In A word-1
Unit 1-大学英语精读1
Suggested Strategies:
1.________________________________________________________ Make your own opportunities for practice in using the language inside _____________________ and outside the classroom.
Sentence
Word
1. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary.
【英语】 中考英语书面表达点解析(Word版附答案)1
【英语】中考英语书面表达点解析（Word版附答案）1一、中考英语书面表达（含答案详细解析）1．假如你即将在学校英语兴趣小组的活动中发言，请你用英语写一篇发言稿。
要点提示如下:（1）几个月前，奶奶晚饭后去跳广场舞（do square dancing）。
（2）从那时起，奶奶喜欢上了广场舞。
（3）现在，奶奶比以前健康了，有了很多朋友。
（4）有些邻居有意见，认为音乐很吵，无法入睡。
（5）你认为人们可以跳广场舞，但……要求：（1）开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
（2）要点齐全，行文连贯，可适当发挥。
Boys and girls,I’m very happy to speak here and I’d like to talk about my grandma._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________That’s all. Thank you!【答案】Boys and girls,I’m very happy to speak here and I’d like to talk about my grandma.A few months ago, my grandma went to do square dancing after supper. Since then, she has been in love with square dancing. Now, she is much healthier than before. What’smore, she has a lot of friends. However, some neighbors have a complaint against the people who do square dancing. They think that the music is so loud that they can’t fall asleep at night.In my opinion, people can do square dancing because it is a good way to keep healthy. But they should think about the feelings of others and they shouldn’t make a lot of noise.That’s all. Thank you!【解析】这是一篇给材料作文，根据要点提示写一篇学校英语兴趣小组的活动中的发言稿。
2019-2020学年上海市静安区高考英语一模试题Word版及参考答案
2019-2020学年上海市静安区⾼考英语⼀模试题Word版及参考答案Ⅱ. Grammar andVocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.How Do Avalanches HappenIf you’re ever skiing in the mountains, you’ll want to be aware of avalanches. An avalanche is a sudden flow of snow down a slope, such as a mountain. The amount of snow in an avalanche (21) (vary) based on many things, but it can be such a huge amount that it can bury the bottom of a slope in dozens of feet of snow.Avalanches (22) be caused by natural things. For example, new snow or rain can cause built-up snow to loosen and fall down the side of a mountain. Artificial triggers（诱发因素）can also cause avalanches. For example, snowmobiles, skiers, and explosives (23) (know) to lead to avalanches.Avalanches usually occur during the winter and spring, (24)snowfall is greatest.As they are dangerous to any living beings in their path, avalanches have destroyed forests, roads, railroads and even entire towns. Warning signs exist that allow experts to predict -- and often prevent -- avalanches from (25)(occur). When over a foot of fresh snow falls, experts know to be on the lookout for avalanches. Explosives can be used in places (26) massive snow buildups to trigger much smaller avalanches that don’t pose a danger to persons or property.When deadly avalanches do occur, the moving snow can quickly reach over 80 miles per hour. Skiers caught in such avalanches can be buried under dozens of feet of snow. (27) it’s possible to dig out of such avalanches, not all are able to escape.If you get tossed about by an avalanche and find yourself (28) (bury)under many feet of snow, you might not have a true sense of which way is up and which way is down. Some avalanche victims have tried to dig their way out, onlyto find that they were upside down and digging (29) farther under the snow rather than to the top!Experts suggest that people caught in an avalanche try to dig around you (30) (create) a space for air, so you can breathe more easily. Then, do your best to figure out which way is up and dig in that direction to reach the surface and signal rescuers.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. EachFounding Father of China’s NuclearProgramUnder the terms of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Tready（不扩散核武器条约）, only five countries are considered to be “nuclear - weapon states.” China is one of them. This military achievement would have been 31 without the contribution of Deng Jiaxian, a leading organi zer of China’s nuclear weapon programs.Deng went to the United States in 1948 for further study, and received a doctorate in physics two years later. Just nine days after graduation, the then 26-year-old returned to the newly - founded People’s Republic of China with32 physics knowledge. He became a research fellow under the leadership of Qian Sanqiang and started his theoretical nuclear research in cooperation with Yu Min.From 1958 on, Deng spent over 20 years working 33 with a team of young scientists on the development of China’s first atomic and hydrogen bombs. Originally, they were prepared to receive training by experts from theSoviet Union. Soon after, however, the Soviet government tore up its 34 with China and removed all its experts. Deng had to lead the team of 28 members with an average age of 23 on a mission to 35 the mysterious power of atomic physics.There was ridicule（嘲笑）following the 36 of the Soviet experts that China wouldn’t be able to buildan atomic bomb within 20 years. Deng said to his colleagues, “It is in the interest of the Chinese people to develop nuclear weapons. We must be willing to be unknown heroes for our lifetime. It is worth the risk of suffering, and it is worth our 37 to this cause.”As the leader of China’s atomic bomb design, Deng gave lessons himself and organized a team to translate and study the 38 foreign language materials. In the meantime, he never stopped thinking about the direction of atomic bomb development.Following the successful test of the first atomic bomb in 1964, Deng joined the research group led by Yu Min. They immediately started the design of the hydrogen bomb, which was 39 in 1967. From the first atomic bomb to the first hydrogen bomb, China spent only two years and eight months on development.Deng passed away in 1986 because of cancer. In the last month of his life, the 28-year secret experience of this great scientist was 40 , and his reputation began to spread throughout China. In 1999, along with 22 other scientists, he was awarded the special prize of “Two Bombs, One Satellite Meritorious Medal” for his contribution to Chinese military science.Ⅲ. ReadingComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.In the Fake News Era, Building Trustwith Consumers Is CrucialWith consumers growing increasingly frustrated with online advertising and privacy concerns, how to you convince shoppers to buy your narrative（叙述）, letalone your product?A recent report by Trust-Radius, a software review company that connects buyers and vendors（供应商）, may be able to shed some light. Among other interesting findings, it turns out that it may actually benefit brands to be painfully 41 about their products.Consumer awareness of influencer marketing tactics（策略）is increasing.42 , according to the report,most consumers trust online peer 43 as much as recommendations from friends --and well above company advertising message. Feedback from everyday folks, it seems, actually carries more 44 than a brand ambassador（⼤使）from an out-of-reach personality.Transparency（透明度）is crucial The report found that there is a large trust 45 between vendors and buyers. While vendors believe they are transparent, most buyers don’t appear to see it. During the sales process, for exam ple, 85 percent of vendors -- 46 to be open about their product’s limitations during the sales process -- but only 36 percent of buyers share that same view. The realityis, consumers don’t expect any products to be 47 -- they just want to enter relationships with their eyes wide open so that they can 48 the options that are best for them. They also want brands to be more 49 . 66 percent of consumers say they will leave a company if they feel they are being treated like a number andnot an individual.Along with the combination of take news, advertising fraud, and data leaks, there have been fake reviews as well. Review sites have been 50 giving preferential（优惠的）treatment to paid advertisers, and consumers are increasingly discerning（有辨别⼒的）, as a result. 51 , review sites arenot our only source of peer reviews,with social media providing customer experiences on a second - to - second basis. When brands treat every 52 with a customer as a potential review, they’llstart paying more attention to detail, and being alert to delivering avalued and memorable experience every time. Taking feedback seriously also lets current customers feel valued and respected and makes your business seem more approachable. This helps secure 53 , and often, these customers will become brand ambassadors to their friends, family and people they meet online.The challenge for brands today is determining how to use the 54 of the consumer to their advantage. In an age of cutting -edge technology, artificial intelligence, and self-service customer care, it’s odd to acknowledge that the best way to build trust with your customers is by holding an open 55 with your customers. Being more human, transparent, and listening to what people are saying will see your company thrive in an era marked by consumer suspicion.41. A. nervous B. honest C. careful D. particular42. A. Instead B. Otherwise C. Moreover D. However43. A. reviews B. reactions C. experiences D. instructions44. A. weight B. risks C. warnings D. burdens45. A. relationship B. influence C. gap D. extension46. A. refuse B. hesitate C. desire D. claim47. A. advanced B. perfect C. remarkable D. unique48. A. consider B. offer C. select D. exercise49. A. efficient B. profitable C. human D. responsible50. A. associated with B. mistaken by C. praised as D. criticized for51. A. On the contrary B. In fact C. By contrast D. In a word52. A. cooperation B. complaint C. interaction D. appointment53. A. safety B. loyalty C. convenience D. employment54. A. money B. choice C. habit D. voice55. A. dialogue B. debate C. competition D. contractSection BDirections: Read the following three passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)As humanity has got richer, animal’s roles have changed. People need their services less than before. Fewer wolves and thieves meant less demand for dogs for protection; the internal combustion engine（内燃机）made horses unneeded; modern sanitation（卫⽣设备）kept rats in check and made cats less useful. No longer necessities, domesticanimals became luxuries. Pet-keeping seems to kick in when household incomes riseabove roughly $5,000. It is booming.The trend is not a new one. Archaeologists（考古学家）have found 10,000-year-old graves in which dogsand people are buried together. Some cultures -- such as in Scandinavia, where dogs have long been both working dogs and companions -- have kept pets for thousands of years. But these days the pet-keeping urge has spread even to parts of the world which have no tradition of sinking into a comfortable chair with a furry creature.The pet business is growing even faster than pet numbers, because people are spending more and more money on them. No longer are they food - waste - recyclers, fed with the remains that fall from their masters’ tables. Pet - food shelves are full of delicacies crafted to satisfy a range of appetites, including ice cream for dogs and foods for pets that are old, diabetic or suffer from sensitive digestion; a number of internet services offer food, tailored to the pet’s individual tastes.In the business this is called “pet humanisation” -- the tendency of pet owners to treat their pets as part of thefamily. This is evident in the names given to dogs, which have evolved from Fido, Rex and Spot to -- in America -- Bella, Lucy and Max. It is evident in the growing market for pet clothing, pet grooming and pet hotels.People still assume that pets must be working for humanity in some way, perhaps making people healthier or less anxious. But the evidence for that is weak. Rather, new research suggests that dogs have evolved those irresistible “puppy- dog eyes”precisely to affect human emotions. It has worked. The species that once enslaved others nowworks very hard to pay for the care of its pets. Sentimental（多愁善感的）Americans often refer to themselves notas cat-owners but as the cat’s “mommy” or “daddy”. South Koreans go one further, describing themselves as cat “butlers”. Watch an unlucky dog-walker trailing “his” hound（猎⽝）, plastic bag in hand to pick up its mess, and you have to wonder: who’s in charge now?56.Which of the following trends is NOT TRUE according to the passage?A.People’s needs for animal services are decreasing.B.Both the pet number and the pet business are growing.C.Pets are increasingly making their owners less anxious.D.Pet foods are more various and customized than before.57.Which of the following is referred to as evidence of “pet humanization?”A.The names given to pets in American families nowadays.B.Pet’s inbuilt ability to affect emotions of their owners.C.Human beings ever rising urge for pet-keeping.D.Pet’s roles as both working staff and companions.58.Which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree with?A.Pets should be treated as equals of their human masters.B.Human beings are getting much benefit from their pets.C.Pet-keeping is still restricted within certain parts of the world.D.Some pet owners spend too much money on their pets.59.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A.The Changing Roles of AnimalsB. The Urge for Pet-keepingC. Who Owns WhomD. Love Me, Love My Dog(B)Depression hurts, Prozac can helpDepression isn’t just feeling down. It’s a real illness with real causes. Depression can be triggered by stressful life events, like divorce or a death in the family. Or it can appear suddenly, for no apparent reason.Some people think you can just will yourself out of a depression. That’s not true. Many doctors believe that one thing that may cause depression is an imbalance of serotonin -- a chemical in your body. If this happens, you may have trouble sleeping. Feel unusually sad or irritable easily. Find it hard to concentrate. Lose your appetite. Lack energy. Or have trouble feeling pleasure. These are some of the symptoms that can point to depression -- especially if they last for more than a couple of weeks and if normal, everyday life feels like to much to handle.To help fight depression, the medicine doctors now prescribe（开处⽅）mostoften is Prozac. Prozac isn’t a“happy pill”. It’s not a tranquilizer（镇静剂）. It won’t turn you into a different person.Some people do experience mild side effects, like upset stomach, headaches, difficulty sleeping, sleepiness, anxiety and nervousness. These tend to go away within a few weeks of starting treatment, and usually aren’t serious enough to make most people stop taking it. However, if you are concerned about a side effect, or if you develop arash（⽪疹）, tell your doctor right away. And d on’t forget to tell your doctor any other medicines you are taking.Some people should not take Prozac, especially people an MAO inhibitors（单胺抑制剂）.As you start feeling better, your doctor can suggest therapy or other means to help you work through your depression. Prozac has been carefully studied for nearly 10 years. But remember, Prozac is a prescription medicine, and it isn’t right for everyone. Only your doctor can decide if Prozac is right for you -- or for someone you love. Prozac has been prescribed for more than 17 million Americans. Chances are someone you know is feeling sunny again because of it.60.All the following are true EXCEPT .A.It is easy to get rid of depression through tremendous determination.B.Sleep disorder is characteristic of depression symptoms.C.Depression can be caused by combination of factors.D.Depression is a psychological state taking the form of low mood.61.What can we learn about Prozac from this piece of information?A.Prozac is a newly developed drug to treat depression.B.patients who take Prozac can experience severe side a effects.C.A medical prescription is necessary for Prozac.D.Over 17 million Americans have been cured by Prozac.62.This piece of information is most probably .A.an introduction to a scientific projectB.a part of prescription drug instructionsC.a part of a research report in a medical journalD.an advertisement of a medicine for depression(C)Learning a second language is tricky at any age (and it only gets tougher the longer you wait to open that dusty French book). Now, in a new study, scientists have pinpointed the exact age at which your chances of reading fluency in a second language seems to plummet: 10.The study, published in the journal Cognition, found that it’s “nearly impossible” for language learners to reach native - level fluency if they start learning a second tongue after 10. But that doesn’t seem to be because language skills go downhill. “It turns out you’re still learning fast. It’s just that you run out of time, because your ability to learn starts dropping at around 17 or 18 years old,” says study co-author Joshua Hartshorne, an assistant professor of psychology at Boston College.Kids may be better than adults at learning new languages for many reasons. Children’s brains are more plastic than those of adults, meaning they’re better able to adapt and respond to new information. “All learning involves the brain changing,” Hartshorne says, “and children’s brains seem to be a lot more skilled at changing.”Kids may also be more willing to try new things (and to potentially look foolish in the process) than adults are. Their comparatively new grasp on their native tongue may also be advantageous. Unlike adults, who tend todefault（默认）to the rules and patterns of their first language, kids may be able to approach a new one with a blankslate（⽯板）.These findings may seems discouraging, but it was heartening for scientists to learn that the critical period for fluent language acquisition might be longer than they previously thought. Some scientists believed that the brief window closes shortly after birth, while others stretched it only to early adolescence. Compared to those estimates, 17 or 18 -- when language learning ability starts to drop off -- seems relatively old.“People fared better when thy learned by immersion（沉浸）, rather than simply in a classroom. And movingto a place where our desired language is spoken is the best way to learn as an adult. If that’s not an option, you can mimic an immersive environment by finding ways to have conversations with native speakers in their owncommunities,” Hartshorne says. By doing so, it’s possible to become conversationally proficient -- even without the advantage of a child’s brain.63.The word “plummet” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “”.A.plungeB. riseC. endD. vary64.What can be inferred from Joshua Hartshorne’s words?A.Age 10 -18 is the best time to learn a second language.B.Children are too young to grasp a second language./doc/8d317f44162ded630b1c59eef8c75fbfc67d94f7.html municating with native speakers enables you to master all the language skills.D.Adults go beyond the critical period for learning a second language.65.What might be the reason why adults can’t reach native - level fluency in a secondlanguage.A.Adults are less influenced by their mother tonguesB.Adults are only too willing to experience something awkward in the process.C.Adults spend more time responding to new information.D.Adults prefer an immersive environment to a classroom in learning a second language.66.The passage is mainly about .A.the approaches to learning a second languageB.the best age to learn a second language.C.why kids learn a second language more easily than adultsD.whether adults can learn a second language like their younger selvesSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.A technology company wants to buy the rights to use someone’s face for its robots.B.It just asks people who want to license their face to submit a photo via email for thechance at$130,000.C.It is a once - in - a - while opportunity for the right person.D.They also serve a practical purpose.E.The company is privately - funded.F.However, ideal candidates will be given the specifics of the project.Search for a Human Face for RobotsLooking for a $130,000 payday? Geomiq, a British engineering and manufacturing firm is searching for a “kind and friendly”face to be the face of a robot once it goes into production. “This will entail（需要）the selected person’s face being reproduced on potentially thousands of versions of the robots worldwide,” Geomiq says in a blog post about the project. Robots have been at the forefront of technology for decades, and are widely considered the future of our technological advancement. With the number of adults over 85 expected to triple by 2050, according to some estimates, robots designed to keep the elderly company are becoming increasingly common. (67)They do things like responding to voice commands, offering proactive（积极主动的）notifications and advice andletting relatives monitor conditions at home. There is still a long way to go but new robotic products are coming into fruition all the time. Geomiq says the robot line has been in the works for five years and will result in a companion for seniors.The designer has noted in an interview with a select press pool that they can’t release too many details at this stage. (68) The designer has also stressed that unsuccessful candidates will not be contacted. Thecompany says the need for anonymity（匿名）is due to the secretive nature of the project. However, it believes the robot will soon be “readily available” to the public and hopes the campaign will create extra buzz ahead of its eventual release. “We know that this is an extremely unique request, and signing over the licenses to your face is potentially an extremely big decision,” Geomiq said.(69) The designer has said that the project has been in development for five years, and in that time frame taken on investment from some independent venture capitals as well as a top fund based in Shanghai. the company says the robots’purpose will be to act as a “virtual friend” for elderly people and is set to go into production next year.The blog past doesn’t share age or gender parameters（参数）. (70)Candidates whomake it to the next phase will get full details on the project. “The secrecy,” Geomiq says, “is due to non-disclosure agreement it’s signed with the robot’s designer and investors.”Ⅳ.Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Do We Need Art in Our LivesNo one will be surprised to hear that the arts are under fire in this day and age. We view the arts as something of a hobby, something that’s fun but certainly can’t pay the rent. If it’s not a useful skill, no wonder arts funding is being cut in schools. Do we really need art in our lives?In schools, time and money is at a premium （稀有⽽珍贵）, now more than ever. With teachers having tofit so many lessons into every day. it’s easy to see why art is dropping more and more by the wayside. Budgets are dropping at an alarming rate, and what school is going to drop teaching in essential subjects such as math or science when they candrop art instead?It seems as though the loss of art in daily life is sad fact of life, but it doesn’t have to be. There are actually a lot of practical uses for art for many people. For example, art therapy has helped people with a range of illnesses, both mental and physical, cope with their symptoms. Art is found almost anywhereyou look in your home. Practical items, such as bedspreads, furniture or clothing, are all art forms in themselves and arouse emotions in the people interacting with them.Art also gives us insight into the world. History tells us what happened and when it happened, but it can’t tell us how the population at large felt about it, which is where art steps in. We know a lot about how people in the past lived and worded, because their art has given us much a deep insight into their daily lives. We wouldn’t have that insight without it.Most of all, we need art in our lives as it gives us a form of self-expression. Being able to talk about our feelings is essential to staying healthy. You may not think ou talk about your feelings, but you may express them in other ways. Some like to cook or bake, some like to work machinery, and others may like to paint or draw. Whatever you like to do in your spare time, you’re probably creating art every day.So, do we need art in our lives? Many people would say no, but the art they’re thinking of is the art you see in galleries. Art is actually much more accessible and it truly needed in everyday life. It helps those in need, gives people in the future an idea of what life was like, and is a vital form of self-expression.Ⅴ. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.学⽽不思犹如⾷⽽不化。
英语复习题(word版)-1(1)
一、阅读理解（20分）：(1-10小题)Passage11）A-In2014,older adult falls caused 7 million injuries.2）D-usually imply the end of independence3）B-weaker4）A-A fall is very terrible thing that you keep quiet about.5）A-Older adult fells are on the rise.Passage26）B-three7）C-solar panels are easy to maintain8）D-include9）C-In 2014, fewer than 1000 schools used solar power to cut costs. 10）B-Schools Go SolarPassage311）C-Whitewashing in the Publishing Industry12）C-maker her annoyed13）C-She noticed the lack of black girls as main characters in the books 14）A-100015）B-Marley Dias doesn’t like reading二、填空题（40分）（11-50小题）46、If you love plants, the chances are you buy them on (impulse) and then wonder where to put them.47.If you have to go through a smoke-filled area, you’ll better (crawl) with your head low.48.Mother (motioned)my brother to keep his voice down but he ignored her.49.If doing one thing gives you an unpleasant feeling, the normal (reaction) would be to stop.50.Among these articles, which do you think are most (likely)to interest our would be to stop doing it.51.Long after even the latest apple tree had finally broken into leaf, the mulberry’s branches remained stubbornly(bare).52.These schools com under the supervision of locally (appointed)committees.53.We should see ourselves as part of nature rather than in(conflict) with it.54.These rows of small trees growing close together (create)living walls for shelter and privacy in the garden.55.Don’t’(hesitate) to let me know if there’s anything I can do for you.56.During the nine months before her baby is born, her face is one (perpetual) smile.57.Traditional Chinese food is far (superior) to McDonald’s and KFC or any other fast foods I know.58.Under this law, consumers have the right to (reject)faulty goods and demand a refund。
词汇学Word-Meaningppt课件
(3).Social meaning: Based on: ①the social relationship between the
speakers;②the occasion;③the subject matter;④ the mode of speech;etc. eg: What’s your age? （对求职者）
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2.Lexical meaning:
(1).Denotative meaning: It is the central factor in linguistic communication. eg: chair → 椅子 mother → 母亲 man → 男人 woman → 女人 politician → 政客 blood → 血液 chicken → 小鸡 adumeaning: eg: chair → 官位 mother → love, care, tenderness man → 勇敢，强壮，责任心，大度 woman → 意志薄弱，爱流泪，多情善感 (Anyway,she is a woman.) politician → 欺诈，夸夸其谈 blood → 出身，亲情，民族 (Blood is thicker than water. He has Canadian blood) chicken → 懦弱，胆怯 adult → 责任
你吃了吗？ (denotative meaning; connotative meaning)
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(4).Affective meaning: a.Interjections: Oh! Alas! Ouch! b.Approval and disapproval: mother, scholar, masterpiece, career, buzz, gang, boast, workaholic, etc. c.Bias: slender — skinny, statesman — politician, famous — notorious proud — arrogant （褒义） （贬义）
(完整word版)第三版《大学英语》1教案Unit2解析
Unit 2：Sailing Round the World Ⅰ。
General IntroductionⅡ。
Teaching Procedures (of Text A)Ⅲ。
Detailed Teaching ActivitiesSTEP 1 — Introductory RemarksA British adventurer, Francis Chichester traveled round the world alone in a small boat called the “Gipsy Moth IV” in spite of the fact that he had lung cancer. This text tells us briefly what happened to him on his voyage。
To begin with， let’s draw a map of Chiceester’s course.STEP 2 - Warming-up1. DiscussionTeacher： Before we study the text， let me ask you some questions.1) Do you like traveling？ Do you like traveling alone？2) What do you think is the most important for a person who suffer from lung?2. Questions about the TextBased on the title, guess what the text is about。
Question： Who sailed round the world， and how?3。
Information Related to the Text1） Sir Francis ChichesterBorn in Devon， Britain， in 1901, Sir Francis Chichester later became a British adventurer. As a young man, he went to New Zealand， where he worked as a miner， salesman and land agent。
英语1到31的基数词
英语1到31的基数词Here is an essay on the topic of the cardinal numbers 1 to 31 in English, with a word count exceeding 1000 words. Please note that the title is not included in the word count.The world of numbers is a fascinating and integral part of our daily lives. From the moment we wake up to the time we go to bed, we are constantly surrounded by numbers, whether it's the time on the clock, the number of steps we take, or the amount of money in our wallets. Among the most fundamental of these numerical concepts are the cardinal numbers, which form the foundation for our understanding of quantity and enumeration.In the English language, the cardinal numbers from one to thirty-one hold a special significance, as they represent the basic building blocks of our numerical system. Each of these numbers has its own unique name and characteristics, and understanding their nuances can greatly enhance our ability to communicate and comprehend the world around us.Let us begin our exploration with the number one. This simple yet powerful digit represents the concept of singularity, the fundamentalunit from which all other numbers are derived. The word "one" is derived from the Old English "an," which in turn comes from the Proto-Germanic "ainaz." This basic building block of our numerical system is essential in our daily lives, whether we are counting the number of apples in a basket or the number of people in a room.Moving on, the number two introduces the concept of duality, the idea of pairing or grouping. The word "two" is derived from the Old English "twā," which originates from the Proto-Germanic "twai." This number is fundamental in our understanding of relationships, balance, and the concept of opposites, as we often encounter situations involving pairs, such as two hands, two eyes, or two sides of a coin.The number three is often associated with the idea of completeness or wholeness. The word "three" comes from the Old English "thrēo," which has its roots in the Proto-Germanic "þrīz." This number is significant in many cultural and religious traditions, where it is seen as a symbol of harmony, stability, and the divine. In our everyday lives, we encounter the number three in various contexts, such as the three primary colors, the three-course meal, or the three-legged stool.The progression continues with the number four, which represents the concept of stability and order. The word "four" is derived fromthe Old English "fēower," which in turn comes from the Proto-Germanic "fidwōr." This number is clos ely associated with the four cardinal directions, the four seasons, and the four elements, making it a fundamental aspect of our understanding of the physical world.The number five introduces the idea of the hand, as it corresponds to the number of fingers on each hand. The word "five" is derived from the Old English "fīf," which has its origins in the Proto-Germanic "fimf." This number is significant in many cultural and mathematical contexts, such as the five-pointed star, the five senses, and the five-note musical scale.As we move further along the numerical spectrum, the number six represents the concept of balance and harmony. The word "six" comes from the Old English "six," which originates from the Proto-Germanic "sehs." This number is often associated with the idea of perfection, as it is the sum of its divisors (1, 2, and 3). In our daily lives, we encounter the number six in various contexts, such as the six sides of a cube or the six legs of a insect.The number seven is often considered a mystical and significant number, representing the idea of completeness and spiritual fulfillment. The word "seven" is derived from the Old English "seofon," which has its roots in the Proto-Germanic "sebun." This number is deeply embedded in various religious and culturaltraditions, such as the seven days of the week, the seven wonders of the ancient world, and the seven chakras in Eastern philosophy.The number eight introduces the concept of infinity and the idea of balance and harmony. The word "eight" comes from the Old English "eahta," which originates from the Proto-Germanic "ahtau." This number is often associated with the symbol of the infinity sign and is significant in various mathematical and scientific contexts, such as the eight points of a compass or the eight phases of the moon.The number nine represents the idea of completion and the fulfillment of a cycle. The word "nine" is derived from the Old English "nīen," which has its roots in the Proto-Germanic "newun." This number is often associated with the concept of the divine or the sacred, as it is the last single-digit number in our numerical system. In various cultural and religious traditions, the number nine is seen as a symbol of wholeness, wisdom, and the divine.As we reach the double-digit numbers, the number ten represents the idea of completion and the transition to a new cycle. The word "ten" comes from the Old English "tēn," which originates from the Proto-Germanic "tehun." This number is significant in many mathematical and scientific contexts, as it forms the basis of our decimal system and is the foundation for the metric system.The number eleven introduces the concept of a new beginning, as it represents the transition from the single-digit numbers to the double-digit numbers. The word "eleven" is derived from the Old English "endleofan," which has its roots in the Proto-Germanic "ainlif." This number is often associated with the idea of spiritual enlightenment and the exploration of new horizons.The number twelve represents the idea of organization and structure. The word "twelve" comes from the Old English "twelf," which originates from the Proto-Germanic "twalif." This number is significant in many cultural and historical contexts, such as the twelve months of the year, the twelve signs of the zodiac, and the twelve apostles of Jesus.As we continue our journey, the number thirteen introduces the concept of the unexpected and the unknown. The word "thirteen" is derived from the Old English "þrēotȳne," which has its roots in the Proto-Germanic "þrīhunda-taihun." This number is often associated with superstition and the idea of bad luck, although this perception is more a cultural construct than a numerical reality.The number fourteen represents the idea of balance and harmony. The word "fourteen" comes from the Old English "fēowertȳne," which originates from the Proto-Germanic "fidwōrtaihun." This number is significant in various mathematical and scientific contexts,such as the number of days in a fortnight or the number of ribs in the human body.The number fifteen introduces the concept of abundance and prosperity. The word "fifteen" is derived from the Old English"fīftȳne," which has its roots in the Proto-Germanic "fimftaihun." This number is often associated with the idea of good fortune and the fulfillment of desires, as it is the sum of the first five natural numbers (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15).Moving on, the number sixteen represents the idea of order and structure. The word "sixteen" comes from the Old English "sixtȳne," which originates from the Proto-Germanic "sehs-taihun." This number is significant in various mathematical and scientific contexts, such as the number of bytes in a word or the number of squares on a chessboard.The number seventeen introduces the concept of the unique and the extraordinary. The word "seventeen" is derived from the Old English "seofontȳne," which has its roots in the Proto-Germanic "sibun-taihun." This number is often associated with the idea of individuality and the exploration of new ideas, as it is the sum of the first four prime numbers (2 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 17).The number eighteen represents the idea of balance and harmony.The word "eighteen" comes from the Old English "eahtatȳne," which originates from the Proto-Germanic "ahtau-taihun." This number is significant in various cultural and religious contexts, such as the number of holes on a standard golf course or the number of auspicious symbols in Buddhist art.The number nineteen introduces the concept of the unexpected and the unknown. The word "nineteen" is derived from the Old English "nīentȳne," which has its roots in the Proto-Germanic "newun-taihun." This number is often associated with the idea of mystery and the exploration of the unknown, as it is the sum of the first four prime numbers (2 + 3 + 5 + 9 = 19).As we reach the final numbers in our journey, the number twenty represents the idea of completeness and a new cycle. The word "twenty" comes from the Old English "twentig," which originates from the Proto-Germanic "twai-tigjus." This number is significant in various mathematical and scientific contexts, as it is the base of our numerical system and the foundation for the concept of the score.The number twenty-one introduces the concept of the unique and the extraordinary. The word "twenty-one" is derived from the Old English "ān and twentig," which has its roots in the Proto-Germanic "aina-and-twai-tigjus." This number is often associated with the idea of personal growth and the exploration of new horizons, as it is thesum of the first three prime numbers (3 + 7 + 11 = 21).Finally, the number thirty-one represents the idea of completeness and the fulfillment of a cycle. The word "thirty-one" comes from the Old English "ān and þrītig," which originates from the Proto-Germanic "aina-and-þrīz-tigjus." This number is significant in various mathematical and scientific contexts, as it is the sum of the first five prime numbers (2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 = 28) plus 3, and is often associated with the idea of the completion of a journey or the achievement of a goal.In conclusion, the cardinal numbers from one to thirty-one in the English language are a rich and diverse tapestry of numerical concepts and cultural significance. Each number holds its own unique characteristics and associations, and understanding their nuances can greatly enhance our ability to communicate, comprehend, and navigate the world around us. Whether we are exploring the concept of singularity, duality, or completeness, the cardinal numbers from one to thirty-one provide a fascinating and essential foundation for our understanding of the world of numbers.。
词汇学答案1-4章
第一章1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2. V ocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.3. Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/shù/(树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.4. There are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form.⑴There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme.⑵The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.5 .Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers.6. Words of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability.7. a. loose woman b. fellow c. pistol d. great e. cowardf. fightg. policeh. drunki. womanj. girl8. haply = perhaps albeit= althoughmethinks = it seems to me eke= alsosmooth= truth morn= morningtroth= pledge ere= beforequoth = said hallowed= holybillow= wave/ the sea bade= bid9. Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元),e-book(电子书),SARS(非典), netizen (网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mouse(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.10. By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverds and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words.11. Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.12. Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loanskettle confrere chopsticks dreamdie pro patria black humourskirt parvenu long time no seewall Wunderkind typhoonhusband Mikado第二章1. The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of the languages of Europe , the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary . A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2.Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic (Lithuanian,Prussian, Polish, Slavenian, Russian, Bulgarian) Indo-Iranian (Hindi, Perian)Celtic (Breton, Scottish, Irish)Italic(Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Roumanian)Hellenic(Greek)Germanic(English, Swedish, German, Norweigian, Icelangic, Danish, Dutch)3.The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther. OldEnglish has (1) a small vocabulary (50 000—60 000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings. Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.Y es, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phases of the original division is lost.4. It is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other major languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.5. The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use.6. course human events necessary peopledissolve political connected assume powersseparate equal station nature entitle decentrespect opinions requires declare causes impelseparationFrom the words picked out, we can see that most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.7. Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: (1)Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,(2)Old English period, (3) middle English period and(4) Modern English period. Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so on; words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as candle, nun, church; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such as frustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the forth period Words borrowed from Latin are usually abstract formal terms like status ,nucleus , minimum. 8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek +Latin ]Falsehood [Latin +English ] pacifist [Latin +Greek ]Saxophone [German +Greek ] heirloom [French +English ]Joss house [Portuguese +English ] television [Greek + Latin ]9. amateur (late) finace (late)Empire (late) peace (early)Courage (early) garage (late)Judgement (early) chair (early)Chaise (late) grace (early)Servant (early) routine (late)Jealous (early) savate (late)Genre (late) gender (early)Debut (late) morale (late)State (early) chez (late)Ballet (late)10. Jes persen’s comment reveals the importance of Scandinavian words in English. Just as people cannot live without bread and eggs, so English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words.11. allegro f . 轻快Alto i. 女低音Andante j 行板Crescendo b.渐强Diminuendo g. 渐弱Forte e.强Largo d.缓慢Piano h. 轻Pianoforte a.轻转慢Soprano c.女高音12. cherub（Hebrew）chipmunk(American Indian )Chocolate(Mexican ) coolie(Hindi)Cotton (Arabic) jubilee (Greek)Lasso (Spanish) loot (Hindi)Sabbath (Hebrew) shampoo (Hindi)Snorkel (German) tamale (Mexican)Tepee (American) tulip (Turkish)V oodoo (African) kibitz (German)Wok (Chinese) sauerbraten (German)13. a.alligator b.lococ.rodeod..bonanzae.igloof.blitzkriegg.wigwam h.canoei.hurricane j.boomerangk.poncho14. the characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous; (2) it has tremendous borrowings from all other major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes and influence of other cultures and languages.15. the major modes of vocabulary development of contemporary arecreation, that is by means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other language and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role.第三章1.a.morpheme b.allomorphc.bound morphemed.free morphemee.affixf.inflectional affixg.derivational affix h.rooti.stem j.base2. inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as –s(-es), -ed, -ing and –est (to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and Was; lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes3. Individualisticindividualist + ic [stem , base]individual + ist [stem, base ]individu + al [stem, base ]in + dividu [root, stem, base ]undesirablesun +desirable [stem, base ]desir + able [root, stem, base ]free morpheme =free root4. morpheme{Bound rootbound morpheme { inflectional affixaffix{ prefixderivational affix {suffix第四章Enumerate the three important means of word formation and explain their respective role in the expansion of English vocabulary.The three means of word formation are affixation ,which creates 30% to 40% of the total number of new words ;compounding ,which brings 28%to 30% of all the new words.;and conversion ,which provides English with 26% of the new words.Affixation1.Affixation,also called derivation,is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems.Affixation Includes prefixation and suffixation according to the types of Affixes used to forms new words.2.Prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to base while suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to base.3.Generally speaking,prefixes do not change part of speech of base but only modify their meaning whereas suffixes do change part of speech but seldom modify the meaning of bases.4.The best way to classify prefixes is on the basis of meaning because prefixes only change the meaning of bases in general.5. non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevant immature inability/disability unofficially unwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernize memorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizeb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. to fattenf. falsify/hardeng. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding1. The three criteria are(1)stress pattern, that is, stress in a compound falls on the first element but on the second in a free phrase, e.g. '- -(compound), - ' -(free phrase);(2)meaning, that is, the meanings of a compound is usually not the combination of the meaning of thecomponent parts, but the free phrase is, e.g. hot line(compound: busy line),hot potato(free phrase: potato which is hot);(3)grammatical unity, that is, the different elements form a grammatical unit, which does not allow internal change, e.g. easy chair(compound: a special arm chair),easier chair(free phrase: a less easy chair).However, every rule has expectations. The same is true of the criteria. Three are examples against each of the three rules.2. heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V.-er] baking powder [ adv+n.]far- reaching [Adv+v.-ing] dog-tired [adv + adj]lion-hearted [adv + n.-ed] love-sick [adv + adj]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ adj+ n]on-coming [adv+v] tax-free [adv +adj]light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv]Whereas conversation is the derivation of new words by adding zero affixes, such as single(adj.)→single(v.）.3. There are two ways to form verb compounds. For example, first name (v. from first name)and honeymoon (v. from honeymoon)are words created by means of conversion: words such as proofread (v. from proofreading)and chain-smoke (v. from chain smoker)are formed by means of backformation.4.well-bred 有教养的well-behaved 守规矩的culture-bound 含文化的homebound 回家的needle work 针织品homework 家庭作业praiseworthy 值得表扬的respectworthy 值得尊敬的bar-woman 吧女sportswoman 女运动员nationwide 全国的college-wide 全校的clear-minded 头脑清晰的strong-minded 意志坚强的military-style 军事风格的newstyle 新款self-control 自制self-respect 自尊budget-related 有预算的politics-related 与政治相关的water-proof 防水fire-proof 防火once-fashionable 曾经流行的once-powerful 曾经强大的news-film 新闻片news-letter 时事通讯mock-attack 演习mock-sadness 假悲伤sister-in-law 嫂/弟媳妇father-in-law 岳父/公公home-baked 自家烤的home-produced 自制的half-way 半途的/半路的half-done 半生不熟的ever-lasting 永久的ever-green 常青的age-conscious 年龄敏感的status-conscious 身份敏感的campus-based 以校园为基地的market-based 基于市场的Conversion1.conversion is the formation of new words by turning words of one partof speech to those of another part of speech. The term functional shift reveals the actual function of conversion,i.e.change of the functions of words.the term zero-derivation approaches conversion from the perspective of derivation because it is a way of deriving new words by adding zero affixes,hence zero derivation.2.Although both are called derivation ,suffixation is the derivation of new words by adding suffixes to bases,such as simple (adj.)→simplify（v.)G.modernizing h.sterilize7. a.employees b.politician c.participantsD.waitress e.conductor f.teacherG.pianist h.examinee,examiner8.trans-=across:transcontinental,trans-world9.Mono-=one:monorail,monoculture10.Super-=over,above:superstructure,supernatural11.Auto-=self:autobiography,automobile12.Sub-=below:subculture,subconscious13.Mal-=bad,badly:malpractice,malnutrition14.Mini-=little,small:minicrisis,miniwar15.Pre-=before:prehistorical,preelection16.Ex-=former:ex-teacher,ex-filmer3 The classes most frequently involved in conversation are nouns and verbs.4 V erbs converted to nouns usually are related to the original verbs in six different ways.The new nouns converted from verbs refer to （1）state of mind or sensation,e.g .desire(state of desiring); (2) event or activity ,e.g.swim (the activity of swimming );(3) result of the action,e.g. buy (the result of buying);(4) doer of the action,e.g.bore (the person whom bores); (5) tool or instrument ,e,g, paper (doing something with paper ) and (6) place,e.g. turn(the place of turning).Nouns converted to verbs are generally related to the original nouns in sever different ways . The new verbs usually mean (1) to put in or on the noun,e. g. peel (to remove the peel from );(4) to do with the noun,e.g. Shoulder (to do something with shoulder); (5) to be or act as the noun,e. g. tutor (to be the tutor) ;(6) to make or change into the noun, e.g. cash (7) to send or go by the noun ,e. g. ship (to send by ship).5.When adjectives are converted into nouns ,some are completely changed ,thus known as full conversation, and others are partially changed ,thus known as partial conversion.Adjectives which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status, i. e. having all the characteristics of nouns .That means they can take a / an shorts ,finals.Adjectives which are partially converted still keep adjective features.They should always be used with the ,and they cannot take -s/-esto show plural forms.Moreover ,the words can have comparative or superlative degrees: the poor ,the poorer ,the young, the very unfortunate.6.The changes occasionally involved are (1) change of spelling accompanied by pronunciation ,e. G. Life/laIf/→live/liv/ , breath /breɚ/→breathe /br i:ỏ/ and blood /blʌd/→ bleed / bli:d/ ;(2) change of pronunciation and stress ,e. g. use . n /ju :s / → use v. / ju:z / and permit n. /'p :mit/→ v. /p 'mit / and so on.7.a .stomach 【n.→v.】 b. Room 【n.→ v.】c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel)汽车旅馆humint (hum an + int elligence) 情报advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psy chological warrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hover craft + port) 气垫船码头chunnel (ch annel + t unnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity) 高保真音响cinemactress (cinem a + actress) 女电影演员Clippingcopter (heli copter) front clippingdorm (dorm itory) back clippinglab (lab oratory) back clippingprefab (pref abricated house) phrase clippinggas (gas oline) back clippingprof (prof essor) back clippingscope (tele scope) front clippingchamp (champ ion) back clippingsarge (serge ant) back clippingmike (mic rophone) back clippingad (ad vertisement) back clippingtec (de tec tive) front and back clippingAcronymy1.Y es, there is a difference between them. The difference lies in theformation and pronunciation. Initialisms are formations pronounced letter by letter, e.g. UFO(unidentified flying object), BBC(B ritish B roadcasting C orporation), VIP(very important person) and acronyms are formed to conform to the rule of spelling and pronunciation, that is, the words look and sound like ordinary words, e.g. AIDS/eidz/(acquired immune deficiency syndrome), MAD(mutually assured destruction), radar(radio detecting and ranging).2. kg =k ilogram ft=f oot cf =c onfercm=c entimeter $=d ollar ibid = i bidemetc. = e t cetera VIP=v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC=O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountriesTOEFL=t est of E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SAL T b. radar c. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonar h. G-manBackformation1.It is true that both are means of making new words by removing theend part of the words . But they have differences . For aback-formed word , what is removed is the supposed suffix ,e.g.auth------author , donate------donation , loaf-----loafer , the forms–-or,--ion , --er coincide with the their suffixes . For back clipping , however , what is removed is usually different from the existingsuffixes ,e.g. ad------advertisement , gas-------gasoline ,exam------examination , etc.se (laser)escalate(escalator)Babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) Orate (orator) commute(commuter)Communization of proper namesa.Tantalize -------Tantalus : to tease or torment by keeping sth. wantedout of reachb.Argus-eyed--------Argus : to be extremely watchfulc.narcissim--------Narcissus : excessive admiration of oneself or one’sappearanced.sabotage-------Sabots : (1) to destroy or damage deliberately(2) deliberate damage ordestructione. martinet--------Martinet : strict /stern (military) trainerf . yahoo-------Y ahoo : a lout or ruffiang. Shylock--------Shylock : a ruthless money lenderh. hovering-------Hoover : cleaning by using a vacuum cleaner。
英语词汇学6-2
The two kinds of meaning can be demonstrated by nonsense verse:
Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky", in "Through the Looking Glass", 1871 .(first stanza) "Twas brillig,and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome rath outgrabe."
b. The connotative meaning is not limited to one speech community or one language. e.g. white-- to most Chinese and westerners, certain similar favorable connotations: morally or spiritually pure; spotless, innocent.清白无暇,结白. fox-- cunning lamb-- docile, gentle and obedient
language的同义词
language的同义词language表陆地; 国家; 地产的意思，那么你知道language的同义词有哪些吗?接下来小编为大家整理了language的同义词，希望对你有帮助哦!language的同义词辨析：word, vocabulary, language, term, lexicon这些名词均有"文字，词，语言"之意。
word ：普通用词，指语言的最小单位的单词、字，也可指话、整句话或一段话。
vocabulary ：集合名词，指词汇、语汇或词汇量。
language ：普通用词，指国家、民族或种族内部使用，已经系统化的语言。
term ：指有特定意义的词，词语或术语。
lexicon ：指某种语言、某人或某一知识领域的全部词汇。
词组习语：speak the same language1. 有共同语言be as good as one's word1. 信守诺言have a word1. 简短地和某人说话我只想和他说一两句话。
I'll just &B{have a word with} him.have a word in someone's ear1. 和某人咬耳朵;和某人私下谈;私下警告某人in other words1. 换句话说，也就是说keep one's word1. 守信，遵守诺言a man/woman of his/her word1. 守信的人，遵守诺言的人(on/upon) my word1. 我敢保证;说实在话(表示惊讶或强调)说真的，你到这儿真快!。
my word, you were here quickly!.put something into words1. 用言语表达他感到些许无法用言语表达的失望之情。
he felt a vague disappointment which he couldn't put into words.put words into someone's mouth1. 硬说某人说过某些话take someone at their word1. 相信某人说的话是真的take the words out of someone's mouth1. 先说出某人想讲的话take someone's word (for it)1. 轻信某人的话too —— for words1. (非正式)很，极绕着路走上一圈真是乏味。
WordList1（2004）
WordList1（2004）Word List 11. Please run and fetch a doctor. This man is ________ to death.A. drippingB. bleedingC. circulatingD. breeding2. I would like to open a deposit ________ in your bank.A. insuranceB. detailC. amountD. account3. As compared with wheat flour, corn flour is rather ________.A. harshB. rudeC. coarseD. course4. The U. N. resolution had a clear ________, that is, to drive the Iraqi army out of Kuwait（科威特）.A. objectiveB. objectionC. goalD. purpose5. The exterior of the museum was not very impressive, but its exhibits were ________.A. ruralB. marvelousC. routineD. royal6. A 30-kilometre neutral zone will leave the capital out of the ________ of heavy weapons.A. scaleB. extentC. rangeD. scope7. As he has ________our patience, we’ll not wait for him any longer.A. emittedB. engagedC. exertedD. exhausted8. ________ energy must be released in one form or another, for example, an earthquake.A. accumulatedB. assembledC. gatheredD. collected9. Many people now ________ to work to save money and keep healthy.A. circleB. cycleC. orbitD. recycle10. There are no tickets ________ for Sunday’s performance.A. desirableB. flexibleC. arbitraryD. available11. I knew the visitor was woman because I could hear her________.A. soundB. accentC. voiceD. noise12. Among the astronomers of ancient Greece two theories developed ________ the place of the earth in the universe.A. supposingB. givingC. concerningD. excluding13. Look out! The paint is still ________.A. wetB. dampC. humidD. moist14. It is ________ to sell and own guns in this country.A. illegalB. idleC. intimateD. initial15. I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and above all ina quiet ________.A. siteB. neighborhoodC. sceneD. spot16. He took ________ to the plan.A. angerB. blameC. objectionD. rejection17. He wanted to say no, but ________ the courage.A. lackedB. insertedC. acquiredD. recovered18. Bad weather caused a ________ in the scheduled activities.A. lagB. launchC. collisionD. column19. Losses due to friction ________ in every machine and in every organization.A. displayB. earnC. happenD. occur20. Children learn their gesture when they ________ their parents’movements.A. resembleB. discoverC. illustrateD. imitate21. There is shallow water on both sides of the ________ in this river.A. canalB. channelC. routeD. path22. She couldn’t teach such________ children.A. dullB. dimC. passiveD. slight23. He has an ________ desire to be an excellent lawyer.A. eagerB. efficientC. adequateD. earnest24. He is a strong man and can lift the big stone with ________.A. affectionB. obstacleC. easeD. mercy25. The setting sun shone with a red ________.A. glowB. flashC. sparkD. beam26. The effective ________ of this rifle is 500 meters.A. exteriorB. rangeC. functionD. performance27. Hangzhou is remarkable for its ________.A. sightB. spotC. viewD. scenery28. A person who has been overworking is often ________.A. frightenedB. scaredC. tediousD. nervous29. This disease ________ a serious risk to life.A. consistsB. constitutesC. providesD. offends30. With our ________ efforts we managed to push the car back on the road.A. respectiveB. individualC. averageD. joint31. He speaks with a strong southern ________, making it difficult for northerners to understand him.A. toneB. accentC. languageD. dialect32. As ________ has it, the British people drive on the left side of the road.A. habitB. fashionC. modeD. custom33. The car crashed into a lamppost and was seriously________.A. woundedB. damagedC. crushedD. injured34. There is no ________ to the house from the main road.A. avenueB. accessC. exitD. valley35. More than twenty people were killed by the ________of the bomb.A. flameB. glowC. flashD. blast36. He couldn’t ________ enough to keep his family from starvation.A. gainB. obtainC. earnD. attain37. He is never ________ of others for their wealth.A. jealousB. curiousC. crazyD. critical38. He ________his point by relating his own experiences.A. hintedB. illustratedC. motivatedD. located39. You shouldn’t have written in the ________. The book belongs to the library.A. borderB. marginC. boundaryD. blade40. The vacation was of ________ importance to her, for she was going to Switzerland.A. keenB. gloriousC. feasibleD. particularWord List 21. Nancy shared her husband’s________ for classical p ainting.A. visionB. reasonC. decisionD. passion2. The front of the car can ________ an impact at 100 miles per hour.A. processB. strainC. withstandD. smash3. We shall be much _______ if you will kindly lend us your car.A. obligedB. strainedC. thankedD. compelled4. China’s economic development was faster than what most western experts had ________.A. pointedB. predictedC. directedD. awaited5. Darwin’s ________ of evolution is very important to the development of modern thought.A. perceptionB. motionC. theoryD. concept6. In this city a family’s car als o indicates its social ________.A. gradeB. sourceC. rangeD. rank7. She speaks ________ but not very correct English.A. frequentB. flexibleC. fluentD. fluid8. He accomplished the mission with extraordinary ________.A. wiseB. wisdomC. motionD. mood9. ________ will be very hard to find during peak seasons at the Yellow Mountains.A. AccommodationB. AccessC. ApplicationD. Arrangement10. I smiled at her, but she didn’t ________.A. emergeB. overcomeC. respondD. glimpse11. He will become a soldier of the top ________.A. originB. sourceC. cycleD. rank12. Constant showers are ________ of the summer here.A. necessaryB. characteristicC. distinctD. indispensable13. Her ________ is very good; I’ve known her for years.A. championB. characterC. cataloguesD. personalities14. Mrs. Smith was robbed of her handbag by two ________ menA. liberalB. maskedC. jealousD. deceived15. He didn’t have time to read the report word for word. He just ________ it.A. swallowedB. chewedC. glancedD. skimmed16. The steep path up to the house is its only________.A. shortageB. disadvantageC. meritD. pride17. You should be objective when you ________ his ability.A. evaluateB. evaporateC. distinguishD. dominate18. Your plan is excellent in ________, but would it succeed in practice?A. imaginationB. theoryC. scienceD. contrast19. Ted has been working in a travel ________ for five years.A. unionB. missionC. agencyD. council20. This team ________ of only ten technicians, yet they have made lots of inventions in the past few years.A. constitutesB. consistsC. formsD. threatens21. The mayor and the council ________ the city.A. coordinateB. accelerateC. governD. manipulate22. This elephant was ________ for show.A. capturedB. arrestedC. releasedD. tamed23. I wasn’t quite sure what was________ by his word.A. impliedB. reflectedC. signedD. demonstrated24. The cook ________ the butter and sugar together.A. blendedB. bloomedC. blastedD. dipped25. There are many harbors on the east ________ of our country.A. bankB. shoreC. coastD. beach26. More than one hundred people ________ in the clean-up-the-campus campaign.A. checkedB. includedC. participatedD. ranged27. People with strong ________ are not often sick.A. formationB. constitutionC. structureD. tendency28. Mrs. Morris’ daughter is pretty and ________, and many girls envy her.A. slenderB. slightC. slipperyD. sole29. The ________ growth will most likely continue at a rapid pace.A. economicB. economyC. economicsD. economical30. This country is ________ desert land and can’t produce enough grain.A. exceedinglyB. namelyC. highlyD. largely31. Jenny is always ________ after praise and flattery.A. strainingB. strappingC. stressingD. strengthening32. That novel was very hard to understand, for it was written in a peculiar________.A. styleB. fashionC. approachD. pattern33. Tomorrow we are to ________ a group of Canadian businessmen on a trip around the city.A. overlookB. accompanyC. escapeD. secure34. Owing to ________ competition among the airlines, travelexpenses have been reduced considerably.A. aggressiveB. denseC. fertileD. fierce35. This material is designed to ________temperatures of up to 500 o C.A. withstandB. withdrawC. stretchD. witness36. ________ rainfall can damage the crops.A. ExtraB. ExcessiveC. Diverse D Sufficient37. The ________ weren’t in the least interference with the demonstrators.A. devicesB. channelsC. customsD. authorities38. ________ quantities of water are used nowadays with the rapid development of industry and agriculture.A. AdditionalB. GloriousC. CompetentD. Excessive39. I ________ to swim rather than go to see a film this afternoon.A. resignB. fancyC. preferD. solve40. Tom was cold and conventional in ________.A. characterB. featureC. sketchD. outlineWord List 31. Those________ housewives are waiting for special sales.A. economicB. faithfulC. economicalD. grateful2. The officers were divided in their opinion about the ________.A. conquestB. dashC. missionD. strategy3. After the ________, the president shook hands with every guest.A. receptionB. acceptanceC. navigationD. instruction4. He has a habit of telling ________ whenever he meets his close friend.A. jokesB. incidentsC. accountsD. negotiation5. Last night he saw two dark ________ enter the building, and then there was the explosion.A. figuresB. chartC. framesD. sketch6. New York city, which ________ of being a melting pot, is now turning its back on new immigrants.A. toastedB. roastedC. boastedD. exaggerated7. It’s quite________ for children to be afraid of the dark.A. normalB. trueC. genuineD. typical8. The policeman ________ the thief but could not catch him.A. grantedB. cheatedC. chasedD. pursued9. He advised his son never to spend in ________ of his income.A. exceptionB. excessC. accessD. exit10. This young man is an ________ person and likely to start a fightA. inevitableB. aggressiveC. indispensableD. opposite11. The government ________ a nation-wide campaign to protect intellectual property.A. introducedB. assignedC. launchedD. sponsored12. The missile missed the ________ by 1 500 meters in its first experimental flight.A. endB. targetC. purposeD. terminal13. Although he is only twenty, he has got ________ judgment.A. approximateB. matureC. stableD. stiff14. He had a ________ plan to swim across the English Channel.A. gradualB. boldC. capableD. dramatic15. Ten days ago he informed his boss of his intention to ________.A. traceB. withdrawC. retreatD. resign16. He is responsible for ________ the activities of those organizations.A. correspondingB. creatingC. coordinatingD. constructing17. This new rule is applicable to everyone without________.A. accuracyB. exceptionC. impactD. precision18. They ________ that the policemen had beaten the students.A. ignoredB. functionedC. furnishedD. charged19. Let’s________ to get the work done q uickly.A. coordinateB. cooperateC. convertD. contact20. Seven people were killed by the ________ of the roof.A. collisionB. wreckC. collapseD. harness21. The ________of the US financial system is changing.A. indicationB. indexC. structureD. element22. This electric torch has an in-built battery, which must be ________ before it is completely exhausted.A. filledB. chargedC. fulfilledD. maintained23. Doctors and scientists are still ________ of the side effects of this new medicine.A. uncertainB. uneasyC. uniqueD. urgent24. Whether the games will be held as planned or not is ________.A. variableB. validC. uncertainD. ultimate25. Don’t ________ anything else in, or the bag will burst.A. stackB. stainC. staffD. stuff26. The army fired rockets and missiles at ________ in around the city.A. targetsB. aimC. destinationD. tension27. Owing to the strong ________, the central bank keeps raising its interest rates.A. organizationB. loanC. economyD. debt28. The television ________ between the two candidates will be held on Sunday.A. discussionB. disputeC. debateD. quarrel29. The book ________ off his hand after he fell asleep.A. slidB. slicedC. skimmedD. scanned30. This ________of losses over profits will ruin the company.A. burdenB. excessC. clueD. claim31. His ________ went too far. It was more than I could bear.A. privilegeB. rumorC. objectionD. joke32. The police ________ an investigation into the murder case.A. launchedB. setC. urgedD. trapped33. Many foreigners find the British class ________ difficult to understand.A. constructionB. contentC. contractD. structure34. The new Ford looks like any ________ car, but it has a very advanced engine.A. immigrantB. dynamicC. domesticD. normal35. The consumer committee, on behalf of many customers, ________a complaint against the manufacturer.A. filedB. piledC. implementedD. enforced36. He was tired of his wife’s ________ complaints.A. consistentB. constantC. temporaryD. content37. Do you believe that he has an income of six ________?A. figuresB. dataC. digitalD. numbers38. How many weekly ________ do you often read?A. articlesB. itemsC. intervalD. journals39. The commander ordered a(n) ______ attack upon the enemy without any hesitation.A. immediateB. immenseC. tremendousD. hostile40. The builders have ________ a difficult piece of work.A. accumulatedB. adjustedC. accompaniedD. accomplishedWord List 41. The teacher lost his ________ just because that student was ten minutes late.A. moodB. temperC. passionD. mind2. Scandinavian countries are ________ welfare states, where taxes are free.A. tropicalB. typicalC. obviousD. transparent3. For three successive years, the annual ________ of increase in grain production has been over 9%.A. rateB. paceC. proportionD. ratio4. My son was practicing ________ on an old typewriter.A. typingB. countingC. sewingD. writing5. He was engaged at a ________ of 100,000 dollars a year.A. savingsB. salaryC. depositD. measure6. Henry bought a telescope to ________ the stars.A. worshipB. observeC. witnessD. perceive。
江苏省南京市2024年中考英语试题(Word版-含解析)
南京市2024年初中毕业生学业考试英语留意事项：1．本试卷共8页。
全卷满分90分。
考试时间为90分钟。
试题包含选择题和非选择题。
考生答题全部答在答题卡上，答在本试卷上无效。
2．请仔细核对监考老师在答题卡上所粘贴条形码的姓名、考试证号是否与本人相符合，再将自己的姓名、考试证号用0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔填写在答题卡及本试卷上。
3．答选择题必需用2B铅笔将答题卡上对应的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，请用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。
答非选择题必需用0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔写在答题卡的指定位置，在其他位置答题一律无效。
选择题(共40分)一、单项填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)请仔细阅读下列各题，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
1. ---Look at the text in the notice. What does it say?---The students who do not sign up before Friday lunchtime_____.A. will have to work at lunchtime next FridayB. will have to work in the afternoon next weekC. won't be able to do afternoon activities next FridayD. won’t be able to choose their afternoon activities next week答案：D解析：句意：看公告文本，上面说什么？---周五午饭前不报名的学生（将）▲。
依据公告内容“假如不报名，我们将会为你选择活动”即不能在下周自行选择活动内容，故选D。
考点：句意理解辨析，同义句转化2. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon _______20 July 1969.A. inB. onC. atD. for答案：B解析：句意：Neil Armstrong（尼尔·阿姆斯特朗）是第一个于1969年7月20日在月球上行走的人。
(完整word版)1Designfeaturesoflanguage
1 Design features of languageThe features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.ArbitrarinessArbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.DualityDuality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.CreativityCreativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences.DisplacementDisplacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation.Main branches of linguisticsPhoneticsPhonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.PhonologyPhonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.MorphologyMorphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes.SyntaxSyntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences ina language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.SemanticsSemantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language.PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of meaning in context.言语行为理论Speech act theoryIt’s an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. it’s a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication. it aims to answer the question ”what do we do when using language?”The concept of causatives performatives, the locutionary act, the illocutionary act, the perlocutionary act and the5categories of illocutionary act suggested and formulated by J.R.Searle constitute the speech act theory..言内行为Locutionary ActA locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases ,clauses. it’s the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.言外行为Illcotionary ActAn illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention it’s the act performed in saying something.言后行为Perlocutionary ActPerlo cuationary Act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. it’s the consequence of ,or the change brought about by the utterance.The cooperative principle. The cooperative principle (CP)Cooperative principle refers to the “co-operati on” between speakers in using the maxims during the conversation. There are four conversational maxims:(1) The maxim of quantity:a. Make your contribution as informative as required.b. Don’t make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality: Try to make your contribution one that is true.a. Don’t say what you believe to be false.b. Don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relation: Say things that are relevant.(4) The maxim of manner: Be perspicuous.a. Avoid obscurity of expression.b. Avoid ambiguity.c. Be brief.d. Be orderly.心理语言学Psycholinguistics :It investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterance and in language acquisition for example. In the psycholinguistic study ofgrammar, the psycholinguistic constraints on the form of grammar are examined. It also studies language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition; biological foundation of language; and the relationship between language and cognition.习得acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.语言习得阶段1，holophrastic stage 2,two word stage 3,three word utterances 4,fluent grammatical . 第二语言习得second language acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language认知学cognition ,the term is used in several different loosely related ways, in psychology it refers to the mental process of an individual, with particular relation to a view that argues that the mind has internal mental states such as beliefs, desires, and intentions and can be understood in terms of information processing, especially when a lot of abstraction or concretization is involved or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspect such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment..Sapir-Whorf hypothesis他的假设证明了语言决定思想Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the language we speak determines the way we perceive the world and so the nature of thought.爆破音stopsWhen a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound producedwith the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive.they are[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]同义词Synonymy 多义词Polysemy .同音(形)异义HomonymyIt refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, i.e, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.10.同音异义HomophonesIt refers to two words are identical in sound. e.g. rain/reign.11.同形异义HomographsIt refers to two words are identical in form .e.g. tear v./tear n.12.上下义关系HyponymyIt refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.13.反义词AntonymyIt’s the term used for oppositeness of meaning on different dimension(1)Gradable antonyms分级反义词(a matter of degree)例子Old—middle-aged—young; hot-warm-coldAntonym (2) Complementary antonyms互补反义词a matter of degree between分类two extremes例子Alive—dead; male—female;(3) Relational opposites关系反义词(中间可以加成分，如上、中、下)father-son; teacher-pupil; doctor-patient; buy-sell; above-below.爆破音那以后是可能会出的选择题。
中考英语阅读理解测试题(A)﹙含答案﹚(word)1
中考英语阅读理解测试题（A）﹙含答案﹚（word）1一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析）1．阅读理解Denies Walme in Texas, USA, now 14 years old, published his best-seller Unbending Gisula eight years ago. The book is about a little whale named Gisul.One day, Gisula did not take his mother's words and went up the beach. Then he got lost and had to learn to live by himself. The colour pictures were drawn by Denies himself. Denies published the books at the age of six He is said to be the youngest writer and picture artist.Another surprising thing about the book is that it became a best seller immediately after it was published and brought him a lot of money. Because he spent much time writing the books, his study was not very good and he had to learn the year's work again but his gift of writing is highly praised by the teachers and student. And he was even invited to give talks on writing.But Denies does not want to be a writer. He said, 'I like planes most. I dream of becoming a pilot someday.'（1）From the story we can learn that Denies__________.A. published his Unbending Gisula at the age of 14B. wants to be a writer when he grows upC. drew the pictures for his own bookD. does not go to school anymore（2）What Denies liked most is________.A. writing storiesB. drawing picturesC. whalesD. planes （3）When did Denies publish the books?A. At the age of sixB. At the age of eightC. At the age of sixteenD. I don't know.【答案】（1）C（2）D（3）A【解析】【分析】大意：本文主要介绍作者丹尼斯个人的一些基本情况以及他的最畅销的书，他虽然学习怎么好，但是他善于写作，他梦想将来能成为一名飞行员，他的书主要介绍一只小鲸鱼，有一天小鲸鱼Gisula不听妈妈的话，爬上了海滩。
英语 in a word 和 in words 的区别
英语中，短语in a word 和in words 比较相近，但是它们的意思并不相同，今天我们一起来学习一下。
1. in a word：这个词组的意思是“总之”。
例句1：In a word, Tom is a top student in our class.
简而言之，汤姆是我们班上的尖子生。
例句2：In a word, you must leave here tomorrow.
总之，你明天必须离开这里。
例句3：In a word, I like English very much.
一句话，我很喜欢英语。
2. in words：这个词组的意思是“口头上；用语言”。
例句4：The old workers instruct the young workers not only in words but in deeds.
老工人对青年工人不仅言传而且身教。
例句5：Don’t show your love only in words!
不要只在口头上表达爱！
例句6：You wouldn't be able to describe the scene in words
你不可能用语言去描述那个场景。
由以上例句可以看出，这两个词组的意思并不相同，请大家在以后的应用中注意不要混淆。
外研版(2023必修第一册Unit 2Exploring English Grammar 练习(含解
外研版(2023）必修第一册Unit 2Exploring English Grammar 练习(含解析）Unit 2 Exploring English重点语法构词法一、单项选择1．Which word is formed in the same way as “weekend”A．unable B．invention C．helpless D．noticeboard2．The word “wonderful” has a suffix (后缀). All the following words have suffixes except “________”.A．careless B．development C．introduction D．research3．Which of the following words is formed in the same way as “blackboard”A．dislike B．weekday C．unlucky D．achievement4．Which of the following prefixes(前级) means “No”A．en- B．co- C．over- D．dis-5．Which of the following suffixes（后缀）is the opposite of“-ful”A．-able B．-ness C．-ous D．-less6．In the words ‘unhappy’ and ‘unusual’, the ‘un -’ means ________. A．very B．most C．not D．less7．We can put the prefix “un-” before ________ to give it the opposite meaning.A．patient B．active C．correct D．interesting8．We can add the suffix “-ly” to ________ to form an adjective. A．bad B．real C．usual D．friend9．Which of the following words is a compound (合成的) word A．cheerful B．pancake C．speaker D．invitation10．The word “visitor” has a suffix. Which of the following also has a suffixA．Inactive B．Southwest C．Only D．Scientist11．Which of the following words is formed like “impolite”A．reporter B．uncertain C．blackboard D．dangerous12．The suffix in the word “healthy” means “_________”.A．having the quality of B．full of C．without D．not13．Which of the following words is formed the same way as “toothache”A．invitation B．unimportantC．careless D．wildlife14．Which word of the following can add a prefix in- to get an opposite meaningA．active B．patient C．certain D．usual15．Which one of the following words will be like “really” after adding “-ly”A．week B．usual C．friend D．love16．Which of the following suffixes(后缀)means “without”A．-ful B．-less C．-ly D．-tion17．Which of the following words can’t be added with a prefix ‘‘un-’’A．correct B．necessary C．interesting D．important18．Which of the following words has a different prefix （前缀）to make it have an opposite （相反的）meaningA．happy B．possible C．kind D．healthy19．We can put the prefix “un—” before the following words to give them the opposite meaning EXCEPT ________.A．happy B．cost C．certain D．important20．Which of the following words is created in the same way as “careless”A．wonderful B．impatient C．dishonest D．unhappy21．Which of the following prefixes(前缀) means “doing again”A．en- B．dis- C．un- D．re-22．The following words all have the negative prefixes (否定前缀) EXCEPT ________.A．indoor B．unhappy C．inexpensive D．impossible23．Which of the following words is formed like “unimportant”A．incorrect B．afternoon C．scientist D．hopeful24．The word “careless” has a suffix. Which of the following word does NOT have a suffixA．careful B．visitor C．meaning D．certain25．Which of the following is NOT a compound word (合成词)A．railway B．tour C．housework D．grandson26．Which word can NOT be added the prefix “in-” to give it the opposite meaningA．complete B．direct C．correct D．proper27．Which of the following words is created in the same way as “blackboard”A．careless B．impolite C．happiness D．bookshop28．We can put “un-” before the following words except _________. A．correct B．comfortable C．certain D．interesting29．Eiffel Tower is a famous landmark in Paris. Which of the following words is created in the same way as the word “landmark”A．worldwide B．hopeless C．unpleasant D．surprising30．We can put two words together to create new words. They are called compound words (复合词). Which of the following is not a compound wordA．blackboard B．earphones C．meaningful D．homework31．We cannot add 'un-' to________to give it the opposite meaning. A．possible B．happy C．interesting D．friendly32．Which of the following words has a different prefix to make it have an opposite meaningA．usual B．polite C．friendly D．certain33．Which of the following suffixes(后缀)means "without"A．–able B．–ful C．–ous D．–less34．Which of the following words is formed like “impossible”A．reporter B．blackboard C．dishonest D．harmless35．Which of the following words CAN NOT add the suffix “er” to form a nounA．speak B．play C．farm D．visit36．Which of the following suffixes is used to form an adjectiveA．-less B．-ness C．-tion D．-ion37．The suffix in the word healthy means “__________________”. A．not B．full of C．without D．having the quality of38．Which of the following suffixes is used to form an adjectiveA．-less B．-ness C．-tion D．-ment39．He found it unnecessary for us to stay behind. In this sentence, the underlined word “unnecessary” means “________”.A．not patient B．not necessary C．not important D．not tiring 40．Which of the following words can NOT be added the prefix "un-" to give it the opposite meaningA．happy B．healthy C．usual D．polite41．Which of the following words is formed like "handbag" A．meaningful B．snowman C．protection D．impatient42．Which of the following words is formed like "homework"？A．inventor B．raincoat C．dishonest D．careless43．Which of the following suffixes CANNOT be used to make a noun A．-less B．-ness C．-tion D．-ment44．In the words homeless and useless, the -less means ______.A．be full of B．without C．very D．can45．Which of the following words is created in the same way as pancake A．impolite B．surface C．German D．playground46．Which of the following suffixes CANNOT be used to make a noun A．less B．ness C．tion D．ment47．Which word can’t we add “or” to form a noun for a person A．invent B．visit C．direct D．paint48．Which of the following suffixes（后缀）means "without"？A．—able B．—ful C．—ous D．—less49．Which of the following words has the same word formation as the word “snowstorm”A．helpless B．incorrect C．government D．blackboard50．Which of the following words has a different prefix (前缀) to make it have an opposite meaningA．happy B．correct C．interesting D．certain参考答案：1．D【详解】句意：哪一个单词的构成方式与“weekend”的构成方式相同？考查构词法。
inword，inaword和inwords的区别
inword，inaword和inwords的区别
in word，in a word 和 in words 的区别：
1. in word 为“⼝头上”，指以⼝头的形式表⽰，⽽并⾮落实在⾏动上。
它与in deed（⾏动上）相对。
例如：
He is a friend in word only.
他只是⼀个普通朋友。
I don't want you simply to promise me in word that you will be good.
我不想你只是在⼝头上答应你会好好⼲。
2. in a word 为“总⽽⾔之，简⽽⾔之”⽤来表⽰总结归纳，与in short，in brief意思相同。
该结构中的a也可⽤one代替。
例如：In a word, you are right.
His condition is, in a word, becoming worse.
他的状况，简⽽⾔之，越来越差。
Lily is clever, polite and well-behaved. In a word, she is worth praising.
莉莉聪明⼜懂礼貌，总⽽⾔之，值得表扬。
3. in words 为“⽤语⾔”，指⽤⼝头或书⾯语⾔的形式表⽰及描述，它不和⾏动相对，仅涉及语⾔⽂字本⾝。
如：
He never expressed his idea in words.
他从来不说出⾃⼰的想法。
The little boy can describe the beauty of the scene in words.
这个⼩男孩能⽤语⾔描述美丽的景⾊。
【英语】数词(word)1
【英语】数词（word）1一、初中英语数词1．—Have you heard of the Two-Child policy?—Of course. And I know many couples have new babies in their ______.A. fortiesB. fortiethC. the fortiethD. forty【答案】 A【解析】【分析】句意：——你听说过二胎政策吗？——当然，并且我知道许多夫妇在40岁的时候生婴儿。
根据短语in their forties，在四十多岁，可知比较符合句意，故选A。
【点评】考查介词短语，注意in one's forties的用法。
2．Did you know that the earth is home to ______ animals?A. millionB. millionsC. million ofD. millions of【答案】 D【解析】【分析】句意：你知道地球是几百万动物的家园吗？millions of，固定搭配，几百万的；数词+million，表示具体的……百万，此时million是单数形式；空前没有具体数词，因此用millions of，故选D。
【点评】考查数词，注意millions of的用法。
3．______ of the students in our school are boys.A. Two threeB. Second threeC. Two thirdsD. Two third【答案】 C【解析】【分析】句意：我们学校的学生中有三分之二是男生。
分数词是分子是基数词，分母是序数词，分子大于一，分母加s，因此二分之一是two thirds，故选C。
【点评】考查分数，注意分子是基数词，分母是序数词，分子大于一，分母加s的用法。
4．Every year, ________ books are given away to the poor children in the countryside. A. thousand B. thousands of C. thousand of【答案】 B【解析】【分析】句意：每年上千本书被捐给农村的贫困孩子们。
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What is the author’s attitude toward this linguistic change?
Approve or disapprove?
Nurse
Ward Clerks Health visitors Dentist
Surgeon
Physician Therapist Pharmacist General Practitioner (GP)
Optician
Pediatrician Anesthetists
Paras.3-5
Etymologic differences
doctors providers
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
patients customers
Physician: Doctor: Provider:
Patient: Client: Customer:
Physician: a practitioner of the art of healing Doctor: teacher; to show, to teach, to appear right; seemly, fitting and decent. Provider: to prepare or supply
Patient:
A suffering or sick person under medical treatment; someone who endured pain calmly
Client/Customer:
One who followed another; one who leaned on another; a person who’s willing to pay for a good or service.
University today is ostensibly different from what it used to be and what it should be. As far as I am concerned, University is a place for the elite education and a place where talented people congregated in. However, several years ago, our nation began to increase the enrollments of universities.
As such, university is no longer the place where talented and enthusiastic students congregated in. Therein lies the fact that university is far from a heavenly place for academic study. In the final analysis, even the former “Holy Land” for study can not get away from the influence of economy and politics.
Do you mind being called ”PCP” or provider? How do you think of the doctor and patient relationship in China?
P100 P101 P103 P105
1-33 1-4-6-7 Observation and Imitation Integration
People were drawn to this place from every part of the world, even far away Arkansas, as evidenced by a good friend of ours from Arkansas, Nancy Hernreich Bowen, who is here with us today.
Paras.6-7
语言是身心之居
What we say reflects what we think.
Hippocrates: The Oath of Medicine 希波克拉底誓言
I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked. I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts.
Martin Heidegger
was a German philosopher known for his explorations of the "question of Being". His best known book, Being and Time, is considered one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century.
Articulate Help Improve Forward-thinking Laudable concepts
Para.2
doctors providers
How can we benefit from this word change?
Its broader meaning encompasses a wider variety of givers of services.
人们从世界各地被吸引到这里来，甚至从遥远的阿肯 色州，我们来自阿肯色的一位好朋友南希· 赫恩赖奇· 鲍恩今天也在座就证明了这一点。
Most hand labor has been supplanted by the computers. 大多数手头工作已被计算机所取代。 No man could supplant him. 没有人能够代替他的工作。
Part 1 (Para.1) Background Ever since the launch of the managed care plan,
? _____________were brought into the systems of health care.
Para.1
Unfamiliar terms Business concepts
William Edwards Deming
(October 14, 1900 – December 20, 1993)
was an American statistician. he taught top management how to improve service, product quality, testing, and sales through various methods, including the application of statistical methods.
Text B
analogy
Argument counterargument
Sentence Making
practice denote articulate encompass
forward thinking and laudable concepts not an entirely pleasant experience carry a connotation of a mere by product of
Unit 4 Section A
In a Word
W. Clay Jackson
What is the nature of medicine?
Is it an industry or a practice?
Managed Care Plan 管理型医疗保健计划
An approach to healthcare intended to simplify services and provide healthcare that is quality and cost effective.