chapter 4 The cardiovascular system
心血管功能英语作文初中
心血管功能英语作文初中标题，The Importance of Cardiovascular Health。
Nowadays, cardiovascular health has become a hot topic in our society. With the rapid pace of modern life and the prevalence of sedentary lifestyles, more and more people are facing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is crucial for us to understand the significance of cardiovascular health and take proactive measures to maintain it.First and foremost, let's delve into what cardiovascular health encompasses. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels, which work together to pump blood throughout the body. When this system functions efficiently, it ensures that oxygen and nutrients are delivered to every cell while waste products are removed. A healthy cardiovascular system is essential for maintaining overall well-being and vitality.Regular physical activity plays a pivotal role in promoting cardiovascular health. Engaging in activitiessuch as jogging, swimming, or cycling not only strengthens the heart muscle but also improves blood circulation and lowers blood pressure. Moreover, exercise helps to control weight, reduce stress, and enhance mood, all of which contribute to a healthier heart.In addition to exercise, a balanced diet is equally important for maintaining cardiovascular health. Consuminga variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins provides essential nutrients that support heart function and lower the risk of heart disease. It is advisable to limit the intake of saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and sodium, as they can increase thelikelihood of developing cardiovascular problems.Furthermore, avoiding harmful habits such as smokingand excessive alcohol consumption is crucial for protecting cardiovascular health. Cigarette smoke contains numerous toxins that damage blood vessels and increase the risk of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildupof plaque in the arteries. Similarly, excessive alcohol consumption can raise blood pressure and contribute to heart disease. Therefore, quitting smoking and moderating alcohol intake are essential steps towards maintaining a healthy heart.Moreover, regular health check-ups are essential for early detection and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Routine screenings for conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes can help identify risk factors before they escalate into serious health issues. By monitoring key indicators of cardiovascular health, individuals can take proactive measures to address any concerns and make necessary lifestyle changes.In conclusion, cardiovascular health is paramount for overall well-being and longevity. By adopting a proactive approach that includes regular exercise, a balanced diet, avoidance of harmful habits, and routine health screenings, we can safeguard our heart health and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Let us prioritize ourcardiovascular health today for a healthier and happier tomorrow.。
The Cardiovascular System
Chapter #13
Human Heart
13.1 Introduction
• The heart pump 7,000 liters of blood/day. • Pumps 2.5 billion times in an average life span. • The heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood make up the cardiovascular system. • The main job of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and remove waste from all cells. • Without fresh O2 and removing waste death would be quick.
13.2 Heart Chambers and Valves
• The heart is divided into 4 chambers. • The upper chambers are the atria. Atria have atria. thin walls and receive blood returning to the heart. • The lower chambers are the ventricles. ventricles. Ventricles receive blood from the atria and contract to force blood out of the heart into arteries.
The cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular systemThe cardiovascular system includes the heart,blood vessels and blood. The heart acts as a musecular pump that continually pumps blood containing oxygen and many other substances to blood vessels.the blood vessels from a closed delivery system that begins and ends at the heart ,the blood acts as the transport meddium that transports nearly everything that must be carried to all parts of the body, blood flows from the hrart to the lungs,where it picks up oxygen j,and then returns to the heart to be pumped throughtout the body, there are two circulatory loops,one short and one long.the short loop is the pumonary circulation which pumps blood from the right side of the heart.the orther is the systemic circulation which pumps blood from the left side of the heart throught the tissues of the body and returns it to the right side of the heart .systemic cirulation delivers oxygen ,nutrients and other needed substances to the body via the arteries while carrying away carbon dioxide and other from the systemic circulation in that oxygen poor blood is carried by the pulmonary arteries from the right ventricle to the alveoil so that gaseous exchange can occur and the pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood back to the left atrium so that the heart can pump it throughtout the body.Th e heartThe heart is a muscular organ enclosed in a fibrous sac .thepericardium,and located in the chest.the narrow space between the pericardium and the heart is filled with a watery fluid that serves as a lubricant as the heart moves within the sac.The walls of the heart are composed primarily of cardiac muscle cells and are termed the myocardium.the myocardium .the inner surface of the walls ,that is ,the surface in contact with the blood within the cardiac chambers,is lined by a thin layer of cells known as endothelial cells ,or endothelium.The human heart is divided into right and left havels ,.each consisting of an atrium and a ventricle .lacated between the atrium and ventricle in each half of the heart are the atrioventricular valves,which permit blood to flow atrium to ventricle but not from ventricle to atrium ,the right av valve is called the tricuspid valve,and the left is called the mitral valve. The opening and closing of the av valve is a passive process resulting from pressure differernces sacross the valves ,The opening and closeing of the av valve is a possive process resulting from pressure differences across the valves.when the blood pressure in an atrium is greater than that in the ventricle separted from it by a valve,the valve is pushed open and flow proceeds from atrium to ventricle.in cintrast,when a contracting ventricle achieves an internal pressure greater than that in its connected atrium to ventrice.in cuntrast,when a contracting ventricle achieves an internal pressure greater open and flow proceedsfrom atrium to ventricle.in contrast,when a contracting ventricle achieves an internal pressure greater than that in its connected atrium ,the av valve between them is forced into the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle and into the aorta from the left ventricle.To prevent the av valves from being pushed up into the strium.the valves are fastened to muscular projections of the ventricular walls by fibrous strands.the papillary muslces do not open or close the valves,they act only to limit the valves movements and prevent them from being everted.The opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk and of the left ventricle into the aorta also contain valves.the pulmonary and aortic valves.these valve permit blood to flow into the arterries during ventricular contraction but prevent blood from moving in the opposite direction during ventricular contraction relaxation.like the av valves,they act in a purely during ventricular relaxation.like the av valves, they act in a purely passive manner,their being open or closed depends upon the pressure differences across them.Another important point concerning the heart valves is that ,when open.they offer very little resistances to flow,in such a state,the contracting cardiac chamber must produce an unusually high pressure to cause flow across the valve.ArteriesArteries are vessels essential to both the systemic and pulminarycirculation.because of their function and size,arteries are divided into three groups.elastic arties,muscular arteries and arterioles.elastic arteries are the largest in diameter and the most elastic in order to carry out their function tasks.their largh diameter serves as low-resistance conduits to transport blood to the medium-sized arteries,their elasticty enables them to withatand great pressure flunctation when the heart contracts,forcing blood into them,and recoiling when blood flows forward into the circulation during heart relaxation.thay are more active in vasodilation .because of the alternating expansion and recoil of elastic arteries during each cardic cycle.a pressure wave is created.that is ,a pulse which is transmitted throught the arteries with each heart beat,the pulse provides an easy way to count the heart beat,.you can feel the pules in any artery lying close to the body surface by applying firm pressure .there are nine pressure points in the body including the radial artery ,brachial artery ,popliteal artery, common cartid aryery .facial artery.,temporal artery,femoral artery ,popliteal artery.facial artery,temporal artery ,femoral artery.because the arterial pulse represents the heart rate ,is influenced by emotions ,postural changes and activity.CapillariesCapillaries are microscopic dense networks that branch throughout nearly all body tissues and join the arterial system with the venous system.the tissues that are poorly vascularized include tendous and ligaments whilecartilage,the cornea and lens of the eye have no capillary supply at all.capillary walls are thin and are just large enough to let red blood cells slip through in single file ,they provide for gaseous diffusion and exchange of nutrients and waste products .capillary beds drain into venules ,which reprsent the initial part of the benous return to the heart. V einsV eins are formed when the benules join toghter ,they have thin walls and large lumens to accommodate the large blood volume .veins carry the same volume of blood as the arteries bur at a lower pressure .65 of the body blood supply is found in the veins at any time .since the blood pressure in the veins is very low.they rely on other methods of propulsion in order to return is very low,they rely on other methods of propulsion in order to return the blood to the heart ,veins have valve that prevent the blood from flowing backward,therefore maintaining its forward progress.skeletal muscle contraction ,gravity and respiratrory activity are the other methods taht help pump the blood towad the heart.Blood flow through the heart and major blood vesselsBlood enters the right atrium by the superior vena cara which collects blood from the body regions superior to the heart .the inferior vena cava which collects the blood from the body regions inferior to the heart and the coronary sinus which collects the blood from the myocardium itself .four pulmonary veins enter the left atrium.they transportoxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.The deoxygenated blood from the right atrium passes throught the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle ,the right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood into the pulmonary trunk which routes the blood via the pulmonary arteries to the back flow of blood into the right ventricle. The pulmonary veins then carry the oxygenated blood back to the heart and enters at the left atrium.from the left strium,the blood passes through the mitral vlave ,also called the bicuspid valve ,to the left ventricle ,from the left ventricle the oxygenated blood passes into the aorta,the largst artery in the body which branches into smaller srteries for distribution to the rest of the body.the aortic valve or semilunar valve within the aorta permits the blood to flow in only one direction ,from the left ventricle to the aorta.the myocardium has its own blood supply provided by the coronary arteries which are branches of the aorta,if the blood flow in the coronary arteries is diminished ,myocardial damage may occur and if severe,necrosis of the muscle results.Conducting system of the heartHeart activity is due to the ability of the cardiac muscle to depolarize and contract .the heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.this action is accmplished by the transmission of the depolarized wave from cell to within the haert through gap junctions which unite all cardiac muscles together into a single contractile unit.this dependent ,coordinatedheart activity is due to the gap junctions and the conducting system initiate and distribute impulses throughout the heart so that the myocardium depolarizes and contracts in an orderly sequential fashion ,from atria to ventricles ,therefore the heart beasts nearly as one cell.The conducting system includes the sinoatrial node,the atrioventricular node.the atrioventricular bundle ,the right and left bundle branches and the purkinje fibers ,the sinoatrial node,also known as the pacemaker ,is located in the right atrial wall just inferior to the entrance of the inferior vena cava.as the pacemaker ,the sinoatrial node initiates each depolarized wave that travels across the heart and sets the pace for the heart as a whole.the sinoatrial nodes depolarize spontaneously about 70 to 80 times per minute.,its rhythm is called the sinus rhythm.The depolarized wave leaves the sinoatial node and spreads to the atrioventricular node located in the right atrial floor,near the interatrial septum.it has a slow conduction velocity ,therefore ,allowing the atria to complete their contractions before quickly passing along to the bundle of his and its branches and onto the purkinje fibers that penetrate the ventricular myocardium ,while the bundle of his and branches ensure excitation of the septal cells .the bulk of its larger size.ventricular contraction almost immediately follows the ventricular depolarization wave thus ejecting blood into arteries leaving the base of the heart ,theautunomic nervous system controls the heart rate and the ejection volume of the heart.The cardiac cycleThe cardiac cycle is approximately 0.8seconds and consists of the atrial systole and diastole followed by ventricular systole and diastole .the cardiac cycle is marked by a succession of pressure and blood volume change within the heart.The electrical currents generated and transmitted through the heart can be picked up ,amplified and recorded by an electrocardiograph .the graphic recording of electrocardiogram .in an ECG tracing,there are 5 distince deflection waves ,the P.Q.R.Sand Twaves .the P wave id the first wave recorded which is a small wave repesnting the depolarzation of the atria ,in other words ,it occours as the electrical impulse passes from the sinoatrial node to the atria.it lasts about 0.8seconds ,the QRS complex is 0.08 seconds.the T wave repesents the electrical recovery and relaxation of the ventricles of the ventricle ,that is ,.the repolarization of the ventricles and lasts about 0.16 seconds.。
(完整版)医学专业英语1-4单元术语解释、短语和课后习题答案
Chapter 1Human Body as a WholeMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixesand write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland2. inflammation of the adrenal gland3. pertaining to medicine4. pertaining to biology5. pertaining to chemistry6. pertaining to the blood vessel7. pertaining to cells8. pertaining to molecules9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing10. the study of the living thing11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing12. the study of the heart13. the disease of the heart14. the record of the heart waves15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands16. pertaining to the production of hormone17. the study of inner gland secretion18. the red blood cell19. the white blood cell20. the lymph cell21. the study of cell22. the study of chemistry of cell23. the study of biology of cell25. the tumor of the embryo26. the study of the disease of the embryo27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands28. pertaining to the inside of the heart29. pertaining to the inside of the cell30. above the skin31. above the skin32. inflammation of the skin33. red blood cells34. instrument of measuring red blood cells35. to breathe out the waste gas36. to drive somebody or something out37. to spread outside38. sth that produces diseases39. the study of blood40. blood cells41. the study of tissues42. the study of tissue pathology43. therapy treatment, hence tissue treatment44. pertaining to the base45. pertaining to the toxin46. pertaining to symptoms47. the study of body’s auto protection from diseases48. protected from49. deficiency in the immune system of the body50. substance from the adrenal gland51. water from it52. the study of societies53. the study of urinary system55. lymph cells56. tumor of the lymphatic system57. the study of the lymphatic system58. the study of physical growth59. a doctor of internal medicine60. treatment by physiological methods61. the new growth ,tumor62. the study of mind63. abnormal condition of the mind64. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland68.cutting apart the human body as a branch of medical sciences69. cut open the bone70.to cut the heart open71. pertaining to the blood vessel72. inflammation of the blood vessel73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vesselKey to the Exercises B.1.（embryo）embryology2.(process/condition) mechanism3.(heart) cardiovascular4.(color) chromatin5.(secretion) endocrinology6.(cell) cytology7.(sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen8.(lymph) lymphatic9.(the study of) psychology10.(pertaining to) regularLanguage Points:put together组成known as 叫做joints between bones关节to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body牵动骨骼肌引起各种运动hip joint髋关节flexible有韧性的cushioning缓冲replaced by bone 骨化one bone moves in relation to the other两骨彼此靠近产生运动contents物质nourishment营养物质function发挥功能waste products废物accumulate积聚poison the body危害生命distributes运送needed materials有用的物质unneeded ones废物is made up of包括protect…against foreign invaders防止外来侵袭（See! Power Point）identical对等的receives吸收traveled through流经forced out压送reenter流入directly直接地channels 管道filters过滤larynx喉管trachea气管two lungs左右肺very large number of 大量的air spaces肺泡release释放出extending 延伸到broken down分解absorbed into吸收进chewing咀嚼esophagus食管Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.1. (The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the bodytemperature constant.)3. (The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all body cells while removing wasteones.)4. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.)5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.)7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.)8. (The brain collects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts ofthe body to be carried out.)9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keepactive male sex cells.)10. (The largest of the body’s organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the body with acomplete layer.)Key to the Section A Passage 1 Exercises E.1.cardiovascular diseases2. function of the pituitary3. the urinary tract4. molecules5. artery6. endocrinology7. dyspnea / difficulty in respiration 8. saliva9. histology 10. blood circulation11. hematology 12. physiology13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive15. nervous cells 16. immunology17. indigestion / poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle19. embryology 20. psychologySection B, Passage 2 Cells and TissuesLanguage PointsOrganized组（构）成arranged in to构成in turn are grouped into又进一步组成serves its specific有特定的bear in mind记住result from源于billions亿万determind确立fit on合在一起by contrast相比之下machinary机构while normally在正常情况下function with great efficiency高效地发挥作用are subject to易于发生result in导致millionth百万分之一equal等于average一般 a speck barely visible基本上看不见的一个小点The science that deals with cells on the smalleststructural and functional level is called molecular biology.从最小的结构及功能水平研究细胞的科学叫分子生物学。
19心血管系统英文单词
第四篇心血管系统Section 4 Angiology第一章心血管系统Chapter 1 Cardiovascular Systemabdominal aorta 腹主动脉anterior cardiac vein 心前静脉anterior inferior sinus of pericardium 心包前下窦anterior interventricular branch 前室间支anterior interventricular groove 前室间沟anterior papillary muscle 前乳头肌anterior tibial artery 胫前动脉aorta 主动脉aorta arch 主动脉弓aortic glomera 主动脉小球aortic orifice 主动脉口aortic sinus 主动脉窦aortic valve 主动脉瓣aortic vestibule 主动脉前庭arterial ligament 动脉韧带artery 动脉ascending aorta 升主动脉atrioventricular bundle 房室束atrioventricular junction region 房室交界区atrioventricular node 房室结atrioventricular septum 房室隔axillary artery 腋动脉Bachmann 束上房间束brachial artery 肱动脉brachiocephali trunk 头臂干capillary 毛细血管cardiac apex 心尖cardiac apical incisure 心尖切迹cardiac base 心底carotid sinus 颈动脉窦carotid glomera 颈动脉小球central fibrous body 中心纤维体circumflex branch 旋支celiac trunk 腹腔干collateral circulation 侧支循环common hepatic artery 肝总动脉conus arteriosus 动脉圆锥coronary sinus 冠状窦coronary sulcus 冠状沟crista terminalis 界嵴crus 房室交点deep palmar arch 掌深弓dorsal artery of foot 足背动脉endocardium 心内膜epicardium 心外膜Eustachian 瓣下腔静脉瓣external carotid artery 颈外动脉external iliac artery 髂外动脉facial artery 面动脉femoral artery 股动脉fibrous pericardium 纤维心包fossa ovalis 卵圆窝great cardiac vein 心大静脉heart 心ileal arteries 回肠动脉ileocolic artery 回结肠动脉inferior mesenteric artery 肠系膜下动脉interatrial septum 房间隔internal carotid artery 颈内动脉internal iliac artery 髂内动脉internal pudendal artery 阴部内动脉internal thoracic artery 胸廓内动脉interventricular septum 室间隔jejunal arteries 空肠动脉left and right common iliac artery 左、右髂总动脉left atrioventricular orifice 左房室口left atrioventricular valve 左房室瓣left atrium 左心房left auricle 左心耳left bundle branch 左束支left colic artery 左结肠动脉left common carotid artery 左颈总动脉left coronary artery 左冠状动脉left gastric artery 胃左动脉left pulmonary artery 左肺动脉left subclavian artery 左锁骨下动脉left ventricle 左心室maxillary artery 上颌动脉middle cardiac vein 心中静脉middle colic artery 中结肠动脉middle meningeal artery 脑膜中动脉mitral complex 二尖瓣复合体mitral valve 二尖瓣moderator band 节制索myocardium 心肌层non-coronary leaflets or sinuses 无冠状动脉半月瓣（窦）（即右后半月瓣）opbique pericardial sinus 心包斜窦obturator artey 闭孔动脉orifice of coronary sinus 冠状窦口orifice of inferior vena cava 下腔静脉口orifice of pulmonary trunk 肺动脉口orifice of superior vena cava 上腔静脉口ovarian artery 卵巢动脉pacemaker cell P 细胞，起搏细胞papillary muscles 乳头肌pericardial cavity 心包腔pericardium 心包peroaeal artery 腓动脉popliteal artery 腘动脉posterior interventricular branch 后室间支posterior interventricular groove 后室间沟posteriorpapillary muscle 后乳头肌posterior tibial artery 胫后动脉pulmonary trunk 肺动脉干pulmonary valve 肺动脉瓣radial artery 桡动脉renal artery 肾动脉right atrioventricular orifice 右房室口right atrioventricular valve 右房室瓣right atrium 右心房right bundle branch 右束支right colic artery 右结肠动脉right coronary artery 右冠状动脉right fibrous trigone 右纤维三角right pulmonary artery 右肺动脉right ventricle 右心室septomarginal trabecula 隔缘肉柱serous pericardium 浆膜心包sigmoid arteries 乙状结肠动脉sinuatrial node 窦房结small cardiac vein 心小静脉smallest cardiac veins 心最小静脉splenic artery 脾动脉subcalvian artery 锁骨下动脉sulcus terminalis 界沟superficial palmar arch 掌浅弓superficial temporal artery 颞浅动脉superior mesenteric artery 肠系膜上动脉superior rectal artery 直肠上动脉supraventricular crest 室上嵴testicular artery 睾丸动脉Thebesian 瓣冠状窦瓣thoracic aorta 胸主动脉Thorel 氏束后结间束thyrocervical trunk 甲状颈干trabeculae carneae 肉柱transitional cell T细胞，过渡细胞transverse pericardial sinus 心包横窦tricuspid valve 三尖瓣tricuspid valve compled 三尖瓣复合体ulnar artery 尺动脉umbilical artery脐动脉uterine artery子宫动脉vascular anastomosis血管吻合vein 静脉vertebral artery 椎动脉wenchebach 束结间束静脉Veinaccessory hemiazygos vein 副半奇静脉angular vein 内眦静脉anterior jugular vein 颈前静脉axillary vein 腋静脉azygos vein 奇静脉basilica vein 贵要静脉brachiocephalic vein 头臂静脉cephalic vein 头静脉common iliac vein 髂总静脉cystic vein 胆囊静脉deep facial vein 面深静脉diploic vein 板障静脉external iliac vein 髂外静脉external jugular vein 颈外静脉external vertebral plexus 椎外静脉丛facial vein 面静脉femoral vein 股静脉great saphenous vein 大隐静脉hemiazygos vein 半奇静脉hepatic portal vein 肝门静脉hepatic vein 肝静脉inferior mesenteric vein 肠系膜下静脉inferior vena cava 下腔静脉internal iliac vein 髂内静脉internal jugular vein 颈内静脉internal vertebral plexus 椎内静脉丛jugular venous arch 颈静脉弓left gastric vein 胃左静脉median cubital vein 肘正中静脉median vein of forearm 前臂正中静脉ovarian vein 卵巢静脉paraumbilical vein 附脐静脉pterygoid venous plexus 翼静脉丛pulmonary vein 肺静脉renal vein 肾静脉retromandibular veiin 下颌后静脉right gastric vein 胃右静脉small saphenous vein 小隐静脉splenic vein脾静脉subclavian vein锁骨下静脉superior mesenteric vein肠系膜上静脉superior vena cava上腔静脉suprarenal vein肾上腺静脉testidular vein睾丸静脉venous angle 静脉角venous valve 静脉瓣。
专业英语-人体解剖生理学
普通英语意义 医学英语意义
门槛、入口 阈值
冒号
结肠
接受者
受体、感受器
阀门
瓣膜
第二位的
继发的
医学双栖词汇（举例）
单词
普通英语
threshold 门槛、入口
colon
冒号
receptor 接受者
valve
阀门
stress
压力，紧张状态
sympathetic 同情的
secondary 第二位的
医学英语 阈值 结肠 受体、感受器 瓣膜 应激 交感神经的 继发的
Human Anatomy and Physiology 人体解剖生理学
▪ Anatomy /ə‘nætəmi/ 解剖、解剖学 gross anatomy 大体解剖学
▪ Physiology /ֽfizi'כləd3i/ 生理学
医学双栖词汇（举例）
单词 threshold colon receptor valve secondary
uterus (子宫) uterine tube (输卵管) ovary (卵巢) cut out
构词成分的双重性
▪ 在一些特定的方面，拉丁语和希腊语都有 一套完整的词根。
▪ 结果：词汇量扩大了 同义词增多了
部位
brain kidney joint nerve body bowel
词义
脑 肾 关节 神经 体 肠
专业英语IV （人体解剖生理学）
Course Objectives
1. To serve the bilingual teaching needs in an undergraduate course of Human Anatomy and Physiology (Human A&P).
【医学PPT课件】心脏与血液循环Cardiovascular system
有氧運動特徵：
- 全身大肌肉進行 - 有規律、速度穩定 (強度中等) - 長時間 (30分鐘以上)
A
B
有氧運動例子
長跑
游泳
步行
跳繩
運動時間
30分鐘或以上的持續有氧運動 (Aerobic Exercise)。
運動強度
反映運動強度的指標：
心跳 個人感覺 呼吸
Count the Maximum Heart Rate 計算最高心跳率
3.
每 餐 應 以 五 穀 類 食 物 為 主 ，多 吃 蔬 菜 、 水 果 。
3. Eat less salt, oil, sweet or preserved food.
4.
減少進食含高鹽份、高脂肪、經醃製或含高糖份的食
物 。(e.g. : junk food 零食)
4. Drink 6-8 glasses of liquid.
Good Health
Welcome!
Food Pyramid 食物金字塔
健康飲食原則
1. We have to eat different kinds of food, do not be choosy about food.
2.
食物的選擇要多元化，避免偏食 。
2. Eat cereals and grains most, eat more vegetables and fruit.
每日只要相等於消耗 150卡路里熱量，已 足以令身體獲益
簡 單 來 說，令 人 心 跳 加 速 加強、流 汗 或 呼 吸 加 重 的 運 動，都 可 視 作 程 度中等或適量的運動
活動30分鐘所耗的卡路里
游泳 騎腳踏車 行樓梯 打掃 快步走 跳繩 跳舞
Cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular systemapex 顶，上部myocardium 心肌epicardium 心外膜endocardium 心内膜sac 囊pericardium 心包atrium 心房atria (pl)ventricle 心室septum 膈coat 层tunic 膜endothelium 内皮aorta 主动脉arteriole 微动脉，小动脉epithelial 上皮的The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and blood vessels. The heartis situated between the lungs with its apex directed toward the left. The muscularwalls of the heart consist of three major "layers." The bulk of the walls is made up ofa layer of cardiac muscle and is called the myocardium. The muscle is enclosed onthe outside by the epicardium and on the inside by the endocardium. The heart is alsocovered completely by a fibrous sac called the pericardium.The upper receiving chambers of the heart are the atria. The lower pumpingchambers are the ventricles. The interventricular septum separates the two ventricles;the interatrial septum divides the two atria.There are three major types of blood vessels, i.e., arteries, veins, and capillaries.Arteries lead blood away from the heart. These blood vessels have the thickest wallsbecause they receive the pumping drive from the ventricles of the heart. There arethree coats (tunics) which resemble the three tissue layers of the heart. These are: 1)the innermost membrane of endothelium, which forms a smooth surface over whichthe blood may easily move; 2) the second, more bulky layer, which is made ofinvoluntary muscle combined with elastic connective tissue; and 3) and outer tunic,which is made of a supporting connective tissue. The largest artery, the aorta, is about1 inch in diameter and has the thickest wall. The smallest subdivisions of arteries, thearterioles, have thinner walls in which there are very little connective tissues butrelatively more muscle. These smaller branches of the arteries carry blood to thetiniest of blood vessels, the capillaries.Capillaries have walls that are only one epithelial cell thick. The capillary wallsare transparent and are made of smooth plate like cells that continue from the liningof the arteries. The walls are so thin that they can allow passage of oxygen andnutrients out of the bloodstream and into the tissue fluid surrounding the cells. At the510152025心血管系统由心脏和血管组成。
第四章 脉管系统 心血管系统
(4)pelvis a.骨盆部A
Internal iliac a. 髂内A是骨盆部动脉的主干。 Chief branches： •Internal pubes a.阴部内A 尾部的肌肉 和皮肤。
(5)head and neck a.头颈部A
后腔静脉口附近的房间隔上有Fossa
ovalis卵圆窝 右心房的出口为right atrioventricular orifice右房室口,通右心室
2. Right ventricle 右心室(RV)
位于心的右前部，顶端向下，不达心尖。 One inlet(入口): right artrioventricular orifice 右房室口， 以致密结缔组织构成的纤维环为支架，环上附着有3片三角形瓣膜， 称Tricuspid valve三尖瓣（右房室瓣）。其游离缘向下垂入心室， 通过Tendon chorda 腱索连于Papillary muscles乳头肌。 One outlet(出口): orifice of pulmonary trunk 肺动脉口，位 于右心室的左上方，也有一纤维 环支持，环上附着有3片半月形 的瓣膜，称 semilunar valve 半月瓣。每片瓣膜均呈袋状， 袋口向着肺动脉 在右心室侧壁和室间隔上有 Septomarginal trabecula
上部大称Cardiac base 心基，有进出心 pyramidal in shape圆锥形 脏的大血管，位置较固定； 下部小称Cardiac apex 心尖，位置游离 front border前缘：protruding凸 Two border back border后缘：short and vertical短而直
第6胸椎腹侧。Chief branches： ① Left and right coronary artery左、右冠状A：由主动 脉的根部分出，大部分分布到心脏，只有少量小的 分支到大血管的起始部。 ② Brachiocephalic trunk臂头A总干：分布到头、颈、 前肢和胸壁前部的动脉主干。向前下方及外侧分出Left
21世纪大学医学英语： 基础医学英语1-4单元
CONTENTSUnit 1Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A The Skeletal SystemPassage B Amplication of DNA by the Polymerase Chain ReactionUnit 2Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A The Brain and Its FunctionsPassage B Other Parts of the Nervous SystemUnit 3Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A BloodPassage B General Principle of Physical ExaminationUnit 4Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A The Endocrine SystemPassage B Action and Secretion of HormonesUnit 5Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A The Digestive SystemPassage B Clinical and Pathological Conditions of the Diges tive System Unit 6Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A Urine FormationPassage B Pathophysiology of the KidneysUnit 7Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A Uterus and Menstrual CyclePassage B Fertilization,Implantation and Early Develop-mentUnit 8Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A The Cardiovascular SystemPassage B Factors Determining Arterial Pressure and Hypert en-sion Unit 9Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A Respiratory System(Ⅰ)Passage B Respiratory System(Ⅱ)Unit 10Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A TumorPassage B CancerUnit 11Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A Cell DeathPassage B Clones:Will There Be“Carbon Copy”People?Unit 12Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A The Relationships Between Epstein-Barr Virus,Ma-lignancy,and mmunodeficiencyPassage B HIV in Older AdultsUnit 13Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A Genetic Transfer Mechanisms and the Transmission of Drug Resistance in BacteriaPassage B Genetic CounselingUnit 14Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A Definition and Nature of InflammationPassage B The Control of Microorganisms by Chemical AgentsUnit 15Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A PathologyPassage B Classification of DiseaseUnit 16Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A Pharmacodynamics and PharmacokineticsPassage B Tumor PathologyUnit 17Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A Animal ExperimentPassage B NursingUnit 18Section A TerminologySection B PassagesPassage A Psychology:the Search for UnderstandingPassage B Health Care SystemKey to Exercises参考译文Glossary。
The Cardiovascular system
100µm c h a p t e rThe CardiovascularSystemRed blood cells areseen in an arteriole (topright)and a venule(bottom left). Capillariesare in the center of themicrograph.chapter outline & learning objectives After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to:12.1Anatomy of the Heart(p. 225)■Describe the location of the heart and itsfunctions.■Describe the wall and coverings of the heart.■Trace the path of blood through the heart, naming its chambers and valves.■Describe the operation of the heart valves.■Describe the coronary circulation, and discuss several coronary circulation disorders andpossible treatments.12.2Physiology of the Heart(p. 230)■Describe the conduction system of the heart. ■Label and explain a normalelectrocardiogram.■Describe the cardiac cycle and the heart sounds.■Describe the cardiac output and regulation of the heartbeat.12.3Anatomy of Blood Vessels(p.234)■Name the three types of blood vessels, anddescribe their structure and function.12.4Physiology of Circulation(p.236)■Explain how blood pressure changesthroughout the vascular system, and describethe factors that determine blood pressure.■Describe how blood pressure is regulated.■Define pulse, and tell where the pulse may betaken.■Describe shock due to hypotension andvarious medical consequences ofhypertension.12.5Circulatory Routes(p. 242)■Name the two circuits of the cardiovascularsystem, and trace the path of blood from theheart to any organ in the body and back to theheart.■Describe the major systemic arteries and themajor systemic veins.■Describe several special circulations: bloodsupply to the liver, blood supply to the brain,and fetal circulation.12.6Effects of Aging (p. 248)■Describe the anatomical and physiologicalchanges that occur in the cardiovascularsystem as we age.12.7Homeostasis(p. 248)■Describe how the cardiovascular systemworks with other systems of the body tomaintain homeostasis.What’s NewInfections Causing Atherosclerosis? (p. 229)Medical FocusThe Electrocardiogram (p. 231)Preventing Cardiovascular Disease (pp. 240-41) 224endocardiummyocardium epicardium (visceral pericardium)coronary blood vessel pericardial cavity parietal pericardium fibrous pericardiumleft ventricle forms the apex of the heart. The cavity of the is oval-shaped, while that of the right ventricle is crescent-shaped. The papillary muscles in the left ventricle are quite large, and the chordae tendineae attached to the AV valve are thicker and stronger than those in the right ventricle.As mentioned, the AV valve on the left side is also called the bicuspid (or mitral) valve.Blood passes from the left ventricle through a semilunar valve into the aorta. This semilunar valve is appropriately aortic semilunar valve.The semilunar cusps of this valve are larger and thicker than those of the pulmonary semi-Just beyond the aortic semilunar valve, some blood passes into the coronary arteries , blood vessels that lie on and nourish the heart itself. The rest of the blood stays in the aorta, which continues as the arch of the aorta and then the descending aorta.make sure you understand this discussion, trace the -rich blood through the heart, from the pulmonary veins to the aorta (see Figs. 12.1 and 12.3b ).chordae tendineae inferior vena cavabrachiocephalic arterysuperior vena cavaleft common carotid arterysemilunar valvesleft pulmonary veinsaortaleft pulmonary arteries pulmonary trunk left atrium left subclavian arterybicuspid (mitral) valve (AV valve)leftventricleinterventricular septumpapillary musclesinferior vena cavaCircuitCardiac muscle fibers and the other types of cells in the wall of the heart are not nourished by the blood in the chambers; diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from this blood to all the cells that make up the heart would be too slow. Instead, these cells receive nutrients and rid themselves of wastes at capillar-ies embedded in the heart wall.coronary arteries,termed the left and right coronary arteries, branch from the aorta just beyond the aortic semilu-nar valve (Fig. 12.4). Each of these arteries branches and then rebranches, until the heart is encircled by small arterial blood vessels. Some of these join so that there are several routes to reach any particular capillary bed in the heart. Alternate routes are helpful if an obstruction should occur along the path of blood reaching cardiac muscle cells.After blood has passed through cardiac capillaries, it is taken up by vessels that join to form veins. The coronary veins are specifically called cardiac veins.The cardiac veins enter a coronary sinus, which is essentially a thin-walled vein. The coronary sinus enters the right ventricle.Maintenance of the Body229Chapter 12The Cardiovascular SystemInfections Causing Atherosclerosis?What if your potential heart attack or stroke could be prevented by having an inexpensive blood test and taking a round of antibi-otics? New research hints that this might be possible in the future.Scientists agree that atherosclerosis begins with injury to the arterial wall. The injured wall of the artery first develops a fatty streak, which hardens to form plaque. Hypertension and unfa-vorable levels of cholesterol are seen in individuals with athero-sclerosis. However, could a bacterial or viral infection cause the injury that starts atherosclerosis, as some scientists think? If so,antibiotics or antiviral drugs might slow or stop the damaging ef-fects of atherosclerosis.Recent research shows that when a person develops athero-sclerotic plaques, the body’s defenses are activated, just as they arewhen a person suffers a bacterial or viral infection. A protein in the blood called C-reactive protein, or CRP, is an important piece of evidence that atherosclerosis activates body defenses. For ex-ample, CRP levels rise in your blood if you suffer from a cold or are recovering from a wound. High blood levels of CRP in a seem-ingly healthy person could mean that the arteries are inflamed.Indeed, recent studies show that people with the highest blood levels of CRP have double the risk of heart attack. In individuals with angina, the evidence is scarier: High CRP consistently pre-dicted eventual heart attack.Elevated CRP can be measured with a simple blood test. Cur-rently, the American Heart Association recommends testing for people who have two or more coronary risk factors.One possible way to prevent clots from forming is to take aspirin. Aspirin reduces the stickiness of platelets and thereby lowers the probability that clots will form. The dosage should remain limited because long-term aspirin use might have harmful effects, including bleeding in the brain.Surgical Procedures Two surgical procedures are associated with occluded coronary arteries.In balloon angioplasty,a open and decreases the risk of future occlusion. In a coronary bypass operation,a portion of a blood vessel from another part of the body, such as a large vein in the leg, is sutured from the aorta to the coronary artery, past the point of obstruction. This procedure allows blood to flow normally again from the aorta to the heart. Figure 12.6 shows a triple bypass in which three blood vessels have been used to allow blood to flow freely from the aorta to cardiac muscle by way of the coronary artery.c. Balloon is inflated.arterial wallballoonb. Balloon is released.a. Artery is closed.grafted veins123 4The ElectrocardiogramA graph that records the electrical activity of the myocardium dur-ing a cardiac cycle is called an electrocardiogram,or ECG.*An ECG is obtained by placing on the patient’s skin several electrodes that are wired to a voltmeter (an instrument for measuring volt-age). As the heart’s chambers contract and then relax, the change in polarity is measured in millivolts.An ECG consists of a set of waves: the P wave, a QRS com-plex, and a T wave (Fig. 12A). The P wave represents depolariza-tion of the atria as an impulse started by the SA node travels throughout the atria. The P wave signals that the atria are going to be in systole and that the atrial myocardium is about to con-tract. The QRS complex represents depolarization of the ventri-cles following excitation of the Purkinje fibers. It signals that the ventricles are going to be in systole and that the ventricular myo-cardium is about to contract. The QRS complex shows greater voltage changes than the P wave because the ventricles have more muscle mass than the atria. The T wave represents repolar-ization of the ventricles. It signals that the ventricles are going to be in diastole and that the ventricular myocardium is about to relax. Atrial diastole does not show up on an ECG as an inde-pendent event because the voltage changes are masked by the QRS complex.An ECG records the duration of electrical activity and there-fore can be used to detect arrhythmia, an irregular or abnormal heartbeat. A rate of fewer than 60 heartbeats per minute is called bradycardia,and more than 100 heartbeats per minute is called tachycardia.Another type of arrhythmia is fibrillation,in which the heart beats rapidly but the contractions are uncoordinated. The heart can sometimes be defibrillated by briefly applying a strong electrical current to the chest.It is important to understand that an EC G only supplies information about the heart’s electrical activity. To be used in diagnosis, an EC G must be coupled with other information, including X rays, studies of blood flow, and a detailed history from the patient.*Also known as EKG (German, ElectroKardioGramm)a.b.Millivolts–.5.51.0Milliseconds020*******SQPTRFigure 12A Electrocardiogram.a.A portion of an electrocardiogram.b.An enlarged normal cycle.stimulus to the heart every 0.85 second. Should the AV node be damaged, the ventricles still beat because all cardiac muscle cells can contract on their own. However, the beat is so slow that the condition is called a heart block.An area other than the SA node can become the pacemaker when it develops a rate of contraction that is faster than the SA node. This site, called an ectopic pacemaker,may cause an extra beat, if it operates only occasionally, or it can even pace the heart for a while. Caffeine and nicotine are two substances that can stimulate an ectopic pacemaker.ElectrocardiogramWith the contraction of any muscle, including the myocardium, electrolyte changes occur that can be detected by electrical recording devices. These changes occur as a muscle action potential sweeps over the cardiac muscle fibers. The resulting record, called an electrocardiogram, helps a physician detect and possibly diagnose the cause of an irregular heartbeat. There are many types of irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.The Medical Focus on this page discusses the electrocardiogram and some types of arrhythmias.231Chapter 12The Cardiovascular Systemaortic arch baroreceptorssympathetic chainblood vesselssympathetic nervescardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in themedulla oblongatav a g u s ner v e (par a s y mp a t h e ti c )baroreceptors12345arteriolevenuleendothelium (tunica interna)smooth muscles and elastic fibers (tunica media)connective tissue (tunica externa)a. b. c.Artery VeinCapillaryvalvearterioleprecapillary sphincter venuleveinarteriovenous shuntarterycapillariesblood flowPeripheral ResistanceThe nervous system and the endocrine system both affect pe-ripheral resistance.Neural Regulation of Peripheral Resistance A vasomotor Contracted skeletal musclesRelaxed skeletal musclesvalve openvalve closedveina. b.reninangiotensin I and II ANH aldosteronefacial arteryaxillary arterybrachial arteryradial artery femoral arteryposteriortibial arteryNo sounds (artery is closed)Sounds heard (artery is opening and closing)No sounds (artery is open)sounds are heard with stethoscopebrachial artery air valvesqueezable bulb inflates cuff with airinflatable rubber cuff column of mercury indicating pressure in mm Hg systolediastole 300280260240220200180160140120100806040200Preventing Cardiovascular DiseaseAll of us can take steps to prevent cardiovascular disease, the most frequent cause of death in the United States. Genetic factors that predispose an individual to cardiovascular disease include family history of heart attack under age 55, male gender, and ethnicity (African Americans are at greater risk). However, people with one or more of these risk factors need not despair. It only means that they need to pay particular attention to the following guidelines for a heart-healthy lifestyle.The Don’tsSmokingHypertension is recognized as a major contributor to cardiovas-cular disease. When a person smokes, the drug nicotine, present in cigarette smoke, enters the bloodstream. Nicotine causes the arterioles to constrict and the blood pressure to rise. Restricted blood flow and cold hands are associated with smoking in most people. Cigarette smoke also contains carbon monoxide, and he-moglobin combines preferentially and nonreversibly with carbon monoxide. Therefore, the presence of carbon monoxide lowers the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and the heart must pump harder to propel the blood through the lungs. Smoking also damages the arterial wall and accelerates the formation of atherosclerosis and plaque (Fig. 12B).Drug AbuseStimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamines, can cause an ir-regular heartbeat and lead to heart attacks in people who are us-ing drugs even for the first time. Intravenous drug use may also re-sult in a cerebral blood clot and stroke.Too much alcohol can destroy just about every organ in the body, the heart included. But investigators have discovered that people who take an occasional drink have a 20% lower risk of heart disease than do teetotalers. Two to four drinks a week is the recommended limit for men; one to three drinks is the recom-mendation for women.Weight GainHypertension also occurs more often in persons who are more than 20% above the recommended weight for their height. Because more tissue requires servicing, the heart must send extra blood out under greater pressure in those who are overweight. It may be very difficult to lose weight once it is gained, and therefore weight con-trol should be a lifelong endeavor. Even a slight decrease in weight can bring a reduction in hypertension. A 4.5-kilogram weight loss doubles the chance that blood pressure can be normalized with-out drugs.The Do’sHealthy DietIt was once thought that a low-salt diet could protect against car-diovascular disease, and that still may be true in certain persons. Theoretically, hypertension occurs because the more salty the blood, the greater the osmotic pressure and the higher the water content. However, in recent years, the emphasis has switched to a diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol as protective against car-diovascular disease. C holesterol is ferried in the blood by two types of plasma lipoproteins, called LDL (low-density lipopro-tein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein). LDL (called “bad”lipoprotein) takes cholesterol from the liver to the tissues, and HDL (called “good” lipoprotein) transports cholesterol out of the tissues to the liver. When the LDL level in the blood is abnormally high or the HDL level is abnormally low, cholesterol accumulates in arterial walls. At first, this accumulation is a “fatty streak” be-neath the endothelium. Then smooth muscle cells migrate from the muscular layer of the vessel and cover the fatty streak. When the muscle cells continue to divide, benign smooth muscletumors, called atheromas,are present (i.e., atherosclerosis). The presence of plaque (Fig. 12B) can interfere with circulation. Fi-nally, fibroblast growth and scar tissue, called sclerosis,covers the plaque, which is also invaded by C a 2ϩ. Now, a rigid artery of smaller diameter contributes to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.It is recommended that everyone know his or her blood cho-lesterol level. Individuals with a high blood cholesterol level (240mg/100 ml) should be further tested to determine their LDL cho-lesterol level. The LDL cholesterol level, together with other risk factors such as age, family history, general health, and whether the patient smokes, determine who needs dietary therapy to lower their LDL. Cholesterol-lowering drugs are reserved for high-risk patients.Evidence is mounting to suggest a role for antioxidant vita-mins (A, E, and C) in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.Antioxidants protect the body from free radicals that may damage HDL cholesterol through oxidation or damage the lining of anartery, leading to a blood clot that can block the vessel. Nutri-tionists believe that consuming at least five servings of fruit and vegetables a day may protect against cardiovascular disease.ExercisePeople who exercise are less apt to have cardiovascular disease.One study found that moderately active men who spent an aver-age of 48 minutes a day on a leisure-time activity such as garden-ing, bowling, or dancing had one-third fewer heart attacks than their peers who spent an average of only 16 minutes each day on such activities. Exercise helps keep weight under control, may help minimize stress, and reduces hypertension. The heart beats faster when exercising, but exercise slowly increases the heart’s capacity.This means that the heart can beat more slowly when we are at rest and still do the same amount of work. One physician recom-mends that his cardiovascular patients walk for one hour, three times a week. In addition, they are to practice meditation and yoga-like stretching and breathing exercises to reduce stress.PHOTO to be placedcoronary arteryulceration atheroscleroticplaque fatcholesterol crystalslumen of vesselFigure 12BCoronary arteries and plaque. Plaque (in yellow) is an irregular accumulation of cholesterol and other substances. When plaque ispresent in a coronary artery, a heart attack is more apt to occur because of restricted blood flow.superficial temporal a. external carotid a.internal carotid a.right common carotid a. right subclavian a.brachiocephalic a. axillary a.intercostal a.deep brachial a. brachial a.renal a.radial a.common iliac a. internal iliac a. external iliac a.ulnar a.deep femoral a. popliteal a.anterior tibial a. peroneal a.dorsalis pedis a.vertebral a.left subclavian a.left common carotid a.aortic archaorta ascending aorta descending aortaceliac a.thoracic aortaabdominal aorta superior mesenteric a.inferior mesenteric a. gonadal a.femoral a.posterior tibial a.Figure 12.18Major arteries(a.) of the body.(v.) of the body. right brachiocephalic v.small saphenous v.capillaries allow nutrients and wastes to diffuse into liver cells for further processing. Then, hepatic capillaries join to form venules that enter a hepatic vein. The hepatic veins enter the in-In addition to receiving venous blood from the intestine, the liver also receives arterial blood via the hepatic artery. The Hypothalamus-Hypophyseal Portal SystemThe body has other portal systems. For example, the vascular link between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary through which the hypothalamus sends hypothalamic-releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary is a portal system.245Chapter 12The Cardiovascular Systemhepatic portal v.gastric v.spleensplenic v.superiormesenteric v.colonliverhepatic v.inferiormesenteric v.small intestinerectumvertebral a.spinal cordcerebral arterial circleindividuals, but even so, blood rarely passes from the right atrium to the left atrium because either the opening is small or it closes when the atria contract. In a small number of cases, the passage of O 2-poor blood from the right side to the left side of the heart is sufficient to cause cyanosis,a bluish cast to the skin. This condition can now be corrected by open-heart surgery.The fetal blood vessels and shunts constrict and become fibrous connective tissue called ligamentums in all cases ex-cept the distal portions of the umbilical arteries, which be-come the medial umbilical ligaments. Regardless, these struc-tures run between internal organs. For example, the ligamentum teres attaches the umbilicus to the liver.Chapter 12The Cardiovascular Systemaortic arch superior vena cavainferior vena cavaright atrium foramen ovale(becomes fossa ovalis)ductus venosus(becomes ligamentum venosum)umbilical vein(becomes ligamentum teres)(becomes ligamentum arteriosum)pulmonary arteryleft atrium pulmonary veinsabdominal aortapulmonary trunk left ventricle right ventricle common iliac artery internal iliac arteryDecreasing blood oxygen levelumbilical arteries (become medial umbilical ligaments)umbilical veinumbilical arteriesplacenta249Chapter 12The Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascularLymphatic vessels collect excess tissue fluid and return it to blood vessels; lymphatic organs store lymphocytes; lymph nodes filter lymph, and the spleen filters blood.Blood vessels transport leuko-cytes and antibodies; blood services lymphatic organs and is source of tissue fluid that becomes lymph.。
【英文精品课兽医临床诊疗课件】心血管系统检查
I--ii: Auscultation of the Heart(心脏听诊)
Veterinary Clinical Diagnostics and Therapeutics
Cardiovascular System Examination Chapter 4
Cardiovascular System Examination
For diagnosis of cardiovascular system disease, knowing of whole functional status and prognosis judgment, it is very important to examine cardiovascular system.
I--ii: Auscultation of the Heart(心脏听诊)
➢ Method of auscultation ：by stethoscope ➢ Precaution of auscultation: heart is too weak to hear ➢ Optimum point of auscultation: cardiac valve area P32 ➢ Characteristic of physiological heart sound：P31 ➢ Content of auscultation
First Sound第一心音: basically originate systaltic when the vibration that mitral valve and tricuspid shut generation.（主要来源于心脏收缩时二尖瓣和三尖瓣 关闭产生的振动）
心血管功能英语作文高中
心血管功能英语作文高中Cardiovascular Function。
The cardiovascular system is a crucial aspect of the human body. It is responsible for the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. The heart, blood vessels, and blood are the main components of this system. The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels, and the blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body's cells and removes waste products.The heart is a muscular organ located in the chest. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. The heart has four chambers: the right atrium, the left atrium, the right ventricle, and the left ventricle. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body.Blood vessels are the tubes that carry blood throughout the body. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and are responsible for exchanging oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the body's tissues.Blood is a complex fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. It is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's tissues. White blood cells are responsible for fighting infections. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting. Plasma is the liquid part of the blood that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products.The cardiovascular system is essential for maintaining the body's homeostasis. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. The cardiovascular system helps maintainhomeostasis by regulating blood pressure, blood flow, and the distribution of nutrients and waste products throughout the body.In conclusion, the cardiovascular system is a vital aspect of the human body. It is responsible for the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. The heart, blood vessels, and blood are the main components of this system. The cardiovascular system helps maintain homeostasis by regulating blood pressure, blood flow, and the distribution of nutrients and waste products throughout the body.。
关于介绍心脏循环系统的英语作文
关于介绍心脏循环系统的英语作文Title: Introduction to the Cardiovascular SystemThe cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is responsible for the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances throughout the body. It plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and supporting the overall functioning of the body. In this article, we will explore the structure and functions of the cardiovascular system in detail.Structure of the Cardiovascular SystemThe cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a muscular organ located in the chest cavity, slightly to the left of the midline. It is divided into four chambers: two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles. The heart acts as a pump that propels blood through the blood vessels to all parts of the body.The blood vessels are divided into three types: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body's tissues and organs. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Capillaries are small, thin-walled vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange ofoxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues.Functions of the Cardiovascular SystemThe main functions of the cardiovascular system include:1. Transportation of oxygen and nutrients: The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues and organs, providing them with the necessary oxygen and nutrients for energy production and cell function.2. Removal of waste products: The cardiovascular system also helps in removing waste products, such as carbon dioxide and metabolic waste, from the tissues and organs to be eliminated from the body.3. Regulation of body temperature: Blood flow helps regulate body temperature by redistributing heat from the core to the skin surface, where it can be dissipated.4. Protection from pathogens: The cardiovascular system plays a role in the immune response by transporting white blood cells and antibodies to fight off infections and foreign invaders.5. Maintenance of homeostasis: The cardiovascular system helps maintain the balance of fluids, electrolytes, and pH levels in the body, essential for optimal functioning of cells and tissues.Path of Blood CirculationThe circulation of blood in the cardiovascular system follows a specific path:1. Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium of the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava.2. The right atrium contracts, forcing the blood to pass through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.3. The right ventricle contracts, pumping the blood through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery.4. The pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.5. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, entering the left atrium.6. The left atrium contracts, forcing the blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.7. The left ventricle contracts, pumping the oxygenated blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta.8. The aorta distributes the oxygenated blood to the body's tissues and organs through a network of arteries and capillaries.ConclusionThe cardiovascular system is a complex network of organs and vessels that work together to ensure the proper circulation of blood and essential nutrients to all parts of the body. Understanding the structure and functions of the cardiovascular system is crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being. By taking care of our heart and blood vessels through a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, and proper nutrition, we can support the optimal functioning of the cardiovascular system and promote longevity and vitality.。
介绍心血管系统英语作文
介绍心血管系统英语作文The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a vital system in the human body responsible for transporting blood, nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from the cells. This system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.The heart is a muscular organ that acts as a pump, continuously beating to circulate blood throughout the body. It consists of four chambers –two atria and two ventricles –that work together to pump blood efficiently. The heart plays a crucial role in maintaining blood flow and ensuring that all parts of the body receive the oxygen and nutrients they need to function properly.Blood vessels are the channels through which blood flows in the body. There are three main types of blood vessels –arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body, while veins carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the cells.Blood is a specialized fluid that carries essentialsubstances throughout the body. It consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, while white blood cells help fight infections and foreign invaders. Platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting, preventing excessive bleeding. Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products.The cardiovascular system is essential for maintaining the body's overall health and functioning. Any disruption or damage to this system can lead to serious health issues, such as heart disease, stroke, or high blood pressure. It is crucial to take care of the cardiovascular system by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.In conclusion, the cardiovascular system is a complex and essential system in the human body that plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being. By understanding how this system works and taking steps to care for it, we can ensure a healthy and active lifestyle for years to come.。
七chapter4Thecardiovascularsystem2201111
Sympathetic nerves– arteriole, Venule Metabolic autoregulation - metarteriole,
precapillary sphincter
3. Arteriovenous shunt（动静脉短路）: From arteriole to venule directly through shunt vessel. Body temperature regulation. Skin.
Formation of interstitial fluid（组织液）
Atrial and large vein pressure: blood volume returned to the heart and the pumping ability of the heart.
Intrathoracic pressure（胸内压） (thoracic pump): inspiration→ venous return ↑
At arterial end: Filtration > Absorption At venous end: Absorption > Filtration Filtration = Absorption to vein (90%)+ to lymph(10%)
Affecting factors
Effective filtration pressure (EFP):
EFP = (PC + πif )- ( Pif + πC) PC: capillary pressure Arterial end: 30~40 mmHg Venous end: 10~15 mmHg πif : interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure, 15 mmHg. Pif : interstitial fluid pressure, about 10 mmHg. πC : plasma colloid osmotic pressure, 25 mmHg.
大学护理英语教材翻译
大学护理英语教材翻译Chapter 1: Introduction to NursingNursing is a crucial profession in the healthcare industry that focuses on providing care and support to individuals, families, and communities. This chapter serves as an introduction to the field of nursing, covering its history, roles, and responsibilities.1.1 Historical OverviewNursing has a rich history that dates back to ancient times. The chapter explores how nursing has evolved over the years, from the role of caregivers in ancient civilizations to the development of nursing as a profession in modern times.1.2 Roles and ResponsibilitiesNurses play various roles in the healthcare system. This section delves into the different responsibilities of nurses, such as providing direct patient care, administering medications, advocating for patients' rights, and collaborating with other healthcare professionals.Chapter 2: Anatomy and PhysiologyAn understanding of human anatomy and physiology is essential for nurses to effectively provide care and comprehend the impact of diseases and medications on the body. This chapter presents an overview of the human body's systems and their functions.2.1 Skeletal SystemThe skeletal system provides structural support and protection for the human body. This section discusses the composition of bones, their role in movement, and common skeletal disorders.2.2 Cardiovascular SystemThe cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. This section explains the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, and blood components, as well as cardiovascular diseases.Chapter 3: Medical TerminologyTo effectively communicate within the healthcare setting, nurses must possess a solid understanding of medical terminology. This chapter introduces students to the basic principles and components of medical terminology.3.1 Word RootsThis section covers the foundational components of medical terms, known as word roots. It explains the importance of word roots in deciphering the meaning of medical terms and provides examples of commonly used word roots.3.2 Prefixes and SuffixesBuilding upon the knowledge of word roots, this section explores the roles of prefixes and suffixes in medical terminology. It provides examples and guidelines for combining word roots, prefixes, and suffixes to create meaningful medical terms.Chapter 4: Patient AssessmentPatient assessment is a critical skill that nurses must master to gather accurate information about a patient's health status. This chapter presents the various components of patient assessment and the techniques used in clinical practice.4.1 Health HistoryObtaining a comprehensive health history is the first step in assessing a patient's condition. This section outlines the key elements of a health history interview, including demographic information, present illness, medical history, and lifestyle factors.4.2 Physical ExaminationThe physical examination allows nurses to assess the patient's physical, mental, and emotional well-being. This section covers the techniques and tools used in physical assessment, such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.Chapter 5: PharmacologyPharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on the body. This chapter provides an introduction to pharmacology, including drug classification, administration routes, and considerations for nursing practice.5.1 Drug ClassificationUnderstanding drug classification is essential for safe and effective medication administration. This section discusses the different categories ofdrugs based on their therapeutic effects and provides examples of commonly used medications in each class.5.2 Administration RoutesNurses need to be knowledgeable about the various routes of drug administration. This section explores the different routes, such as oral, intravenous, topical, and inhalation, and emphasizes the importance of accurate dosage calculations and proper administration techniques.ConclusionThis article provides a brief overview of the topics covered in a university nursing English textbook. It highlights the importance of understanding nursing history, anatomy and physiology, medical terminology, patient assessment, and pharmacology in the field of nursing. By mastering these concepts, students can develop the essential knowledge and skills needed to provide quality care to patients.。
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Low resistance
Functional syncytium
Electrical conduction through the heart
SV
L_Atrium
Bundle of His SAN R_Atrium Bundle branches L_Ventricle Purkinje fibres
Conductivity
• Conductivity of AP between cardiac cells:
– Intercalated disc.
• Conductivity of AP in heart:
– Specialized conducting system.
Electrotonic conduction through gap junction
• Phase 4:
– Na+-K+ pump – Ca2+ pump – Ca2+-Na+ exchanger
Autonomic cells
• Various automaticity:
– SAN: 100/min – AVN: 50/min – (Slow response AP) – Purkinjie fibers:25/min – (Fast response AP)
Chapter 4 Cardiovascular system
• The heart
– Electrical and mechanical activities
• The vascular system
– Blood pressure
• Regulation of the cardiovascular system
Contractility
• All or none: functional syncytium • Without complete tetanic contraction: ERP – Contraction and relaxation cycles is crucial for function properly.
– Normal: SA node as pacemaker – Abnormal : other than SA as pacemaker
• Affecting factors:
– Rate of depolarization of phase 4 – Maximum diastolic potential (MDP) • The difference to threshold
SV L_Atrium Bundle of His SAN Bundle branches L_Ventricle
AVN
Purkinje fibres
Papillary muscle R_Ventricle Purkinje fibres
•Properties and significance
–Atria-Ventricle delay: Ventricles have enough time to fill –Synchronous contraction: Insures symmetry of the contraction
Papillary muscle
Venticles contract
R_Ventricle Purkinje fibres
• Velocity of conduction:
– – – – Internodal tract: 1.7 m/s Nodal area: 0.02 m/s Purkinje fiber: 4.0 m/s Ventricular muscle: 1.0 m/s
• Dependent on [Ca2+ ]o
– Digitalis:increase intracellular Ca2+ by inhibiting Na pump.
• Extrasystole and compensatory pause
– Extrasystole: contraction evoked in relaxation of ventricle. – Compensatory pause: A prolonged interval pause, followed the extrasystole.
Working cell
• Resting Potential:
– -90mv, an equilibrium potential of K+. – Ik1 channel
• Action potential:
– Phase 0,1,2,3,4
Ventricular Action potential
ES
CP
• Affecting factors:
– Ca2+
– Sympasythetic nerve
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Bioelectricity of heart recorded from surface of body. – Summation of individual cardiac cells – Limb leads and precordial leads • Vector: – Produced between a positive and negative poles. – Direction of vector coincide with two electrodes, upward deflection.
0 3 4
• Phase 0:
– – – – Depolarization: -40 to 10 mv. Ca2+ influx (L-type) A slow upstroke (10v/s) Blocked by Mn2+
• Phase 3:
– Repolarization: 0 mv to MDP. – K+ outflux (Ik channel) – Ca2+ channel inactivated.
– RRP: - 60mv~-80mv. – SP: -80mv~-90mv.
• Affecting factors:
– Resting potential: – Threshold: – Na+ channel status: activited, inactivited.
Automaticity
1
0
2
0 3
• Phase 3:
Vm (mV)
– Repolarization, 150ms 4 -90 – Close L-type Ca2+ channel – K+ channel outflux 0 100 200 300 ms • Ik: progressively increase • Ik1: open in late period when near to RP.
Impulse initiated in SAN
Propagates thru atria to AVN
AVN
From the AVN, impulse is conducted rapidly to all parts of the ventricle by the Purkinje fibres
• Ability to initiate its own beat. • Various automaticity:
– SAN: 90~100 beats/min – AVN: 40~60 beats/min. – Purkinjie fibers: 15~40 beats/min.
• Normal and abnormal automaticity:
• • • • Excitability Automaticity Conductivity Contractility
Excitability
• Ability to produce AP – ARP:
• phase 0 ~ -55mv, no AP produced.
– ERP:
• -55~-60mv, local response produced. • Phase 0 ~ -60mv
1
0
2
0 3
• Phase 2:
– – – –
Vm (mV)
4 Plateau phase: 0 mv -90 Symbol of AP Duration: 100-150 ms 0 100 200 300 ms A balance of Ca2+ influx and K+ outflux • Ca2+ channel: L-type (long-lasting). – Slow channel, blocker is Mn2+, verapamil. • K+ channel: Ik1, Ik – Ik1: inwardly rectifying K+ channel, active at rest. – Ik: delayed rectifying K+ channel, opens slowly.
Blood and Body Fluid The Heart and Circulatory system
Anatomy of the heart
Section 1 Bioelectricity of the heart
• RP and AP • Non-automatic cell: working cell • Automatic cell: Sinoatrial node (SAN), AV node, Purkinje cell