Effects of Schooling on Fertility, Labor Supply and Investments in Children

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Factors affecting college students finding a jobThe employment of college students is actually a huge social problem in recent years, employment of university students has become the most popular hot issues of social concern .since 1999 Our colleges and universities enrollment has increased greatly .With the accelerated pace of higher education, college graduates face an increasingly severe employment situation, the main reasons include the following:Firstlly, labor supply and demand are not in balance. With the development of global economy, China becomes the 'world factory', whose products are generally made by low-tech and low skill, so the demand for 'top' position is very limited,In the process China's development of higher education, there is a large blindness: basic higher education in China are government-driven and government action, while higher education in developed countries is market-driven , students blindly pursue popular professional, thus resulting unreasonable allocation of human resources. In addition, in the process of college teaching, too much attention is paid to theoretical knowledge, while practical ability of students is ignored.Graduates are unwilling to go to work in small businesses and rural towns and other skilled jobs, but it is precisely these areas where there is a demand for talents.graduates lack career skills, and have poor self-confidence some of them are overly dependent on others, blame the parents and blame the school,countermeasures and suggestionsTo reverse the current trends and to promote the healthy development of higher education,, I believe that the following measures should be taken.1 Government should make relevant laws and regulations, employment standards to protect the legitimate rights and interests of graduate employment.osphere.2 to enhance the overall quality of graduate training, improve the employment competitiveness of universities in training students of professional and technical knowledge, to be more concerned about the overall quality of training students in thetraining process,3 College studetns should improve their overall quality to establish a good knowledge structure and ability system. They should enhance various abilities, such as communication skills, organizational skills, the use of foreign languages and computer capabilities。

Effects of processing on the content and composition of isoflavones during manufacturing of tofu

Process Biochemistry37(2002)1117–1123Effects of processing on the content and composition ofisoﬂavones during manufacturing of soy beverage and tofuC.-J.C.Jackson a,*,J.P.Dini a,vandier a,H.P.V.Rupasinghe a,H.Faulkner a,V.Poysa b,D.Buzzell b,S.DeGrandis ca Guelph Center for Functional Foods,Laboratory Ser6ices Di6ision,Uni6ersity of Guelph,95Stone Road West,Guelph,Ont.,Canada N1H8J7b Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Center,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,Harrow,Ont.,Canada N0R1G0c BioLaunch Inc,Box242,Rockwood,Ont.,Canada N032K0Received16August2001;received in revised form22October2001;accepted24October2001AbstractIsoﬂavones present in soybean(Glycine max)have been credited with performing several health-promoting functions,such as, prevention of cardiovascular diseases,cancers,and menopausal symptoms.In this study,the effect of the processing of soybean on the total content of isoﬂavones(including aglycones and glucosides)and the relative concentrations of12isoﬂavone compounds during the preparation of soy beverage and tofu were investigated.The mean recoveries of isoﬂavones in soy beverage and tofu in relation to their initial concentration in the raw soybeans were54and36%,respectively.The estimated percentage of total isoﬂavones lost in the water used to soak raw soybeans,the okara(waste from heat-treated slurry),and whey were4,31, and18%,respectively.The isoﬂavone proﬁle of raw soybeans was altered as a result of processing.During processing,the detectable levels of aglycones,glucosides,and acetyl glycoside groups increased,whilst the corresponding malonyl glucosides decreased.The loss of isoﬂavones through the by-products,such as,okara and whey,was considerable.Appropriate techniques should be developed to recover and utilize these functional constituents from soybean by-products.In addition,processing techniques have to be optimized,so that theﬁnal products contain the nutrient and nutraceutical content of the starting material as much as possible.©2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Isoﬂavones;Daidzein;Genistein;Glycitein;Soybeans;Okara;Whey;Value-added products/locate/procbio1.IntroductionIsoﬂavones are a group of naturally occurring hetero-cyclic phenols found mainly in soybean(Glycine max) and have been credited with performing several health-promoting functions.Twelve isoﬂavone components have been isolated from soybeans;three aglycones (daidzein,genistein and glycitein)and their respective nine glucosidic conjugates(Fig.1).The glucosides in-clude three7-O-glucosides(daidzin,genistin and glycitin),three6¦-O-acetyl glucosides(6¦-O-acetyl-daidzin,6¦-O-acetyl-genistin and6¦-O-acetyl-glycitin) and three6¦-O-malonyl-glucosides(6¦-O-malonyl-daidzin,6¦-O-malonyl-genistin and6¦-O-malonyl-glycitin).Several investigators have suggested that soy food consumption may contribute to lower rates of certain chronic diseases such as hormone-dependent cancers, certain cardiovascular diseases,and osteoporosis.The lower incidence of certain diseases has been reported in Asian countries where soybean consumption is high (average intake of isoﬂavones is40–80mg per day) [1–3].Soy foods are suggested to provide a protective effect on the breast,intestine,liver,bladder,prostate, skin and stomach from cancer development[4,5]. Genistein,which possesses weak estrogenic activity,has been shown to act in animal models as an anti-estrogen and,therefore,may play a protective role in hormon-ally-inﬂuenced cancers,such as breast cancer[6,7]. Experiments on both animals and humans have shown that soybean protein has hypocholesterolemic*Corresponding author.Tel.:+1-519-767-6246;fax:+1-519-767-6240.E-mail address:cjackson@lsd.uoguelph.ca(C.-J.C.Jackson).0032-9592/02/$-see front matter©2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved. PII:S0032-9592(01)00323-5C.-J.C.Jackson et al./Process Biochemistry37(2002)1117–1123 1118and anti-atherogenic property[8].Recently,in a meta analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids,soy protein signiﬁcantly decreased serum concen-trations of total cholesterol,low density lipoproteins (LDL)cholesterol and triglycerides when compared with protein of animal origin[9,10].Studies in primates indicate that soy protein may exert its anti-atherogenic effects via associated isoﬂavones[11].Soy isoﬂavones also have antioxidant properties,which may protect LDL from oxidation[12].Consumption of25g of soybean protein per day can contribute to the lowering of serum cholesterol levels and the prevention of heart disease[13].This health claim places soy foods among a selected category of‘functional foods’possessing unique medicinal,as well as,nutritional value. Epidemiological studies have shown that women who have higher intake of soy foods have lower rates of osteoporosis[5].Genistein administration in two ovariectamized rat models,reduced rates of bone loss [9],and isoﬂavones may directly inhibit bone resorption [14].As isoﬂavones are weak estrogens,ingestion of soybean foods has been proposed as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy for post-menopausal women[15].The processing of soybeans affects the nutritional content of the soy food products signiﬁcantly[16,17]. There have been reports on the isoﬂavone content of some soybean varieties and soy foods as well as the effects of processing on these compounds[18–20].Dis-tribution of isoﬂavones in commercial soy food prod-ucts is determined by the variety of the soybeans,the processing conditions,and by dilution with non-soy ingredient[16].Heat processing,enzymic hydrolysis and fermentation signiﬁcantly alter the distribution of the isoﬂavone components in soy foods[16].Certain processing methods,such as boiling,milling,and protein coagulation in tofu production do not destroy daidzein or genistein signiﬁcantly,while other methods such as roasting(high heat treatment)result in a15–21%loss of daidzein and genistein,respectively[21]. Defoaming during the heating process of soy beverage production may also remove isoﬂavones[22].The ob-jective of this investigation was to analyze the isoﬂavone levels after each processing step,from On-tario grown soybean to soy beverage and tofu prepara-tion,in order to determine the effect of processing on distribution,retention and transformation of isoﬂavones.2.Materials and methods2.1.MaterialsRCAT Angora,a soybean cultivar with high levels of isoﬂavones[20]was grown and soy products were processed at the Greenhouse and Processing Crops, Research Center,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, (GPCRC-AAFC),Harrow,Ont.,Canada.Soy bever-age and momen tofu was prepared as described by Mullin et al.[23](Fig.1).HPLC grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from Caledon(Mississauga, Ont.).2.2.Isoﬂa6one standardsSix isoﬂavone standards were used in quantiﬁcation of total isoﬂavones;daidzein(Sigma Chemical Co,St. Louis,MO),genistein(Fluka Biochemika, Ronkonkonma,NY),glycitein and glycitin(Plantech, UK),and daidzin and genistin(Indoﬁne Chemical Company,Belle Mead,NJ)and their extinction coefﬁ-cients were measured(Table1).The glucosides6¦-O-malonyldaidzin,6¦-O-malonylgenistin,6¦-O-malonyl-glycitin,6¦-O-acetyldaidzin,6¦-O-acetylgenistin and6¦-O-acetylglycitin were isolated in our laboratory and used for peak conﬁrmation only.The identity of all standards was conﬁrmed by mass spectra.Fig.1.Structures of the12isoﬂavones in soybean.C.-J.C.Jackson et al./Process Biochemistry37(2002)1117–11231119Table1Extinction coefﬁcients of isoﬂavone standards used in the quantiﬁca-tion of unknownsm at u max Molecularu max(nm)Standard Workingrange(m g/ml)weight26000254Daidzein0.2–110250373002702620.5–120 Genistein262Glycitein223872840.1–20258Daidzin290004160.3–90417004322620.3–80 Genistin26303Glycitin4462620.1–35amount of water(ca.400ml)was added to the soy-beans,and the mixture was blended using a commercial Waring blender at high speed for4min.The remaining water was boiled and added to the heavy slurry and blended at high speed for1min to form light slurry.A commercial juice extractor was used to extract the soy beverage from the slurry.The slurry was poured into the extractor,the soy beverage was collected,and the okara(grit)was re-centrifuged to extract the remaining soy beverage.The volume of soy beverage was mea-sured to determine the beverage yield per kg soybean seed protein.Soy beverage was heated up to98°C(with stirring) and held at the same temperature for two minutes. Coagulant solution(1.5g glucono delta lactone(GDL) in20ml distilled water)was combined with the heated soy beverage in a beaker,and this mixture was allowed to stand for30min to solidify to tofu.The tofu was removed from the beaker and wrapped inﬁne-mesh polyester cloth.The whey was collected,and the tofu was placed in the running cold water for at least one hour.The weight of the tofu was then recorded to determine the yield of tofu per kg soybean seed protein.2.4.Isoﬂa6one extractionAll samples were freeze-dried,and these dried sam-ples were used in the isoﬂavone analyses.Approxi-mately,0.3g ofﬁnely ground raw soybean,0.15g of soaked soybean,0.05g of slurry,0.5g of dried bever-age of okara,0.5g of tofu,and0.2g of whey were weighed into125mlﬂat bottomﬂasks,and12ml of extraction solution(acetonitrile:0.1N HCl in5:1ratio) was added to eachﬂask.The solution was mixed using a rotary shaker(120rpm)overnight at room tempera-ture.Extracts were suctionﬁltered into250ml round bottomﬂasks through Whatman No.42ﬁlter paper and washed twice with12ml volumes of extraction solu-tion.Samples were condensed to approximately1ml using a vacuum rotary evaporator(Bu¨chi,Brinkmann, Switzerland)with a water bath at30°C.The dried material was re-dissolved in a mixture of methanol:water(80:20,v:v)to aﬁnal volume of10ml andﬁltered through a0.22m m PTFE syringeﬁlter (MSI,Westboro,MA)prior to HPLC analysis(modiﬁ-cation of Wang and Murphy,[16]).All steps were performed in reduced light conditions to minimize light-induced isoﬂavone degradation.2.5.HPLC analysis of isoﬂa6onesAnalysis of isoﬂavones was performed by a modiﬁca-tion of a method described by Wang and Murphy[16]. High Performance Liquid Chromatograph(HPLC)ap-paratus consisted of Waters(Marlborough,MA)600E multisolvent delivery system,717plus auto sampler,The quantities of malonyl-and acetyl-glucosides were estimated by using the standard curves of their respec-tive aglycone or glucosides and correcting for their molecular weight.Biochanin-A,an isomer of glycitein, which was not found in soybeans,was used to estimate analyte recovery.2.3.Soy be6erage and tofu preparationSoy beverage and soft(silken)tofu was prepared based on traditional methods[26]as described in detail by Mullin et al.,[23](Fig.2)While there are many variations of tofu processing methods used in industrial facilities,the method[23]used in this study is a labora-tory scale procedure developed following many Asian end users and designed to emphasize differences in protein quality among cultivars by using a constant water:protein ratio of18:1.It has good reproducibility within and across laboratories for evaluating cultivars for soymilk and tofu yield and quality[23].Protein and moisture contents of soybeans were de-termined using a Grainspec near infra-red whole grain analyzer(Foss Electric Multispec Division,York,UK).A standard amount of water per gram protein(18:1) was used to prepare soy beverage.Half of the required Fig.2.The major steps involved in soy beverage and tofu prepara-tion.C.-J.C.Jackson et al./Process Biochemistry37(2002)1117–1123 1120996photodiode array(PDA)detector monitoring at200–350nm or a Waters486tunable absorbance UVdetector set at254nm,and an NEC computer withMILLENNIUM(version2.10)chromatography software.The column used was a YMC-pack ODS-AM-303column(5m m,250×4.6mm i.d.)(YMC Inc,Wilming-ton,NC)equipped with an AM direct connect C-18guard column.All HPLC analyses were performed atambient temperature.A Hewlett–Packard8452A diodearray spectrophotometer was used to verify the concen-trations of stock standards prior to use.The mobile phases for HPLC consisted of solvent(A)0.1%(v/v)acetic acid inﬁltered MilliQ water,and(B)0.1%(v/v)acetic acid in acetonitrile.The solvent gradi-ent was as follows:Solvent B was increased from15to25%over35min,then increased to26.5%within next12min,andﬁnally to50%within50s and held at thatpercentage for next14.50min.Theﬂow rate was1 ml/min up to48min and increased to1.3ml/min from 48.50min till63min.A Water996series photodiode array detector(Millipore Corp,Marborough,MA) monitored from200to350nm.The minimum de-tectable concentrations for genistein and daidzein were 100and185ng/ml,respectively.UV spectra were recorded and area responses were integrated by Waters software(MILLENNIUM,version2.10).2.6.Calibration cur6es and reco6eryCrystalline standards were dissolved in80% methanol to give a concentration of about1000m g/ml. The concentrations of the stock solutions were calcu-lated using the absorbance value at the wavelength of maximum absorption(u max)of diluted standard solu-tions,the molecular weight of the isoﬂavone and the extinction coefﬁcient[24].The purity of each standard was determined by the percentage of the peak area in the HPLC/PDA chromatograph.Standard curves were obtained by plotting standard concentration(at nine concentrations)as a function of peak area in HPLC chromatograms.High linearity(R\0.99)was obtained for each curve.Quantities of6¦-O-acetyl-daidzin,6¦-O-acetyl-genistin,6¦-O-acetyl-glycitin,6¦-O-malonyl-daidzin,6¦-O-malonyl-genistin and6¦-O-malonyl-glycitin were determined by using standard curves for daidzin,genistin,and glycitin,respectively,and adjust-ing for the molecular weight differences.Recovery was estimated using added biochanin-A. All samples were spiked with approximately100m l of biochanin-A solution(1000m g/ml)in80%methanol. The solvent was allowed to dry prior to the addition of extraction solvent better to imitate endogenous isoﬂavones.Recovery values ranged from80to100%. The HPLC chromatography of the twelve isoﬂavones are illustrated in Fig.3.Fig.3.Reverse-phase HPLC chromatogram of the twelve isoﬂavones in soybean.2.7.Statistical analysesThe processing treatment was replicated three times. All experimental units were analyzed in duplicate.Val-ues were presented as the average of six replicate mean9S.D..One-way ANOVA was performed to de-termine signiﬁcant differences in isoﬂavones present in the soy product during the different processing steps (h=0.05).3.Results and discussionThis investigation showed that the total recovery of isoﬂavones in tofu was as low as36%(based on dry matter)when compared with the amount present in raw soybean cv.RCAT Angola(Table2).However,the recovery of isoﬂavones in the soy beverage was54%.It is apparent that each processing step in tofu manufac-turing contributes to the loss of isoﬂavones,resulting in a considerable amount of isoﬂavones being lost in the resultant by-products.Similar to the present results, Wang and Murphy[17]observed recovery of total isoﬂavones in traditional momem tofu as33%.How-ever,recovery of isoﬂavones from soy beverage was higher(67%)in the present study compared with that in Wang and Murphy’[17]study where it was only36%. The difference seems to result from the type of coagu-lant used in tofu preparation.It is apparent from this study that use of glucano delta lactone(GDL)as the coagulant might be better and more efﬁcient than CaCO4that was used in the previous study[17]in terms of recovering isoﬂavones in tofu from soy beverage. The loss of isoﬂavones with the soaking water as estimated by the differences in the amount detected in raw soybeans and soaked soybeans was4%.The totalC.-J.C.Jackson et al./Process Biochemistry37(2002)1117–11231121isoﬂavone content of the slurry(550mg)was lower than that of the raw soaked soybeans(690mg)(Table 2)and a change in distribution of isoﬂavone compo-nents was observed(Table3).Grinding of soaked-soy-bean in boiling water seems to result in the major loss of isoﬂavones during processing.The present study also showed that the composition of the isoﬂavones could vary from one step to another during processing.The malonyl conjugates were espe-cially unstable when exposed to heat.The levels of isoﬂavone aglycones,daidzein and genistein,increased by12-and23-fold,respectively,due to the soaking, heating,and grinding processes.Levels of malonyl daidzin and malonylgenistin decreased,due to the cleavage of malonyl ester groups to form daidzin and genistin upon heating and grinding.It is well docu-mented that the proﬁle of isoﬂavones changes due to temperature during processing[25–27].It is also re-ported that malonyl glucosides are easily decarboxy-lated to their corresponding acetyl derivatives,as we observed[2,27].When the slurry wasﬁltered to extract the soy bever-age,approximately two-thirds of the isoﬂavones parti-tioned into the soy beverage,while only one-third fractionated into the by-product,okara(Table2).The protein content of okara was similar to that of soy beverage and tofu(about5%)suggesting that a signiﬁ-cant portion of the nutritional content of the soybean is being lost along with the okara.Therefore,there is a great potential for utilizing the okara as an animal feed with a good source of protein and isoﬂavones.There was a greater percentage of aglycones(15.4%),glu-cosides(28.9%)and acety-genistin(0.89%)in the okara as compared with the soy beverage(5.41%aglycones, 22.2%glucosides and0.34%acetyl-genistin)(Table3),likely due to the low solubility of aglycones in the aqueous media.In the soy beverage,a greater percent-age of malonyl-glucosides(72%)were present than in okara(54.9%)(Table3).The yield of tofu was2.75g fresh tofu per gram dry soybean(404g fresh tofu from147g dry soybeans in starting material),and the tofu contained36%of the isoﬂavones presented in the starting material(i.e.260 mg isoﬂavones in tofu relative to720mg isoﬂavones in raw soybeans,Table2).There was a67%recovery of isoﬂavones in tofu when the soy beverage was coagu-lated using GLD to form tofu(i.e.260mg isoﬂavones in tofu relative to390mg isoﬂavones in soy beverage, with little change in the distribution of isoﬂavone com-ponents between soy beverage and tofu(Table2). When estimated from the amount of isoﬂavones present in the soy beverage and tofu,assuming no loss due to heating and coagulation,the maximum isoﬂavone content in the whey would be about18%of the total isoﬂavone present in the starting material.In contrast,Wang and Murphy[17]observed44%of isoﬂavone in whey.The different results could be partly due to the manner in which the tofu was prepared using different coagulant,the whey was collected,or the soybean variety used[20,26].The percentage of each of the components in the soy beverage and tofu was very similar,except that about5%of the malonyl-glucosides were converted to glucosides in the tofu derived from the soy beverage(Table3).The heating process in-volved in making tofu from the soy beverage was likely responsible for this conversion[25].Results indicate that the loss of isoﬂavones was signiﬁcant when the soy beverage is coagulated to form tofu,and the type of coagulant may have different inﬂuence.Isoﬂavones may be associated with proteins,and the losses ofTable2Impact of processing on yield,percent moisture,percent protein and isoﬂavone contents(three aglycones)in soybeans products and by-products Yield(g)%Moisture a%Protein b(wetProduct Total isoﬂavoneDaidzein c(mg)Genistein c(mg)Glycitein c(mg)(mg)weight)147909.7790.06–Raw soybean250A720A18A450A690B42.690.431393Soaked soybean19A430B240A19.590.9Soaked water NC d11009087.990–Cooked slurry200B340D 6.0BD550DSoy beverage68293888.990.1 4.6490.01140D240E10B390E82.191.1 4.5490.0684E130EOkara 4.0D418938220F404917Tofu87.590.3 5.0390.0595E160F 6.8B260FWhey NC dThe yield,%moisture and%protein values represent the mean9standard deviation;n=3.The daidzein,genistein,glycitein and total isoﬂavone contents in each column with different superscripts are signiﬁcantly different(P B0.05).a Percent moisture was calculated from the difference between wet and freeze-dried samples.b Percent protein was calculated by the Dumas combustion method(AOAC992.23).c To estimate the total isoﬂavone content,individual isoﬂavone glycoside and aglycone forms were normalized for their molecular weight differences and summed.Values were calculated in dry basis.d NC,not collected.C.-J.C.Jackson et al./Process Biochemistry37(2002)1117–11231122Table3Effects of processing on the distribution of twelve isoﬂavonesGlucosides(mg)a Malonyl glucosides(mg)aProduct Acetyl glucosides(mg)aAglycones(mg)a Total(mg) Gen.Gly.Dai.Gen.Gly.Dai.Gen.Dai.Gly.Dai.Gen.Gly.2.6A ND130A150A11A330A680A20ARaw soybean ND3.4A4.7A ND1325A8.7B ND120A140A12A320A6.5B630BSoaked soybean23A ND7.6B ND1267B60C 1.2A105B120B 3.7BCD200BCooked slurry390C40C 6.8B ND8.7C ND933D22D0.8A68C81C 5.6B160C15D330DSoy beverage11C ND 2.4F ND695C31D 1.1A48D53C 2.2C64D130E 2.8D ND 3.2DOkara ND22E355E12E0.5B57E63D 4.5D100E7.8B200FTofu 6.5B 1.3 2.9D ND455FDifferent subscripts in a column represent signiﬁcant differences(P B0.05);Dai.,daidzein;Gen.,genistein;Gly.,glycitein;ND,not detectable.a Values were calculated on dry weight basis as mg of individual component(mg per g dry weight).isoﬂavones in whey may be due to protein-associated isoﬂavones being released into the whey.It is necessary in future to develop optimum conditions for coagula-tion of soy beverage into tofu to retain the maximum amount of isoﬂavones in theﬁnal product.The estimated total mass of isoﬂavones lost in the soaking water,okara and whey were30,220,and13 mg,respectively.These values represent isoﬂavone losses of4,31and\18%,respectively(relative to the total isoﬂavone in starting material,720mg),through-out the processing steps(Table2).The soaking and cooking steps in soy beverage and tofu production yielded higher concentrations of aglycones and glu-cosides with decreased concentrations of malonyl derivatives,which were,observed previously[17].There were slight increases in the levels of acetyl-genistin and acetyl-daidzin throughout the processing of soybeans to soy beverage and tofu.In conclusion,it was shown that some isoﬂavones were lost in the processing steps,which involved heat-ing,grinding,and various fractionations.The isoﬂavones,which remain in the by-products(okara and whey),are not currently utilized fully in North America as food or feed sources.This study suggests that the development of efﬁcient processing techniques is warranted for better utilization of soybean in soy beverage and tofu preparation,as well as,to make use of their by-products in value-added foods or animal feeds.AcknowledgementsThis research was funded by Ontario Soybean Grow-ers and the work was carried out collaboratively with University of Guelph and GPCRC-AAFC,Harrow, Ont.,Canada.The soybean(RCAT Angora)was kindly provided by Gary Ablett at the University of Guelph and the preparation of soy beverage and tofu were performed by D.Jessop at GPCRC-AAFC,Har-row,Ont.,Canada.References[1]Barnes S,Grubbs C,Setchell K,Carlson J.Soybeans inhibitmammary tumours in models of breast cancer.In:Pariza M, Aeschbacher H,Felton J,Sato S,editors.Mutagens 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[11]Anthony M,Clarkson T,Weddle D,Wolfe M.Effects of soyprotein and phytoestrogens on cardiovascular risk factors in rhesus monkeys.J Nutr1995;125(Suppl3):803S–804(abstract).[12]Wei H,Bowen R,Cai Q,Barnes S,Wang Y.Antioxidant andantipromotional effects of the soybean isoﬂavone genistein.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med1995;208:124–30.[13]Food and Drug Administration(FDA).FDA Talk Paper.FDAapproves new health claim for soy protein and coronary heart disease,1999;.[14]Bahram HA,Alekel L,Hollis BW,Amin O,Stacewics-Sauntza-kis M,Guo P,Kukrejo SC.Dietary soybean protein prevents bone loss in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis.J Nutr 1996;126:161–7.[15]Cassidy A,Bingham S,Setchell KDR.Biological effects of a dietof soy protein rich in isoﬂavones on the menstrual cycle of premenopausal women.Am J Clin Nutr1994;60:333–40. [16]Wang H-J,Murphy PA.Isoﬂavone content in commercial soy-bean foods.J Agric Food Chem1994;42:1666–73.C.-J.C.Jackson et al./Process Biochemistry37(2002)1117–11231123[17]Wang HJ,Murphy PA.Mass balance study of isoﬂavonesduring soybean processing.J Agric Food Chem1996;44:2377–83.[18]Murphy PA.Separation of genistin,daidzin and their aglyconesand coumesterol by gradient high-performance liquid chro-matography.J Chromatogr1981;211:166–9.[19]Farmakalidis E,Murphy P.Isolation of6%-O-acetyldaidzeinfrom toasted defatted soyﬂakes.J Agric Food Chem 1985;33:385–9.[20]Jackson C-JC,Dini J-P,Lie L,Kingsmill C,Faulkner H,DeGrandis S.The inﬂuence of variety,location and growth year on phytoestrogen levels in Ontario soybeans and processed food products.J Med Food1999;2:3–4.[21]Franke A,Custer L,Cerna C,Narala K.Rapid HPLC analysisof dietary phytoestrogens from legumes and from human urine.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med1995;208:18–26.[22]Okubo K,Kobayzshi Y,Takahashi K.Improvement of soymilkand tofu process on the behavior of undesirable taste component such as glycosides.Up to Date Food Processing1983;18:16–22.[23]Mullin WJ,Fregean-Reid JA,Butter GM,Poysa V,WoodrowL,Jessop DB,Raymond D.An interlaboratory test of a proce-dure to access soybean quality for soymilk and tofu production.Food Res Int2001;34:669–77.[24]Ottis WD.The isoﬂavones.In:Geissman TA,editor.The chem-istry ofﬂavonoid compounds.New York:MacMillan, 1962:353–405.[25]Kudou S,Fleury Y,Welti D,Manalato D,Uchida T,KitamuraK,Okubo K.Malonyl isoﬂavones of glucosides in soybean seed (Glycine max Merrill).Agric Biol Chem1991;55:2227–33. 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让课堂焕发出生命活力读后感

让课堂焕发出生命活力读后感英文版Reigniting the Vitality of the Classroom: A ReflectionReading "Reigniting the Vitality of the Classroom" left me deeply moved and inspired. The author's vision for a dynamic, engaging, and alive classroom is not just a pipe dream; it's a necessary transformation that our educational system desperately needs.The book highlights the importance of making learning relevant, meaningful, and fun. It emphasizes the role of teachers in creating an environment where students feel valued, included, and challenged. The author's argument for a shift from traditional, rote-based learning to a more interactive and innovative approach resonates deeply with me.I particularly liked the idea of making learning experiential. When students are given opportunities to explore, experiment, and apply their knowledge in real-world situations, they notonly retain information better but also develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter. This approach encourages critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and a growth mindset –all crucial attributes for the 21st century learner.Moreover, the book underscores the need for teachers to be lifelong learners themselves. In order to inspire students, teachers must stay updated with the latest educational practices and technologies. By being open to new ideas and continuously evolving, teachers can create a classroom that is not just a place of learning but also a hub of creativity and innovation.In conclusion, "Reigniting the Vitality of the Classroom" is a must-read for all educators. It challenges us to rethink our approach to teaching and learning, and激励我们为下一代创造一个充满活力、创新和机遇的学习环境。

科学精神对我们成长英语作文的影响

科学精神对我们成长英语作文的影响The Scientific Mindset and Its Profound Impact on Our Journey Through Life.The scientific mindset, characterized by critical thinking, intellectual curiosity, and a relentless pursuit of knowledge, has the power to transform our lives and reshape our understanding of the world around us. Its influence extends far beyond the laboratory and into the realm of our personal growth and development.1. Fostering Critical Thinking and Logical Reasoning:The scientific mindset emphasizes the importance of questioning assumptions, evaluating evidence objectively, and constructing logical arguments. By embracing this approach, we develop the ability to think critically and make informed decisions. It empowers us to navigate the complexities of modern society, where we are constantly bombarded with information and opinions.2. Cultivating Intellectual Curiosity and a Thirst for Knowledge:Science thrives on curiosity and the desire to uncover the unknown. The scientific mindset fosters a lifelongthirst for knowledge that drives us to explore new ideas, question the world around us, and seek deeper understanding. It propels us on a continuous journey of discovery and learning, enriching our lives with new perspectives and a sense of wonder.3. Embracing Uncertainty and Humility:Science teaches us that knowledge is provisional and subject to revision as new evidence emerges. This understanding fosters humility and a willingness to embrace uncertainty. The scientific mindset encourages us to beopen to alternative viewpoints, to recognize thelimitations of our knowledge, and to continually strive for improvement.4. Promoting Rationality and Objectivity:The scientific method emphasizes rationality and objectivity, encouraging us to base our conclusions on evidence and logic rather than emotions or biases. By cultivating these traits, we can avoid falling prey to cognitive fallacies and make more informed choices in both our personal and professional lives.5. Encouraging Collaboration and Openness to Feedback:Science thrives on collaboration and the exchange of ideas. The scientific mindset fosters a spirit of openness and a willingness to share knowledge and receive feedback. It encourages us to seek out diverse perspectives, learn from others, and contribute our own insights to the collective pool of knowledge.6. Enhancing Problem-Solving Skills:Science is fundamentally about solving problems. The scientific mindset equips us with a systematic approach toproblem-solving, involving hypothesis generation, data collection, analysis, and interpretation. By applying these techniques, we can effectively tackle challenges, both in our personal lives and in our professional endeavors.7. Nurturing Resilience and Perseverance:Scientific research is often fraught with setbacks and failures. The scientific mindset teaches us to embracethese obstacles as opportunities for learning and growth.It fosters resilience, perseverance, and a determination to overcome challenges. By embracing the setbacks we encounter, we develop a stronger work ethic, a greater capacity to handle adversity, and an unwavering belief in our abilityto achieve our goals.8. Expanding Our Worldview and Appreciation for Complexity:Science reveals the interconnectedness and complexityof the natural world. The scientific mindset encourages usto appreciate the intricate relationships between differentsystems and to recognize the limitations of our own perceptions. It expands our worldview, fostering a sense of awe and wonder for the universe we inhabit.Conclusion:The scientific mindset is an invaluable asset that empowers us to navigate the complexities of life, make informed decisions, and continuously grow as individuals. By embracing the principles of critical thinking, intellectual curiosity, and logical reasoning, we cultivate a lifelong passion for learning, nurture resilience and perseverance, and expand our understanding of the world around us. The scientific mindset is more than just a set of tools; it is a transformative force that has the power to unlock our potential and shape our destiny.。

学业自我效能感英语

学业自我效能感英语The Importance of Academic Self-Efficacy.In the realm of education, self-efficacy plays apivotal role in determining an individual's approach towards learning, motivation, and ultimately, academic success. Academic self-efficacy, often referred to as the belief in one's own capabilities to succeed in academic tasks and challenges, is a crucial component of educational psychology. It involves a sense of confidence and competence that drives students to engage actively with their studies, persevere in the face of difficulties, and set higher goals for themselves.At the core of academic self-efficacy lies the belief that one has the ability to influence one's own learning outcomes. This belief is not static; it evolves through a combination of personal experiences, social interactions, and the strategies employed by individuals to cope with academic demands. When students believe that they canmaster new concepts, solve problems, and perform well in exams, they are more likely to approach learning with enthusiasm and determination.One of the key factors that influence academic self-efficacy is past performance. Successes in academic tasks boost a student's confidence and increase their belief in their own abilities. Conversely, failures can have a demotivating effect, leading to doubts about one's capabilities. However, it's important to note that the impact of past performance on self-efficacy is not absolute. Students have the ability to reinterpret their failures as learning opportunities and use them as stepping stones towards future successes.The role of teachers and peers in fostering academicself-efficacy cannot be overstated. Encouraging feedback, supportive learning environments, and challenging yet achievable tasks all contribute to building students'beliefs in their own abilities. Teachers, in particular,play a crucial role by providing opportunities for success, modeling effective learning strategies, and fostering agrowth mindset among their students.Another significant aspect of academic self-efficacy is the use of self-regulatory strategies. These strategies, such as goal-setting, self-monitoring, and self-reflection, enable students to take control of their learning process and adjust their approach based on their progress and challenges encountered. By actively monitoring their learning, students can identify areas where they need to improve and adjust their strategies accordingly.The impact of academic self-efficacy extends beyond the classroom. It influences students' choices of academic subjects and careers, their engagement with extracurricular activities, and even their overall well-being. Students with high academic self-efficacy are more likely to take on challenging tasks, persevere in the face of difficulties, and seek out opportunities for growth and development.In conclusion, academic self-efficacy is a critical component of educational success. It shapes students' approach towards learning, their motivation to excel, andtheir willingness to take on new challenges. By fostering a positive learning environment, providing encouraging feedback, and encouraging the use of self-regulatory strategies, educators can help students develop a strong sense of academic self-efficacy that will serve them well throughout their academic and professional careers.。

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科技对教育领域老师和学生的影响英语作文The Impact of Technology on Teachers and Students in the Education SectorAdvancements in technology have brought aboutsignificant changes in various sectors, including education. The integration of technology in the classroom has transformed the traditional teaching and learning methods, making them more interactive, engaging, and effective. Today, technology has become an essential tool in the education sector, helping teachers to improve theirteaching methods and students to enhance their learning experience. In this article, we will explore the impact of technology on teachers and students in the education sector.Impact of Technology on TeachersTechnology has transformed the way teachers plan and deliver their lessons. They can now access a wide range of resources, including educational videos, online tutorials, and interactive software, to support their teaching. These resources can be used to supplement traditional teachingmethods, making the lessons more engaging and effective. With technology, teachers can also create and share digital content, such as presentations, videos, and podcasts, to make their lessons more interactive and engaging.Moreover, technology has made it easier for teachers to monitor and assess their students' progress. They can use digital tools, such as learning management systems, totrack their students' performance and provide feedback. These tools can also be used to create and grade assignments, quizzes, and exams, making the assessment process more efficient and accurate.Technology has also enabled teachers to communicate with their students more effectively. They can use digital communication tools, such as email, instant messaging, and video conferencing, to keep in touch with their studentsand provide support when needed. This has helped to improve the teacher-student relationship, making it easier for teachers to address their students' needs and concerns.Overall, technology has enhanced the teaching experience, making it more efficient, effective, and engaging. Teachers can now access a wide range of resources, monitor theirstudents' progress, assess their performance, and communicate with them more effectively.Impact of Technology on StudentsTechnology has transformed the way students learn. They can now access a wealth of information online, allowing them to learn at their own pace and in their own time. This has made learning more flexible, enabling students to study from anywhere and at any time. Moreover, technology has made learning more interactive and engaging. Students can now use digital tools, such as interactive whiteboards, educational software, and online resources, to explore and understand complex concepts more easily.Technology has also enhanced students' collaboration and communication skills. They can use digital communication tools, such as email, instant messaging, and social media, to collaborate on projects, share ideas, and work together on assignments. This has helped to improve their social skills and prepare them for the digital workplace.Moreover, technology has enabled students to personalize their learning experience. They can use digital tools, such as adaptive learning software and personalized learningplatforms, to tailor their learning to their individual needs and preferences. This has helped to improve their motivation and engagement, making them more likely to succeed in their studies.However, the use of technology in education has also raised some concerns. One of the major concerns is thedigital divide, where students from disadvantaged backgrounds may not have access to the same digital resources as their peers. This could lead to a widening achievement gap, where students from disadvantaged backgrounds fall behind in their studies.ConclusionIn conclusion, technology has had a significant impacton teachers and students in the education sector. It has transformed the way teachers plan and deliver their lessons, making them more engaging and effective. It has also enhanced students' learning experience, making it more interactive, flexible, and personalized. However, the useof technology in education also raises some concerns, such as the digital divide. Therefore, it is important for educators and policymakers to address these concerns andensure that all students have access to the same digital resources and opportunities.。

学术焦虑英语作文

学术焦虑英语作文As students navigate through the educational system, theyoften encounter various forms of academic challenges. Onesuch challenge that has become increasingly prevalent is academic anxiety, particularly in English composition courses. This essay aims to explore the causes of academic anxiety in English composition, its effects on students, and potential strategies to mitigate it.Causes of Academic Anxiety in English Composition1. Language Barrier: For non-native speakers, the complexityof the English language can be a significant source of anxiety. The nuances of grammar, the vast vocabulary, and the subtleties of idiomatic expressions can be daunting.2. Writing Skills: The ability to articulate thoughts coherently in writing is a skill that not all students possess. The pressure to produce well-structured, logical,and persuasive essays can lead to anxiety.3. Peer Comparison: A competitive academic environment where students are compared to their peers based on grades andwriting quality can heighten feelings of inadequacy and anxiety.4. High Expectations: Teachers and institutions often havehigh expectations for students' writing abilities. The fearof not meeting these expectations can be a source of significant stress.5. Time Management: Balancing the time required for research, drafting, revising, and finalizing an essay can be a challenge, leading to anxiety as deadlines approach.Effects of Academic Anxiety on Students1. Reduced Performance: Anxiety can impair cognitive functions, leading to a decline in the quality of work.2. Avoidance Behavior: Students may avoid writing assignments or procrastinate, which can exacerbate their anxiety.3. Self-Esteem Issues: Constant struggles with academic tasks can lead to a decrease in self-confidence and self-esteem.4. Physical Symptoms: Anxiety can manifest in physical ways, such as headaches, stomachaches, or sleep disturbances.5. Withdrawal: In severe cases, students may withdraw from class participation or even consider dropping out of the course.Strategies to Mitigate Academic Anxiety1. Skill Development: Providing workshops and resources to improve writing skills can help reduce anxiety.2. Peer Support: Encouraging peer review and collaborationcan create a supportive environment where students can learn from each other.3. Clear Expectations: Setting clear and achievable goals for assignments can help manage student expectations and reduce pressure.4. Time Management Training: Teaching students how to manage their time effectively can alleviate some of the stress associated with deadlines.5. Counseling Services: Offering access to counseling services for students experiencing high levels of anxiety can provide them with the tools to cope.In conclusion, academic anxiety in English composition is a multifaceted issue that can significantly impact a student's academic journey. By understanding its causes and effects, and by implementing strategies to mitigate it, educational institutions can create a more supportive and less stressful learning environment for all students.。

缓解压力爱上学科英语作文

In the realm of higher education, where academic excellence is often equated with success, students often grapple with an array of pressures that can lead to stress, especially when it comes to mastering a subject as complex and comprehensive as Academic English. This essay explores the multifaceted ways in which we can not only mitigate such stress but also foster a genuine love for the discipline, thereby enhancing learning outcomes and personal growth.Firstly, understanding the importance of Academic English cannot be overstated. It is the key to unlocking a vast repository of knowledge across various fields of study, serving as a universal language that bridges cultures and disciplines. Recognizing its intrinsic value can help shift the perspective from viewing it as a daunting task to appreciating it as a powerful tool. This mindset shift can significantly reduce stress levels by converting the pressure into motivation.To alleviate stress, one practical strategy involves adopting a structured approach to learning. Breaking down the subject into manageable parts – grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, writing skills, and presentation skills –allows students to focus on one aspect at a time. Regular practice, goal-setting, and consistent feedback create a positive learning environment where progress is visible and stress is minimized. Furthermore, incorporating interactive and engaging activities like group discussions, debates, and role-plays can make the learning process more enjoyable and less stressful.Another pivotal aspect lies in self-care and stress management techniques. Regular exercise, mindfulness meditation, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle all contribute to a clearer mind, enabling better concentration and retention of information. Additionally, taking breaks between study sessions and practicing relaxation techniques can prevent burnout and foster a renewed enthusiasm for studying Academic English.Moreover, technology plays a crucial role in making Academic English more accessible and less intimidating. Online resources, apps, and virtual tutors provide instant support, allowing learners to work at their own pace and getpersonalized guidance. These tools often gamify the learning experience, thus nurturing a fondness for the subject matter while easing the burden of stress.Emotional investment in the subject can also be cultivated through contextualization and relevance. When students see how Academic English connects to their personal interests or future career paths, they are more likely to develop a passion for it. For instance, linking advanced English concepts to real-world scenarios or current global issues could inspire curiosity and ignite a deeper interest.Lastly, fostering a supportive learning community is instrumental. Collaborative learning environments where students can share experiences, doubts, and successes can greatly reduce the sense of isolation and anxiety that often accompanies rigorous academic pursuits. Group projects, peer review sessions, and study groups encourage mutual support and camaraderie, transforming the journey of mastering Academic English from a solitary struggle into a collective endeavor.In conclusion, alleviating stress and fostering a love for Academic English necessitates a holistic approach that intertwines cognitive strategies, emotional engagement, self-care practices, technological aids, and communal learning. By embracing these methods, students can transcend the barriers of stress and instead immerse themselves in the enriching world of Academic English, ultimately achieving academic success while cultivating a lifelong affection for this essential discipline. This approach not only addresses the immediate challenge of managing stress but also lays the groundwork for a fulfilling educational experience that transcends mere academic requirements.Word Count: 567 wordsNote: The above response is a condensed version due to character limitations. To reach a word count of 1290+, each point mentioned would need to be expanded upon with detailed explanations, examples, and empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of each strategy.。

五育并举的英语作文用should提问

五育并举的英语作文用should提问A well-rounded education should encompass the balanced development of the five domains of education - moral, intellectual, physical, social, and aesthetic. This holistic approach, often referred to as "five-育" in Chinese, is crucial in cultivating well-rounded individuals who can thrive in an increasingly complex and interconnected world. In this essay, we will explore the importance of this balanced development through a series of "should" questions.Firstly, how should moral education be implemented? Moral education should instill in students a strong sense of ethics, integrity, and social responsibility. Schools should provide opportunities for students to engage in community service, discuss ethical dilemmas, and learn about the importance of making decisions that consider the greater good. By fostering moral character, students should be equipped to navigate the challenges of the modern world with compassion and a commitment to doing what is right.Secondly, what should intellectual education entail? Intellectual education should challenge students to think critically, problem-solve, and develop a deep understanding of academic disciplines. Schools should offer a diverse curriculum that exposes students to a wide range of subjects, from the sciences and humanities to the arts and technology. Students should be encouraged to ask questions, engage in research, and apply their knowledge to real-world problems. This type of intellectual stimulation should cultivate a lifelong love of learning and a thirst for knowledge.Thirdly, how should physical education be integrated into the curriculum? Physical education should not be an afterthought but rather a vital component of a well-rounded education. Schools should provide ample opportunities for students to engage in physical activity, learn about the importance of health and wellness, and develop fundamental movement skills. Students should be encouraged to participate in a variety of sports and physical activities, both individual and team-based, to foster a sense of physical competence, teamwork, and sportsmanship.Fourthly, what should social education entail? Social education should help students develop the interpersonal skills and cultural awareness necessary to navigate an increasingly diverse and globalized world. Schools should offer opportunities for students to engage in collaborative projects, participate in extracurricular activities, and learn about different cultures and perspectives. Students should be encouraged to practice effective communication,conflict resolution, and empathy, preparing them to be responsible and engaged citizens.Lastly, how should aesthetic education be integrated into the curriculum? Aesthetic education should cultivate students' appreciation for the arts, music, and creative expression. Schools should provide access to a range of artistic and cultural experiences, from visual arts and music to dance and theater. Students should be encouraged to explore their own creative talents, experiment with different mediums, and develop a deeper understanding of the role of the arts in human expression and cultural heritage.In conclusion, the balanced development of the five domains of education - moral, intellectual, physical, social, and aesthetic - should be a priority for schools and educational systems. By addressing each of these areas, students should be equipped with the knowledge, skills, and character traits necessary to thrive in the 21st century. Through a holistic approach to education, we can empower the next generation to become well-rounded, compassionate, and innovative leaders who can positively contribute to their communities and the world at large.。

新思涌动引领未来的英语作文

In the everevolving landscape of the modern world,it is the surge of innovative ideas that propels us into the future.The power of new thoughts is immense,as they have the potential to reshape our understanding of the world,transform industries,and improve the quality of life for people across the globe.The Role of Innovation in Shaping the FutureInnovation is the driving force behind progress.It is the spark that ignites change and fosters development.In the realm of technology,for instance,new ideas have led to the creation of smartphones,the internet,and artificial intelligence,which have become integral parts of our daily lives.These innovations have not only made tasks more efficient but have also opened up new possibilities for communication,education,and entertainment.The Impact of New Thoughts on SocietyThe influence of innovative thinking extends beyond technology.It permeates through society,affecting culture,politics,and economics.Social innovations,such as new educational models,healthcare delivery systems,and sustainable living practices,have the power to address and solve some of the most pressing issues facing humanity today. By challenging the status quo and proposing novel solutions,new thoughts can lead to more equitable and sustainable societies.The Necessity of Fostering a Culture of InnovationTo harness the full potential of new thoughts,it is crucial to cultivate an environment that encourages creativity and risktaking.This involves nurturing a culture of innovation where individuals are not only free to think outside the box but are also supported in their cational institutions,businesses,and governments all have a role to play in creating such an ecosystem.The Role of Education in Encouraging New IdeasEducation is a fundamental pillar in fostering innovation.It should not only impart knowledge but also encourage critical thinking and problemsolving skills.By teaching students to question,explore,and experiment,we can equip them with the tools necessary to generate new ideas and solutions.Moreover,interdisciplinary approaches that combine knowledge from different fields can often lead to groundbreaking insights.The Importance of Collaboration in InnovationInnovation thrives in environments where collaboration is valued.The exchange of ideas between individuals from diverse backgrounds and disciplines can lead to the synthesis of new concepts.Collaboration can take many forms,from team projects within an organization to international partnerships between institutions and governments.The Challenges and Opportunities of New ThoughtsWhile the surge of new thoughts is exciting,it also presents challenges.Not all new ideas are immediately accepted or implemented,and there can be resistance to change. However,the opportunities that come with innovation far outweigh the challenges.By embracing change and being open to new ways of thinking,we can pave the way for a future that is more advanced,inclusive,and sustainable.ConclusionIn conclusion,the flow of new thoughts is the lifeblood of progress.As we stand on the precipice of the future,it is our responsibility to encourage,support,and implement innovative ideas.By doing so,we can ensure that the future is not only different but better,shaped by the collective wisdom and creativity of humanity.。

在中国,家长重视理科的英语作文

在中国,家长重视理科的英语作文In the tapestry of Chinese culture, education holds a place of paramount importance, woven with threads of tradition, ambition, and societal expectations. Within this intricate design, a distinct pattern emerges—a pronounced emphasis on science and mathematics education, often at the expense of the humanities and arts. This preference is deeply rooted in both historical and contemporary factors, shaping the educational landscape and influencing the aspirations of generations. Historically, China's reverence for science and mathematics can be traced back centuries, to a civilization that pioneered advancements in astronomy, mathematics, and engineering. The legacy of figures like the ancient mathematician Zu Chongzhi and the inventor of gunpowder, continues to inspire a cultural appreciation for scientific inquiry and innovation. This historical context intertwines with the more recent narrative of China's economic rise, fueled by advancements in technology and engineering. In the eyes of many parents, science and mathematics represent the keys to success in a competitive job market, offering promising career paths in fields like engineering, medicine, and technology. The perception of these subjects as gateways to financial stability and societal respect further solidifies their position at the pinnacle of the educational hierarchy. However, this emphasis on science and mathematics is not without its drawbacks. Theintense focus on these subjects can sometimes overshadow the importance of a well-rounded education, potentially neglecting the development of critical thinking, creativity, and communication skills fostered by the humanities and arts. Furthermore, the pressure to excel in science and mathematics can create an environment of intense competition, leading to stress and anxiety among students. The pursuit of academic excellence in these fields can sometimes come at the expense of personal well-being and a balanced approach to education. Despitethese concerns, the emphasis on science and mathematics education in China also reflects a pragmatic response to the demands of a rapidly evolving global landscape. In an era defined by technological advancements and scientific breakthroughs, a workforce equipped with strong STEM skills is crucial fornational development and economic competitiveness. The Chinese government has actively promoted STEM education through policy initiatives and investments inresearch and development, recognizing its role in driving innovation and progress. Looking ahead, it is important for China to strike a balance between promoting science and mathematics education while ensuring a holistic approach that encompasses the humanities and arts. Nurturing creativity, critical thinking, and empathy alongside technical skills is essential for fostering well-rounded individuals capable of navigating the complexities of the 21st century. By embracing a more comprehensive approach to education, China can empower future generations to not only excel in STEM fields but also contribute meaningfully to society as compassionate and engaged citizens.。

关于大学现象的英文作文

关于大学现象的英文作文英文：As a student who has been in university for a few years, I have observed some phenomena that are unique touniversity life. One of the most prominent ones is the prevalence of procrastination. Many students, including myself, tend to put off assignments and studying until the last minute. This often leads to all-nighters and a lot of stress. However, I have also noticed that some students are able to manage their time well and avoid procrastination. They are able to balance their academic responsibilitieswith extracurricular activities and socializing.Another phenomenon that I have observed is the prevalence of mental health issues among university students. The pressure to succeed academically, combinedwith the stress of living away from home and the social pressures of university life, can take a toll on students' mental health. I have seen many of my peers struggle withanxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. However, universities are starting to recognize the importance of mental health and are offering more resources and support for students.Overall, university life is a unique experience that comes with its own set of challenges and opportunities. Itis up to each individual student to make the most of their time in university and to find ways to overcome the challenges that come with it.中文：作为一名已经在大学学习了几年的学生，我注意到了一些大学生活中独特的现象。

对在校午睡的看法英语作文

Napping during school hours is a topic that has sparked much debate among educators,parents,and students alike.Here are some perspectives on this issue,presented in an essay format:Title:The Merits and Demerits of Napping at SchoolIntroduction:Napping at school,a practice that has been adopted by some educational institutions,is a subject of considerable discussion.While some argue that it enhances productivity and learning,others believe it disrupts the school day.This essay will explore both sides of the argument.Body Paragraph1:The Benefits of Napping at School1.Improved Cognitive Function:Studies have shown that a short nap can improve memory retention and cognitive performance.This can be particularly beneficial for students who have difficulty concentrating in the afternoon.2.Enhanced Mood and Alertness:A brief period of rest can help students feel more refreshed and alert,which can lead to a more positive attitude towards learning.3.Health Benefits:Napping can also have physical health benefits,such as reducing stress levels and boosting the immune system.Body Paragraph2:The Drawbacks of Napping at School1.Disruption of the School Schedule:Incorporating naps into the school day can be challenging from a logistical standpoint.It may require adjustments to the timetable, which could affect the delivery of the curriculum.2.Potential for Misuse:There is a risk that some students might use the opportunity to nap as a way to avoid classes or homework,rather than as a means to improve their academic performance.3.Cultural and Societal Norms:In some cultures,napping during the day is not a common practice,and its introduction in schools might be met with resistance from parents or the community.Body Paragraph3:Balancing the Pros and Cons1.Strategic Implementation:Schools could consider implementing nap times strategically, such as after lunch when students are naturally more tired,to maximize the benefits.2.ResearchBased Approach:Further research is needed to determine the optimal nap duration and timing to ensure that the benefits outweigh any potential drawbacks.3.Flexibility:Allowing for flexibility in nap times could cater to individual student needs, ensuring that those who benefit most from napping have the opportunity to do so.Conclusion:The practice of napping at school is not without its merits,but it also presents challenges that must be carefully considered.A balanced approach,informed by research and tailored to the needs of individual students,could help to maximize the benefits of napping while minimizing any potential negative impacts on the educational process. Recommendations:1.Pilot Programs:Schools could start with pilot programs to assess the impact of napping on student performance and engagement.2.Student and Parent Feedback:Gathering feedback from students and parents can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of napping policies.3.Professional Development:Educators should be informed about the benefits and best practices for implementing napping policies to ensure they are used effectively.In conclusion,while napping at school has its advantages,it is essential to approach the practice with a thoughtful and wellresearched strategy to ensure that it contributes positively to the educational experience.。

为什么要给学校增加美誉度的好处英语作文

文章标题The Importance of Enhancing the Prestige of SchoolsIn today's competitive educational landscape, the prestige of a school holds immense significance. It notonly reflects the institution's overall reputation but also determines its standing in the larger educational community. The benefits of bolstering a school's prestige are numerous and diverse, ranging from attracting top-tier students and faculty to fostering a positive learning environment.Firstly, a school with a high level of prestige often attracts the most promising students. These students, typically with excellent academic records and a keeninterest in furthering their knowledge, bring a renewed energy and enthusiasm to the campus. Their presence notonly raises the overall academic standards but also creates a vibrant and competitive atmosphere that challenges and inspires all students to excel.Moreover, a school's prestige also plays a crucial role in attracting top-notch faculty members. Accomplished teachers and researchers are often drawn to institutionswith a strong reputation, knowing that they will haveaccess to better resources, more opportunities for collaboration, and a larger platform to showcase their work. Such faculty members, in turn, enhance the quality of education and research at the school, further elevating its prestige.Furthermore, a school's prestige can also have a significant impact on its alumni network. Alumni of high-prestige institutions often form powerful and influential networks that can provide valuable support andopportunities to current students and graduates. These networks can open doors to internships, job placements, and other beneficial collaborations, greatly enhancing the career prospects of students graduating from such schools.In addition to these direct benefits, a school'sprestige also contributes to a positive learning environment. Students and faculty members at high-prestige institutions often share a strong sense of pride and belonging, knowing that they are part of an institutionthat is highly respected and admired. This sense of pride and belonging fosters a more engaged and collaborativelearning atmosphere, leading to better academic outcomesand a more fulfilling educational experience.Moreover, a school's prestige can also be a powerfultool for promoting its values and mission. As a high-prestige institution, a school has a greater ability to share its vision, culture, and educational philosophy witha wider audience. This not only enhances the school's brand recognition but also helps to shape public perception ofits educational standards and achievements.Finally, the benefits of enhancing a school's prestige extend beyond the campus and into the wider community. A high-prestige school often serves as a beacon of excellence, attracting attention and resources from local, regional,and even national levels. This can lead to increased funding, support, and partnerships that further strengthen the school's position and impact in the community.In conclusion, the importance of enhancing a school's prestige cannot be overstated. It is essential forattracting top students and faculty, fostering a positive learning environment, strengthening alumni networks, promoting the school's values and mission, and enhancingits standing in the community. By investing in andnurturing its prestige, a school can ensure its continued success and relevance in the rapidly evolving world of education.**为什么要给学校增加美誉度的好处**在当今竞争激烈的教育环境中，学校的声誉具有极其重要的意义。

烹饪学校为未来带来希望英语作文

烹饪学校为未来带来希望英语作文Culinary Schools Bring Hope for the FutureHave you ever thought about where the delicious food you eat every day comes from? It doesn't just magically appear on your plate! There are lots of people working very hard to prepare tasty meals for us. These people are called chefs, and they learn their skills at special schools called culinary schools.A culinary school is kind of like a regular school, but instead of learning math, reading, and other typical subjects, students learn all about cooking and preparing food. They take classes on things like kitchen safety, nutrition, food preparation techniques, baking, menu planning, and food presentation. The students get to spend a lot of time actually cooking in professional kitchens too!Becoming a chef is not easy. It requires a lot of hard work, creativity, and passion for food. Chefs have to be able to follow recipes precisely, but also have the skills to improvise and put their own personal twists on dishes. They need to understand how different flavors and ingredients work together. Attention to detail is really important too - from measuring ingredients accurately to making sure each plate looks beautiful when served.It's a very demanding job, but for people who love cooking, it can be a really fun and rewarding career.I think culinary schools are amazing because they help train the chefs who make the yummy food we all love to eat! Whether it's a fancy meal at a restaurant, a delicious birthday cake, or just a simple home-cooked dinner, having skilled chefs is what makes it all possible. And not only do they prepare tasty meals, but chefs also get to experiment with creating brand new dishes and unique flavor combinations. How cool is it that they get to invent new foods for the rest of us to enjoy?Culinary schools give students a strong foundation in cooking techniques and food knowledge. But they also teach important life skills like teamwork, time management, and problem-solving. In a restaurant kitchen, every person has to work together seamlessly as a team to get all the orders out on time. There's no room for mistakes when you have hungry customers waiting! Chefs have to be able to think on their feet and come up with creative solutions if issues come up, like running out of an ingredient or having equipment break down unexpectedly. The high-pressure environment helps build critical thinking abilities.Having culinary training can open up all kinds of career opportunities too, not just working as a chef in a restaurant. Some graduates go on to write cookbooks, become food stylists for TV shows and magazines, or work as personal chefs for wealthy families. The food service industry is huge, so there are jobs available in settings like hotels, catering companies, schools, hospitals and more. Chefs with an entrepreneurial spirit might even open their own restaurant or specialty food business one day.But why are culinary schools so important for the future? Well, as the world's population continues to grow, we will need more and more skilled food professionals to help feed families and communities nutritious, sustainable meals. Climate change and factors like drought and extreme weather are already impacting global food supplies. Having chefs who are knowledgeable about adapting recipes, using alternative ingredients, minimizing food waste, and implementingeco-friendly practices will become critical.Culinary schools also help preserve and pass down cultural food traditions to new generations. Every region and ethnicity has its own unique cuisines and specialties that are part of their heritage. By training future chefs in these traditions, culinaryschools ensure that the world's diverse culinary heritage doesn't get lost as modern life grows more fast-paced and global.On a personal level, food plays such an important role in bringing people together and creating warm memories centered around meals with family and friends. A talented chef has the power to craft those memorable dining experiences that make people feel happy, comforted and connected. For big celebrations, holidays or just a casual weeknight dinner, chefs use their skills in the kitchen to help make lasting memories around the table.Maybe some of you reading this essay will feel inspired to become a chef yourselves one day! If cooking is one of your passions, attending culinary school could be a wonderful way to turn that passion into a fulfilling career doing what you love. You'd get to be creative and experiment with new flavor combinations every day. And knowing that your hard work brings joy and nourishment to people through delicious meals has to be one of the most rewarding feelings.So the next time you bite into a scrumptious meal, take a moment to appreciate all the effort and skill that went into preparing it. Having talented。

为什么要给学校增加美誉度的好处英语作文

为什么要给学校增加美誉度的好处英语作文Enhancing a school's reputation can bring about numerous advantages that can significantly impact the overall academic and social environment. By actively working to improve the institution's standing, schools can unlock a wealth of opportunities that can benefit both students and faculty alike. In this essay, we will explore the key reasons why schools should strive to enhance their reputation and the myriad of benefits that can be reaped as a result.One of the primary advantages of improving a school's reputation is the increased attractiveness it holds for prospective students. In today's highly competitive educational landscape, students and their families often place a great deal of emphasis on the reputation and prestige of a particular institution when making their college or university choices. A school with a strong and positive reputation is more likely to attract a larger pool of talented and motivated applicants, allowing the institution to be more selective in its admissions process. This, in turn, can lead to a higher-caliber student body, which can further contribute to the school's academic excellence and overall reputation.Moreover, a reputable school is often perceived as offering a superior educational experience, with access to renowned faculty, state-of-the-art facilities, and a diverse array of academic and extracurricular opportunities. This perception can be a significant draw for students seeking the best possible educational environment to cultivate their skills and knowledge. By enhancing its reputation, a school can position itself as a premier destination for aspiring scholars, ultimately leading to a more enriching and rewarding educational journey for its students.Another key benefit of improving a school's reputation is the increased funding and resources it can attract. Reputable institutions often have a significant advantage when it comes to securing grants, donations, and other forms of financial support from various stakeholders, including government agencies, private foundations, and alumni. This additional funding can be used to invest in the school's infrastructure, faculty development, research initiatives, and student support services, further enhancing the overall quality of education and the student experience.Furthermore, a strong reputation can also lead to greater opportunities for collaboration and partnerships with other prestigious institutions, both domestically and internationally. These collaborations can open up new avenues for student and facultyexchanges, joint research projects, and the sharing of best practices, all of which can contribute to the school's intellectual and cultural diversity. By fostering these connections, a school can further strengthen its reputation and establish itself as a leader in its field.In addition to the tangible benefits, improving a school's reputation can also have a positive impact on the morale and sense of pride among the school community. When a school is perceived as being of high quality and standing, its students, faculty, and staff are more likely to feel a strong sense of belonging and commitment to the institution. This can lead to increased engagement, enthusiasm, and a heightened sense of ownership, which can, in turn, foster a more vibrant and collaborative learning environment.Moreover, a positive reputation can also have a significant impact on the career prospects of a school's graduates. Employers often view graduates from reputable institutions as being more desirable candidates, as they are perceived to possess a higher level of knowledge, skills, and critical thinking abilities. This can translate into better job opportunities, higher starting salaries, and more advanced career trajectories for the school's alumni, further enhancing the institution's reputation and attracting future generations of students.It is important to note that enhancing a school's reputation is not a one-time effort but rather an ongoing process that requires asustained commitment from the entire school community. This may involve implementing strategic initiatives, such as investing in marketing and branding efforts, fostering strong relationships with alumni and industry partners, and continuously improving the quality of academic programs and student support services.Furthermore, schools must be mindful of the ethical implications of reputation-building efforts, ensuring that they maintain a high level of integrity and adhere to the principles of academic excellence and social responsibility. By striking a balance between enhancing their reputation and upholding their core values, schools can establish themselves as institutions that are not only prestigious but also deeply committed to the well-being and success of their students.In conclusion, the benefits of improving a school's reputation are numerous and far-reaching. From attracting top-tier students and securing additional funding to fostering a sense of pride and enhancing the career prospects of graduates, the advantages of a strong reputation cannot be overstated. By prioritizing reputation-building efforts and maintaining a steadfast commitment to academic excellence and ethical practices, schools can position themselves as beacons of educational excellence, ultimately benefiting both their students and the wider community.。

Feldspar School

Feldspar SchoolIn today's fast-paced world, education plays a vital role in shaping the future of individuals and societies. A school that is making waves in the field of education is Feldspar School. This article will delve into the unique features and innovative approaches that make Feldspar School stand out.At Feldspar School, the emphasis is on fostering creativity and critical thinking skills among students. Instead of relying solely on traditional teaching methods, this institution believes in nurturing students' curiosity and encouraging them to explore their interests. The school recognizes that every student has unique talents and strengths, and it strives to provide an environment where these can flourish.One of the key aspects of Feldspar School is its focus on project-based learning. Students are actively engaged in hands-on projects that require them to apply their knowledge to real-world situations. This approach not only enhances their understanding of the subject matter but also develops problem-solving abilities and teamwork skills. By working collaboratively on projects, students learn the value of cooperation and develop the ability to communicate effectively.Moreover, Feldspar School understands the importance of incorporating technology into education. In today's digital age, technological literacy is a fundamental skill that students need to succeed. Therefore, the school provides state-of-the-art facilities and resources to ensure that students have access to the latest tools and technologies. From coding to robotics, students at Feldspar School are exposed to various STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) disciplines, preparing them for the jobs of the future. Another noteworthy aspect of Feldspar School is its commitment to holistic development. The school believes that education should not be confined to academic excellence alone. It places equal importance on developing students' social and emotional intelligence. Through various extracurricular activities and community engagement programs, students are encouraged to develop empathy, leadership skills, and a sense of responsibility towards society.Furthermore, Feldspar School values diversity and inclusion. It celebrates the uniqueness of each individual and promotes a culture of respect and acceptance. The school actively fosters an environment where students from different backgrounds and cultures feel valued and included. This not only enriches the learning experience but also prepares students to thrive in a globalized world.In conclusion, Feldspar School stands as a beacon of innovation in the field of education. By prioritizing creativity, critical thinking, project-based learning, technology integration, holistic development, and diversity, the school equips students with the skills and mindset necessary to succeed in the 21st century. As the world continues to evolve rapidly, institutions like Feldspar School pave the way for a brighter and more inclusive future.。

女性受教育程度对生育率的影响——来自中国的检验

女性受教育程度对生育率的影响——来自中国的检验女性受教育程度对生育率的影响——来自中国的检验摘要本文总结生育理论和女性受教育程度对生育率影响方面的文献,在前人的基础上利用2001-2007年的各省的面板数据和2000年第五次人口普查的县级横截面数据进行实证研究发现,女性受教育程度的确是生育率的影响因素。

面板数据分析中收入、人均GDP、城镇人均住房面积和生育率正相关,采取避孕措施的人口比例和生育率负相关。

笔者发现,在加入了收入的代理变量之后,女性教育对生育率的影响变小了,但仍然是显著的。

这说明收入是教育影响生育率的一个重要渠道,但剔除了收入影响之后教育还是存在净影响的。

横截面分析中使用女性受教育程度变量的更多函数形式去拟合,比如二次项和三次项,也得到了类似的结果。

关键词:女性受教育程度生育率计划生育收入4AbstractBased on present theories and literatures on the effect of female schooling onfertility, this paper conducts empirical study with provincial panel date from2001-2007 and cross-sectional data of the fifth census, concluding that fertility isnegatively related to female schooling. Furthermore, in the panel data analysis,income, GDP per capita, and average living room of urban people make fertilityhigher, while the proportion of people that use birth-controlmethods make fertilitylower. In addition, after controlling proxy for income, the effectsof female schoolingdecrease but still significant. That implies that income is an important channel thatfemale schooling affects fertility. Also, in the cross-sectionaldata analysis, I usecubic and quadric forms to test the relationship. The conclusion is similar to paneldata analysisKey Words: Female Schooling, Fertility, Family Planning, Income5 目录第1 章引言..1第2章文献综述.22.1 生育的理论模型22.1.1 生育行为的静态模型 22.1.2 生育的生命周期模型 72.2女性受教育程度-生育率关系的实证综述9 第3章指标选取和实证模型的设定..14 3.1 实证部分的基本思路和方法 14 3.2 面板回归的指标选取和模型设定15 3.2.1 指标选取 153.2.2 模型设定 173.3 县级横截面数据分析中的指标选取和模型设定17 3.3.1 指标选取 173.3.2 模型设定 19第4章计量结果分析..204.1 面板数据回归结果及分析204.2 横截面数据回归结果及分析 27 4.2.1 选取平均女性受教育年限作为解释变量. 27 4.2.2 选取大专及其以上学历女性占6岁以上女性的比例作为解释变量29第5 章结语33参考文献.34致谢376图标索引表 1:变量定义、均值以及标准差18表 2:女性受教育程度对生育率的影响. 21表 3:女性受教育程度对生育率的影响. 23表 4:女性受教育程度对生育率的影响??使用二次形式进行估计. 24 表 5:女性受教育程度对生育率的影响??加入收入代理变量前后比较(固定效应) 26 表 6:选取女性平均受教育年限作为解释变量的回归结果 27 表 7:选取高学历女性的比例作为解释变量的回归结果30 图 1:选取高学历女性比例作为解释变量时各交互项的含义. 32 7女性受教育程度对生育率的影响??来自中国的检验第1章引言在过去的几十年中,很多的发展中国家纷纷采取措施降低人口增长率。

Effects of Nutrition on Academic Performance

Effects of Nutrition on Academic Performance Nutrition plays a crucial role in the academic performance of students. The food we eat provides the energy and nutrients necessary for optimal brain function, concentration, and memory. However, many students struggle to maintain a healthy diet due to various factors such as time constraints, financial limitations, and lack of knowledge about proper nutrition. As a result, their academic performance may suffer. In this response, we will explore the effects of nutrition on academic performance from multiple perspectives, and offer potential solutions to address this issue.From a physiological perspective, the link between nutrition and academic performance is undeniable. The brain requires a constant supply of nutrients to function properly, and a poor diet can lead to deficiencies that impair cognitive abilities. For example, omega-3 fatty acids found in fish have been shown to improve memory and concentration, while iron deficiency can lead to fatigue and decreased cognitive function. Additionally, a diet high in sugar and processed foods can lead to inflammation in the body, which has been linked to impaired cognitive function and mental health issues. Therefore, it is clear that nutrition plays a critical role in supporting the brain and overall academic performance.Furthermore, the socioeconomic perspective must be considered when examining the effects of nutrition on academic performance. Many students, particularly those from low-income families, may not have access to nutritious foods due to financial constraints. As a result, they may rely on cheap, processed foods that are high in sugar and unhealthy fats. This can negatively impact their cognitive function and ability to focus in school. Additionally, food insecurity is a prevalent issue in many communities, leading to inconsistent access to meals and further exacerbating the problem. It is essential to address these socioeconomic barriers to ensure that all students have access to the nutrition they need to succeed academically.In addition to physiological and socioeconomic factors, the cultural and behavioral aspects of nutrition also play a significant role in academic performance. Cultural dietary practices and food traditions can influence the types of foods that students consume, which may not always align with the nutritional requirements for optimal cognitive function.Moreover, unhealthy eating habits and food choices, such as skipping meals or consuming high-calorie, low-nutrient foods, can have a detrimental impact on academic performance. These behaviors may stem from a lack of education about proper nutrition or an emphasis on convenience over health. It is crucial to address these cultural and behavioral factors to promote better eating habits and improve academic outcomes.Addressing the issue of nutrition and academic performance requires a multi-faceted approach. First and foremost, education about proper nutrition and the importance of a healthy diet is essential. By teaching students about the impact of nutrition on their academic performance, we can empower them to make healthier food choices. Additionally, schools can implement programs to provide nutritious meals and snacks to students, particularly those from low-income families. This can help alleviate food insecurity and ensure that all students have access to the nutrients they need to thrive academically.Furthermore, involving parents and the community in promoting healthy eating habits can have a positive impact on students' nutrition and academic performance. By providing resources and support to families, we can create a more holistic approach to addressing the issue. Additionally, implementing policies that regulate the types of foods available in schools and promote nutrition education can help create a healthier environment for students. By addressing the physiological, socioeconomic, cultural, and behavioral factors that influence nutrition and academic performance, we can work towards ensuring that all students have the opportunity to succeed.In conclusion, the effects of nutrition on academic performance are multifaceted and complex. From physiological factors such as brain function to socioeconomic barriers and cultural influences, there are various aspects to consider when addressing this issue. By implementing comprehensive strategies that focus on education, access to nutritious foods, and community involvement, we can work towards improving the nutrition and academic performance of students. It is essential to recognize the importance of nutrition in supporting cognitive function and overall well-being, and to prioritize the health and success of our students.。

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Effects of Schooling on Fertility, Labor Supply, and Investments in Children, with Evidence from Brazil
Author(s): David Lam and Suzanne Duryea
Source: The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Winter, 1999), pp. 160-192 Published by: University of Wisconsin Press
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Effects of Schooling on Fertility, Labor Supply and Investments in Children

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Feldspar School

女性受教育程度对生育率的影响——来自中国的检验

Effects of Nutrition on Academic Performance

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