模块8第3-4单元语法突破-语法专练-你问我答
Module8模块语法精讲英语八年级上册
模块语法精讲过去进行时(2)when，while与as都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词，含义都是"当……的时候"。
但它们有区别：用when时，从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生；用while时，从句的动作为一过程，主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生；用as时，主句和从句的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义。
具体用法如下：1.when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
2.when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时，也可以是先后发生；while 则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。
3.由when引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时；如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用while引导，如：a. When the teacher came in, we were talking. 当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为：While we were talking, the teacher came in.b. They were singing while we were dancing.4.when从句动词为终止性动词时，不能由while替换。
如：When he came yesterday, we were playing basketball.昨天他来时，我们正在打篮球。
5.当从句的谓语是表动作的延续性动词时，when, while才有可能互相替代。
如：While / When we were still laughing, the teacher came in.正当我们仍在大声嬉笑时，老师进来了。
6.当从句的谓语动词是终止性动词，而且主句的谓语动词也是终止性动词时,when 可和as通用，而且用as比用when在时间上更为紧凑，有"正当这时"的含义。
高分突破人教版八年级上册--Unit 8 单元语法专练
英语
( C )11.A.with C．for
( B )12.A.before C．later
( B )13.A.die C．dead
B．of D．by B．ago D．after B．died D．death
英语
( A )14.A.a C．the
( D )15.A.make C．making
( B )16.A.mixed C．mixing
英语
( D )8.How A．do; do C．do; make
( D )9.I don't know A．what to do C．why to learn
your mother
turkey?
B．does; do
D．does; make
math.Maybe you can teach me.
B．when to do
office.
A．Put
B．Putting
C．To put
D．To putting
( B )7.Look! There are
on the desk.
A．four glass of milk
B．four glasses of milk
C．four glass of milks
D．four glasses of milks
D．how to learn
英语
( B )10.—Would you like a cup of yogurt？
—
.
A．Yes, I could
B．No, thanks
C．That's all right
D．Yes, you can
英语
二、课文语法选择。
Module 8 模块语法专练 外研版英语八年级上册同步习题课件(共8张PPT)
in .
模块语法专练
语法导图
语法精练
-4-
4.当林涛来看吉姆时,他正在修自行车。 Jim was repairing his bike when Lin Tao came to see him. 5.我儿子回来的时候,我正在做饭。 I was cooking when my son came back home.
( B )2.—When did the classroom have a power cut?
—This morning,while we
a physics lesson.
A.had
B.were having
C.are having D.will have
模块语法专练
语法导图
语法精练
-6-
( C )3.They were playing football on the playground
storm when a giant fish came out of the sea.
A.will sail B.is sailing
C.was sailing D.has sailed ( B )8.( 四川达州中考 )—What’s the matter,Jack?
—I
down while I
on the ice.I got hurt badly.
A.was falling;skated
B.fell;was skating
C.fell;skated
D.was falling;was skating
D.travels
Hale Waihona Puke 模块语法专练语法导图
Module 8 模块语法专练 外研版英语八年级上册课时练习
模块语法专练Ⅰ.根据汉语意思完成句子,每空一词1.对不起,你打电话给我的时候,我出去了。
Sorry,I was out when you called me.2.当彼得进来时,我正在看电视。
I was watching TV when Peter came in.3.当她唱歌的时候,眼泪顺着她的脸流了下来。
As she sang,tears ran down her face.4.当林涛来看吉姆时,他正在修自行车。
Jim was repairing his bike when Lin Tao came to see him.5.我儿子回来的时候,我正在做饭。
I was cooking when my son came back home.Ⅱ.单项填空( B)1.( 四川成都中考改编)Yesterday,I the subway home when I suddenly found I was on the wrong line.A.tookB.was takingC.had takenD.will take( B)2.—When did the classroom have a power cut?—This morning,while we a physics lesson.A.hadB.were havingC.are havingD.will have( C)3.They were playing football on the playground the storm came.A.as soon asB.as long asC.whenD.while( A)4.The reporter said that the UFO from east to west when he saw it.A.was travellingB.travelledC.is travellingD.travels( D)5.( 北京中考)My mother some washing when the telephone rang.A.doesB.didC.is doingD.was doing( B)6.( 甘肃兰州中考)Peter with his classmates for the bus when the earthquake happened.A.is waitingB.was waitingC.are waitingD.were waiting( C)7.( 江苏苏州中考)Amon his ship in a big storm when a giant fish came out of the sea.A.will sailB.is sailingC.was sailingD.has sailed( B)8.( 四川达州中考)—What’s the matter,Jack?—I down while I on the ice.I got hurt badly.A.was falling;skatedB.fell;was skatingC.fell;skatedD.was falling;was skating。
外研版八年级英语下册单元语法专练-Module8语法-由that引导的宾语从句
Module 8 Time off.由that引导的宾语从句（时间：60分钟，满分：100分）一、单项选择(本大题共50小题，每小题2分，共100分)1．I believe ________ my dream will come true one day.A．what B．which C．that D．who2．I believe ________ David will come to help me.A．which B．that C．when D．if 3．The sportsman said ________.A．who will be the bestB．he was going to be on the team the next weekC．where he would play the basketballD．he will do exercise in the gym the next week4．I hope Lucy________ the exam.A．to pass B．will pass C．passes D．passing 5．I don’t doubt ________ our company will play a more and more important role in the world affairs.A．whether B．that C．if D．how6．I hope you ________ good results in the English competition this time.A．to get B．can get C．getting D．got 7．He said ________.A．if she could leave B．that she could leaveC．when she could leave D．how she left8．Craig regrets ________ he cannot ________ the food festival.A．that; to take part in B．/; took part inC．that; take part in D．/; taking part in9．We all believe ________ we can travel to the moon one day.A．that B．if C．this D．why 10．—The Dragon Boat races are so exciting, but our boat is still behind.—Don’t worry. I’m sure ________ our team will win!A．if B．that C．whether D．why11．It's so quiet here! We can hardly believe ________ we're in the city centre.A．what B．if C．that D．where 12．I think_____she will be here soon.A．when B．while C．that D．if 13．You will take part in the basketball match. I hope _______ the match.A．to win B．you to winC．you’ll win D．win14．My parents ________ English is difficult.A．want that B．ask that C．think that D．tell that 15．He told me ________ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers. A．that how B．how that C．when that D．that when 16．I don’t think ________ he said is right.A．that what B．what what C．whether how D．when how 17．Take care ________ you don’t make mistakes in the coming exam.A．of that B．about that C．for what D．that 18．The teacher said _______ she was a clever girl.A．that B．when C．whether D．if19．I’m afraid______if you don’t study hard, you’ll fail the exam.A．that B．/C．what D．which20．I don't doubt_____he said will be of great value to promote our friendship. A．whether what B．that what C．if that D．that how 21．I think ____ she was late for school this morning.A．that B．when C．what D．where 22．I believe _________we shall become good friends.A．which B．what C．that D．when 23．You can believe in Jack. We never doubt ______ he is honest.A．weather B．that C．whether D．if 24．Anna hopes it will be sunny tomorrow because she wants to go for a picnic. A．when B．that C．how D．where 25．I think ____ I will have a talk with him.A．which B．when C．what D．that26．— Doctor, it seems ______ you like to work with animals.— Yes, we should________ animals as our friends.A．that; regard B．what; be regardedC．that; be regarded D．what; regard27．— The match is so exciting. The opposite team is really strong.— You’re right. But I am sure ________ our team will win!A．if B．that C．whether D．why 28．He said _____ he would come back in a week.A．when B．whatC．that D．why29．I hope _____ on time.A．her to come B．she can come C．she can comes D．her comes 30．She said ______ she was having a party for Lana.A．that B．which C．where D．when 31．—Is Mary sure _______ the exam?—I think so. She is good at math. I’m sure ______ she can pass it.A．of passing to B．of pass, thatC．to pass, that D．to pass, of32．— The table tennis match is so exciting. The opposite team is really strong.— Yes, but I never doubt ________ our team will win.A．if B．that C．whether D．why 33．Lingling’s uncle said ________ it was wrong to pull leaves off plants.A．what B．which C．that D．if 34．He said ________ he would help us with the interesting plan.A．that B．so C．which D．who 35．Don’t doubt ________ you can catch up with others if you work hard. A．whether B．that C．why D．what 36．He thinks ________ the race is very interesting.A．what B．that C．where D．how 37．We Chinese people have made it clear ________ we can’t be forced to give up our rights.A．that B．if C．whether D．what38．I hope ________ reading English after class. Then you can learn it well.A．to practice B．you to practice C．you can practice D．you practicing 39．I believe ________ he will be back ________ two weeks.A．what; after B．what; in C．that; in D．that; after 40．It’s amazing! I can’t believe ________ you could make it to the top in such a short time! A．which B．what C．that D．if41．— There is a concert at the Town Theater this evening.— _________ you can go there with me.A．Make sure B．Be sure about C．Make sure of D．Be sure of 42．We never doubt ________ you will have a ________ future.A．that; successful B．if; successful C．that; success D．whether; success43．My wife thinks ________ it could be a monkey.A．that B．who C．where D．when 44．She heard ________ a famous writer was coming to Beijing next Saturday.A．that B．it C．what D．this45．I think ________ we’ll raise a lot of money by holding a food festival.A．this B．which C．that D．what46．I know ________ I promised to take you to dinner, but I won’t finish working until ten o’clock.A．if B．that C．what D．why 47．My mother told me __________ she would go to the shop.A．that B．which C．what D．who 48．Most of us think ________ education can make a big difference in a person’s life. A．how B．why C．whether D．that49．I know _______ I promised to take you dinner, but I won’t finish working until ten. A．that B．if C．what D．why 50．—What did Jim say in the letter?—He said ________ Paris was a good place.A．that B．when C．how D．if参考答案：1．C【解析】句意：我相信我的梦想总有一天会实现。
2022版高考英语一轮复习(外研版)练习：选修8 Module 3-4 达标 Word版含答案
第一部分选修八Modules 3－4Ⅰ.单句语法填空导学号 580827961．Used to TV shows, where everything is quick and entertaining (entertain)，many people do not have the patience to read a book that requires thinking.2．Something must be done to prevent factories sending out poisonous (poison) gases so as to keep the city from being polluted.3．When she is put in a situation where she has to make a remark on/about others, she usually changes the topic.4．The coastal city is abundant in natural resources，especially sea foods and water resources.5．Thanks to the good care of the nurses，the boy is gradually (gradual) recovering from his lung operation.6．The next morning Mr Smith spoke his mind to his wife in a very straightforward manner.7．The dictionary was very useful and it happened to be 20% off，so I couldn't resist buying (buy) it.8．In everyday communication，information conveyed (convey) by gestures and tone of voice is often misunderstood.9．Although Johnson is my student，his knowledge of world literature is superior to mine.10．It was typical of the local government to issue an order and change it instantly (instant)．Ⅱ.完成句子导学号 580827971．当油和水混合时，很简洁把它们辨别出来。
外研版八年级下册Module8 Unit3 语法专练(有答案)
外研版八年级下册Module8 Unit3 语法专练一、将下列句子合并成含有宾语从句的复合句。
1. She can't come. I'm afraid.I'm afraid ________ she ________ come.2. “I'm listening to the weather report. ” He says.He says ________ ________ is listening to the weather report.3. I will be a teacher in the future. I hope.I hope ________ I ________ ________ a teacher in the future.4. “London is the capital of England. ” Tom said.Tom said ________ London ________ the capital of England.5. These flowers are from Luoyang. He said.He said ________ these flowers ________ from Luoyang.二、用适当的介词填空6. I can't pass the exam ________ the teachers' help.1/ 97. There is an island ________ the middle of the river.8. Peng Liyuan is famous ________ her songs and she's famous ________ the first lady in China as well.9. What do you usually do ________ Saturday morning?10. Guangdong is ________ the south of China.三、用所给单词的适当形式填空11. Mr. Liu said that the sun ________ (rise) in the east.12. He agreed ________(help) me with my maths.13. Look! There're some children ________(fly) kites on the playground.14. Don't tell it to anyone, ________(especial) my mother.15. Have you heard the ________(late) news on TV?16. The Englishman spoke so fast that I could ________(hard)understand him.17. Tony would like to play computer games, but he doesn't know how________ (go) online.18. It's very ________(danger) for children to play with fire.19. Did you go ________(swim) with Mary last Sunday?2/ 920. Many young women spend lots of time ________(shop) on theInternet.四、单项选择21. Peter hardly had time for concerts at that time, ________?A. wasn't heB. was heC. didn't heD. did he22. —Mum, I'm going to take an exam tomorrow. Don't forget to________ early tomorrow.—OK, I won't.A. wake up meB. wake me upC. look up meD. look me up23. The little girl was crying because her mother didn't allow her________ the chocolate.A. eatB. eatsC. to eatD. ate24. ________ is waiting for you at the gate. He wants to say thanks toyou.3/ 9A. SomebodyB. AnybodyC. EverybodyD. Nobody25. We all believe ________ we can travel to the moon one day.A. thatB. ifC. thisD. why五、从方框内选择短语并用其适当形式填空26. Lisa can draw and ________________ very well.27. The two men from Beijing ____________ a price for the houseyesterday.28. Henry often ____________ the news so he learns a lot about theworld.29. To send her back home, you'd better ____________ who the girl isand where she lives.30. You're ________ a little child ____________. You should learn tolook after yourself.4/ 931. The old man was very strong and he ____________the tall buildingeasily.32. Tina is ________________ her classmates. She always tells themfunny stories.33. Do you know how ________________ with the new mobile phone?34. Qujing Railway Station is ________________ the city.35. Chinese people would like to ________ with people from all overthe world.六、阅读理解：For Schultz, a 77yearold man, this is achance of a lifetime. Schultz is part of agroup of around 50 Germans who are on abus journey along the ancient (古老的) SilkRoad.Speaking of his journey, he says: “I have been deeply interested in the Silk Road since I was a child, but now I finally have a chance to experience it. ”5/ 9The twomonth bus journey will take the group through Germany, Russia, and other 4 European countries. They will then enter China from the country's western part. It will be an unforgettable memory for them.Nearly half of the 13，000kilometer trip will be inside China. From Xinjiang in the west to Shanghai in the east, the German visitors will see more than 20 Chinese cities. “We have managed the trip of the Silk Road for around 10 years. An increasing number of people, not only from Germanspeaking countries, have been joining us，” says Liu Guoqiang from China Tours.Almost 26 million foreigners traveled to China in 2015, and about 5 million of them were from Europe. Beijing, Xi'an, Shanghai and the Changjiang River are traditional Chinese travel destinations for European tourists. Speaking of where he wants to go, Schultz says, “Compared with modern cities, the culture in western China attracts(吸引)me more. ”As Shi Xiang, head of the China Tours, says, “Being a new brand to attract foreign visitors, the Silk Road is good for people to know more about China, especially the northwestern part of the country. ” (China Daily)6/ 936. How will the group of around 50 Germans have the tour?A. By car.B. By train.C. By bus.D. By subway.37. Where will the German group enter China?A. From the western part of China.B. From Beijing.C. From the eastern part of China.D. From Shanghai.38. According to Liu Guoqiang, how long has China Tours managed thetrip?A. For 26 months.B. For around 10 years.C. For 2 months.D. For about 20 years.39. What's the meaning of the word “destinations” in Paragraph 5?A. 标志B. 道路C. 品牌D. 目的地40. Which is the best title(题目)for this passage?7/ 9A. Silk Road: A fashionable way to buy silkB. Silk Road: An old brand to attract ChineseC. Silk Road: A new way to learn about ChinaD. Silk Road: A better chance to see modern cities8/ 9答案：一、1. that; can't 2. that; he 3. that; will be4. that; is5. that; are二、6. without7. in8. for; as9. on10. in三、11. rises12. to help13. flying14. especially15. latest16. hardly17. to go18. dangerous19. swimming20. shopping四、21. D22. B23. C 24. A25. A五、26. play the guitar27. agreed on28. listens to29. find out30. not; any more31. climbed up32. popular with33. to take photos34. in the north of35. make friends五、36. C37. A38. B39. D40. C9/ 9。
模块8第3单元语法突破-高考链接-你问我答
模块8第3单元语法突破过去分词的语法作用作定语、表语和宾补山东刘永科过去分词的语法作用，已在必修5中作过专门的探讨。
下面结合课本再对其作进一步的复习和归纳。
【课文原句】... but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. (P 20)【语法解析】句子意思是“可是，看来似乎只有为灭蛇而专门设计的药粉。
”designed to kill snakes 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰powders。
英语中，过去分词作定语的例子可以说比比皆是。
又如：The next morning I carried in my hand a small net used for catching fish. (P 21) 第二天，我手里拿着一张用来捕鱼的网。
I met a boy called Edward. 我遇见一个叫爱德华的男孩。
Is English the language spoken by the largest number of people in the world? 英语是不是世界上说的人最多的一种语言？【注意事项】1. 过去分词作定语的位置分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词之后。
但是，单个的过去分词作定语往往放在被修饰词之前。
如：He is an experienced teacher. 他是个有经验的教师。
This is an organized trip 这是一次有组织的旅行。
但是，有些单个的过去分词，因为受到某些限制(如被修饰词前有all, every和最高级等，)则放在被修饰词之后。
如：The room temperature needed is 15°C. 房间里所需温度是15度。
This is best hotel known. 这是一家人所共知的最好的旅馆。
All the members concerned are present. 所有相关的人都到了。
英语高考新攻略总复习课标外研练习：选修八 Modle 3 Modle 4单元提升 含解析
选修八Module 3Foreign Food&Module 4Which English？单元提升课文与语法填空阅读所学课文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Chinese people think a lot about food.I think that they are sometimes 1.(obsess)with it.I had eaten Chinese food often,but I could not have imagined how fabulous a real Chinese banquet could be.The first six or seven dishes seemed to fill the table,with plates dangerously 2. (balance)one on top of another.3.(surprise),more dishes arrived.Another aspect of “food culture”is 4.the Chinese seem to eat almost every part of every animal.However,there are other kinds of foods 5.have taken longer for me to accept.The infamous choudoufu is an example.The first time I 6.(eat)British food I was in the canteen of a London publisher.I was amazed 7.their easy and graceful manner.At the counter there were colourful 8.(mix)in eight or nine big ter,I found out that British people like cold food. 9.in China,cold food means poverty—you don’t give it to a guest.I also learned that the English like to mix food before 10.(serve)it at the table.The food here goes against the Chinese sense of beauty and style at the dinner table.Chinese dishes can be photographed and have a nice appearance.答案1.obsessed考查固定搭配:be obsessed with 对……痴迷/着迷。
外研版八年级下册Module8 Unit3 语法专练(有答案)
外研版八年级下册Module8 Unit3 语法专练一、将下列句子合并成含有宾语从句的复合句。
1. She can't come. I'm afraid.I'm afraid ________ she ________ come.2. “I'm listening to the weather report. ” He says.He says ________ ________ is listening to the weather report.3. I will be a teacher in the future. I hope.I hope ________ I ________ ________ a teacher in the future.4. “London is the capital of England. ” Tom said.Tom said ________ London ________ the capital of England.5. These flowers are from Luoyang. He said.He said ________ these flowers ________ from Luoyang.二、用适当的介词填空6. I can't pass the exam ________ the teachers' help.7. There is an island ________ the middle of the river.8. Peng Liyuan is famous ________ her songs and she's famous ________ the first lady in China as well.9. What do you usually do ________ Saturday morning?10. Guangdong is ________ the south of China.三、用所给单词的适当形式填空11. Mr. Liu said that the sun ________ (rise) in the east.12. He agreed ________(help) me with my maths.13. Look! There're some children ________(fly) kites on the playground.14. Don't tell it to anyone, ________(especial) my mother.15. Have you heard the ________(late) news on TV?16. The Englishman spoke so fast that I could ________(hard)understand him.17. Tony would like to play computer games, but he doesn't know how________ (go) online.18. It's very ________(danger) for children to play with fire.19. Did you go ________(swim) with Mary last Sunday?20. Many young women spend lots of time ________(shop) on theInternet.四、单项选择21. Peter hardly had time for concerts at that time, ________?A. wasn't heB. was heC. didn't heD. did he22. —Mum, I'm going to take an exam tomorrow. Don't forget to________ early tomorrow.—OK, I won't.A. wake up meB. wake me upC. look up meD. look me up23. The little girl was crying because her mother didn't allow her________ the chocolate.A. eatB. eatsC. to eatD. ate24. ________ is waiting for you at the gate. He wants to say thanks toyou.A. SomebodyB. AnybodyC. EverybodyD. Nobody25. We all believe ________ we can travel to the moon one day.A. thatB. ifC. thisD. why五、从方框内选择短语并用其适当形式填空26. Lisa can draw and ________________ very well.27. The two men from Beijing ____________ a price for the houseyesterday.28. Henry often ____________ the news so he learns a lot about theworld.29. To send her back home, you'd better ____________ who the girl isand where she lives.30. You're ________ a little child ____________. You should learn tolook after yourself.31. The old man was very strong and he ____________the tall buildingeasily.32. Tina is ________________ her classmates. She always tells themfunny stories.33. Do you know how ________________ with the new mobile phone?34. Qujing Railway Station is ________________ the city.35. Chinese people would like to ________ with people from all overthe world.六、阅读理解：For Schultz, a 77yearold man, this is achance of a lifetime. Schultz is part of agroup of around 50 Germans who are on abus journey along the ancient (古老的) SilkRoad.Speaking of his journey, he says: “I have been deeply interested in the Silk Road since I was a child, but now I finally have a chance to experience it. ”The twomonth bus journey will take the group through Germany, Russia, and other 4 European countries. They will then enter China from the country's western part. It will be an unforgettable memory for them.Nearly half of the 13，000kilometer trip will be inside China. From Xinjiang in the west to Shanghai in the east, the German visitors will see more than 20 Chinese cities. “We have managed the trip of the Silk Road for around 10 years. An increasing number of people, not only from Germanspeaking countries, have been joining us，” says Liu Guoqiang from China Tours.Almost 26 million foreigners traveled to China in 2015, and about 5 million of them were from Europe. Beijing, Xi'an, Shanghai and the Changjiang River are traditional Chinese travel destinations for European tourists. Speaking of where he wants to go, Schultz says, “Compared with modern cities, the culture in western China attracts(吸引)me more. ”As Shi Xiang, head of the China Tours, says, “Being a new brand to attract foreign visitors, the Silk Road is good for people to know more about China, especially the northwestern part of the country. ” (China Daily)36. How will the group of around 50 Germans have the tour?A. By car.B. By train.C. By bus.D. By subway.37. Where will the German group enter China?A. From the western part of China.B. From Beijing.C. From the eastern part of China.D. From Shanghai.38. According to Liu Guoqiang, how long has China Tours managed thetrip?A. For 26 months.B. For around 10 years.C. For 2 months.D. For about 20 years.39. What's the meaning of the word “destinations” in Paragraph 5?A. 标志B. 道路C. 品牌D. 目的地40. Which is the best title(题目)for this passage?A. Silk Road: A fashionable way to buy silkB. Silk Road: An old brand to attract ChineseC. Silk Road: A new way to learn about ChinaD. Silk Road: A better chance to see modern cities答案：一、1. that; can't 2. that; he 3. that; will be4. that; is5. that; are二、6. without7. in8. for; as9. on10. in三、11. rises12. to help13. flying14. especially15. latest16. hardly17. to go18. dangerous19. swimming20. shopping四、21. D22. B23. C 24. A25. A五、26. play the guitar27. agreed on28. listens to29. find out30. not; any more31. climbed up32. popular with33. to take photos34. in the north of35. make friends五、36. C37. A38. B39. D40. C。
高二英语人教版选修8unit3Section Ⅳ Grammar语法课后跟踪训练(含答案解析)
Section ⅣGrammar过去分词(短语)作定语、表语和宾语补足语1．(教材P20)The first thing I did was to see if there were any products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed(design) to kill snakes.2．(教材P20)I placed the frozen(freeze) bowl over the snake s’ habitat and the ice-cubes on top of the bowl to keep it cool.3．(教材P21)The next morning I carried in my hand a small net used(use) for catching fish.4．(教材P21)The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted(accept) unless they are truly novel.5．Everybody was shocked(shock) at the news.过去分词(短语)作定语1．过去分词(短语)作定语时，相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词。
它所修饰的名词或代词与之构成被动关系。
过去分词及过去分词短语作定语一般可转换为一个定语从句。
◆I like the book bought on the Internet very much.我非常喜欢从网上买的那本书。
◆The raised funds are mainly used for helping the homeless.筹集的资金主要用于帮助那些无家可归者。
◆We’ll have to have the fallen leaves cleaned away.我们得找个人把这些落叶清理掉。
Module 8课文知识点总结(含语法)-外研版八年级下册英语
2021~2022学年新课标外研版初中英语学习讲义八年级下学期Module 8课文知识点总结笔记Module 8 Time off语法：that引导的宾语从句一、放在动词后面的句子，称为“宾语从句”二、可分为三类：一类是that引导的宾语从句；一类是whether/ if引导的宾语从句；一类是连接代词，连接副词引导的宾语从句。
三、that引导的宾语从句1.宾语从句的引导词是that，当谓语动词表示肯定的概念，如“希望”“相信”“知道”或“说”时，后面的句子一般用that引导，that没有任何意义。
只有语法功能，目的使读者清楚后面的句子是宾语从句，that可省略。
接that引导的宾语从句的动词有：believe, expect, explain, feel, hear, hope, imagine, prefer, promise, report, say, see, tell, think, understand, warn, wish 等。
引导that用于下列情况时不可省略：（1）当宾语从句的主语是that时，Eg: He says that that is a useful book.（2）当从句前有插入语时Eg: It says, on the card, that it is made in China.（3）当宾语从句中含主从复合句时Eg: I’m afraid that if you’ve lost it, you must pay for it.（4）当两个或多个宾语从句由并列连词连接时，除第一个从句中的that 可省略外，其余从句中的that都不可省略Eg: He said (that) the film was very interesting and that he enjoyed seeing it very much.2.宾语从句的时态：（1）主句是现在的某种时态，那么宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定Eg: (1) I remember he gave me a book yesterday.(2) He has told me that he’ll leave for New York tomorrow.（2）如果主句是过去的某种时态，宾语从句一定要用过去的某种时态。
模块8第1-2单元语法突破-语法专练-你问我答
模块8第1-2单元语法突破用新的角度透视名词性从句山东刘永科名词性从句听起来似乎很难，因为好多语法书都把它们讲得复杂而又繁琐。
其实，只要我们把它们进行归类、对比、找出引导词，就发现有规律可循。
下面我们用3组例句进行讲解，每组例句都分别包含一个主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句，看起来是很有意思的。
【句子特点和注意事项】在本组句子中，每句都含有who will take part in the match.它在句1中作了句子的主语，是主语从句。
在句2中作了knows的宾语，是宾语从句。
在句3中作了is的表语，是表语从句。
在句4中作了question的同位语，是同位语从句。
1. 英语中的特殊疑问词，如who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, when, where, how, why等都可引导这四种名词性从句，而且这些引导词仍具有疑问的含义。
2. 主语从句可以用形式主语it替代，而把主语从句置于句子的最后。
如：It has not been decided who will take part in the match.3. 上述例句中都含有特殊疑问词，所以，无论是主语从句还是宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，其主句都带有“悬而未决”的意思，例如：“没有决定”，“问题是”等等。
因此主句中经常含有这一类词语：wonder, don’t know, no idea, not decided, doubt, question, problem等。
【句子特点和注意事项】在本组句子中，每句都含有that our class had won the competition.它在句1中作了句子的主语，是主语从句。
在句2中作了announced的宾语，是宾语从句。
在句3中作了was 的表语，是表语从句。
在句4中作了truth的同位语，是同位语从句。
1. that 引导的各种名词从句，都是陈述一个事实，没有疑问的含义。
打印高三英语一轮(外研版)复习：选修8 Modules 3-4综合测试
第一部分选修八Modules 3－4Ⅰ.语法填空，单句训练2．(2015·临沂高三模拟改编)Owing________ the recent bad weather, the project is several weeks behind schedule.3．(2015·杭州高三模拟改编)—Where did you first meet your boyfriend?—It was in the department store ________ he worked.4．This is the second time that he ________(ring) you up this week.5．In my opinion, all Mr. White ________（do）do good to his students in his class at present. He is very strict in their study.6．In many people's opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant ________(deal)with.7．I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with ________.8．(2015·山东师大附中高三模拟改编)She was on a diet, but she couldn't resist ________ （eat）sweet food. Consequently, her weight was gained again.9．Members of the council opposed ________(reduce) the price of the new product considering the great cost.10．You will make some progress in your study of English ______ you keep more words in mind.Ⅱ.语法填空，篇章训练阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（每空一词）或括号内单词的正确形式It 61 (take)me quite a while to find a parking place for my car，and in 62 end I had to leave it in a narrow street，some way away from the dentist’s．My 63 (appoint)was at five and I still had twenty minutes．64 (spare)．I crossed into the square 65(slow)and sat on a bench．This was my 66 (nine)visit to the dentist and I hated these visits．I waited there，67 (watch)the children at play．When I turned around，I saw a red car like my own come out of the street 68 I had parked．The car gathered speed and was soon out of sight．I felt in both my 69 (pocket)for the keys：They were not there．“My car!”I cried70 a loud voice，which made several people stare at me．But when I ran across the squareI discovered my car behind a large one．The keys were still in the car．Ⅲ.完形填空Mr．Jackson was blind from birth．He owned a fruit 41 on a very busy street．42 he was visually disabled，he ran his business pretty handsomely．He could see nothing and he could only 43 the things within his reach．44 ，he was able to handle it and was content with everything he had．One day his son came to him．He told Mr．Jackson in 45 that he read in thenewspaper of a 46 who could operate on his eyes and allow him to see．The father and son traveled to the doctor and paid for the 47 ．After the operation，the doctor asked Mr．Jackson：“What is the first thing you are 48 to see when I take the bandages off?”He replied，“I really want to see my beautiful 49 on my stand!”The doctor and the son 50 Mr．Jackson down to the busy street where his fruit stand had been located for so many years．The doctor 51 unwrapped the bandages 52 he could lay his eyes on the beautiful fruit!Mr．Jackson was so full of 53 that he could finally see his life’s work—taking care of his fruit!After a few hours of 54 his beautiful fiuit stand, he looked down the street both ways and saw there were quite a few fruit stands in both directions．He looked 55 the street and saw many other fruit stands.He spent so much time looking at other people’s fruit stands and 56 the competition that soon his own business 57 .From Mr．Jackson’s failure，we should know that everyone is a 58 individual with different fingerprints，DNA and thinking．What we need to do is just be ourselves and 59 everyone else to be who they are．Mind our own business and we should never be afraid of 60 ．41．A．stand B．company C．store D．center 42．A．Because B．As C．Although D．When 43．A．remember B．describe C．imagine D．feel 44．A．Therefore B．However C．Otherwise D．Besides 45．A．pride B．doubt C．excitement D．surprise 46．A．doctor B．nurse C．chemist D．volunteer 47．A．information B．medicine C．service D．operation48．A．nervous B．1ucky C．eager D．afraid49．A．flowers B．vegetables C．fruit D．clothing50．A．sent B．accompanied C．followed D．invited51．A．suddenly B．curiously C．carefully D．firmly52．A．so that B．in case C．even if D．if only53．A．regret B．joy C．courage D．relief54．A．enjoying B．checking C．judging D．making55．A．above B．within C．through D．across56．A．preparing for B．focusing on C．worrying about D．taking up 57．A．improved B．failed C．appeared D．expanded 58．A．simple B．reliable C．unique D．perfect59．A．force B．require C．persuade D．allow 60．A．competitions B．changes C．differences D．disabilitiesⅣ.阅读理解Do you like somewhere a little bit different to the usual types of places you find on the high street? I do，so I’m glad to see new ones popping up(冒出)everywhere in London.The so called pop-up shop is a temporary arrangement．In the aftermath(余波)of the financial crisis of 2008，many businesses had to shut down．Shops，warehouses and offices were left vacant when they stopped trading．Pop-up enterprisers occupied some of them quickly. For them the appeal of this temporary shopping concept is clear：they can start a business with much 1ower risk．The temporary nature of a pop-up shop gives the opportunity to test a product and develop a customer base，without being tied in to a long-term renting contract. Being small makes it much easier for pop-ups to expand if they are successful·Pop-up shops first appeared in the UK in the early 2000s，with the economy booming. They were originally a way for small companies to rent retail space(零售场所)in great locations. This was while landlords who owned these spaces looked for permanent renters.Pop-up shops can take a number of different forms．They might be temporary shops in the high street or a shopping centre．They might be simple market stalls(摊位). They could be based in some kind of transport，like a food truck．Or they could be run by people who visit different establishments，like travelling chefs who take over pub and restaurant kitchens temporarily．According to a report by the Centre of Economic and Business Research，the pop-up industry was worth￡2.1bn and is expected to grow by 8.4％this year．Almost anything that can be on a high street can also be a pop-up．There have been pop-up shops，art galleries，theatres and restaurants among others．In an age of fast-changing habits，the pop-up idea might be here to stay．29．What nature of the pop-up shops appeals many small companies?A．Long-terra benefits．B．Lower prices.C．Quick service．D．Temporary shopping concept．30．Pop-up shops first appeared mainly because__________.A．the economy hadn’t recovered B．the economy was doing wellC．shops couldn’t meet needs D．enterprisers failed in their business 31．Which groups are the main people involved in setting up pop-up shops?①enterprisers ②landlords ③travelling chefs ④truck driversA．①③B．②④C．①②D．③④32. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．Pop-ups might be booming．B．The pop-up idea is not promising．C．The pop-up industry is growing slowly．D．Pop-up shops are difficult to run．七选五Pubs have been the cornerstone of British society for hundreds of years: Over the years, British Pubs have developed many traditions. Had you visited a pub ill the 1990s, yon might have noticed the ringing of the bell around 11 pm, signaling that the pub was about to close.36 ．During World War I ,the British Government decided that pubs must close at nine thirty in the evening (later to change to l l pm). 37 Ringing a bell was a clear signal to let everyone know that the was about to close.38 before that depending on what kind of entertainment a piace offered, there was a different license, for example a cinema needed a different license form a theater ,A pub needed a different license from a night cafe. The different lice " ses that existed at the time were combined into one. Additionally , every three years the person responsible for the pub had to renew their iicense which was valid for only one location this period of validity。
英语模块八知识点总结
英语模块八知识点总结模块八是英语课程中的重要部分，它涵盖了一系列重要的知识点和技能。
在这篇总结中，我将详细介绍模块八中的重要知识点，包括语法、词汇、阅读理解和写作技能等。
希望本文能够帮助你更好地掌握英语模块八的内容。
语法知识点：1. 过去完成时：过去完成时表示在过去的某个时间或动作之前已经发生的动作。
它的构成是had + 过去分词。
例如：I had finished my homework before my parents came back home.2. 虚拟语气：虚拟语气用来表达与事实相反的假设、愿望、建议等。
包括虚拟条件句和虚拟直接引语。
例如：If I were you, I would apologize to him.3. 名词性从句：名词性从句在句子中充当名词的功能，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
例如：What she said is true.4. 定语从句：定语从句用来修饰名词或代词，通常用来限定或补充被修饰词的信息。
例如：The book which I borrowed from the library is interesting.5. 情态动词：情态动词包括can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would等，表示说话人对某种动作或状态的看法、判断或推测。
例如：You should finish your homework before going out to play.词汇知识点：1. 同义词辨析：同义词辨析是在语境中根据具体的语境和用法来区分不同词语的意思。
例如：big和large都有“大”的意思，但在具体用法中有所不同。
2. 词根词缀：学会词根和词缀的意义和用法，可以帮助我们更好地理解和记忆单词。
例如：tele-表示“远程”，如telephone(电话)、television(电视)等。
模块8第3-4单元语法突破-语法专练-你问我答
模块8第3-4单元语法突破-语法专练-你问我答模块8第3--4单元语法突破过去分词和现在分词的被动语态山东刘永科过去分词和被动形式的现在分词，虽然是两个不同的概念，但有时候用法十分接近，有时候差别还很大。
首先，我们把这两种不同名称的非谓语动词写出来：written (过去分词)being written (现在分词的被动语态)having been written (完成式现在分词的被动语态)以上三种形式，它们的共同特点都是表示“被动”，这一点毫无疑问，但差别还是有的。
下面让我们通过实例来讲解和比较它们的差异吧。
【第一组】1. The book written by Mr Brown is very instructive. 布朗先生写的那本书很有教育意义。
【讲解】written by Mr Brown 是过去分词作定语，表示“被动和完成”。
相当于一个过去时或现在完成时的定语从句：The book which was (has been) written by Mr Brown is very instructive.2. The book being written by Mr Brown is going to be published next month. 布朗先生正在写的那本书将在下月出版。
【讲解】being written by Mr Brown 是现在分词的被动语态作定语，表示“被动和进行”。
相当于一个进行时的定语从句：The book which is being written by Mr Brown is going to be published next month.3. The book having been written by Mr Brown is very instructive. (这个句子语法不正确)【讲解】本句存在语法错误。
“完成式现在分词的被动语态”只能作状语用，表示其动作早于谓语动词的动作，但不能作定语。
2021中考英语语法聚焦和练习八下Unit3_4人教新目标版
2021中考英语人教八下U3—4语法聚焦和练习及答案一、阅读理解。
阅读以下短文，根据短文内容选择最正确答案。
①Some days, don’t you think, “Wouldn’t it be nice if the clothes just washed itself?〞 Self-cleaning clothes may sound crazy. But Australian researchers have found a way to make something like this possible!②A team at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia, found a way to put special nanostructures (纳米构造) into clothing, which can then clean the clothes. When sunlight hits the nanostructures, they break down the dirt and marks that don’t belong on your clothes.③The nanostructures don’t break down the real clothing because cotton and the other clothing materials are too strong to break down. According to CNN, the researchers cover the clothing in a solution made of silver and copper(铜) nanostructures. All it takes is 40 minutes of sunlight and your clothes will look as good as new.④So if you spill on yourself during lunch, you can step outside for a walk, and it will be clean by the time you go inside. It not only makes your life easier, but it can also be good for the environment.⑤According to the US Department of Energy, washing a piece of clothing uses about25 gallons of water. Water is a very important resource, so using less of it to wash clothes is better for the environment. But one of the scientists at RMIT University knows more needs to be done.⑥“There’s more work to do before we can start throwing out our washing machines,〞said Dr Rajesh Ramanathan, “but this is a strong foundation(根底).〞So what’s the next step? Ramanathan wants to either start selling the solution by itself or asking clothing makers to treat(处理) the clothing with the solution while clothes are being made.1. According to the first three paragraphs, _____.A. the self-cleaning clothes are easily worn outB. the clothes will be covered with silver and copper after self-cleaningC. people can use the self-cleaning clothes on rainy daysD. the nanostructures can break down dirt and marks on clothes2. What does the underlined word “solution〞 in Paragraph 3 mean?A. 方案B. 溶液C. 水盆D. 模型3. What do Paragraphs 4 & 5 talk about?A. How the self-cleaning clothes are made.B. How the self-cleaning clothes work.C. What advantages the self-cleaning clothes have.D. What helps the self-cleaning clothes work.4. From the passage, we learn that _____.A. it’s time to throw out our washing machinesB. the solution sells wellC. clothing makers like the solutionD. the solution is not on sale yet5. We might read the above passage in ________.A. a fashion bookB. a guide bookC. a science magazineD. a newspaper advertisement.参考答案1—5、DBCDC二、教材语法聚焦1. 情态动词could的用法(八下Unit 3)【根本用法】could表礼貌请求和允许。
外研版八年级上册Module8 知识点+习题
第8讲Accidents学习目标一、语法：过去进行时二&when while 用法；二、掌握该模块的话题作文，词句，句型。
知识串烧单词1、pale [peil] adj. 苍白的2、appear [ə'piə] vi. 出现;显露3、round [raund] prep. 转到(某物的)另一边4、corner ['kɔ:nə] n. 街角，拐角5、hit [hit] vt. (使)碰撞6、glad [ɡlæd] adj.高兴的;欢喜的7、in time 及时8、fall off… 从…跌落9、risk [risk] n. 风险;危险10、attention [ə'tenʃən] n. 注意力11、pay attention 注意;留心12、side [said] n. (物体或形状的)侧面13、side by side 并排地;肩并肩地14、bite [bait] vt.(bi[biti]) 咬;叮15、climb [klaim] vi. 爬;攀爬16、hide [haid] v.(hid[hid]) 躲藏;躲17、throw [θrəu] vt. 投;掷18、fridge [fridʒ] n. 冰箱19、pain [pein] n. 疼痛;痛20、worse [wə:s] adj. 更坏的;更坏的。
adv. 更糟;更坏21、medicine ['medisin] n. 药;药物课文Unit1 while the lights were changing to red ,a car suddenly appeared Betty:Good morning,Ms James!You look pale.Are you all right?Ms James:Im OK,but I saw an accident.A boy was riding his bike and listening to music on the road.Daming:That’s very dangerous!Ms James:I was waiting to cross the road.While the lights were changing to red,a car suddenly appeared ro und the corner.It wasn’t going fast,but it didn’t stop.Lingling:Did the boy stop?Ms James:No.And the driver was talking on his mobile phone.Betty:So did the car hit the boy?Ms James:No,I’m glad to say.The car stopped just in time,but the boy fell off his bike and hurt his knee.Tony:That’s too bad.Ms James:So when youre on your bike,think about the risk of an accident!Pay attention,stop at the red lig hts and…..what else?Betty:Don’t ride too fastDaming:Don’t ride side by side with your friends.All:Don’t listen to music!Unit 2 I was trying to pick it up when it bit me again.One day,when Henry was working in a restaurant,a snake suddenly appeared and bit his hand.A few days earlier,the snake arrived from Asia in a box of bananas.It climbed out and hid somewhere.“I was trying to pick it up when it bit me again.I threw it across the kitchen,and it landed on a table.’’While the snake was lying on the table,Henry quickly picked up his mobile phone and took a photo wi th it.Then the snake hid behind the fridge When Henry was trying to find the snake，his hand began to hur t badly.He hurried to hospital.As the doctors were checking him,the pain got worse.But they could not help him because they did not know what kind of snake bit him.As he was lying there in great pain,Henry suddenly remembered the photo.The doctors sent the photo to a zoo.As soon as they learnt what kind of snake bit him,they gave Henry the right medicine and he left hospital the next day.“So if a snake bites you,take out your mobile phone or camera.Take its photo,and show the photo to the d octors‘’,suggests Henry.“But as you know,the snake won’t smile!”语法过去进行时(二)过去进行时可与at that time 等表示过去的时间状语连用，也可与when, while或as 引导的时间状语从句连用，都表示过去某一时刻或某个时间段正在进行或持续的动作。
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模块8第3--4单元语法突破过去分词和现在分词的被动语态山东刘永科过去分词和被动形式的现在分词，虽然是两个不同的概念，但有时候用法十分接近，有时候差别还很大。
首先，我们把这两种不同名称的非谓语动词写出来：written (过去分词)being written (现在分词的被动语态)having been written (完成式现在分词的被动语态)以上三种形式，它们的共同特点都是表示“被动”，这一点毫无疑问，但差别还是有的。
下面让我们通过实例来讲解和比较它们的差异吧。
【第一组】1. The book written by Mr Brown is very instructive. 布朗先生写的那本书很有教育意义。
【讲解】written by Mr Brown 是过去分词作定语，表示“被动和完成”。
相当于一个过去时或现在完成时的定语从句：The book which was (has been) written by Mr Brown is very instructive.2. The book being written by Mr Brown is going to be published next month. 布朗先生正在写的那本书将在下月出版。
【讲解】being written by Mr Brown 是现在分词的被动语态作定语，表示“被动和进行”。
相当于一个进行时的定语从句：The book which is being written by Mr Brown is going to be published next month.3. The book having been written by Mr Brown is very instructive. (这个句子语法不正确)【讲解】本句存在语法错误。
“完成式现在分词的被动语态”只能作状语用，表示其动作早于谓语动词的动作，但不能作定语。
【第二组】1. She heard her name called just a moment ago. 刚才她听见有人叫她的名字。
【讲解】called是过去分词作宾补，表示“被动和完成”。
2. She heard her name being called from behind and stopped to look back. 她听见有人在后面一直叫她的名字，就停下来向后看。
【讲解】being called是现在分词的被动语态作宾补，表示“被动和进行”。
3. She heard her name having been called from behind and stopped to look back. (这个句子语法不正确)【讲解】本句存在语法错误。
“完成式现在分词的被动语态”只能作状语用，表示其动作早于谓语动词的动作，但不能作宾补。
【第三组】1. Set up more than one hundred years ago, this school is very famous in the city. 这所学校成立于100多年前，在本市很有名。
2. Being watched by so many people, she felt very nervous at the stage. 由于那么多人在观看她，所以她在台上很紧张。
【讲解】用在句首作状语时，“过去分词”表示“被动和完成”；而“现在分词的被动语态”表示“被动和进行”。
【第四组】1. Tired out after a long walk, they had to stop at the foot of the mountain for a rest.2. Being tired out after a long walk, they had to stop at the foot of the mountain for a rest.【讲解】作状语时，分词表示“状态”不是“动作”的情况下，“过去分词”和“现在分词的被动语态”都可以用，意思没有差别。
又如：Satisfied (=Being satisfied) with his experiment, the professor went out of his office merrily.Seated (=Being seated) around the table, we listened to the chairman attentively.【第五组】1. Compared with them, we still have a long way to go. 和他们相比，我们还有很长的路要走。
2. Having been shown around the library, we were taken to the lab. 带着参观了图书馆后，我们又被带去参观实验室。
【讲解】“过去分词”Compared with them 作条件状语，与句子谓语动词发生的时间没有先后之分，句1相当于If we are compared with them, we still have a long way to go. 而“完成式现在分词的被动语态”Having been shown the library 一定早于句子谓语动词发生的时间，句2相当于After we had been shown around the library, we were taken to the lab. 一般来讲，只要早于谓语动词发生的时间，就必须使用“完成式现在分词的被动语态”。
第3-4单元语法专练山东刘永科1. His family couldn’t afford him the advanced education ________.A. needB. needingC. to needD. needed2. This kind of machine, ________ in the 1970s, is now widely used in agriculture.A. to designB. to be designedC. designedD. designing3. ________ for her excellent job, the girl became even more proud.A. PraisedB. PraisingC. To be praisedD. Being praised4. The enemy soldiers hurried to the river, only to find the bridge ________ by the villigers.A. destroyB. destroyingC. to be destroyedD. destroyed5. ________, William can do the work much better, I suppose.A. Give more timeB. Giving more timeC. Given more timeD. More time giving6. Victor was unfortunate enough to have his wallet ________ in the supermarket.A. stolenB. to be stolenC. stealD. be stolen7. I found there was an ________ look on Julia’s face. Obviously she was ________.A. interesting, interestedB. interested, interestingC. interested, interestedD. interesting, interesting8. _______ in her finest skirt, the girl tried to make herself _______ at the party.A. Dressed; noticedB. Dressing; noticedC. Dressed; noticingD. Dressing; being noticing9. _______ with many women, Nancy felt that she was indeed fortunate.A. To compareB. ComparingC. To be comparedD. Compared10. In order to improve her ________English, Li Hua decided to go to an English ________ country for further study.A. speaking, spokenB. spoken, speakingC. spoken, spokenD. speak, speaking11. Write two sentences, ______ each of the verbs ______ above.A. used; givenB. using; givenC. used; givingD. using; giving12. _______ with a bottle, a _______ candle will soon go out.A. Covering, burningB. Covered, burningC. Covered, burnedD. Covering, burned13. Though ______ to stop, the ______ speaker kept ______ at the meeting.A. being asked; exciting; to talkB. asking; excited; to talkC. to be asked; exciting; talkingD. asked; excited; talking14. They are used to sleeping with the windows ________ in summer.A. to closeB. closeC. closingD. closed15. John Snow tried his best to help the ordinary people ________ cholera.A. exposing toB. exposed toC. exposed byD. to be exposed to(答案：1-5DCADC 6-10ACADB 11-15BBDDB)模块8第3--4单元你问我答【问】最近，看到一本教辅书上讲到，a bit和a little 是一对同义词，可以互换使用。