7］李宛颖．在线销售考虑因素之研究[D]。

高雄中山大学,1999:37-38。

[8]井森，周颖，王方华.上购物感知风险的实证研究[J］。

系统管理学报，２０06，２(１6）164—169.［9]孙瑾着。

消费者服务购买决策过程的影响机制研究［Ｍ］。

科学，2010：47-5０。

［10]吴佩勋。

感知质量和感知风险对自有品牌购买意愿的影响[Ｊ］.流通经济，２01３(２)８3-8９．［11］TanS.Ｊ.SｔｒaｔeｇｉｅsfoｒreｄuｃｉnｇcoｎｓumerｓriｓkｅｒsｉontｅｒnｅtShopping［J］.ＪoｕrnalofCｏnsuｍerMａrｋｅting，１９9９（16）-１８0．[1２]李小梅,李定家.络购物之降低风险策略研究[J］．第一届站经营学术暨实务研讨会集，2000：１3２—136．[１3］ＬiｂaｉB。

,ＢolｔｏnＲ.，BgｅlM。

S.,etａl。

Customｅr－to—cｕstoｍeｒinｔeｒａctions:Broadｅnｇthescopeofwｏrdofuthreｓearch［Ｊ］.JournａlofServｉceＲesearcｈ。

电子商务退货系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Electricity return system1.Title of the SystemReturn system is an essential part of all e-commerce sites, consumers are all want to buy goods or services on the Internet is guaranteed, no return of the system, it means that the consumers as long as it is paid out, the product must be consumer, no matter whether to buy the goods consumers need, have to bear the risk alone, this is not fair for the consumer, not strictly, perfect return system, e-business cannot be long-term survival.Return system, is online shopping platform, according to some consumption agreement can not only guarantee the safety of the consumer, also make merchants also tend to reduce consumer pays to encounter unscrupulous merchants and probability, and reduce themerchants have unreasonable the probability of the customer.Enable e-commerce platform to better survive longer.So, any e-commerce platform from the return of the platform system.2.Objectives of the SystemThis system is a typical electricity company manager to handle all sorts of the best choice for return requirements.The system development is the purpose of through the provision of computer system, to improve the rationality of the return, manage the interests of consumers and businesses, make full use of personnel's ability, in order to realize the company's goals.It provides a platform for the electricity order information list and returned the details is easy to use solution.The project achieve the following goals:It is a powerful management system, provide for the general electric business platform for return of the interface.Unlike other systems, it is stable, fast, safe and can use maintainable software.The system provides the details of the return in the form of effective information and order information.It will be to provide the return of details to generate various reports and statistical data.3.Input to the SystemThe input data of this system, mainly through the form input.The system provides the end user has a good interface provides a simple.Input is the process from consumers and businesses online, there is no we can substitute.The following methods of input from the user depend on thefunction and enter the expected effect.(1)Login.javaSystem allows a valid user name and password to access the home er and password in order to verify the system is safe.(2)WriteReturnMessage.javaIn this approach, consumers can fill in a refund reason and refund amount, and can upload the return of the need to use the images, the refund details including the refund of reason, leave a message to businesses, companies need a refund amount, etc.(3)UpdateInformation.javaThis approach allows consumers and businesses for their personal information details.The detailed information including contact phone number, shipping address, etc.Businesses and consumers can be modified by changing the button and deposit in the database.4.Output of the System(1)MyselfInformation.javaIn the upper right corner of the system, you can see there is a button, click on the following would be the MyselfInformation. In Java, and then based on the storage of login id, can be consumer or business name, contact phone number, shipping address such as shown.(2)Orderlist.javaThis approach allows consumers to check all order details.System in order for every order generates a unique identification number.Order information including order number, order time, purchase quantity, order status, customer accounts, order the total price, article number, commodity picture, commodity price and name of commodity, etc.(3)ReturnList.javaThis approach allows consumers and businesses to check the detailed information list all returned.System in order for every single back to generate a unique identification number.Return a single information including a refund number, order number, customer accounts, total price order, refund amount, refund time, refund status, merchant accounts, etc.5.Process LogicThis system mainly divided into three functional modules: administrator user function module, user function module of consumers and business users function module.Consumers can through the menu bar "query information", "personal information", "query all orders", "query already delivery orders", "query is not shipment order", "query have been receiving orders", "orders" of the query returns the function such as options.Among them, the query all orders can be opposite has delivery, did not deliver goods, have been receiving orders for queries, simplify the operation of consumers, and save time.Quickly solve the problem of return for consumer laid a good foundation.For businesses, the return of the system to protect the interests of businesses also appears as important.Through the electronic return system can conveniently query merchants received consumer's application for refund.Through the login system also can query to run the store sales, consumers return the cause and the refund amount, etc., establish a call between businesses and consumers.Merchants "to check the return reason" function allows merchants timely grasp the consumers return reason, better improve their stores, in order to improve the benefit of theirstores.6.Limitations of the Project(1)the interface design is relatively simple, the lack of dynamic effects, as well as a friendly reminder.(2)the personnel of the service when handling return dispute algorithm is lack of convincing.7.Tools/Platforms, Language usedThis system at the front desk mainly using JSP technology.The background using the servlet technology, combined with spring MVC thought to carry on the design and implementation.Database using Mysql relational database.Development is the eclipse development tools used, tomcat as a test server.JSP technology, JSP full name for the Java Server Pages, Chinese named Java Server Pages, the root is a simplified design of Servlet, JSP technology is similar to the ASP technology, it is in a traditional web page HTML files (scriptlets) and insert the Java program in JSP tags (tag), thus forming a JSP file, the suffix called (*. JSP).Use JSP development of Web application is cross-platform, can run under Linux, can also run on other operating systems.Java Servlet is JSP technology base, and a large Web application development requires Java Servlet and JSP to cooperate to complete.JSP with Java technology is simple and easy to use, fully object-oriented, with platform neutrality and safe and reliable, and for all the characteristics of the Internet.8.Are you doing the system for industry /client?Not, I do is, browser/server system is applied to the browser9.Scope of Future ApplicationE-commerce platform10.Backgroud of the SystemSocial development faster and faster, people pursue the higher and higher living standards, the accelerating rhythm of life, people's shopping habits are slowly changing.Street shopping, for the people of the gens going to work is a very extravagant thing, rest time, store of rising prices, make people more and more tends to online shopping.The continuous improvement of the Internet, e-commerce has been the rise of the network is virtual, people can see goods only by pictures and video to determine whether to buy, "dirty" businessman to benefit by means of shoddy, make consumer rights are threatened, greater impact at the same time, the development of the economy will slow development.So, what can solve the problem of the Internet is not the same as the physical objects and pictures?Along with the rapid development of network and information technology in all walks of life, the development of online shopping with digital, e-commerce return system emerged.The rapid development of computer technology and logistics delivery service's existence, for the development of electronic commerce laid a strong material base.电商退货系统1.系统摘要退货系统是所有电子商务网站都必不可少的，消费者都是希望自己在网上所买的物品或者服务是得到保证的，没有退货系统，那意味着消费者只要是付完款，产品就必定是消费者的，不管所买到的商品是否是消费者所需要的，都将要独自承担这一风险，这对消费者是不公平的，没有严格，完善的退货系统，电子商务是无法长久生存的。

文献翻译----电子商务中英文对照

外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Electronic Commerce外文文献：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients andsuppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties, period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence,on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact with consumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely made policies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a freetrade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. In September 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-anelectronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore government promulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open editselectronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping as an interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents, optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers hasaccounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of the extensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk,etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim is to breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elect ronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use,easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.中文译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。

电子商务外文资料翻译译文 2

附件2：外文原文The e-commerce strategyIt may be useful for development organizations to consider the many issues involved before embarking on an e-commerce initiative,in relation to the organization's mandate,development goals,and organizational structure.The primary issues involved would include:Resource Expansion--Is the main goal of selling goods and services online the generation of revenue to offset operational costs?If so,how much revenue does the organization expect/wish to generate?These strategic questions will allow the organization to assess how much funding will go toward e-commerce activities.If the organization is approaching e-commerce as a means of covering not only the costs of producing the goods and services and disseminating development-focused products,but wishes to expand its revenue base to support other project costs,then it may want to develop an e-commerce platform and strategy that can attract customers.The organization may have to approach e-commerce as a resource expansion activity that uses business strategies and a full marketing approach.This leads to the question of whether this fits in with the development mandate of the organization and its charitable organization status.Will e-commerce activities distort the tax-free status of the development organization?Is the organization liable in the case of legal conflicts?Most development organizations have already faced these questions if they sell publications and other products by"traditional"means. Capital Costs--How much funding is the organization willing to put into e-commerce activities? E-commerce platforms can be high priced,depending on the level of sophistication.A development organization undertaking e-commerce activities should consider whether it wants to incur higher costs,with the possibility of cost recovery from an expected higher level of sales. What are the possibilities of receiving financial assistance from donor agencies or partner organizations for this activity?Development organizations pursuing e-commerce activities may have to decide between a variety of options for their online selling activities,depending on their financial capacities.These options can be divided into1)technical hardware and2)site design and maintenance.The organization will have to decide whether it wants to invest in setting up its own in-house server,depending on the organization's size and computing requirements,or find a third party that is willing to host the site on its server.Is the third party another development-focused organization,or is it a private company/ISP?Regarding design and maintenance of the e-commerce site,is the organization able to hire in-house technical personnel to handle design,development,and maintenance,or is it more cost effective to hire an outside party to handle these tasks?Developing an e-commerce site that generates high levels of revenue will have to respond to the changes in e-commerce platforms in the commercial sector. The development organization may want to consider using security encryption software for credit card payment,increasing costs to an extent yet benefiting from increasing customer confidence in the transaction process.Will the site be eye-catching,with the hope of attracting customers, possibly increasing site development costs for higher level graphics and design?Pan Partners currently do not have to bear all of the above-mentioned capital costs,but may one day have to consider them when they initiate an e-commerce site on their own.Marketing--As evident from the discussion above,a good marketing strategy forms the basis of the operational strategy,in order to attract customers to the e-commerce site and ensure asteady pattern of sales.Development organizations often need not employ capital-intensive marketing programs in order to have a successful marketing campaign.The marketing strategy can be divided into two main categories:1)online markets and2)offline markets.Purchasing Patterns of Online Customers--The frequency of updating new products can impact the number of items purchased by customers and the number of returning customers.In order to encourage customers to purchase more than one item at a time,it is important to offer a(wide) variety of products.Returning to the marketing strategies,development organizations can offer sales promotions mentioned above.This can increase the per-customer volume of sales, increasing overall revenue.Development organizations can consider organizing a schedule for updating their e-commerce site,adding new products and promotional offers on a regular basis. This way,previous customers will see that new products are available for sale and may be attracted to purchasing a second or third time.Developing an e-commerce strategy can allow development organizations to approach this initiative with an understanding of what they want to achieve and how to achieve it.This can encourage strategic thinking of how to attract potential customers to the site and how to keep them returning.In order for e-commerce initiatives to be successful,whether generating revenue to offset production costs or increasing overall revenue to offset operational costs,development organizations can often use business strategies to more effectively achieve their overall goals.。

电子商务信息安全中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务信息安全中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：E-commerce Information Security ProblemsⅠ. IntroductionE-commerce (E-Business) is in open networks, including between enterprises (B2B), business and consumers (B2C) commercial transactions, compared with the traditional business model, e-commerce with efficient, convenient, covered wide range of characteristics and benefits. However, e-commerce open this Internet-based data exchange is great its security vulnerabilities, security is a core e-commerce development constraints and key issues.In this paper, the basic ideas and principles of systems engineering, analyzes the current security threats facing e-commerce, in this based on security technology from the perspective of development trend of e-commerce.Ⅱ. E-commerce modelModern e-commerce technology has focused on the establishment and operation of the network of stores. Network in the department stores and real stores no distinction between structure and function, differences in their function and structure to achieve these methods and the way business operate.Web store from the front view is a special kind of WEB server. WEB site of modern multimedia support and a good interactive feature as the basis for the establishment of this virtual store, so customers can, as in a real supermarket pushing a shopping cart to select goods, and finally in the checkout check out. These online stores also constitute the three pillars of software: catalog, shopping cart and customer checkout. Customers use an electronic currency and transaction must store customers and stores are safe and reliable.Behind the store in the network, enterprises must first have a product storage warehouse and administration; second network to sell products by mail or other delivery channels to customers hands; Third, enterprises should also be responsible for product after-sales service, This service may be through networks, may not. Internet transactions are usually a first Pay the bill and getting goods shopping. For customers, convenience is that the goods purchased will be directly delivered to their home, but hard to feel assured that the goods can not be confirmed until the handsreach into their own hands, what it is.Therefore, the credibility of the store network and service quality is actually the key to the success of e-commerce.Ⅲ.the key to development of electronic commerceE-commerce in the telecommunications network to develop. Therefore, the advanced computer network infrastructure and telecommunications policy easing the development of electronic commerce has become a prerequisite. Currently, telecom services, high prices, limited bandwidth, the service is not timely or not reliable and so the development of e-commerce has become a constraint. Speed up the construction of telecommunications infrastructure, to break the telecommunications market monopoly, introduce competition mechanism to ensure fair competition in the telecommunications business, to promote networking, ensure to provide users with low-cost, high-speed, reliable communications services is a good construction target network environment, but also all of the world common task.E-commerce the most prominent problem is to solve the on-line shopping, trading and clearing of security issues, including the establishment of e-commerce trust between all the main issues, namely the establishment of safety certification system (CA) issues; choose safety standards (such as SET , SSL, PKI, etc.) problems; using encryption and decryption method and encryption strength problems. Establishment of security authentication system which is the key.Online trading and traditional face to face or written transactions in different ways, it is transmitted through the network business information and trade activities. The security of online transactions means:Validity: the validity of the contract to ensure online transactions, to prevent system failure, computer viruses, hacker attacks.Confidentiality: the content of the transaction, both transactions account, the password is not recognized by others and stealing.Integrity: to prevent the formation of unilateral transaction information and modify.Therefore, the e-commerce security system should include: secure and reliable communications network to ensure reliable data transmission integrity, prevent viruses, hackers; electronic signatures and other authentication systems; complete data encryption system and so on.Ⅳ.e-commerce security issues facingAs e-commerce network is the computer-based, it inevitably faces a number of security issues.(1) Information leakPerformance in e-commerce for the leakage of business secrets, including two aspects: the parties are dealing transactions by third parties to steal the contents; transaction to the other party to provide documents used illegal use by third parties.(2) AlteredE-commerce information for business performance in the authenticity and integrity issues. Electronic transaction information in the network transmission process may be others to illegally modify, delete or re-changed, so that information about its authenticity and integrity.(3) IdentificationWithout identification, third-party transactions is likely to fake the identity of parties to a deal breaker, damage the reputation of being counterfeit or stolen by one party to the transaction fake results and so on, for identification, the transaction between the two sides can prevent suspicion situation.(4) Computer virusesComputer virus appeared 10 years, a variety of new virus and its variants rapidly increasing, the emergence of the Internet for the spread of the virus has provided the best medium. Many new viruses directly using the network as its transmission, as well as many viruses spread faster through dried networks, frequently causing billions of dollars in economic losses.(5) HackerWith the spread of a variety of application tools, hackers have been popular, and are not in the past; non-computer expert can not be a hacker. Have kicked Yahoo's mafia boy did not receive any special training, only a few attacks to the users to download software and learn how to use the Internet on a big dry.Ⅴ.e-commerce security and safety factorsEnterprise application security is the most worried about e-commerce, and how to protect the security of e-commerce activities, will remain the core of e-commerce research. As a secure e-commerce system, we must first have a safe, reliable communication network, to ensure that transaction information secure and rapidtransmission; second database server to ensure absolute security against hackers break into networks to steal information. E-commerce security technologies include encryption, authentication technology and e-commerce security protocols, firewall technology.(A), encryption technologyTo ensure the security of data and transactions to prevent fraud, to confirm the true identity of transaction parties, e-commerce to adopt encryption technology, encryption technology is through the use of code or password to protect data security. For encrypted data is called plaintext, specifically through the role of a encryption algorithm, the conversion into cipher text, we will express this change as the cipher text is called encryption, the cipher text by the decryption algorithm to form a clear role in the output of this a process known as decryption. Encryption algorithm known as the key parameters used. The longer the key, the key space is large, traverse the key space the more time spent, the less likely cracked.Encryption technology can be divided into two categories: symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption to the data encryption standard DES (Data Encryption Standard) algorithm is represented. Asymmetric encryption is usually RSA (Rivets Shamir Aleman) algorithm is represented.(B), authenticationCommonly used security authentication technologies: digital signatures, digital certificates, digital time stamp, CA security authentication technology.(C), hacker protection technologyCurrently, hackers have become the biggest e-commerce security threats, thus preventing hacking network security technology has become the main content, by governments and industry are highly valued. Hacking techniques include buffer overflow attacks, Trojans, port scans, IP fraud, network monitoring, password attacks, and denial of service Dos attacks. At present, people have made many effective anti-hacker technologies, including firewalls, intrusion detection, and network security evaluation techniques.Ⅵ.the future security of e-commerceIncreasingly severe security problems, are growing threat to national and global economic security, governments have been based on efforts in the following areas: (1) Strengthen the legislation, refer to the advanced countries have effective legislation, innovative, e-commerce and improve the protection of the laws againstcyber-crime security system.(2) Establishment of relevant institutions, to take practical measures to combat cyber crime. Development of the law, the implementing agencies should also be used for its relevant laws, which must establish an independent oversight body, such as the executing agency to implement the law.(3) Increase investment in network security technology; improve the level of network security technology. E-commerce security law is the prerequisite and basis for development and secure e-commerce security technology is a means of protection. There are many security issues are technical reasons, it should increase the technology resources, and continuously push forward the development of old technologies and developing new security technology.(4) To encourage enterprises to protect themselves against Internet crime against. To avoid attack, companies can not hold things to chance, must attach great importance to system vulnerabilities, in time to find security holes to install the operating system and server patches, and network security detection equipment should be used regularly scan the network monitoring, develop a set of complete security protection system to enable enterprises to form a system and combined with the comprehensive protection system.(5) To strengthen international cooperation to strengthen global efforts to combat cyber crime. As e-commerce knows no borders, no geographical, it is a completely open area, so the action against cyber crime e-commerce will also be global. This will require Governments to strengthen cooperation, can not have "the saying which goes, regardless of others, cream tile" misconception.(6) To strengthen the network of national safety education, pay attention to the cultivation of outstanding computer.Ⅶ. ConclusionE-commerce in China has developed rapidly in recent years, but the security has not yet established. This has an impact on the development of electronic commerce as a barrier.To this end, we must accelerate the construction of the e-commerce security systems. This will be a comprehensive, systematic project involving the whole society. Specifically, we want legal recognition of electronic communications records of the effectiveness of legal protection for electronic commerce; we should strengthen the research on electronic signatures, to protect e-commerce technology; we need to build e-commerce authentication system as soon as possible, to organize protection for electronic commerce. Moreover, for e-commerce features without borders, we shouldalso strengthen international cooperation, so that e-commerce truly plays its role. Only in this way, we can adapt to the timesPromoting China's economic development; also the only way we can in the economic globalization today, to participate in international competition, and thus gain a competitive advantage.Source: Michael Hecker, Tharam S. Dillon, and Elizabeth Chang IEEE Internet Computing prentice hall publishing, 2002电子商务中的信息安全问题一、引言电子商务（E-Business）是发生在开放网络上的包括企业之间（B2B）、企业和消费者之间（B2C）的商业交易，与传统商务模式相比，电子商务具有高效、便捷、覆盖范围广等特点和优点。

电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Electronic commerce and physical distribution relations First, under the electronic commerce environment physical distribution pattern1. The use of EMS services in the logistics model.The enterprise either the business obtains information and so on consumer's shopping list and home address from the website or the hypothesized website, then goes through the special delivery formalities to the nearby post office to mail out the cargo, the customer receives the post office to take the goods notice, brings back to the locus post office the cargo, or delivers directly by the mailman the cargo in the customer hand. The use of EMS services with a convenient, fast characteristics. But, High fees, and very difficult to ensure that consumer receives goods within the time expecting that2. Corporate self-distribution logistics model station.The enterprise establishes own cargo allocation spot in the land's the customer crowded area, after obtaining the shopping information, delivers goods to the doorstep by an allocation personnel. This kind of physical distribution pattern may satisfy the customer “namely to buy namely results in” the shopping psychology demand. But it also has following problem: An allocation layout, the population equipment, the commodity reserve and so on determined reasonably very difficultly.3. draws support from the third party physical distribution enterprise's pattern. The third party physical distribution is the enterprise completes part or the complete physical distribution activity request for other specialized physical distribution company. The physical distribution company itself does not have the commodity, but forms the cooperation alliance with the enterprise, provides the service for the customer. Selects this physical distribution method, the service is the specialization, multi-purpose and omni-directional. But if the delivering goods quantity is too small, the delivery expense must be higher than generally other form service expense.Second, under the electronic commerce environment physical distributionexistence's question the1. The theoretical study of the logistics system and in-depth enough .Our country physical distribution management's researcher just contacted these new theories, waits for in further digests and absorbs.2. Lack of infrastructure, backward technology and equipment, the logistics industry is relatively backward.Our country Enterprise in the physical distribution aspect's Information technology, the integrated management and the computer applied technology level is generally low. Transport capacity can not meet the needs of industry, the main transport corridors are still prominent contradiction between supply and demand.3. Related the logistics of e-commerce environment laws and regulations remain to be improved.4. The logistics industry and logistics management training should be strengthened .The physical distribution talented person and the Information technology are realize the physical distribution modernization basic condition, the physical distribution talented person lack seriously, are unable to provide the enough intellectual support for the new physical distribution system's establishment.Third, physical distribution under electronic commerce environmental effect trend of development more than1. Multi-faceted - the direction of development of the logistics industry .In electronic commerce time, when the physical distribution develops the intensified stage, the integrated allocation center not only provides the warehousing and the transportation service, but must develop distributes orders, the allocation and so on each kind to enhance the added value the circulation processing service items. The modern supply chain management, through from supplies the chain to enable the physical distribution to consumer's synthesis operation to achieve the optimization. The enterprise pursues the comprehensive system's comprehensive effect more and more, from this kind of strategic angle embarking, physical distribution many are the logistics development direction.2. First-class services - the pursuit of logistics enterprises. Under the electroniccommerce influence, the logistics is situated between the suppliers and buys between the supplier the third party, is take serves as the objective. The physical distribution enterprise not only needs to serve for this area, must carry on the long distance service, not only because the customer the hope obtains the good service, moreover the hope service point is not, but are many places. Therefore, how to provide the high grade service then to become the physical distribution business management and the development core topic. Also only then has the first-class service physical distribution enterprise, can impel the electronic commerce truly the development.3. Information technology- the only way to modern logistics industry .In the electronic commerce time, must provide the best service, the physical distribution system must have the good information processing and the transmission system. When the cargo transports from the world, the customer then may place information and so on obtain the arrival time, receipt, so that the warehousing, the Transport company can prepare for, causes the commodity, in does not pause nearly in situation fast flowing, thus raises the service level greatly, reduces the cost, enhances the competitive power, also manifests the electronic commerce to depend on the convenience which well the network platform brings to be quick .electronic commerce and the physical distribution take the modern circulation two big methods, has the close relation. Electronic commerce takes the network time one kind of brand-new transaction pattern, is opposite in the tradition trading mode is a revolution. But, electronic commerce must have the modernized physical distribution technology support, can manifest its incomparable sophistication and the superiority. Only then develops the modernized physical distribution vigorously, electronic commerce can a better development. Along with the 21st century Information technology, the network development, will certainly to promote the electronic commerce and the physical distribution organic synthesis, the modernized physical distribution computerization will become the populace to live the indispensable important part.Fourth, e-commerce model of logisticsUnder electronic commerce the physical distribution and the allocation, are the Information technology, modernized, the socialized physical distribution and theallocation. Refers to the logistics and distribution network of enterprise computer technology and modern hardware devices, software systems and advanced management tools for social needs, strictly, keep the land in accordance with the user's order request, to conduct a series of classification, allocation, sorting , division of labor and distribution of work, such as cargo handling, timing, fixed-point, there is no quantitative way to limit the scope of the various types of users, to meet their demand for goods. We can see that this new type of logistics and distribution is based on a new look, becoming the vanguard of innovation in circulation Basin, on behalf of the modern marketing of the main direction. New type of logistics and distribution will enable the circulation of commodities in a more traditional way of logistics and distribution of information more easily, automation, modernization, social, intelligence, rationalization, simplification, which reduces the production of inventory, speed up cash flow and improve logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs, also stimulated the social needs of society as a whole is conducive to macro-transfer space, but also to enhance the economic benefits of the whole society, and promote the healthy development of market economy. Traditional logistics and distribution centers can be divided into the following types: the main manufacturers in the distribution center to wholesalers as the main distribution center to retail distribution centers as the main body to the main storage for the transport of the distribution center. The traditional distribution model can be divided into the following: Set-based distribution model of cargo, bulk-type mixed distribution model and distribution model. Finally, this model combines the two types of distribution patterns of the previous advantages, can the flow of goods to carry out effective control of the entire process. Finally, this model combines the two types of distribution patterns in front of the merits of, may carry on the active control to the commodity circulation entire process. Uses this kind of allocation pattern the circulation enterprise, like regional physical distribution allocation center. This kind of operation pattern comparison meets the new physical distribution allocation requirement (Especially e-commerce logistics and distribution under).20th century 80's, the Western developed countries, such as the United States,France and Germany put forward a theory of modern logistics integration, application and guide the development of its logistics achieved significant results. Logistics is the logistics system integration as the core business from production through logistics, marketing companies, until the whole supply chain, consumers and systematic.Logistics integration is the development of logistics industry form, it must be fully developed third-party logistics and perfecting basis. Logistics integrated logistics management is a real problem, that is, specialization in logistics management and technical staff make full use of specialized logistics equipment, facilities, play a specialized logistics management experience, in order to obtain the best overall results. At the same time, Trends in the logistics integration has provided the good development environment and the giant market demand for the third party physical distribution's development.Fifth, the development of e-commerce can not be separated from objects of modern logisticsThis has become the people's consensus, that is why so many e-commerce company after years of exploration and the conclusions arrived at after. Today in e-commerce in full swing, many companies are still not solve the problem of logistics, freight service is still the bottleneck of the development of e-commerce. Claiming to solve the problem of a small number of logistics companies, but also made use of the national postal system, post office, city Express system, the delivery of books, audio-visual products such as small items. The more electronic commerce company adopted has requested the way which the factory, the business delivered goods to complete the customer.Sixth, e-commerce and modern logistics difficult to matchE-commerce enterprises to establish a match with the modern logistics enterprises is not an easy task, first of all, business investment as a result of a huge logistics, land, warehouse, loading and unloading, sorting, distribution, and management need to invest a lot of money. China's logistics enterprises in most of the existing facilities behind the shortage of funds, a heavy burden, unable to transform quickly and e-commerce, security, reliable fall far short of the requirements. Secondly, the segmentation of logistics enterprises in the industry seriously, there is no unifiedlogistics logistic management policies and practices. The transport sector ministries belong to different managements, warehousing sectors belong to different ministries and local. Circulation of documents caused by non-standard, non-uniform, non-GM, turbulent flow of goods, road toll stations, and charges a large amount of smooth flow of goods can not. Therefore, in order to make China's e-commerce to become new economic growth point and an important pillar of the national economy, the state and enterprises must pay great attention to the development of modern logistics and construction companies. In a sense said that the physical distribution facility's quality and physical distribution unobstructed, is a national comprehensive national strength and the economic development symbol.Seventh, electronic commerce and the modern physical distribution difficult to match solutionThe construction of modern logistics facilities, it is necessary to the actual situation in our country. States should establish the authority of the logistics management agencies, logistics development of China's future direction, speed, policies, facilities, systems, etc.; co-ordination to resolve ports and terminals, railways, highways, waterways, aviation sites, the hub of the sector issues and policy division ; the implementation of the work of the standardization of logistics; the logistics industry as the basic industry of the national economy, by providing loans, taxation, the introduction of such preferential treatment. And medium-sized cities should be planning the construction of an integrated logistics center to reduce the storage and transportation enterprises scattered phenomena. At the same time, the basis of logistics enterprises in China's poor, can not copy the developed countries of modern logistics equipment and mode of business. Attention should be paid to the existing storage area and the existing organization and integration of transport, logistics enterprises to mobilize existing positive factors and multi-channel transformation of the existing logistics facilities funding.E-commerce and modern logistics as the two major means of circulation, between closely related. E-commerce and logistics between the "actual situation accordingly," the relationship between the status of the logistics industry will greatlyenhance the supply chain will be a short circuit, and third-party logistics e-business environment will become the main form of logistics, procurement will be more convenient, the price will be lower, as a business flow, information flow and pooling of logistics centers, the implementation of centralized inventory, transport is divided into a transport and secondary transport, more convenient, "multimodal transport services" has been widely available, open-loop flow Information has become the main basis for logistics. However, e-commerce must have a modern logistics technology, it has to reflect the nature and the incomparable superiority to the maximum extent possible so that the two sides has been to facilitate transactions, access to benefits.电子商务与物流的关系一、电子商务环境下物流模式1、采用邮政特快专递服务的物流模式。

电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)英文：Towards Enhancing Trust on Chinese E-Commerce Abstract:E-Commerce has been much more popular in western countries where the development of E-Commerce systems has been relatively matured. While the technology and social credit environment are well developed, E-Commerce is relatively new and receives fewer acceptances within commercial industries in China. Building trust has been identified as one of the major concerns in E-Commerce.In this paper, we will develop an computational model, which may be used to improve the trust-building relationship among consumers, retailers and authorities. This model considers a number of factors including direct experiences, customer recommendations, and authority certification, while parties involved in the E-Commerce activities can confidently establish and reliably enhance the trustworthiness.We also conduct a case study on how to improve consumer-retailer trust relationship in an E-Commerce application by the use of the trust model, which is one of functional electronic storefronts with the consideration of trustworthiness in China. In addition, the findings from this research will also be helpful for national policy maker on legislation of Chinese E-Commerce activities.Key Words: Trust, E-Commerce, Trust-building, Computational model, Chinese E-Commerce.I. Introduction“With the rapid development of Internet technology, the landscape of exchanging information and doing business has been com pletely changed”. As a new way of doing business, E-Commerce is increasingly affecting, changing and even replacing the traditional commerce approach. People are increasingly accepting and using E-Commerce than ever before. Without any doubt, many network applications, based on initial Door to Door to B2B, B2C, and C2C models, have a profound influence on the global economy. However most of the development of E-Commerce is primarily achieved within a handful of countries, particularly in countries like US, Japan and some of European countries. Since the advent of the Internet in the late 1990’s in China, various applications can be seen in the following years, which stirred thousands of ambitious young Chinese people to establish their own business on-line with a dream of getting wealthy overnight. Over the past few years, almost 70% of the growth in Internet users from all over the world occurred only in China. However, in terms of E-Commerce development, there is still a gap between China and the developed countries. With the increased popularity of the Internet and the continuous improvement of Internet technologies, the development of E-Commerce has just made an impressive start. What hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce can be attributed to various problems and barriers. Some of these problems such as payment method, distribution problem, and security issues have been partially alleviated. Unfortunately the consumers’ lack of trust towards E-Retailers has been identified as the biggest barrier that needs to be overcome in long-term.In the paper, we will identify the challenges in developing Chinese E-Commerce and propose a model to cooperate with current E-Commerce system as a mean of enhancing trustworthiness. The paper is organized into 6 sections. Section 2 introduces the current standing of E-Commerce, and then Section 3 briefly reviews the challenges in developing E-Commerce, and examines the “Trust problem”, which is identified as the major obstacle that hinders the spreading of E-Commerce in China. In Section 4, we propose a computational model that can be used to address the trust problem. Section 5 specifically discusses how to apply the model to improve trustworthiness, and gives a case study in Section 6. Section 7 concludes the paper by discussing further directions for improving trust between E-Commerce users.II. Current Chinese E-Commerce Standing(I) Issues in E-CommerceTrust has always been the main concern among most of Chinese E-Commerce companies. On one hand, people are impressed by doing business on-line, but on the other hand they are still worried about using E-Commerce widely. Consequently, a gap appeared between on-line retailers’interest in attracting shoppers to their electronic storefronts and many consumers’ trust in those activities. Nevertheless, researches have shown that the trust problem is not only technical problem, but more of a social problem caused by various reasons. First and foremost, for historical reasons, people may lack of confiden ce with others, therefore it’s quite difficult to puttrust in someone else in the beginning. Secondly, the commercial law and regulation for E-Commerce cannot fully protect the interests of consumers and merchants. Therefore E-Commerce users lack the confidence to take the risk when communicating with an unfamiliar party. Thirdly, the social credit system and payment system in China are still not strong enough when carrying complex E-Commerce transactions, so that on-line business frauds may happen, and harm consumers. Last but not least Internet security and cryptography techniques, which can increase consumers’confidence in on-line activity, are still under development. Due to all these issues, E-Commerce specialists commonly regard that the bottleneck of Chinese E-Commerce is as a trust problem than anything else.(II) Opportunities of Chinese E-CommerceIn 2005, Chinese E-Commerce has been experiencing the upsurge of B2C markets. With the recognition of trust problem, many retailers are experimenting with various trust building strategies to establish trustworthiness towards E-Retailers. Establishing trust between E-Commerce users is a long term process. Apart from more education or training in the long term, we can resort to technology to enhance consumer trust in an unfamiliar E-retailer. One effective method is to participate in third-party assurance programs, which assist consumers in an accessible level of trust they should place in an E-Commerce transaction. In that way, merchants who agree to meet a third party assures standards can either use the assure certified technology, or agree to be bound in some way by the assure procedures or oversight are registered by the assure and permitted to display an identifying logo or assurance seal on their website. Consumers can reveal specific validation of the merchants good-standing with the assure or additional disclosures related to the merchants’ business practices or history. Some theories suggest that trust in an E-retailer can be speci fically defined as consumers’ willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations regarding an E-Retailers future behavior. By evaluating a party’s post behavior and tracking its activities, the party’s futu re behavior can be expected and trust level can be considered so that consumers can make purchasing decision according to the trust level of E-Retailer. In this paper, a third party assurance program that can be cooperated with the current E-Commerce system is proposed. Through tracking E-Retailer ’s activity records, collecting consumer experiences, and recommendations, the computation model is capable of considering the level that consumer can trust an unfamiliar E-Retailer. More detail about the model is described in Section 4.III. Challenges in Developing Chinese E-CommerceChinese E-Markets is undeniably of great potential. E-Markets are not only beneficial for national economy, but also for the global economy, especially since China has entered the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, in terms of developing E-Commerce, there is a gap between China and other developed countries. The primary cause is that the advent of information age has a great impact on the economy of industrialized countrie s, while the social environment and China hasn’t become used to its coming. These can be noticed from various aspects including information infrastructure, barriers of social environment, degree of technologyinnovation, level of awareness, and trustworthiness and so on. Technically, the improvement is obvious, but it’s difficult to catch up in short term for some social problems.(I) Informationization GapCurrent social environment in China is yet to match the rapid informationization. The understanding of the relation and interaction between industrialization and informationization is inadequate. In addition, the importance and urgency of informationization in social and economic development haven’t been fully appreciated. Apart from that, for a long term progress, the awareness and acceptance to informationization are still underway both theoretically and practically.Furthermore, the global information infrastructure are building up, China is not a exception. However, the popularity of informational and electronic facilities in China is still behind the USA, even though 70% of the growth in Internet users occurred in China. That is mainly due to the huge population of China and the imbalanced development of different regions.In terms of the innovation of information technology, China is catching up to the developed countries progressively, although the exploring and utilization of information resources and services are not yet adequate.(II) Social Barriers in E-CommerceIn China, E-Commerce activities are impeded by some social barriers as well. For instance, the law and regulation are not flawless. E-commerce gives a full impetus to social and economic development; in the meantime, it raises some new problems. So we need to address the inadequacy of traditional policy and laws in the new circumstance, and recommend new and effective law and regulation system. E-commerce may cause multi-facet problems, such as legitimacy and authentication of E-currency, E-contract, and E-bill. Taxation is another problem. It includes how to collect business tax and custom; whether new tax and collecting methods are needed for some intangible products (e.g. software, electrical audio and video); how to secure market and prevent monopoly, especially telecommunication monopoly; how to protect privacy and Intellectual Property(IP); how to manage and control export and import of intangible products, and so on.There is a lack of E-Commerce standard. Standardization and legislation is a difficult but important task in developing E-Commerce. For instance, before the E-Signature Standard was invented in China, there was no particular standard to normalize the behaviors on Internet, therefore, it could not setup a standard business environment compatible with international standards, which has a huge impact on integration of individual country and global economy.Another problem associated with E-Commerce is the social credit system and payment system. The present E-Commerce can only be regarded as quasi-E-Commerce. Since the credit system lacks of trust, effective monitoring and payment mechanism. The Internet commodity transaction centers only fulfilled parts of E-Commerce processes, but by no mean to be full processes from pre-purchase to post-purchase. The current distribution system for Chinese E-Commerce is still not satisfied enough. For instance, the delivery of products has yet to be separated frommanufacturing and commercial enterprisers. The incomplete distribution system still responds passively to production and sales departments, where different processing links such as warehousing, transporting and loading functions as independent entities so that the distribution problem has not been solved well at present.In summary, these informationization gaps and social barriers indeed hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce, but many people consider lack of consumers trust in E-Commerce merchants, technology, social, financial and legal infrastructures of E-Commerce environment as the most concerned issues that affect the development in an individual country, since most traditional cues for assessing trust in physical world are not available on-line.(III)Trust IssueTrust is a catalyst for human cooperation, and it has received considerable attention in the business and social science literature. Lack of trust can result in a waste of time and resources on protecting ourselves against possible harm and thereby clogs up the economy. Consumer’s trust in an E-Retailer can be defined as consumers’willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations in regard with an E-Retailers future behavior. Factors that affect trust in E-Commerce for consumers include security risks, privacy risks, and lack of reliability in E-Commerce processes in general. As pointed by Nielsen, real trust builds through a company’s actual behavior towards its customers over time, and it is seen to be difficult to build and easy to lose. Theoretically, there are three trust-building processes summarized in:1. Knowledge-based trust is described as a form of trust that develops over time as one party learns about intentions, capabilities, and activity experiences. Example can be recommendation, evaluations, and reputations.2. Institutional-based trust relied on the creation of a “trust infrastructure”, of socially recognized third-party intermediaries that certify the trustworthiness of parties in a commercial exchange or actually enforce trustworthy behaviors on the part of one or both partners. Such example is certificate, membership of association.3. Trust transfer happens when one party ascribes trustworthiness to an unfamiliar exchange partner based on that partner’s association with a trusted party.In the ext section, we will describe a computational model, which can be used to facilitate the trust- building process in E-Commerce, particularly for Chinese E-Commerce market.In this paper, we surveyed the E-Commerce activities currently under going in China. We have closely analyzed the gap between the informationization and barriers of Chinese E-Commerce systems. Among the topics of facilitating development of a positive, effective and satisfied E-Commerce system, “trust” is a major issue, which has not received adequate attention in past decades. We have proposed a computational trust model (ERC2G), which can foster a trust relationship between consumers and merchants, and illustrate how to apply the model in a Chinese E-Commerce system. From the case study of EI Computer, we briefly talked about the implementation of E-Commerce systems with the consideration of enhancing trust. However, establishing trust must be a complex process, which involves moreinformation sources, so continuous improving and enhancing the trustworthiness will be the main objective we need to achieve in future work.翻译：提升中国电子商务信用度摘要电子商务在西方国家已经非常流行，并且电子商务系统在这些国家的发展也相对成熟。

电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献In this model。

the XXX its own logistics system。

the enterprise can control the entire process of delivery。

XXX。

this model requires a XXX.3.Third-party logistics model.XXX ns to a third-party logistics provider。

The third-party logistics provider handles the entire logistics process。

XXX。

the enterprise may lose some control over the logistics process and may have to pay higher fees for the services provided.Second。

the impact of electronic commerce on physical n1.Shortening of the n chain.XXX intermediaries in the n process。

such as XXX.2.Increased demand for logistics services.As more consumers shop online。

XXX.3.XXX.Electronic commerce has led to the XXX logistics models。

XXX connect consumers with individuals who XXX.Overall。

electronic commerce has had a significant impacton physical n。

电子商务信息安全中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务外文翻译文献

文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。

电子商务外文翻译doc资料

电子商务外文翻译Information Security Problems in E-commerceⅠ. IntroductionE-commerce (E-Business) is in open networks, including between enterprises (B2B), business and consumers (B2C) commercial transactions, compared with the traditional business model, e-commerce with efficient, convenient, covered wide range of characteristics and benefits. However, e-commerce open this Internet-based data exchange is great its security vulnerabilities, security is a core e-commerce development constraints and key issues.In this paper, the basic ideas and principles of systems engineering, analyzes the current security threats facing e-commerce, in this based on security technology from the perspective of development trend of e-commerce.Ⅱ. E-commerce modelModern e-commerce technology has focused on the establishment and operation of the network of stores. Network in the department stores and real stores no distinction between structure and function, differences in their function and structure to achieve these methods and the way business operate.Web store from the front view is a special kind of WEB server. WEB site of modern multimedia support and a good interactive feature as the basis for the establishment of this virtual store, so customers can, as in a real supermarket pushing a shopping cart to select goods, and finally in the checkout check out. These online stores also constitute the three pillars of software: catalog, shopping cart and customer checkout. Customers use an electronic currency and transaction must store customers and stores are safe and reliable.Behind the store in the network, enterprises must first have a product storage warehouse and administration; second network to sell products by mail or other delivery channels to customers hands; Third, enterprises should also be responsible for product after-sales service, This service may be through networks, may not. Internet transactions are usually a first Pay the bill and getting goods shopping. For customers, convenience is that the goods purchased will be directly delivered to their home, but hard to feel assured that the goods can not be confirmed until the hands reach into their own hands, what it is.Therefore, the credibility of the store network and service quality is actually the key to the success of e-commerce.Ⅲ.the key to development of electronic commerceE-commerce in the telecommunications network to develop. Therefore, the advanced computer network infrastructure and telecommunications policy easing the development of electronic commerce has become a prerequisite. Currently, telecom services, high prices, limited bandwidth, the service is not timely or not reliable and so the development of e-commerce has become a constraint. Speed up the construction of telecommunications infrastructure, to break the telecommunications market monopoly, introduce competition mechanism to ensure fair competition in the telecommunications business, to promote networking, ensure to provide users with low-cost, high-speed, reliable communications services is a good construction targetnetwork environment, but also all of the world common task.E-commerce the most prominent problem is to solve the on-line shopping, trading and clearing of security issues, including the establishment of e-commerce trust between all the main issues, namely the establishment of safety certification system (CA) issues; choose safety standards (such as SET , SSL, PKI, etc.) problems; using encryption and decryption method and encryption strength problems. Establishment of security authentication system which is the key.Online trading and traditional face to face or written transactions in different ways, it is transmitted through the network business information and trade activities. The security of online transactions means:Validity: the validity of the contract to ensure online transactions, to prevent system failure, computer viruses, hacker attacks.Confidentiality: the content of the transaction, both transactions account, the password is not recognized by others and stealing.Integrity: to prevent the formation of unilateral transaction information and modify.Therefore, the e-commerce security system should include: secure and reliable communications network to ensure reliable data transmission integrity, prevent viruses, hackers; electronic signatures and other authentication systems; complete data encryption system and so on.Ⅳ.e-commerce security issues facingAs e-commerce network is the computer-based, it inevitably faces a number of security issues.(1) Information leakPerformance in e-commerce for the leakage of business secrets, including two aspects: the parties are dealing transactions by third parties to steal the contents; transaction to the other party to provide documents used illegal use by third parties.(2) AlteredE-commerce information for business performance in the authenticity and integrity issues. Electronic transaction information in the network transmission process may be others to illegally modify, delete or re-changed, so that information about its authenticity and integrity.(3) IdentificationWithout identification, third-party transactions is likely to fake the identity of parties to a deal breaker, damage the reputation of being counterfeit or stolen by one party to the transaction fake results and so on, for identification, the transaction between the two sides can prevent suspicion situation.(4) Computer virusesComputer virus appeared 10 years, a variety of new virus and its variants rapidly increasing, the emergence of the Internet for the spread of the virus has provided the best medium. Many new viruses directly using the network as its transmission, as well as many viruses spread faster through dried networks, frequently causing billions of dollars in economic losses.(5) HackerWith the spread of a variety of application tools, hackers have been popular, and are not in the past; non-computer expert can not be a hacker. Have kicked Yahoo's mafia boy did not receive any special training, only a few attacks to the users to download software and learn how to use the Internet on a big dry.Ⅴ.e-commerce security and safety factorsEnterprise application security is the most worried about e-commerce, and how to protect the security of e-commerce activities, will remain the core of e-commerce research. As a secure e-commerce system, we must first have a safe, reliable communication network, to ensure that transaction information secure and rapid transmission; second database server to ensure absolute security against hackers break into networks to steal information. E-commerce security technologies include encryption, authentication technology and e-commerce security protocols, firewall technology.(A), encryption technologyTo ensure the security of data and transactions to prevent fraud, to confirm the true identity of transaction parties, e-commerce to adopt encryption technology, encryption technology is through the use of code or password to protect data security. For encrypted data is called plaintext, specifically through the role of a encryption algorithm, the conversion into cipher text, we will express this change as the cipher text is called encryption, the cipher text by the decryption algorithm to form a clear role in the output of this a process known as decryption. Encryption algorithm known as the key parameters used. The longer the key, the key space is large, traverse the key space the more time spent, the less likely cracked.Encryption technology can be divided into two categories: symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption to the data encryption standard DES (Data Encryption Standard) algorithm is represented. Asymmetric encryption is usually RSA (Rivets Shamir Aleman) algorithm is represented.(B), authenticationCommonly used security authentication technologies: digital signatures, digital certificates, digital time stamp, CA security authentication technology.(C), hacker protection technologyCurrently, hackers have become the biggest e-commerce security threats, thus preventing hacking network security technology has become the main content, by governments and industry are highly valued. Hacking techniques include buffer overflow attacks, Trojans, port scans, IP fraud, network monitoring, password attacks, and denial of service Dos attacks. At present, people have made many effective anti-hacker technologies, including firewalls, intrusion detection, and network security evaluation techniques.Ⅵ.the future security of e-commerceIncreasingly severe security problems, are growing threat to national and global economic security, governments have been based on efforts in the following areas:(1) Strengthen the legislation, refer to the advanced countries have effective legislation, innovative, e-commerce and improve the protection of the laws againstcyber-crime security system.(2) Establishment of relevant institutions, to take practical measures to combat cyber crime. Development of the law, the implementing agencies should also be used for its relevant laws, which must establish an independent oversight body, such as the executing agency to implement the law.(3) Increase investment in network security technology; improve the level of network security technology. E-commerce security law is the prerequisite and basis for development and secure e-commerce security technology is a means of protection. There are many security issues are technical reasons, it should increase the technology resources, and continuously push forward the development of old technologies and developing new security technology.(4) To encourage enterprises to protect themselves against Internet crime against. To avoid attack, companies can not hold things to chance, must attach great importance to system vulnerabilities, in time to find security holes to install the operating system and server patches, and network security detection equipment should be used regularly scan the network monitoring, develop a set of complete security protection system to enable enterprises to form a system and combined with the comprehensive protection system.(5) To strengthen international cooperation to strengthen global efforts to combat cyber crime. As e-commerce knows no borders, no geographical, it is a completely open area, so the action against cyber crime e-commerce will also be global. This will require Governments to strengthen cooperation, can not have "the saying which goes, regardless of others, cream tile" misconception.(6) To strengthen the network of national safety education, pay attention to the cultivation of outstanding computer.Ⅶ. ConclusionE-commerce in China has developed rapidly in recent years, but the security has not yet established. This has an impact on the development of electronic commerce as a barrier.To this end, we must accelerate the construction of the e-commerce security systems. This will be a comprehensive, systematic project involving the whole society. Specifically, we want legal recognition of electronic communications records of the effectiveness of legal protection for electronic commerce; we should strengthen the research on electronic signatures, to protect e-commerce technology; we need to build e-commerce authentication system as soon as possible, to organize protection for electronic commerce. Moreover, for e-commerce features without borders, we should also strengthen international cooperation, so that e-commerce truly plays its role. Only in this way, we can adapt to the times Promoting China's economic development; also the only way we can in the economic globalization today, to participate in international competition, and thus gain a competitive advantage.REFERENCES：[1]Grover, V. et al., 2001, E-Commerce and the Information Market, Communications of the ACM, vol. 44, no. 4, April, 79-86.[2]EWT Ngai.Fuzzy decision support system for risk analysis in e-commerce development. 2005[3]DH McKnight.What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: an interdisciplinary conceptual typology .2001[4]W Wang.Interactive decision aids for consumer decision making in e-commerce: the influence of perceived strategy restrictiveness .2009[5]Lohse, L. G., Spiller, P., 1998, Electronic Shopping, Communications of the ACM, vol. 41, no. 7, July, 81- 88.[6]Lima, R. S. et al, 2000, Evaluating Web sites for an educational environment target for cardiology, The 3rd European Software Measurement Conference –FESMA-AEMES, Madrid, September.。

电子商务发展中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

电子商务发展中英文资料对照外文翻译文
献综述
本文综述了电子商务发展的相关中英文资料对照的外文翻译文献。

以下是对资料的简要介绍：
1. 文献一：《电子商务的定义和发展趋势》
这篇文献探讨了电子商务的定义，以及电子商务在不同行业中的发展趋势。

它提供了对电子商务未来发展的洞察和预测。

2. 文献二：《电子商务平台的优势与特点》
这篇文献分析了电子商务平台的优势和特点，包括方便的购物体验、快速的交易过程和全球化的市场覆盖等，以及对传统商业模式的影响。

3. 文献三：《电子商务对传统零售业的影响》
这篇文献研究了电子商务对传统零售业的影响，包括购物方式的变化、消费者行为的改变和市场竞争的加剧等方面。

4. 文献四：《电子商务的安全性和隐私问题》
这篇文献讨论了电子商务所面临的安全性和隐私问题，包括网
络支付的安全性、个人信息保护和网络欺诈等方面的挑战。

5. 文献五：《电子商务的法律和政策环境》
这篇文献研究了电子商务的法律和政策环境，包括电子合同的
法律效力、网络交易纠纷解决机制和网络经济发展政策等方面的内容。

综上所述，这些文献对于理解电子商务的发展趋势、优势特点、对传统零售业的影响以及面临的安全性和法律问题等具有重要意义。

电子商务外文文献

电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。

在这个日益数字化的时代，电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。

本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状，探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。

The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响：外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及，电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。

电子商务简介外文翻译文献

电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务，或者电子贸易，或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式，将对社会经济产生深远的影响，并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。

企业文化中英文对照外文翻译文献

企业文化中英文对照外文翻译文献企业文化中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)The Corporate Culture Rebuilding of E-business With the development of large-scale e-business, The E-commerce culture comes into being. It is an enterprise that produces a new value. The new integration of internal resources of the enterprises, which reduces transaction costs and improves efficiency. And it can short the cycle of production, and get many other benefits. Also it challenges on the existing corporate culture. The rise of e-commerce is a means of rapid development of technology that leads business models change. The survival of traditional economic activities, the means of operation and the management mechanisms have changed completely. The traditional corporate culture also faces a big strike.First, the Contribution to the Enterprise Value of Corporate CultureCultural phenomenon is a symbol of civilized country and a major witness of the nation. Broader culture includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and every person as a member of the social to obtain ability and habit, including the complex whole. The survival and development of the enterprise plays an important role as a "sub culture" of the corporate culture. Corporate culture is the product of a market economy and commodity economy, embodying the objective laws of market economy. It reflects the company's competitive practices, competitive spirit and overall image. The enterprise culture is the company's management philosophy, enterprises face in whichthe social and business environment in the long-term production of business activities. And it gets all employees accept and agree to honor, which fights for a set of informal rules of success. It shows a kind of management philosophy and business practice to achieve through what kind of target. It is an important part of economic management. Corporate culture means a company's value, and these values become a norm of behavior of employees’ activities.How to increase profits, reduce costs and expenses is the origin of the corporate culture. Its meaning is how to enable enterprises to effectively integrate resources in order to achieve external flexibility and realize sustainable development in the competition. Corporate culture for the enterprises to develop cultural managementindicates a clear direction. The foreign competition environment for building highly adaptable and responding quickly to change is the final purpose of enterprise culture, according to environmental behavior capacities, which in fact is the company, owned by the external competitive environment by the needs of internal resources the ability to integrate and use. Corporate culture should promote the formation of the capacity of the system and maintain a good system. Many Chinese companies, for example, Haier, Lenovo, and so on, the secret of enterprise success is to develop a set of corporate and business philosophy that forms its own unique corporate culture.1, the corporate culture reflects the company's image and spirit. Establishing a good corporate image needs support of Modern business, from leadership to staff quality, from product quality to management facilities, from the environment to the product development, infiltrating cultural factors, and allreflecting the corporate image. Good corporate image (the "goodwill") is an intangible wealth and assets to display the "brand effect", which wins the social and public support, in line with modern public relations and marketing theory. From the modern management theory, it reflects the spirit of enterprise groups and the ideal goal, showing the direction of development of enterprises and business purposes. It is on behalf of the company's future prospects; so that every member company can voluntarily contribute to the achievement of organizational goals, from the enterprises in the fierce competition in technology press "beautiful and fragrant flowers."2, the corporate culture as in the business as a new management theory to play an extremely rebuilding role.First, creating a environment for flexible coordination of business operations, the corporate social systems as a subsystem, continuously with the surrounding environment material, energy and information exchange, social environment is relatively more objective. And enterprises need to adapt to environmental changes, researching the laws and requirements of environmental change, a clear tendency of economic development compatible with the social needs and potential demand, which improve the enterprise's various weaknesses and adjust to business strategy, creating a new corporate culture, and environment interaction to achieve dynamic balance that creates a cycle of market environment, promoting the restructuring of joint-stock company into the future state of healthy function.Second, it is conducive to the formation of the values of their all operation. The development of corporate culture as the underlying motivation, its values is the core of corporate culture.And it is a business organization and the basic concepts and beliefs. For enterprises, the core task is how the market to survive and provide consumers with appropriate products and services. The core mission of business does not automatically guarantee a corporate member with a common objective. Values established by the company code of conduct for employees defined in an extremely successful and the objective pursuit.Third, it helps to improve the all quality and foster corporation. The composition of the corporate culture includes ideology, culture, technology, culture, management culture, quality culture and entertainment culture. On the one hand, the culture of integration promotes the improvement of the quality of the entire staff. Because the influence of a common culture, the formation of a common awareness and behavior-oriented preserves and maintains the unity, cooperation, the harmony between employee relations, the objective to strengthen the unity, the overall development of the performance.3, the business culture is a kind of meaning. It is different from the surrounding environment of the enterprise as a system. Its internal mechanisms of the coordinated operation of the corporate culture can not be separated. On the one hand, a direct effect on corporate culture, employee code of conduct, professional ethics and clip point, nurture and develop the corporate culture, which improves the cohesion and solidarity, increasing employee’s satisfaction, sense of identity and belonging. On the other hand, the corporate culture of the major decisions of business, the company's long-term goals and strategies as well as the implementation of rules and regulations have not be underestimated.Second, the Building of Corporate Culture, the Need forChangeIn the 21st century, the enterprise culture of Chinese business faces multiple challenges: the arrival of knowledge economy, the corporate culture, the question ofhow to enhance the value of knowledge, knowledge workers how to deal with new issues; market-oriented reform, making the planned economy era the formation of corporate culture and old ways, old routines often fail; and the rise of network technology, but also for the birth of a new corporate culture provides a weapon. Sentence: mechanism changed, times have changed, technology has changed, so many companies are faced with reshaping corporate culture. Gerstner saved Big Blue, the first is to explicitly change the corporate culture of IBM's basic values, the creation of IBM's culture, which is "strive to win (Win)" "fast execution (Execute)" and "team spirit (Team) ". Gerstner said, " as IBM's leaders, of course you need to lead the planning and specific projects, but your responsibilities also include leading the staff, the establishment of work teams, and the creation of high-performance corporate culture." GE Jack Welch, former CEO also said: "Our vitality curve is able to function effectively, because we spent a decade in our enterprise to establish a performance culture."From our point of view of corporate culture development status, can only say that the end is still in a relatively level, the "corporate culture strategy" did not receive due attention, the cultivation of corporate culture, lack of guidance systems theory, corporate culture, most of the traditional culture in the enterprise the epitome of such enterprises often lack vitality, dead, suffering from a lack of excellent sense, may be severe centrifugal serious. Overall there are more defects in our corporate culturephenomenon with error, our corporate culture common errors are:1, the phenomenon of cultural obscurantism. Such phenomenon is common in those autocratic leaders or operational problems of the enterprise. Performance of the leaders of the extreme stress on certain cultural values, education and means to promote radical. It is because the causes of most of the leaders hope to achieve within the enterprise.2, no cultural phenomenon. Usually presents companies have a very strict system and the various rules and regulations. The system provides for employees to do and not do, but there is no clear cultural ideas and values advocate, neglect of education and training of employees. Such phenomena generate up to industrial manufacturingcompanies, most of the causes of quality is not high because the leaders themselves, or lack of understanding of corporate culture. Or want to cover up some kind of cult of the individual facts. Such enterprises are usually easy to produce leaders of the blind worship or silent on the situation.3, the ideal culture phenomenon. It is common in those with young people as the main force of the emerging entrepreneurial companies. Manifestations of these companies will make some unrealistic ambitions and cultural ideals, its advocacy of the concept will be a kind of beyond the enterprise to transform the world's sense of mission. "Great and empty," the slogan of the people beyond the reach; grand, lofty goals often lack a unified real objective basis. Most of the causes of such phenomena is that leaders have too lofty ideals and the lack of work basket for fruits of the spirit. Performance of the majority of such employees are passionate emotion, but may have overlooked the immediatesituation and today what to do evil.In addition, many corporate culture inhibits the human personality, in the enterprise is only concerned about people's "collective", denied the people's imagination and creativity, produced under the concept of small-scale production of "collectivism", it is difficult to form business cohesion.Now the competition is intense, and survival of the fittest as the new rules of the game, our company's corporate culture than the United States, Japan has lagged behind many, if not catch up now, defeat in the competition will be inevitable. Therefore, the new corporate culture and change the shape of a project is China's enterprises not wait for new topics.Third, the age of electronic commerce to shape and change our corporate culture, the idea of1, analysis of internal and external factors, refined culture and a culture of innovation speedIn the era of e-commerce business to choose what kind of a core value is to create the most important issue of corporate culture. Information economy is the "speed economy", the speed has become a tool to improve competitiveness. The emergence of the Internet makes the world changes faster and faster, can be described by leapsand bounds. Internet-based e-commerce can thus quickly understand market information, quickly and easily collect customer needs, extensive product information, complete the online transactions in real-time settlement, a large number of business activities can be instantaneous, the production efficiency has been greatly to improve. In short, information technology and network technology makes extensive use of e-commerce enterprises to enter the market, the threshold can begreatly reduced. Now the world is talking about innovation, because in today's economic environment, the only constant rule is everything is changing. In this regard, any organization or business if you do not always change and innovation, it is impossible to maintain their competitive advantage. "No innovation, on the death", innovation has become a corporate existence and development of important, and that only through its own innovation and certainty in order to deal with the uncertainty of rapid change. In the information context, the role of innovation has been an unprecedented strengthening, and sublimated into a social theme. In the age of electronic commerce, innovation has become the source of the vitality of enterprises, the traditional production scale, cost advantages and other factors will not decide the future, companies only through continuous innovation to survival and development. Conservative and conservative, is simply not in the fierce market competition based on the enterprise in the future in order to have a place in the global competition, we must break through the traditional idea of imprisonment and mindset, bold innovation, firmly grasp the ever-changing business opportunities.2, new ideas, to shape employee behavior.Shaping the behavior of employees is a corporate culture an important part. For those who play the leading role in e-commerce companies, the most is neither a shortage of raw materials, nor money; neither the technology nor the emerging markets, but lack of talent. The twinkling of an eye and talent for the future to plug the wings of imagination. ? McKinsey & Company, president of the United States Ed Michaels said: "is not difficult to raise funds, a smart business strategy can be imitated.Technology half-life has been shortened for many of today's companies, talent is the primary competitive advantage factor. " Today, managers realize that in today'seconomic globalization, e-commerce and network speed of the global market, ownership of talent from the established elite business decisions quickly is critical. E-commerce businesses depend on employees' ingenuity and initiative to make closer to consumers, the decision to market faster response.E-commerce, focusing on service, but electronic means. E-commerce can also be said of electronic services, the Internet to the service of humanity, the core service is not technology, but the corporate culture, quality of the staff; Internet economy is the service economy, rather than the technical and economic, the network platform for consumer transactions, environment is not a merchandise display; manufacturers not simply suppliers or vendors, but service providers, who have better service than anyone else, who earn more money.In the new e-commerce environment, the most successful companies in the past only to give new employees to enjoy the respect of customers: their equality through the creation of an elite management system to meet the employees engaged in meaningful work and the desire to create wealth. They generously reward employees for good performance, not just cash, but also allow them to have ownership of enterprises, 3, the leader personally, keep valuesIn decision-making behavior in e-commerce businesses, innovation is very important. First, the organizational structure to be from the original pyramid, top-down, hierarchical control structure of the network to the new organizational structure transformation. Second, the management focus from capitalmanagement to knowledge management. Knowledge management is the use of collective wisdom to improve responsiveness and innovation. Third, the new management ideas and methods are emerging. In the information age and network conditions, the new economy and created many new management ideas and management methods, such as flexible manufacturing, distributed manufacturing, agile manufacturing, business process reengineering, learning organizations, manufacturing resource planning and other new ideas and new methods .The founder of e-business and business operations will encounter variousunexpected difficulties and frustrations: such as financial risk, trading risk, and increasingly competitive market, if subjected to any eventuality, no toughness will completely collapse. Therefore, entrepreneurs should be afraid of failure, afraid of setbacks and indomitable courage, devotion to the cause should be, afraid of risk, risk-taking spirit.电子商务企业文化重建随着网络时代电子商务大规模发展，电子商务企业文化随之产生，它在一个企业产生一种新的价值观，使企业内部资源得到从新整合，在为企业降低交易成本，提高效率，缩短生产周期等诸多好处的同时，也对已有的企业文化发起了挑战。

跨境电子商务中英文对照外文翻译文献

跨境电子商务中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:本地化跨境电子商务的模型摘要通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。

本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。

由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。

当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。

验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。

本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。

关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链1.简介电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。

术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。

本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。

今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。

建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。

因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。

然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。

电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。

这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。

本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。

通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。

第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。

第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。

2.背景在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。

电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties,period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence, on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact withconsumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely madepolicies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a free trade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. InSeptember 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-an electronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore governmentpromulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open edits electronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping asan interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents,optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers has accounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of theextensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk, etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim isto breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elec tronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use, easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。

电子商务企业文化中英文对照外文翻译文献

5 电子商务 外文翻译 英文文献 中英对照 管理信息系统

电子商务外文翻译文献

电子商务中英文文献.doc

电子商务退货系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

文献翻译----电子商务中英文对照

电子商务外文资料翻译译文 2

电子商务信息安全中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务信息安全中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务外文翻译文献

电子商务外文翻译doc资料

电子商务发展中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

电子商务外文文献

电子商务简介外文翻译文献

企业文化中英文对照外文翻译文献

跨境电子商务中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献

5 电子商务外文翻译英文文献中英对照管理信息系统