国际商务管理 Topic 1-2
International-Business-and-Management-国际商务管理
International-Business-and-Management-国际商务管理————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Jilin University of Finance and EconomicsInternational Finance0922International Management Managing Across Borders and Culture MGT387 International Business and ManagementName:Wu KefeiCSU ID:11504424Lecture:Robert Herriot&Ms.Wang SuyuDue Date:06-Apr-2012Contact Method:sakura_fay@IntroductionIn this essay, the mainly idea is the international management and the culture.PART AIn this part I mainly expound the challenges and the problems the managers and the MNCs should face.We can consider the managers and the MNCs as an entirety. So the problem will be easy to find.Since the 1990 s, because of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the push over of the Berlin wall .The countries all over the world turn the military competition to the economic competition.So the globalisation is the trend of the world.Globalization can be defined as “the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies…in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before”(p 1).Firstly, we should think about the characteristics and the qualities of the MNCs. It based on the strongly and large company; it has a complete decision-making system and the highest decision-making system, it sarted from the global strategy of business activities; it has the strongly economic and technical power; for certain products or in some areas; it has the different degrees of monopoly.Then we can know that to solve the challenges, MNCs make the “global strategy”. This can help us to understand what the problem is.a) The environment of the company. It can be divided into two parts: internal environment and the external environment. The environment is very important element for the company. Lin Kang (2000) gives the point that “the purpose of the analysis is to know the advantages and thedisadvantages” (p71).b) Financial management. Cut the cost, gain market share and maximize the profit. The foreign exchange risk is the biggest problem for the company to solve. Because of multinational co mpany’s decentralization of production and business operation, manage many countries and regions’enterprise.It must raise capital or all kinds of money funds from different capital market . The currency of choice between various monetary, exchange rate fluctuation, which convert the profits and losses of the risks of is inevitable.c) Human resource management. Manage the diversity of employees, set up different competitive advantage, preserve different moral standards, enhance the management of information technology and electronic commerce.Global economic integration trend of the development makes numerous of the group facing unprecedented fierce competition, also put forward the managers rethink the global environment, and how to improve the organizational performance level and looking for better organization resources. The appearance of the global organization is facing more powerful pressure of competition. In regard to the managers of global competition environment, if the managers not make the self-adjust, the company will be in a passive position. The influence of globalization on enterprise is very big. It not only makes the enterprise facing a greater range of market, also can bring many benefits to the enterprise. It put forward the new requirements of competitive advantages for the enterprise, at the same time the change of the inner staff structure of the enterprise organization also put forward the new challenges.PART BTopic 1 International Business EnvironmentGenerally speaking, the international business environment includes the “Legal, Technological, Accounting, and Political”. (RickyW.Griffin.p76).Virtually all decisions facing international managers-whom to hire, how to market their company’s goods in the host market, which technologies to adopt, and so forth-are affected by the national environment of the country in which the transaction occurs.The requirement of the international business environment: the smaller risk, higher of the safety, the loss (threat)is small, earn more opportunities. But in fact, high investment income often occurred with bigger risk. Even so, we want to compare the returns and risks, only the earning is enough to offset the cost of risk, international business activities can be undertaken. We should think over the environment in these methods:First, consider the comparison of the countries. Second, evaluation of operating environment level method .Third, use the opportunity, threat analysis method.In a broad sense, the international business environment of the enterprise has been divided into two parts: the environment of the host countries and the international management environment. “The international business is provided with similarity, regularity and the extensive conditionality”, said the Xue Qiuzhi(2002).Helen Deresky (2011.p15)make the conclusion that: “at the present situation, the financial crisis is hitting the world of work “.A) We should consider the global business environment .In this part we should think over the Globality and Emerging Markets, Effects of Institutions on Global Trade, Effects of Globalization of Corporations, Regional Trading Blocs, and the Global Manager’s role.B) The political and economic environment. Proactive globally-oriented firms maintain an up-to-date profile of the countries on which they maintainoperations (or have plans for future investment). In this part, we can see the political risk, political risk assessment , managing political risk and managing terrorism risk ,economic risk.C) The legal environment. The prudent global manager consults with legal services, both locally and at headquarters, to comply withhost-country regulations and to maintain cooperative long-term relationships in the local area. In this part, the contract law, other regulatory issues are the important views.D) The technological environment. The effects of technology around the world are pervasive—both in business and in private lives. In many parts of the world, whole generations of technological development are being skipped over. In this part the global e-business is the key point.A skillful global manager cannot develop a suitable strategic plan or consider an investment abroad within these elements.Case: From the first KFC setting up in Beijing, there are 2000 KFC restaurants in China.1, Localization innovation.KFC has been developed as the speed of opening one restaurant a day in China. It shows the internal environment of the international business. In fact, KFC purchased the material at the local areas. As their three basic foods (bread, chicken, and vegetables) has been purchased all from China. As we know, people widely acclaimed “menu location”. They improve the hamburgers towards Chinese taste. And they provided the Beijing roll-chicken and the newrice-set-meal. KFC doesn’t be a stickler for their own product created many new localizational food. In this point, KFC is a superior.2. Nonzero start. This is only for franchisee. As a franchisee, they don’t need to choose the place where it open, recruit employee, trains itself. KFC give the franchisee operating, mature and profitable restaurants. This can increase the success rate and the quality of the operation. Also help themselves expandquickly.3.Go to third-class city.KFC decline the expense for franchisee in second-third class city. This can ct the cost of management and the operating risk.From the above, KFC has analyze the environment thorough. This makes KFC in a good development in China.Topic 2 Ethics and Social ResponsibilityThe present situation of the management ethics: the most prominent of the lack of moral performance is fake, bribery, lack of credit. We all know the Sanlu Milk Powder Incident. "As many as 10, 000 infants may have drunk the contaminated Sanlu milk powder,” vice health minister Ma Shaowei warned. (online) Melamine, also known as C3H6N6, is common plastic chemical raw materials, but also can be used as rodent poisons. For adults, renal function is completely, has the metabolism ability, so the melamine doesn’t do harm to adults. But for children, it is easy to cause kidney stones. According to medical experts, melamine is a low toxic chemical products, infant intake can cause urinary tract diseases. At present with the infant of urinary stone, is mainly caused by eating contains a large number of melamine caused SanLuPai baby formula milk powder, most children through the water more, frequently urinating and other methods, the stones can pass spontaneously.The cause of moral dilemma: Information: "buy buyers than pure", information advantage, information asymmetry; Human nature problem: rational limited, benefit driving, advance speculative phenomenon. Moral dilemma caused the concept of management review. The several related of morality: utilitarianism; right highest; fair; social contract; do as you would be done by.Influence factors of management ethics: 1. moral development stage.Moral development has three stages: Lowest level-former practices levels: only in its personal interests are affected until circumstances will make the moral judgment; Middle level-practice levels: moral judgment standard is a person is to maintain normal order and meet the expectations of others; The highest level-the level principle: men attempt to the authority of society in the organization or outside to establish the moral standards.2. personal characteristics. Managers of the personal characteristics of the organization’s management have direct influence on ethics: Managers of personal values (including morality), self-confidence, and self-control. Managers of individual self-confidence and self-control and management also has a moral relationship.3. Organization structure. Organization the internal organization of responsibilities and have the necessary power in check, monitoring, inspection and audit the mechanism, is there any external masses and the supervision of public opinion.4. organizational culture. Have the good faith, the tolerance of organizational culture5. problems strength. The so-called problem strength, it is to point to this problem, if take immoral behavior could have consequences of processing the severity.Moral problems strength will directly influence the manager's decision. Enterprise values: Values are about the value of certain beliefs, attitudes, and proposal.Do good to enterprise, make the enterprise stronger and larger. All business enterprise management should be fit for ethical behavior.Topic 3 Understanding the Role of CultureNow, I set up a example of this topic: To separate the other MNCs with the LG company. The Chinese R&D center (research and developmentcenter) set up in 2000.The R&D center has three functions: 1. It’s the only centre for developing cellphone.2. It’s the center of developing cellphone for the world.3. The knowledge forum is very successful. LG has founded the communication system in-group. LG has combined the culture of Korea and China.The differences between the Korean culture and Chinese culture is a big problem for LG. In order to solve it, the staff in the company communicates with each other through heart-to-heart, and the view of the problem.At present, LG electricity has emphasized the “open communication”. The spread the English as the daily language.So, under the situation of the globalization, LG has show the important role of culture.First, we should know the culture and its effects on organizations.1.The social culture. As generally understood, the culture of a society comprises the shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society, and passed on to succeeding generations. It includes many aspects: material culture, the language and communication, religion, education and appreciation of the beauty.2. Organizational Culture. The organizational culture is different from social culture. It often widely held within a region or nation.Kennedy and Deere summarize the system and the theory for five elements: The enterprise environment, values, heroes, cultural ceremonies and cultural network. (Online)3.Culture’s effects on management. Management as a coordinate activities activities, has a close connection to the culture. It defines the value scale culture in constructing cultural value concept and scalesystem ,described on the basis of the influence of culture on management practice, including the influence of the culture of the organization, culture for strategic management, and the influence of culture on the influence of the human resource management. This for our country in the new historical conditions improving all kinds of organization management performance, especially in "humanistic management", has very important affect.4. Influences on National Culture. Managers should recognize, of course, that generalizations in cultural profiles will produce only an approximation, or stereotype, of national character. Cultural need to exchange, only in the cultural exchange can spread to remove rubbish, and absorbs the essence and developing speak copycat, so, we must first understand what we have. Then see what foreign can give. If we don't know our own advantages, and the lack of a choice of basis points, in the end, what we can get is the faults of others.Reference1.Helen Deresky. (2011). International Management Managing Across Borders and Cultures.7th.ed.Australia: Pearson education.2.Lin Kang. (2000). Multinational company and multinational management.1st.ed.Beijing: University of International Business and Economics press.3.Ricky W.Griffin &Michael W.Pustay.(2010).International Business.6th.ed.United States of America. Permissions Department .One Lake Street. Upper Saddle River New Jersey 17458.Pearson Education,Inc.4.Stephen B. Salter & Timothy D. Doupink. (2005.8.18).”In Latin America,Rich-Poor Chasm Stifles Growth.”Wall Street Journal.5.Xue Qiuzhi &Liu Zixin. (2002). International Business Management.2nd.th. Shanghai:Fudan University press.6./view/54075.htm (2012-4-5)7.http:(202-4-5)。
国际商务管理 超详细大纲
国际商务概述国际商务的概念（涵义）P2国际商务的主要内容*1商品进出口工农业领域对外投资国际服服务业投资与经营知识产权交易跨国雇员管理国际商务发展的趋势特点P3国际商务发展的动因*1政治驱动、技术驱动、成本驱动、竞争驱动、市场驱动企业：扩大销售，获得资源，最小化竞争风险7大因素 P4国际商务的基本经营方式*1 P4商品贸易服务贸易与无形贸易国际投资：对外直接投资FDI，对外间接投资UPI国际商务的（企业）组织形式跨国公司P5定义跨国公司的经营特征企业战略联盟国际商务的特点国际环境的复杂与多变多环境因素P7影响企业经营的内部因素更多地收到所处的外部环境因素的制约面临更大的风险P7政治风险法律风险外汇风险税收风险其他风险面临多方面的特殊矛盾和冲突 P7根源，体现面临经营决策的特殊性P8决策思想的特殊性战略有效性的影响因素战略灵活性和适应性的影响因素企业自身的一些约束条件决策过程的特殊性国际商务的基本理论国际贸易理论重商主义P9核心思想财富=金银世界财富总量不变一国财富的增加主要来源于对外贸易顺差社会经济框架劳动者、商人的贡献、国家积极干预、积极的顺差重商主义的发展阶段P10早期，重金主义。
晚期，贸易差额论，相应政策。
重商主义（贸易差额论）的历史作用P10理论上，外贸富足，货币具有资本职能政策上，国家干预促进资本主义生产方式的建立。
重商主义的局限性P10古典贸易理论绝对利益论P11代表人物——亚当斯密主要观点分工可以提高劳动生产效率分工的原则是绝对优势和绝对利益国际分工的基础是各国有利的自然优势和获得性优势。
绝对利益的进一步分析衡量投入产出比率绝对利益论的历史作用解释了国际贸易的原因绝对利益论的局限性比较利益论P12代表人物——大卫李嘉图比较利益论的主要假设前提比较利益论的主要观点两优取重，两劣去轻比较利益的进一步分析比较利益论的历史作用比较利益论的局限性P13要素禀赋论P13代表人物——赫克歇尔，俄林要素禀赋论的有关概念生产要素要素密集度要素禀赋和要素丰裕程度要素禀赋论的基本假设条件要素禀赋论的基本内容和理论分析要素禀赋论的历史作用里昂惕夫之谜P14对要素禀赋论的检验P15前提检验结果其他国家的检验对里昂惕夫之谜的解释里昂惕夫之谜的意义开创了国际贸易理论的统计检验形成了战后国际贸易理论发展的新起点新贸易理论P15人力资本说代表人物——舒尔茨人力资本的概念人力资本的基本观点需求相似说P16代表人物——林德需求相似说的基本观点规模经济说代表人物——克鲁格曼规模经济理论的基本观点国际贸易理论的局限性理论假设的局限性理论核心的局限性对外直接投资理论 FDI垄断优势理论P17代表人物垄断优势理论的主要观点对垄断优势理论的评价内部化理论P18代表人物内部化理论的主要观点对内部化理论的评价产品生命周期理论与区位因素理论P19产品生命周期理论PLC代表人物产品生命周期理论解释FDI的主要观点产品变革或创新阶段产品成熟阶段产品标准化至衰退阶段产品生命周期理论对FDI解释的评价区位优势理论P20国际生产折衷理论P20代表人物主要观点对国际生产折衷理论的评价发展中国家的对外直接投资理论投资发展周期理论P21代表人物基本观点小规模技术理论 P21技术地方花理论国际商务的环境分析国际商务环境概述概念P23国际经营环境P23国别环境P23国际商务的经济环境经济制度或体制P24经济类型（经济发展阶段）及其市场功能特征四种典型的类型模式根据五个方面的指标来衡量划分经济类型维持生存型（自给自足）经济P25原料输出型经济P25新型工业化经济P25工业市场经济P25国际商务经济环境的要素特征分析市场规模分析P26人口，收入消费状况分析MPC，恩格尔系数经济景气分析P27经济周期，汇率，通货膨胀，国际收支物质技术条件分析自然条件，基础设施，技术环境国际商务的政治环境基本政治环境因素P28政治体制，政党体系，基本的政治意识形态，国家对特定行业的控制和管理国家利益及民族主义势力政治环境和政府政策的稳定性政治环境稳定性的涵义，政治环境不稳定的表现，政府政策稳定性的意义东道国对国际企业的态度与政策国际商务的政治风险及其防范政治风险的含义政治风险的特点政治风险的类型政治风险的防范国际商务的法律环境P29了解和分析国际商务法律环境的意义国际商务法律环境的内容国际法东道国国内立法母国的国内法律影响国际商务活动的各国主要法律工业产权法环境保护和产品责任法贸易保护（障碍）法反垄断法和限制性商业惯例劳工法外国投资者国际商务争端的解决法律适用和司法管辖权解决途径谈判诉讼仲裁国际商务的社会文化环境P30社会文化环境分析的意义社会文化环境的概念社会文化环境的特点社会文化环境分析对国际商务活动的意义社会文化环境的主要构成因素物质文化语言和非语言渠道的沟通宗教信仰教育水平生活风俗习惯或审美观念社会阶层相关群体不同社会文化背景下的领悟性知识P31对工作和成就的态度对未来的态度对权威的态度态度价值观如何正确对待国际商务活动中面临的社会文化的差异国际商务经营方式及其选择国际商务经营方式的分析与比较商品出口P33间接出口直接出口跨国公司的跨国内部交易非股权安排P34国际许可（贸易）方式概念，许可方式的对象，国际许可合同的主要条款许可方式的类型，许可方式的优点与适用性，许可方式的缺点国际特许专营P36概念，特许专营协议的主要条款，优点，缺点其他特殊的国际商务进入方式管理合同，交钥匙工程，其他形式的合同安排对外直接投资对外直接投资的形式P37合营企业合资经营合作经营独资（经营）企业对外直接投资的进入方式P38新建收购对外直接投资的优点P39对外直接投资的缺点商品出口，非股权安排和对外直接投资方式的比较分析P39比较的主要参数各种进入方式主要参数间的互相关系国际经营方式的选择决策P40核心能力和市场进入方式核心能力以技术优势为主时核心能力以管理优势为基础时降低成本的压力和市场进入方式影响国际经营方式选择的因素外部因素目标国家或地区的市场要素目标国家或地区的政治、经济和社会文化要素母国因素内部因素P41国际商务（经营）战略国际商务战略概述概念和意义企业国际商务战略的含义P42国际商务战略的内容国际经营战略企业功能管理战略国际商务战略的规划与管理国际商务战略的规划及其程序什么事国际商务的战略规划国际商务战略管规划的程序步骤及主要内容企业内部资源的评估和分析环境分析企业目标分析经营战略和策略组织实施计划国际商务的战略管理战略管理的概念战略管理的特点战略管理的构成要素和程序国际商务战略的实施战略实施计划战略实施控制与调整国际商务战略的模式与选择P43国际商务战略的模式与模式理论业务领域的国际化战略横向发展模式纵向发展模式混合发展模式EPRG模式P44EPRG模式的理论依据主要观点四种理念及其战略内容比较国际经营导向模式P45国际战略内容适应条件多国战略内容适应条件跨国战略内容适应条件出师表两汉：诸葛亮先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。
国际商务管理
国际商务管理随着全球化进程的加速，国际商务已成为越来越多企业发展壮大的必经之路，而国际商务管理则成为了企业成功的关键。
本文将从战略管理、市场营销、供应链管理等方面探讨国际商务管理的重要性以及实现国际商务管理的途径和方法。
一、战略管理国际商务的战略管理包括企业组织、管理、领导和控制等全部活动，以正确的方式引导企业发展。
国际市场的瞬息万变使企业必须具备敏捷和及时的应对能力。
每个国家的文化、法律和行业都有巨大差异，企业要制定适应各国市场的战略，实现本土化管理、全球化视野。
此外，企业应针对不同产品和市场特点制定相应的销售策略和销售目标，以获得更好的竞争优势。
二、市场营销国际市场营销是企业实现国际发展的重要一环。
在国际市场，企业要面对不同的文化、语言、习俗和消费者需求。
因此，企业必须制定适当的国际营销策略，包括产品策略、价格策略、渠道策略和促销策略等。
同时，企业还应该与当地政府和其他企业建立良好的关系，扩大在当地市场的影响力和影响范围，实现产品的良性循环和稳定的市场占有率。
三、供应链管理供应链管理是企业实现国际竞争力的重要因素。
在国际市场上，供应链管理涉及到原材料的采购、生产和物流等多个环节。
企业要确保其供应链高效、可控、安全、透明，避免供应链风险和不必要的成本。
同时，企业应建立良好的供应商关系，与供应商保持长期合作，共同实现质量、交货和价格等方面的改进。
四、人力资源管理国际商务管理中的人力资源管理非常关键。
企业要拥有具有国际视野、跨文化沟通能力和多语种能力的人才。
同时，企业要建立完善的培训机制和绩效评价体系，实现人才的快速发展。
在国际商务中，企业还应该尊重当地员工的文化和价值观，采用合适的人才管理模式和方法，实现跨文化沟通和人力资源的优化管理。
五、企业社会责任企业社会责任是企业在国际商务中不可或缺的一环。
企业应坚持可持续发展理念，尊重当地环境、文化和社会各方面的权益，在发展经济的同时保护当地环境及社会公正。
《国际商务管理》(第一讲)
3. 第二次世界大战之后 ~ 1980年代
国际分工以工业部门水平分工为主，突出以 产品内部（过程、要素、资源）分工为主 贸易自由化和全球经济一体化趋势 科技和生产国际化带动资本、商品的国际化 a ． 生产要素的国际移动和重新配置 —— 跨国公司的大规模活动 b．大规模、全方位的多元化、多层次国际 合作 c．多极化合作
经营目标 经营目标
COMPETITIVE COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
竞争环境 竞争环境
STRATEGY STRATEGY
经营战略 经营战略
经营方法 经营方法
MEANS MEANS
（二）当今促进国际商务（全球化）发展 的因素
1. 科学技术的迅猛发展与扩散 2. 商品和资源国际流动的自由化 3. 支持国际商务的服务业的发展 4. 消费者影响力的扩大 5. 全球竞争的加剧 6. 世界政治局势的改变 7. 跨国合作的增强
外部影响 经济（物质）和社会 经济（物质）和社会 影响因素 影响因素 竞争环境 竞争环境
企业经营 经营目标 经营目标
经营战略 经营战略
经营方式 经营方式
MEANS MEANS
基本经营方式
Operational 商品进出口贸易（Importing and exporting） 服务贸易或无形贸易 • Tourism and Transportation • Licensing and franchising • Turnkey Operations • Management Contracts 投资（Direct and portfolio investment）
国际商务管理
国际商务管理如今，国际商务在全球范围内迅速发展，越来越多的企业开始关注国际市场的机遇。
而跨国企业在追求业务扩张和利润最大化的同时，也遭遇了许多挑战，其中最主要的是如何实现跨文化交流与国际管理。
为了应对这些挑战，企业需要制定适合不同文化环境下的策略，尤其是国际商务管理策略。
国际商务管理涉及到国际市场营销、海外分支机构的管理、跨文化交流等多个方面，需要企业制定一系列策略，以实现在不同国家和文化环境下稳健的运营。
首先，企业需要了解不同国家和文化环境下的市场需求，采取相应的营销策略。
市场需求的差异体现在许多方面，包括语言、文化、社会价值观、法律、政治和经济因素等。
因此，企业必须了解目标市场的文化、习俗、消费和交易习惯，以及市场需求。
这样，企业就可以针对不同市场采取适当的营销策略，在推广产品和服务方面更加高效。
其次，企业需要认真考虑有关文化的问题，并制定跨文化交流策略。
在国际商务交易中，跨文化交流是非常重要的一环，因为这种交流涉及到口语、文化、礼仪等方面。
因此，企业应该制定专业的跨文化交流培训计划，以帮助员工适应不同文化环境。
培训的内容应涵盖语言、礼仪、交流技巧等方面。
在尽可能保持文化多样性的同时，跨文化交流也有利于建立合作关系、减少误解以及提高客户满意度。
此外，企业需要考虑海外管理问题。
海外分支机构是企业扩展业务的一种成熟模式，但同时也需要面临许多挑战。
企业需要在管理海外机构方面，采用适合当地文化和法律环境的策略。
在海外机构的管理中，企业要适应当地监管要求、员工需求和法律变化，建立健全的合规和风险管理体系。
企业还需要建立跨地区团队，使不同国家和文化背景的员工成为高效的和谐团队。
最后，企业需要更好地把握国际经济情况。
国际经济环境的变化往往直接影响企业的表现。
因此，企业需要根据国际经济情况调整国际管理策略。
在这一过程中，企业需要了解国际经济规则、竞争环境、市场需求等内容，采取独特的方法和策略应对国际市场上的挑战。
国际商务管理讲义
国际商务管理讲义第一章：导论*本章内容：1.国际商务的概念2.国际商务活动的主要内容3.国际商务研究的意义和特点4.国际商务的发展5.现代企业的国际商务一：国际商务的概念定义：指越过国界的任何形式的工商活动。
（工业、商业）包含任何形式的资源转移。
（商品、劳务、技术、资本间的国际转移。
）二、国际商务活动的主要内容1.国际贸易：进出口为中心的国际贸易2.对外投资：对外直接投资，对外间接投资3.技术转让和技术授权：商标，专利权，制造程序，有价知识技能三、国际商务活动的主要内容1.国际商务活动：1）国际劳务活动提供：市场，法律，保险，运输，会计，管理顾问咨询2）国际通讯信息快递：电台，电视，电影，电话，电报四、研究国际商务的意义1.多元环境对国际领域内各公司的影响及公司及采取的对策2.国际经营企业的国际管理过程五、国际商务的特点（一）跨国公司为主要载体（二）通过错综复杂的组织结构互相联系（三）一体化的生产体系（四）国际商务活动多元化六、国际商务活动的发展1.国际商务的基础：国际分工2.国际分工：包括各种社会劳动在国际范围内的划分和独立化。
3.国际分工：国际生产力发展到一定水平的结果。
（产生理论：绝对优势、比较优势理论）七、国际商务活动的发展国际分工的历史：（一）18世纪中-19世纪中：（1）背景：自由资本主义时期，英国美国产业革命相继完成。
（2）形成统一的世界市场，世界经济体系形成。
（3）特点：国际工农分工--商品交换的国际化--国际贸易活动增多—国内市场的有限和饱满导致企业国际化经营（二）19世纪70年代-二战前夕（1）背景：二次科技革命（2）特征：国家间各部门合格产品见水平分工的发展和深化英国：纺织、造船、铁路等交通工具的生产美国：汽车、农机、电器行业德国：钢铁、化工业南北关系依旧维持旧有的垂直工农产品的国际分工资本的过剩—资本间的国际转移1929-1930为资本主义发展的特殊时期：（1）国际经济大萧条，经济危机，间接投资如股票、证券已成泡沫（2）直接投资得到很大的发展（尤其是一战后各国的贸易保护，使得在各国的投资方式只能是在东道国设厂制造或营销）（3）跨国公司已不具备太多的政治色彩，而转向以赢利为目的（4）特点：资本的国际化带动商品的国际化（三）二战后-80年代后期（1）背景：第三次科技革命：电脑技术、核能的应用（2）生产力空前增长，产业结构巨大变革（3）由部门间分工及产品系列分工—以产品内部分工为主（产品与组件，技术，劳动力，管理）到（组件与组件组件/产品与劳务）（4）特点：生产要素（资本、土地、劳务、技术、信息、管理）--国际转移和重新配置大规模、全方位、多元化、多层次的合作不同社会制度、多种经济发展不同水平国家企业间的合作（四）1980年代中期起（1）背景：信息技术、网络、通讯技术变革性的发展（2）经济全球化的发展（3）新财富创造体系的形成：包括一个全球性的市场，以行、生产中心和研究机构的网络组成八、现代企业的国际商务（一）国际商务的特殊性（1）经营环境复杂性（2）国体差异（3）经济环境不同（4）社会文化背景的差别（二）面对更多的机会和选择（1）利润最大化的方式（2）经营环境、经济发展水平不通过国家的投资（三）面临更大的风险（1）金融（2）政治（3）法规（4）税款（四）面临特殊的冲突：东道国利益与国际公司利益间的冲突（五）面临经营决策的特殊性：国内经营与国际经营的差异（六）经营对策（1）了解国际经营的重要性（2）转变经营意识适应企业的国际化进程第二章：国际经营环境一、经营环境的定义1.环境：与某一特定作用体之间存在潜在关系的所有外在因素及实体的综合体系2.经营环境的层次：（1）次级因素：一般环境的特征；间接影响；宏观环境（2）一级因素：特殊环境特征；直接影响；微观环境3.经营环境的复杂性：（1）经营环境复杂化：商标注册各国人性格对商业的影响民主与军队独裁自行车在各国的作用（2）环境的多元化：经营战略制定的复杂性（考虑诸多的因素）4.组织环境A指组织范围以外，会影响管理者取得和运用资源的一组因素与条件因素和条件随着时间变化：为管理者制造增加收入、进入新市场及强化组织竞争力的机会B面对新竞争者、经济萧条及重要能源短缺的威胁。
International-Business-and-Management-国际商务管理
International-Business-and-Management-国际商务管理————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Jilin University of Finance and EconomicsInternational Finance0922International Management Managing Across Borders and Culture MGT387 International Business and ManagementName:Wu KefeiCSU ID:Lecture:Robert Herriot&Ms.Wang SuyuDue Date:06-Apr-2012Contact Method:IntroductionIn this essay, the mainly idea is the international management and the culture.PART AIn this part I mainly expound the challenges and the problems the managers and the MNCs should face.We can consider the managers and the MNCs as an entirety. So the problem will be easy to find.Since the 1990 s, because of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the push over of the Berlin wall .The countries all over the world turn the military competition to the economic competition.So the globalisation is the trend of the world.Globalization can be defined as “the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies…in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before”(p 1).Firstly, we should think about the characteristics and the qualities of the MNCs. It based on the strongly and large company; it has a complete decision-making system and the highest decision-making system, it sarted from the global strategy of business activities; it has the strongly economic and technical power; for certain products or in some areas; it has the different degrees of monopoly.Then we can know that to solve the challenges, MNCs make the “global strategy”. This can help us to understand what the problem is.a) The environment of the company. It can be divided into two parts: internal environment and the external environment. The environment is very important element for the company. Lin Kang (2000) gives the point that “the purpose of the analysis is to know the advantages and the disadvantages” (p71).b) Financial management. Cut the cost, gain market share and maximize the profit. The foreign exchange risk is the biggest problem for the company to solve. Because of m ultinational company’s decentralization of production and business operation, manage many countries and regions’enterprise.It must raise capital or all kinds of money funds from different capital market . The currency of choice between various monetary, exchange rate fluctuation, which convert the profits and losses of the risks of is inevitable.c) Human resource management. Manage the diversity of employees, set up different competitive advantage, preserve different moral standards, enhance the management of information technology and electronic commerce.Global economic integration trend of the development makes numerous of the group facing unprecedented fierce competition, also put forward the managers rethink the global environment, and how to improve the organizational performance level and looking for better organization resources. The appearance of the global organization is facing more powerful pressure of competition. In regard to the managers of global competition environment, if the managers not make the self-adjust, the company will be in a passive position. The influence of globalization on enterprise is very big. It not only makes the enterprise facing a greater range of market, also can bring many benefits to the enterprise. It put forward the new requirements of competitive advantages for the enterprise, at the same time the change of the inner staff structure of the enterprise organization also put forward the new challenges.PART BTopic 1 International Business EnvironmentGenerally speaking, the international business environment includes the “Legal, Technological, Accounting, and Political”. (RickyW.Griffin.p76).Virtually all decisions facing international managers-whom to hire, how to market their company’s goods in the host market, which technologies to adopt, and so forth-are affected by the national environment of the country in which the transaction occurs.The requirement of the international business environment: the smaller risk, higher of the safety, the loss (threat)is small, earn more opportunities. But in fact, high investment income often occurred with bigger risk. Even so, we want to compare the returns and risks, only the earning is enough to offset the cost of risk, international business activities can be undertaken. We should think over the environment in these methods:First, consider the comparison of the countries. Second, evaluation of operating environment level method .Third, use the opportunity, threat analysis method.In a broad sense, the international business environment of the enterprise has been divided into two parts: the environment of the host countries and the international management environment. “The international business is provided with similarity, regularity and the extensive conditionality”, said the Xue Qiuzhi(2002).Helen Deresky (2011.p15)make the conclusion that: “at the present situation, the financial crisis is hitting the world of work “.A) We should consider the global business environment .In this part we should think over the Globality and Emerging Markets, Effects of Institutions on Global Trade, Effects of Globalization of Corporations, Regional Trading Blocs, and the Global Manager’s role.B) The political and economic environment. Proactive globally-oriented firms maintain an up-to-date pro the countries on which they maintain operations (or have plans for future investment). In this part, we can see the political risk, political risk assessment , managing political risk and managing terrorism risk ,economic risk.C) The legal environment. The prudent global manager consults with legal services, both locally and at headquarters, to comply withhost-country regulations and to maintain cooperative long-term relationships in the local area. In this part, the contract law, other regulatory issues are the important views.D) The technological environment. The effects of technology around the world are pervasive—both in business and in private lives. In many parts of the world, whole generations of technological development are being skipped over. In this part the global e-business is the key point.A skillful global manager cannot develop a suitable strategic plan or consider an investment abroad within these elements.Case: From the first KFC setting up in Beijing, there are 2000 KFC restaurants in China.1, Localization innovation.KFC has been developed as the speed of opening one restaurant a day in China. It shows the internal environment of the international business. In fact, KFC purchased the material at the local areas. As their three basic foods (bread, chicken, and vegetables) has been purchased all from China. As we know, people widely acclaimed “menu location”. They improve the hamburgers towards Chinese taste. And they provided the Beijing roll-chicken and the newrice-set-meal. KFC doesn’t be a stickler for their own product created many new localizational food. In this point, KFC is a superior.2. Nonzero start. This is only for franchisee. As a franchisee, they don’t need to choose the place where it open, recruit employee, trains itself. KFC give the franchisee operating, mature and profitable restaurants. This can increase the success rate and the quality of the operation. Also help themselves expand quickly.3.Go to third-class city.KFC decline the expense for franchisee in second-third class city. This can ct the cost of management and the operating risk.From the above, KFC has analyze the environment thorough. This makes KFC in a good development in China.Topic 2 Ethics and Social ResponsibilityThe present situation of the management ethics: the most prominent of the lack of moral performance is fake, bribery, lack of credit. We all know the Sanlu Milk Powder Incident. "As many as 10, 000 infants may have drunk the contaminated Sanlu milk powder,” vice health minister Ma Shaowei warned. (online) Melamine, also known as C3H6N6, is common plastic chemical raw materials, but also can be used as rodent poisons. For adults, renal function is completely, has the metabolism ability, so the melamine doesn’t do harm to adults. But for children, it is easy to cause kidney stones. According to medical experts, melamine is a low toxic chemical products, infant intake can cause urinary tract diseases. At present with the infant of urinary stone, is mainly caused by eating contains a large number of melamine caused SanLuPai baby formula milk powder, most children through the water more, frequently urinating and other methods, the stones can pass spontaneously.The cause of moral dilemma: Information: "buy buyers than pure", information advantage, information asymmetry; Human nature problem: rational limited, benefit driving, advance speculative phenomenon. Moral dilemma caused the concept of management review. The several related of morality: utilitarianism; right highest; fair; social contract; do as you would be done by.Influence factors of management ethics: 1. moral development stage. Moral development has three stages: Lowest level-former practices levels: only in its personal interests are affected until circumstances will make the moral judgment; Middle level-practice levels: moral judgment standard is a person is to maintain normal order and meet the expectations of others;The highest level-the level principle: men attempt to the authority of society in the organization or outside to establish the moral standards.2. personal characteristics. Managers of the personal characteristics of the organization’s management have direct influence on ethics: Managers of personal values (including morality), self-confidence, and self-control. Managers of individual self-confidence and self-control and management also has a moral relationship.3. Organization structure. Organization the internal organization of responsibilities and have the necessary power in check, monitoring, inspection and audit the mechanism, is there any external masses and the supervision of public opinion.4. organizational culture. Have the good faith, the tolerance of organizational culture5. problems strength. The so-called problem strength, it is to point to this problem, if take immoral behavior could have consequences of processing the severity.Moral problems strength will directly influence the manager's decision. Enterprise values: Values are about the value of certain beliefs, attitudes, and proposal.Do good to enterprise, make the enterprise stronger and larger. All business enterprise management should be fit for ethical behavior.Topic 3 Understanding the Role of CultureNow, I set up a example of this topic: To separate the other MNCs with the LG company. The Chinese R&D center (research and development center) set up in 2000.The R&D center has three functions: 1. It’s the only centre for developing cellphone.2. It’s the center of developing cellphone for the world.3. The knowledge forum is very successful. LG has founded the communication system in-group. LG has combined the culture of Korea and China.The differences between the Korean culture and Chineseculture is a big problem for LG. In order to solve it, the staff in the company communicates with each other through heart-to-heart, and the view of the problem.At present, LG electricity has emphasized the “open communication”. The spread the English as the daily language.So, under the situation of the globalization, LG has show the important role of culture.First, we should know the culture and its effects on organizations.1.The social culture. As generally understood, the culture of a society comprises the shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society, and passed on to succeeding generations. It includes many aspects: material culture, the language and communication, religion, education and appreciation of the beauty.2. Organizational Culture. The organizational culture is different from social culture. It often widely held within a region or nation.Kennedy and Deere summarize the system and the theory for five elements: The enterprise environment, values, heroes, cultural ceremonies and cultural network. (Online)3.Culture’s effects on management. Management as a coordinate activities activities, has a close connection to the culture. It defines the value scale culture in constructing cultural value concept and scale system ,described on the basis of the influence of culture on management practice, including the influence of the culture of the organization, culture for strategic management, and the influence of culture on the influence of the human resource management. This for our country in the new historical conditions improving all kinds of organization management performance, especially in "humanistic management", has very important affect.4. Influences on National Culture. Managers should recognize, of course, that generalizations in cultural profiles will produce only an approximation, or stereotype, of national character. Cultural need to exchange, only in the cultural exchange can spread to remove rubbish, and absorbs the essence and developing speak copycat, so, we must first understand what we have. Then see what foreign can give. If we don't know our own advantages, and the lack of a choice of basis points, in the end, what we can get is the faults of others.Reference1.Helen Deresky. (2011). International Management Managing Across Borders and Cultures.7th.ed.Australia: Pearson education.2.Lin Kang. (2000). Multinational company and multinational management.1st.ed.Beijing: University of International Business and Economics press.3.Ricky W.Griffin &Michael W.Pustay.(2010).International Business.6th.ed.United States of America. Permissions Department .One Lake Street. Upper Saddle River New Jersey 17458.Pearson Education,Inc.4.Stephen B. Salter & Timothy D. Doupink. (2005.8.18).”In Latin America,Rich-Poor Chasm Stifles Growth.”Wall Street Journal.5.Xue Qiuzhi &Liu Zixin. (2002). International Business Management.2nd.th. Shanghai:Fudan University press.6. (2012-4-5)7.http:(202-4-5)。
国际商务管理
国际商务管理国际商务管理是指企业在跨国、跨地区经营中管理和运作的一门学科。
随着全球化的发展和信息技术的进步，国际商务管理在当今世界中扮演着重要的角色。
本文将论述国际商务管理的定义、重要性以及有效的管理方法。
一、国际商务管理的定义国际商务管理是指企业通过市场开拓、资源整合、运营优化等手段，实现跨国、跨地区经营的过程中对资源的合理配置和管理。
它涉及到国际市场分析、国际市场开发、国际贸易法规、国际人力资源管理等多个方面。
二、国际商务管理的重要性1. 全球化趋势：随着全球经济一体化的加速发展，国际商务管理变得尤为重要。
企业需要面对来自全球不同地区的竞争和机遇，在全球范围内进行资源整合和市场开拓。
2. 增加收入和利润：国际商务管理可以帮助企业进入新的市场，拓展销售渠道，提高企业的收入和利润。
通过开拓国际市场，企业可以获得更多的销售机会和潜在客户。
3. 提升品牌形象：通过国际商务管理，企业可以提升自身的品牌形象和知名度。
在国际市场上建立良好的声誉，可以从长远角度提高企业的竞争力和市场份额。
4. 创新和技术交流：国际商务管理促进了不同国家之间的创新和技术交流。
企业可以通过与国外企业的合作，吸收和借鉴最新的技术和管理经验，推动自身的创新和发展。
三、有效的国际商务管理方法1. 市场调研和分析：企业在进行国际商务管理时，需要深入分析目标市场的需求和竞争状况。
通过市场调研和分析，企业可以了解客户需求，制定适合的营销策略和产品定位。
2. 跨国团队管理：跨国团队管理是国际商务管理的重要组成部分。
企业需要建立高效的团队，注重文化差异的管理，提高团队合作和沟通能力。
3. 资源整合和供应链管理：国际商务管理需要合理整合和管理企业的资源，尤其是供应链管理至关重要。
通过优化供应链，企业可以降低成本、提高效率、减少风险，提供更好的客户服务。
4. 风险管理：国际商务管理涉及到不同国家的政治、经济、文化环境，企业需要进行有效的风险管理。
国际商务管理
国际商务管理国际商务管理是指在跨国经营背景下，针对企业经营活动的方方面面进行管理的一门学科。
随着全球化的发展，国际商务管理在今日的商业环境中扮演着至关重要的角色。
本文将从市场分析、战略制定、组织管理和跨文化沟通等方面探讨国际商务管理的重要性及其挑战。
市场分析市场分析是国际商务管理的第一步，它涉及对目标市场进行深入研究和了解。
针对不同国家和地区的市场需求、消费习惯、竞争格局以及法律法规等方面进行分析，为企业决策提供有力的参考依据。
此外，市场分析还应考虑到国际贸易政策的变化和行业趋势的演变，以及对企业可能带来的机遇和风险进行评估。
战略制定在市场分析的基础上，企业需要制定具体的国际商务战略。
战略制定需要考虑到企业的竞争优势、发展目标和资源限制等因素。
企业可以选择进口、出口、直接投资或合作等方式拓展国际市场。
同时，还应考虑到不同国家和地区的市场特点和文化差异，制定相应的市场定位和品牌策略。
组织管理组织管理在国际商务管理中起着关键作用。
国际化经营意味着企业可能面临不同的法律法规、语言文化、人力资源和供应链管理等方面的挑战。
因此，企业需要建立灵活的组织结构和管理体系，确保信息流通畅、决策灵活，同时加强对企业文化的塑造和员工培训，以提高组织的适应能力和竞争力。
跨文化沟通在国际商务管理中，跨文化沟通是一项重要的技能。
不同国家和地区之间的语言、礼仪和价值观差异可能导致误解和不良影响。
为了确保有效的沟通和合作，企业需要培养跨文化沟通能力，例如了解并尊重对方的文化习俗，学习对方的语言，以及灵活应对不同文化之间的差异和冲突。
总结国际商务管理在全球化背景下变得愈加重要。
它涉及到市场分析、战略制定、组织管理和跨文化沟通等方方面面。
企业需要不断调整和改进管理策略，以适应不同国家和地区的市场需求和文化差异。
只有通过科学的管理和合理的决策，企业才能在国际市场中取得成功。
国际商务管理课程大纲
国际商务管理课程大纲一、课程简介国际商务管理是一门涉及全球商业和跨国组织运营的学科，本课程旨在为学生提供全面的知识和技能，使他们能够在国际商务环境中胜任管理职位。
二、课程目标1. 理解国际商务管理的基本概念和原则；2. 掌握国际市场的分析和预测方法；3. 了解国际贸易法律和规范；4. 培养跨文化沟通和领导能力；5. 掌握国际商务谈判和合作技巧；6. 熟悉国际供应链管理和物流。
三、教学内容1. 国际商务概述- 国际商务管理的定义和重要性；- 国际商务环境分析；- 国际商务战略和竞争力。
2. 国际市场分析与预测- 国际市场研究方法；- 市场需求和潜力的评估；- 国际市场预测和趋势分析。
3. 国际贸易法律与规范- 跨国贸易的法律框架；- 国际贸易合同与支付方式；- 跨境投资和知识产权保护。
4. 跨文化沟通与领导力- 跨文化沟通的挑战与应对策略； - 跨文化团队管理和领导力发展； - 跨文化谈判技巧。
5. 国际商务谈判与合作- 谈判的基本原则和策略；- 跨国公司合作与联盟；- 跨国并购与合资企业。
6. 国际供应链管理与物流- 全球物流与供应链的基本概念；- 跨国物流管理与运输组织；- 供应链成本控制和效率优化。
四、教学方法1. 授课讲解通过课堂讲解，向学生传授理论基础知识和实践案例。
2. 案例分析通过实际案例分析，让学生了解国际商务管理中的问题与挑战，并培养解决问题的能力。
3. 小组讨论分组进行讨论和研究，加强学生的团队协作和沟通能力。
4. 实地考察安排企业参观和实地考察，让学生亲身感受国际商务运作。
五、教学评估1. 平时表现：考虑学生的课堂表现、小组讨论和作业完成情况等。
2. 课堂作业：布置有关案例分析、论文撰写和小组项目等任务。
3. 期末考核：组织期末考试或项目答辩，综合考核学生的学习成果和综合能力。
六、参考教材1. "International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace" by Charles W. L. Hill and G. Tomas Hult2. "Global Marketing Management" by Warren J. Keegan and Mark C. Green3. "International Business: The Challenges of Globalization" by John J. Wild and Kenneth L. Wild七、备注本课程大纲仅供参考，实际教学内容和进度可能根据教学需要和学生水平进行调整和修改。
国际商务管理英语习题答案
Key to the ExercisesUnit 1 Management and Managers管理和管理人员Part 1 ReadingText 1Pre-reading questions:1. M anagement is the organizational process that includes strategic planning, setting objectives, managingresources, deploying the human and financial assets needed to achieve objectives, and measuring results.Management also includes recording and storing facts and information for later use or for others within the organization.2. M anagement operates through various functions, often classifi ed as planning, organizing, staffi ng, directing andcontrolling.Text 2(1) D (2) F (3) B (4) A (5) CPart 2 ListeningI.Management1. Definition of management: Management is the process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives.2. Management skills: (1)Technical skills, (2)Human and communication skills, and Conceptual and(3)decision-making skills.3. Management functions: (4)Planning, (5)Organizing, (6)Leading, and (7)Controlling4. Management roles: (8)Interpersonal roles, (9)Information roles, and (10)Decisional roles.II.The Role of the Financial ManagerThe fi nancial manager acts as an intermediary between the fi rm’s operations and (1)capital markets, where the fi rm’s securities are traded. It was his job to trace the fl ow of cash from investors to the fi rm and back to investors again. First of all, he must understand how capital markets work. For example, suppose a fi rm chooses to fi nance a major expansion program by (2)issuing bonds. The fi nancial manager should have considered the term of the issue and concluded that it was fairly priced. And he should also have asked whether the fi rm’s stockholders would be made better or worse off by the extra debt standing between them and the fi rm’s (3)real assets. He should understand how corporate borrowing affects the value of the fi rm’s shares. The investment decision cannot be separated from capital markets either. A fi rm, which acts in its (4)stockholders’ interest, should accept those investments that increase the value of their stake in the fi rm. But that requires a theory of how (5)common stocks are valued.The fi nancial manager has to cope with (6)time and uncertainty. Firms often have the opportunity to invest inprojects which cannot pay their way in the short run and which expose therisk. The investment, if undertaken, may have to befi rm cannot walk away from such choices — someone has to decide whether the opportunity is worth more than it costs and whether the additionalMost of the time we assume that thethe fi rm. But thousands of people are involved in a large company. Each attends to his or her personal interests as wellPart 5 ExercisesI. Answer the following questions.略II. Tell whether the following statements are true or false.1. F2. F3. T4. T5. F6. TIII. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the given words.1. rational2. empowering3. motivating4. Delegation5. micro-manage6. strategicIV. Fill in each blank with the most appropriate word given below in its right form.1. supervisor2. accountable3. diagnose4. administrator5. deploy6. rational7. empower8. delegation9. innovation 10. feasible11. in effect 12. hierarchy 13. discharge 14. fi nancial 15. executeV. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.管理就像投资，它的目标是使资源得到最好的利用，增加最大的价值，取得最好的收益。
国际商务管理课件(8个PPT)英文
Where to find the low-cost manufacturers?
(p11, Book 1)
Shelby Cobra
Shelon：
(1) Targeted airplane manufacturers;
(2) Found Poland’s idled manufacturing plants used to produce M-G airplanes for Russia;
(3) Set up a joint venture with Poland’s airplane manufacturer;
(4) Kirkhams brothers had the car taken apart, and shipped to Poland.
After 10 months, new cars were produced with aluminum. The costs were less than 1/10 of costs producing the cars using glass fiber. Now the new company has become the largest private employer in the region.
国际商务管理课件（8个PPT） 英文
Lesson 1 Introduction
Reading: Chap. 1 & 2, Text; Chap. 1, 2, 6 & 16, Ref. Book 1
Overview: Significance of International Business Modes of International Business International Management Models
国际商务管理
国际商务管理随着全球化和信息技术的迅猛发展，国际商务日益成为了各国企业与组织进行经济活动的主要形式。
国际商务管理作为一门涉及企业战略、跨国管理、市场营销、财务金融等重要方面的学科，对企业开展国际业务、拓展国际市场、提升国际竞争力具有重要意义。
本文将对国际商务管理进行探讨。
一、国际商务管理的基本概念国际商务管理是指在国际市场条件下，针对企业国际化战略制定、实施和调整的管理过程。
其本质是解决企业在进行国际化经营活动中所遇到的各种管理问题。
国际商务管理的核心是跨国企业的战略管理。
其基本任务是规划、组织、领导、控制、协调企业在国际市场的营销、生产、财务、人力资源等各项活动，以实现企业国际化战略的目标。
二、国际商务管理的特点1. 多元化。
国际商务管理涉及到的方面非常广泛，既包括经营战略中的第一手资料源、外部环境的分析和前瞻性预测、市场营销策划与执行、生产制造、供应链管理，也包括财务管理、税务筹划、品牌形象塑造、员工培训与发展等多个方面。
2. 复杂性。
国际商务管理因涉及多个国家和地区，导致其面对的政治、经济、文化、法律、语言等方面的差异非常复杂。
加之信息不对称、异地文化冲突、难以预测的风险等问题，使得国际商务管理变得非常复杂。
3. 变化多端。
全球化趋势推动经济和各国之间的关系发生变化，国际商务管理也表现为变化多端。
企业面临新的挑战和机遇，需要及时调整其战略和管理方式。
三、国际商务管理的重要性1. 拓宽市场。
随着企业国际化的推进，国际市场将成为许多企业拓展业务的重要领域。
而正确的国际商务管理，可以帮助企业抓住市场机会，提升企业的国际市场竞争力。
2. 降低成本。
国际商务管理可以帮助企业合理利用全球资源，实现高效经营，降低生产和运营成本。
同时，国际商务管理还可以以低成本获取更多效益，进一步提高企业盈利能力。
3. 促进企业创新。
国际商务管理涉及到多个国家和地区，可以帮助企业获取更多的技术、产业和文化信息，为企业的创新提供更加广阔的空间。
国际商务管理试题
国际商务管理试题1. 问题描述国际商务管理试题2. 引言国际商务管理是在全球范围内进行商业活动的过程和原则的管理。
它涉及到跨国公司的运营、国际贸易的相关法规以及跨文化交流等方面的问题。
本文将讨论一些与国际商务管理相关的试题，旨在检验读者对该领域的了解和应用能力。
3. 综合应用试题一：在国际商务环境中，如何管理跨文化团队以提高工作效率并避免冲突？解答：在跨文化团队管理中，应充分认识到各个文化背景带来的差异，并采取一些策略管理团队，包括但不限于以下几点：- 推动团队多元化：通过招聘具有不同文化背景和能力的员工，增加团队的多样性和创造力。
- 建立开放的沟通渠道：在团队之间鼓励积极、诚实和透明的沟通，以便成员能够理解并尊重彼此的观点和文化习惯。
- 提供跨文化培训：为团队成员提供相关的培训以了解和尊重彼此的文化差异，并提供解决文化冲突的工具和技能。
- 建立共同的价值观：制定一套共同的价值观，使团队成员能够在共同目标下合作，并理解并尊重彼此的文化背景。
试题二：国际商务中的合同法有哪些特点？解答：国际商务中的合同法具有以下特点：- 民事法和商法的结合：国际商务合同法一般是民事法和商法的综合，并在国际上受到广泛认可的合同条款和原则的约束。
- 适用于多个司法管辖区域：国际商务合同往往涉及多个国家或地区，因此合同法中必须考虑不同司法管辖区域的法律差异，并选择适用合适的法律制度。
- 约束力强：国际商务合同通常具有较强的法律约束力，当遇到合同争议时，可以通过国际仲裁或法庭解决。
- 提供保护和救济措施：合同法为当事人提供了一系列的保护和救济措施，包括索赔、违约责任等，以确保合同的有效履行。
4. 国际贸易法规试题三：请简要说明《WTO建立》对国际贸易有何影响？解答：《WTO建立》对国际贸易产生了深远的影响：- 降低贸易壁垒：通过降低关税、取消非关税壁垒等手段，建立了更加开放和自由的国际贸易环境。
- 加强争端解决机制：WTO提供了强有力的争端解决机制，使成员国能够通过仲裁和调解解决贸易争端，减少贸易冲突和纠纷的发生。
《国际商务管理导论》课件
跨文化交际技巧
学习有效的跨文化交际技巧， 建立良好的国际商务关系。
商务礼仪与谈判技巧
了解全球商务礼仪和有效的谈 判技巧。
国际贸易与运输
1
国际贸易流程
从找到供应商到最终交付客户，了解国
贸易方式和条件
2
际贸易的流程。
不同贸易方式和条件的优势和限制。
3
国际物流管理
有效管理全球供应链和物流运营。
运输方式和成本
课程概述
定义
什么是国际商务？了解国际交流和商业活动的基本概念。
特点
探索国际商务领域的独特特点和挑战。
重要性
国际商务在全球经济中的作用和影响。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ际商务环境分析
PESTEL分析法
Porter五竞争力模型
通过对政治、经济、社会、技术、 环境和法律因素的分析，了解国 际商务的外部环境。
使用Porter的五个竞争力要素来 评估一个行业的吸引力。
4
选择合适的运输方式，以最小化成本。
国际投资和跨国企业管理
直接投资和合资
国际投资和合资企业的优势和挑战。
权责和控制问题
在不同国家和文化中管理权责和控制问题。
跨国企业管理的挑战
跨国企业面临的管理和文化挑战。
跨国企业的社会责任
考虑到社会、环境和道德责任。
国际商务法律与税务
国际商务法律制度
了解国际商务中的法律框架和法 规。
《国际商务管理导论》PPT课件
# 国际商务管理导论PPT课件 ## 课程概述 - 国际商务的定义 - 国际商务的特点 - 国际商务的重要性 ## 国际商务环境分析 - PESTEL分析法 - Porter五竞争力模型 - SWOT分析法 ## 国际市场营销策略 - 定位策略 - 产品策略 - 价格策略 - 促销策略 ## 国际商务沟通与交流 - 语言与文化差异
第一章国际商务管理概论
第一章国际商务管理概论概述本书分为四个专题，第一个专题国际商务环境，从宏观角度勾勒国际商务管理学具体运用到的领域, 在什么样的条件卜涉及到国际商务管理这门学问，以及在具体的操作中所面临的环境会带给国际商务管理的特殊性，要对它的内涵有大致的把握。
后三个专题是从微观角度，即从企业的角度来介绍国际商务管理具体的流程、策划和操作以及战略决策方面的内容。
专题一国际商务环境专题一中分为六章，第一章介绍的是管理概论，概述国际商务和国际商务管理是什么样的课程。
下面的内容分别论述了商务管理的几个环境，包括经济环境、社会文化环境、政治法律环境、技术环境和国际市场概论。
第一节国际商务管理的内涵和特征一、国际商务管理的内涵1.国际商务为明确国际商务管理的概念，首先要从内涵和外延上理解国际商务的含义。
内涵：国际商务是指不同国家或地区之间所进行的有关商品、服务、技术、生产要素、知识产权等方面的交易或交流活动。
外延：国际商务可分为三类（1）国际贸易——即进出口，主要是指商品和服务的进出口；（2）对外直接投资——以现金或实物投资为主；（3）对外经营活动一以知识产权、管理经验等无形资产进行投资。
2.国际商务管理国际商务管理是指在从事国际商务活动的过程中寻找、分析、评价有利的市场机会和不利的市场风险，作出相应决策并加以实施的•系列管理过程。
根据国际商务管理的主体不同，国际商务管理可分两类：11）宏观国际商务管理是指一国政府或行业主管部门，从一国整体利益角度出发，对•从事国际商务活动的本国企业的经营活动所进行的限制、引导、帮助等各种活动。
22）微观国际商务管理是指某个企业或企业集团从自身利益角度出发，在从事国际商务活动的过程中寻找、分析、评价有利的市场机会和不利的市场风险，作出相应决策并加以实施的一系列管理过程。
二、国际商务管理的特殊性国际商务管理的特殊是相对于国内商务管理而言的。
国际商务管理与国内商务管理在具体管理过程中的差别是十分巨大的，主要体现在以下方面:3.从事国际商务活动要比从事国内商务活动困难得多体现在：（1）语言不同。
国际商务管理学第一二讲国际商务管理概论
第一章 国际商务管理概论
? 第一节 国际商务管理的内涵和特殊性 ? 一、国际商务管理的内涵： ? 1.国际商务： 是指不同国家或地区之间所进行的有关商
品、服务、技术、生产要素、知识产权等方面的交易或交 流活动。
? 2、国际商务活动的形式：
? ⑴.国际贸易，即进出口； ? ⑵.对外直接投资； ? ⑶.通过特需经营、合资经营、工程承包等对外经营活动。
? f.国际标准化组织ISO： ISO的宗旨：在世界上促进标准化及相关活动 的发展，以便于商品和服务的国际交换，在智 力、科学、技术和经济领域开展合作。
? （一）WTO ：
? 世界贸易组织（ WTO ）：成立于 1995年1月1日。 总部：日内瓦。
? WOT的前身——关税及贸易总协定（GATT）：1948年1 月1日正式生效。WTO最高决策权力机构是部长大会，至 少每两年召开一次。部长大会下设总理会和秘书处负责 WTO的常会议和工作。
? ▲WTO 的基本原则：
⑴.非歧视原则； ? ⑵.减让与关税保护原则； ? ⑶.禁止数量限制原则； ? ⑷.透明度原则； ? ⑸.公平贸易原则； ? ⑹.磋商调解原则； ? ⑺.允许实施例外合保障措施原则；
⑻.发展中国家优惠待遇原则。
? （二）IMF：
1945年12月27日，正式成立国际货币基金组织 （IMF），总部：英国华盛顿。 2003年5月底，IMF已有184成员国。
? d.经济合作与发展组织 OECD：
? 经合组织的宗旨：维护成员国的财政稳定，确保 成员国经济的高速持续增长，保证充分就业，提 高人民生活水平，促进世界经济的发展；促进成 员国和非成员国经济充分合理的发展，在多边非 歧视原则的基础上，遵循国际贸易规则，扩大世 界贸易。
国际商务管理
国际商务管理09709413716唐倩颖09418425邵俊作业一：列出五个中国的跨国公司。
1、海尔：海尔是世界白色家电第一品牌，1984年创立于中国青岛。
目前，海尔在全球建立了21个工业园，24个制造工厂，10个综合研发中心，19个海外贸易公司，全球员工超过7万人。
2010年，海尔全球营业额实现1357亿元，品牌价值855亿元，连续9年蝉联中国最有价值品牌榜首。
2011年7月28日，海尔宣布收购三洋家用的商用洗衣机和家用冰箱业务以及三洋在东南亚4国的白电销售业务。
海尔品牌旗下冰箱、空调、洗衣机、电视机、热水器、电脑、手机、家居集成等19个产品被评为中国名牌，其中海尔冰箱、洗衣机还被国家质检总局评为首批中国世界名牌。
2、海信：海信集团是特大型电子信息产业集团公司，成立于1969年。
海信坚持“技术立企、稳健经营”的发展战略，以优化产业结构为基础、技术创新为动力、资本运营为杠杆，持续健康发展。
进入21世纪，海信以强大的研发实力为后盾，以优秀的国际化经营管理团队为支撑，加快了产业扩张的速度，形成了多媒体、家电、通信、IT智能系统、现代家居和服务等产业版块。
2008年海信集团实现销售收入489亿元，在中国电子信息百强企业中名列前茅。
3、联想：联想集团是一家极富创新的国际化科技公司，作为全球领先pc企业之一，联想集团的强大实力包括享誉全球的“Think”电脑品牌及最新的“Idea”电脑品牌，为商用客户和个人用户提供优质专业服务的能力。
4、中信：中信集团是具有较大规模的国际化大型跨国企业集团。
主要业务集中在金融、实业和其它服务业领域。
金融业是公司重点发展的业务，其资产约占公司总资产的81%，主要由商业银行、证券、保险、信托、租赁等金融机构组成。
实业在公司总资产中约占18%，涉及信息产业、基础设施、能源、房地产等行业和领域。
中信集团目前拥有44家子公司（银行），其中包括设在香港、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等地的子公司；在东京、纽约设立了代表处。
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Business Activity
Time arrangement: 2 periods Aims: To learn what business activity is To learn about external influence factors and classification of business activities To master some useful phrases and expressions concerning business activity in English
The nature of business activity
1. Business resources (input) 2. Business functions 3. Business output (products or services)
1. Business resources (input)
2. Business functions
Definition: parts of a business’s operation system, which work together to achieve an objective. Six types of business functions: Production, marketing, finance, administration, HR (Human Resources), R&D (research and development)
. Business output (products or services)
Goods: consumer goods or capital goods (clothes, TV, furniture) Services: such as banking, insurance, transportation, gardening, haircutting, car repairing, etc.
By the sector of a business
Private sector business Public sector business
By the ownership of a business
Private-owned business Collective-owned business State-owned business Joint-ventures Foreign company
By the type of production
Primary production Secondary production Tertiary production
Primary production
Secondary production
Tertiary production
Farming Fishing Forestry Digging iron ore Mining coal
3) Capital: artificial or manmade resources, such as tools, machinery and equipment
4) Entrepreneurship: The willingness to take risks to create and operate a business
Building Pressing metal Laying cables Assembling Cutting metal Milling metal
Advertising products Calculating prices Marketing products Packaging products Transportation Health care Leisure Education
Key words and phrases
1. business activity 2. factors of production 3. business resources 4. natural resources 5. HR (human resources) 6. renewable/ nonrenewable resources 7. workforce 8. business functions 9. R &D (research and development) 10. consumer goods 11. capital goods 12. durable/ nondurable goods 13. entrepreneurship
Categories of Markets
Consumer goods market (foods, clothes) Services markets (cleaning, repairing, insurance) Capital goods markets (machines, equipment, tools) Labor markets (people ) Money markets (money) Commodity markets (raw materials)
Classification of business activities
By the type of production By the size of a business By the geographical area of a business By the sector of a business By the ownership of a business
By the size of a business
Small firm Medium firm Large firm
By the geographical area of a business
Local business National business International business
Waste materials: useless or even dangerous things (smoke, dirty water)
External factors affecting business
1. the government (policy, spending, investment) 2. economic climates (crisis, stable/unstable conditions) 3. world events (earthquake, drought, war) 4. competition (local, national, international ) 5. consumers (fashion, consumers’ taste) 6. population trends (aging, single-parent, minority groups) 7. legislation and regulation (regulations for exporting) 8. environmental factors (waste disposal requirement) 9. pressure groups (banks, money lenders)
Markets
Definition: market is any place where the buyer and the seller communicate to exchange goods or services. Market exists everywhere: Telephone selling, mail selling, TV shopping, online shopping
Definition of Business activity
Business activity refers to the specific things done by a business in order to produce an output--- a good or a service.
External influences Economic climate Legislation and regulation Pressure groups Commodity markets Telephone selling Online shopping Primary production Secondary production Tertiary production
1) Land or natural resources (renewable and non-renewable): Land for factory or company buildings Natural resources (silver, coal, rivers, etc.) 2) Labor or human resources (manual workers, skilled workers, and management): the workforce of business