Heat-island Effect0
缓解城市热岛效应的通风廊道构建研究进展
㊀第２２卷㊀第２期２０２４年４月中㊀国㊀城㊀市㊀林㊀业ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＵｒｂａｎＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＶｏｌ ２２㊀Ｎｏ ２Ａｐｒ ２０２４缓解城市热岛效应的通风廊道构建研究进展∗徐晨曦㊀张曦文㊀吴玲玲广东工业大学建筑与城市规划学院㊀广州㊀５１００９０㊀收稿日期:２０２３－０６－０６∗基金项目:国家自然科学基金(４２１０１２７３)ꎻ广东省自然科学基金(２０２４Ａ１５１５０１００３８)㊀第一作者:徐晨曦(１９９８－)ꎬ女ꎬ硕士生ꎬ研究方向为城市降温与生态规划ꎮＥ－ｍａｉｌ:ｘｕｃｘｃｈａｎｃｙ＠１６３ ｃｏｍ㊀通信作者:张曦文(１９９３－)ꎬ女ꎬ博士ꎬ讲师ꎬ研究方向:景观生态与土地利用ꎮＥ－ｍａｉｌ:ｚｈａｎｇｘｉｗｅｎ＠ｇｄｕｔ ｅｄｕ ｃｎ摘要:在全球气候变暖的背景下ꎬ构建通风廊道是缓解城市热岛效应的有效途径ꎬ对改善局地气候环境有重要作用ꎮ文章通过梳理１９９５ ２０２３年国内外通风廊道相关研究文献ꎬ总结了城市通风廊道对缓解城市热岛效应的作用机制以及构建通风廊道的研究方法ꎬ并对当前缓解热岛效应的通风廊道建设标准㊁多尺度评估㊁协同规划㊁现状研究缺陷和未来发展方向进行探讨ꎬ旨在为城市热环境改善和可持续宜居城市建设提供参考ꎮ关键词:城市ꎻ热岛效应ꎻ通风廊道ꎻ冷却效应ＤＯＩ:１０.１２１６９/ｚｇｃｓｌｙ.２０２３.０６.０６.０００２ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＰｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｎＶｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎＣｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓＣｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｔｏＭｉｔｉｇａｔｅＵｒｂａｎＨｅａｔＩｓｌａｎｄＥｆｆｅｃｔＸｕＣｈｅｎｘｉ㊀ＺｈａｎｇＸｉｗｅｎ㊀ＷｕＬｉｎｇｌｉｎｇ(ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＡｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄＵｒｂａｎＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇꎬＧｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙꎬＧｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕ５１００９０ꎬＣｈｉｎａ)Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ:Ｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌｗａｒｍｉｎｇꎬｔｈｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓｉｓａｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｗａｙｔｏｍｉｔｉｇａｔｅｔｈｅｕｒｂａｎｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｅｆｆｅｃｔꎬｗｈｉｃｈｐｌａｙｓａｃｒｕｃｉａｌｒｏｌｅｉｎｉｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇｌｏｃａｌｃｌｉｍａｔｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ.Ｂｙｒｅｖｉｅｗｉｎｇｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓｉｎ１９９５ａｎｄ２０２３ａｔｈｏｍｅａｎｄａｂｒｏａｄꎬｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｓｔｈｅｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｗｈｉｃｈｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓａｌｌｅｖｉａｔｅｔｈｅｕｒｂａｎｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｅｆｆｅｃｔꎬａｎｄｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｔｈｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ.Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅꎬｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｓｆｏｒｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎａｉｍｉｎｇｔｏｍｉｔｉｇａｔｅｔｈｅｕｒｂａｎｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｅｆｆｅｃｔꎬａｌｏｎｇｗｉｔｈｍｕｌｔｉ￣ｓｃａｌｅａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｓꎬｃｏｌｌａｂｏｒａｔｉｖｅｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇꎬｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｌｉｍｉｔａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄｆｕｔｕｒｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓꎬｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ.Ｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｉｓｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｔｏｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｆｏｒｉｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇｕｒｂａｎｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓａｎｄｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｎｇｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｎｄｌｉｖａｂｌｅｃｉｔｉｅｓ.Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ:ｃｉｔｙꎻｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｅｆｆｅｃｔꎻｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒꎻｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｅｆｆｅｃｔ㊀㊀城市的快速增长导致城市下垫面结构急剧变化ꎬ这种由自然地表向城市使用土地变化的过程必然会对生态环境带来严重影响[１－３]ꎮ２０２２年７月和８月ꎬ地表温度是自１８８０年以来的第六高[４]ꎮ未来城市将会面临更强烈的热岛效应和更频繁的热浪事件ꎬ因此ꎬ有效缓解城市热岛效应成为全球可持续发展的重要挑战ꎮ研究表明ꎬ构建城市通风廊道可有效缓解城市热岛效应[５－８]ꎮ城市通风廊道通过将新鲜空气导入城市内部从而减轻城市热岛效应[９]ꎮ通风廊道在城市规划研究领域不仅影响区域气候㊁风热环境㊁空气质量和建筑能耗ꎬ还对城市生态过程产生间接影响[１０]ꎮ许多地区已将通风廊道规划纳入城市规划㊀第２期㊀徐晨曦㊀张曦文㊀吴玲玲:缓解城市热岛效应的通风廊道构建研究进展㊀㊀中ꎬ促进了通风廊道构建㊁环境效应及量化分析等方面的研究[１１－１３]ꎮ随着可持续发展理念的盛行和气候变化的挑战ꎬ城市通风廊道的研究也在不断深入与优化[１４]ꎮ文章通过中国知网(ＣＮＫＩ)㊁ＷｅｂｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ㊁ＧｏｏｇｌｅＳｃｈｏｌａｒ数据库检索了１９９５ ２０２３年通风廊道相关文献ꎬ梳理和总结通风廊道对缓解城市热岛效应的作用机制㊁研究方法和规划实践等内容ꎮ本研究旨在探讨通风廊道在城市热岛缓解中的潜力和可行性ꎬ为我国高质量发展目标下的城市降温规划与设计提供具有针对性的建议ꎬ同时会对城市通风廊道的时空格局优化及 双碳 目标实现等方面产生积极影响ꎮ１㊀通风廊道缓解城市热岛效应的作用机制㊀㊀城市热岛效应(ＵｒｂａｎＨｅａｔＩｓｌａｎｄＥｆｆｅｃｔ)是指城市中的空气温度明显高于城市外围郊区的现象[１５]ꎮ构建城市通风廊道的主要目的是为城市外到建成区内的空气流动提供一条通道ꎬ改善城市热岛效应[１６]ꎮ通风廊道通过创造开放的空间通道ꎬ利用周围风的流动实现自然通风ꎬ排出热岛区域积聚的热空气ꎬ并引入凉爽的外部空气ꎬ从而有效降低城市表面和周围环境的温度ꎮ德国学者Ｋｒｅｓｓ[１７]根据局地环流运行规律将城市通风系统分为作用空间㊁补偿空间与空气引导通道ꎬ其中ꎬ作用空间是指需要改善风热环境的区域ꎻ补偿空间是指产生冷空气的区域ꎻ空气引导通道则是指为了引导空气流动而设计ꎬ可以将空气从补偿空间引导到作用空间的连接通道ꎬ即通风廊道[１８]ꎮ基于此机制ꎬ构建城市通风廊道缓解城市热岛效应的作用主要体现在３个方面:１)打破城市热岛环流ꎬ使城市周边的冷空气向城市建成区内转移ꎬ缓解城市热岛效应ꎻ２)增强城市内部空气的流动性ꎬ有利于防止城市区域出现局部高温的情况ꎻ３)分割大面积的城市空间ꎬ减小热岛的规模效应和叠加效应ꎮ２㊀通风廊道模拟构建的技术方法缓解城市热岛效应的通风廊道构建研究通常从城市和街区尺度展开ꎬ具体研究方法包括边界层风洞实验方法㊁计算机数值模拟法㊁基于ＧＩＳ技术的形态分析方法(表１)ꎮ表１㊀构建通风廊道的主要研究方法㊀㊀主要研究方法㊀㊀㊀方法概述㊀㊀㊀优点㊀㊀㊀缺点边界层风洞实验结合常规气象资料ꎬ对空气流过研究区域时的详细变化进行客观的观测便于实际操作ꎻ研究结果客观㊁真实ꎻ在方案设计阶段即可进行风环境评估实验所需人力㊁物力成本较高ꎻ模拟范围有限ꎻ对物理模型精度要求严格计算机数值模拟ＣＦＤ软件对区域空气流动形成的温度场㊁速度场结果进行直观显示ꎮ构建模型进行城市微气候模拟ꎬ评估各类城市热岛效应缓解策略的功效分辨率高ꎻ模拟所需人力㊁物力成本相对较低ꎻ可通过相关参数的设置进行策略验证模拟ꎻ结果直观详细计算复杂及背景信息获取困难ꎻ无法准确进行大尺度模拟ꎻ模型假设和参数设定较为复杂ꎻ无法完全模拟高度复杂的实际情况ＷＲＦ模型采用物理参数化方案㊁建筑参数化㊁边界条件和后处理评估等方法ꎬ模拟和预测城市和地区的热环境变化ꎮ通过考虑各因素ꎬ提供详细的温度㊁湿度㊁风速和风向等气象参数具有多尺度模拟能力ꎻ可扩展性㊁易于维护㊁操作简单ꎻ能弥补气象站点数据缺失或精度不足等问题需要高性能计算设备ꎻ受空间分辨率限制可能无法完全捕捉城市细小尺度特征基于ＧＩＳ技术的形态分析最小成本路径模型研究地理空间中最优路径选择的方法ꎬ通过准备数据㊁生成成本表面㊁搜索最小成本路径㊁评估和调整路径ꎬ并进行可视化和结果分析ꎬ实现路径选择的优化和规划综合性强ꎻ足够的空间分析能力ꎻ计算效率高ꎻ结果直观ꎻ可提供可视化和定量分析数据要求高ꎬ前期数据获取和处理工作量大ꎻ对于复杂的现实情况存在一定局限性２ １㊀边界层风洞实验方法边界层风洞实验方法是结合常规气象资料模拟和研究城市通风环境[１９－２０]ꎮ从１９６０年代起ꎬ风洞实验就被引入到城市通风环境的研究中ꎬ为城市通风规划提供了技术支撑ꎮ例如ꎬ关吉平等[２１]对上海某拟建大楼周边进行了风洞试验ꎬ发现该建筑大部分区域的通风和舒适性都达到了要求ꎬ但一些建筑边缘区需要进行改造ꎮ该方法虽能够对城市通风流场的详细变化进行客观测量ꎬ但会受到高实验成本㊁模拟范围有限和物理模型３４㊀㊀㊀㊀中㊀国㊀城㊀市㊀林㊀业㊀第２２卷的精度等限制ꎬ大多数研究仅限于街区尺度ꎮ２ ２㊀计算机数值模拟法在通风廊道的研究中ꎬ常用的计算机数值模拟方法包括计算流体动力学软件(ＣｏｍｐｕｔａｔｉｏｎａｌＦｌｕｉｄＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓꎬＣＦＤ)和中观气象模型(ＷｅａｔｈｅｒＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄＦｏｒｅｃａｓｔＭｏｄｅｌꎬＷＲＦ)ꎮＣＦＤ软件通过数值模拟直观显示区域空气流动的温度场和速度场ꎬ以验证中小尺度区域的气候效应或单个地块的热岛效应缓解策略的性能[２２]ꎮ例如ꎬ尹杰和詹庆明[２３]将地理信息系统和ＣＦＤ的方法相结合ꎬ评估街道的通风潜力ꎬ并综合建筑迎风面积密度提取了武汉市的通风廊道ꎮ然而ꎬ由于计算量大及获取大区域背景信息困难ꎬＣＦＤ通常用于小规模㊁高分辨率的流体模拟[２４]ꎮ因此ꎬ该方法主要用于中小尺度的风道识别和局部地块的验证评估ꎮ为了弥补ＣＦＤ软件的不足ꎬ近年来一些学者将中观气象模型ＷＲＦ和ＣＦＤ模式结合ꎬ利用ＷＲＦ模型所提供的大范围环流信息ꎬ以实现更精确的通风廊道构建[２５－２６]ꎮ此方法是利用土地利用数据以及常规和自动气象站数据在ＷＲＦ中进行模拟ꎬ通过城市三维数据㊁风向和风速等参数ꎬ评估城市通风潜力并构建通风廊道ꎮ然而ꎬ传统的ＷＲＦ模拟对城市下垫面的描述较为简化ꎬ未能充分考虑城市下垫面结构的不均匀性以及城市建筑对低层大气的动力㊁热力特征和地面能量平衡的影响[２７]ꎮ因此ꎬ一些研究采用城市冠层模型(ＵｒｂａｎＣａｎｏｐｙＭｏｄｅｌꎬＵＣＭ)与ＷＲＦ模式耦合以提升ＷＲＦ模拟的表现[２８]ꎮ２ ３㊀基于ＧＩＳ技术的形态分析方法在气象数值模拟的基础上ꎬ借助地理信息系统ＧＩＳ技术可以使获取的通风廊道信息更加详实[２９]ꎮ其中ꎬ最具代表性的方法是利用最小成本路径(ＬｅａｓｔＣｏｓｔＰａｔｈꎬＬＣＰ)模型ꎬ计算下垫面的表面粗糙度来分析城市通风环境[３０]ꎮ该方法的实现是基于天空开阔度指数和表面粗糙度指数开发通风阻力系数模型ꎬ结合城市主导风向和最小成本路径(ＬＣＰ)模型构建城市通风廊道[１２]ꎮ这种方法已取得了许多建设性的成果ꎬ并得到了证实[３１－３３]ꎮ然而ꎬ该方法无法识别通风廊道宽度和评估没有最小成本路径的区域通风条件ꎮ因此ꎬ有研究在此基础上结合电路理论进行通风廊道识别ꎬ能覆盖整个研究区域内的全部栅格点ꎬ从而改善了最小成本路径法的不足[３４]ꎮ３㊀通风廊道的规划实践探索３ １㊀通风廊道建设标准研究不同的通风廊道建设标准会产生差异化的空间特征ꎬ进而对城市风热环境和缓解城市热岛效应的效果产生影响ꎮ国内外对城市通风廊道的建设标准进行了大量研究[３５－３６]ꎬ主要从廊道宽度㊁长度和走向等方面确定(表２)ꎮ较早是德国学者Ｋｒｅｓｓ[３７]基于城市下垫面气候功能评价ꎬ从廊道宽度㊁长度以及地块控制提出城市通风廊道的建设标准ꎮ在此基础上ꎬ其他国外学者对廊道走向进行了研究[３８－３９]ꎮ国内相关研究起步较晚ꎬ国内学者梁颢严等[４０]借鉴国外经验并结合国内实际ꎬ将廊道宽度㊁廊道走向及地块控制作为控制指标ꎬ提出通风廊道的建设标准ꎮ由于在实际规划中存在已建成的城市环境ꎬ廊道建设标准的落实存在一定困难ꎬ因此ꎬ有关针对已建成的城市环境进行有效且易落实的通风廊道的研究仍需加强ꎮ表２㊀国内外通风廊道建设标准学者廊道宽度/ｍ廊道长度/ｍ廊道走向/(ʎ)㊀㊀地块控制ＫＲＥＳＳ>３０ꎻ５０最佳ȡ５００ꎻ１０００以上最佳障碍物垂直于气流方向的宽度应尽量小于等于通道总宽度的１０％ꎬ高度不超过１０ｍꎬ相邻两个障碍物高度与水平间距的比值不应超过０ １(建筑物)与０ ２(树木)吉沃尼㊁布朗>１００与主导风向夹角ɤ３０梁颢严主通风廊道:ȡ１５０次通风廊道:ȡ８０与主导风向夹角ɤ４５建设用地比例ɤ２５％ꎻ建筑密度ɤ３０％ꎻ相邻界面高宽比ɤ１ꎬ开放度ȡ３０％党冰主通风廊道:ȡ２００次通风廊道:ȡ１２０城区局部通风廊道:ȡ６０主通风廊道:ȡ４０００次通风廊道:ȡ２０００城区局部通风廊道:ȡ１０００与主导风向夹角ɤ３０主通风廊道内建设用地比例ɤ２０％ꎻ次通风廊道内建设用地比例ɤ２５％ꎻ城区局部通风廊道内建设用地比例ɤ３０％４４㊀第２期㊀徐晨曦㊀张曦文㊀吴玲玲:缓解城市热岛效应的通风廊道构建研究进展㊀㊀３ ２㊀多尺度通风廊道效应评估３ ２ １㊀城市群尺度评估城市群尺度通风廊道的评估是对宏观层面５０~５００ｋｍ范围内通风环境的评估ꎮ该评估是在充分认识区域风热环境的基础上ꎬ将城市群内涉及通风廊道的城市联合起来ꎬ开展 联防 协同 和 共治 ꎮ例如ꎬ张少康等[４１]利用ＷＲＦ模拟探索城市群通风廊道的识别技术与分析方法ꎬ构建珠三角城市群通风廊道体系ꎮ目前ꎬ对于城市群尺度下的通风廊道评估多在引导与控制层面ꎬ或与生态廊道结合ꎬ而系统科学的定性和定量评估及区域协同方面仍有待深入研究ꎮ３ ２ ２㊀城市尺度评估城市尺度通风廊道的评估是对中观层面１~５０ｋｍ的通风环境状况进行评估ꎮ最早是斯图加特市引入城市尺度通风廊道体系ꎬ成功改善了空气流动状况[４２]ꎮ在亚洲地区ꎬ日本率先提出分层管理通风廊道的概念ꎬ建立主要风道系统引入新鲜空气缓解城市热岛[４３]ꎮ国内由于近年来受城市化进程速度的影响ꎬ诸多城市相继开展了城市尺度的通风廊道研究[４４－４６]ꎮ目前的城市尺度评估研究多通过观测和模拟调整规划布局与建筑形态来缓解城市热岛效应ꎮ随着计算机技术和模拟方法的发展ꎬ未来可能会探索其他创新的评估方法ꎬ使通风廊道的构建更具科学性与前瞻性ꎮ３ ２ ３㊀街区尺度评估街区尺度通风廊道的评估是指针对微观层面１０~１０００ｍ城市局部通风环境进行评估ꎬ涉及街道宽度㊁建筑立面设计㊁绿化覆盖率和周围建筑物的影响等因素ꎮ周志宇等[４７]通过对比不同住区夏季室外温度和风速空间分布ꎬ探讨建筑布局与风热环境的关系ꎮ还有研究对街区的通风指标进行综合分析ꎬ以评价不同城市街区的综合通风效能ꎬ例如ꎬ马童和陈天[４８]通过城市规划指标与各通风效能指标及总体通风效能的相关性分析ꎬ研究通风效能与城市街区形态的关系ꎮ３ ３㊀通风廊道的协同规划３ ３ １㊀通风廊道与城市结构的协同不同的城市结构会产生不同的空间特征ꎬ从而影响通风廊道的有效性ꎮ城市结构中城市形态是重要影响因素之一ꎮ陈日飙等[４９]基于城市形态在 双循环 ＋ 多尺度 的风环境评估路线下ꎬ探讨了城市用地属性对局地气候的敏感性差异ꎮ除此之外ꎬ合理的城市空间结构也是通风效应的重要影响因素ꎮ冯娴慧[５０]对城市圈层㊁轴带及组团结构对城市通风的影响进行了全面分析ꎬ并提出了针对不同城市结构的策略以改善城市通风情况ꎮ３ ３ ２㊀通风廊道与蓝绿空间的协同蓝绿空间作为通风网络的重要载体ꎬ通过引风㊁导风和串风等策略发挥作用ꎮ城市边缘地带的多样化蓝绿空间为通风廊道提供新鲜空气来源即引风ꎮ王绍增和李敏[５１]建议ꎬ对于作为氧源地的绿地ꎬ应根据不同情况将风玫瑰平均瓣长按一定倍数放大ꎬ以此得到其范围和形状ꎮ导风通常以绿廊或蓝道等形式串联公园和湖泊ꎮ由于城市已建成环境的客观性和城市下垫面复杂性的限制ꎬ要实现通风廊道内部空气的良好流动ꎬ需充分利用蓝绿空间ꎮ例如ꎬ张雅妮等[５２]利用ＥＮＶＩ￣ｍｅｔ模拟了河道两侧的城市空间界面ꎬ合理利用开敞空间引导河风进入城市街区ꎬ有效改善了城市的小气候环境ꎮ３ ３ ３㊀通风廊道与城市路网的协同通风廊道与城市路网的协同是为了在城市规划中充分利用道路系统优化通风廊道的效果ꎮ柏春[５３]通过分析不同路网形式的通风特性ꎬ基于路网形式㊁疏密度㊁顺畅度以及方位等提出了城市通风廊道与城市路网的协同规划方案ꎮ此外ꎬ构建通风廊道时ꎬ道路常作为重要通风通道ꎮ例如ꎬ毛蒋兴等[５４]在构建南宁市广义降温通道时ꎬ提出了 一轴㊁四廊㊁两道 的城市降温框架ꎬ其中 两道 指的就是沿城市主干道及其沿线林荫道所形成的与主导风向平行的降温通道ꎮ３ ４㊀国内城市通风廊道规划实践及其成果在实施生态文明建设战略的背景下ꎬ城市通风廊道规划作为重要举措在城市规划中得到广泛应用ꎮ如北京市在«北京城市总体规划(２０１６ ２０３５年)»中指出构建多级通风廊道系统ꎬ并在通风廊道的区域内严格控制建设规模ꎮ广州市与世界银行合作开展 中国可持续发展城市降温项目 试点工作ꎬ旨在推动广州 酷城 行动ꎬ探索可持续㊁可负担的城市降温综合解决方案ꎮ在５４㊀㊀㊀㊀中㊀国㊀城㊀市㊀林㊀业㊀第２２卷«广州市国土空间生态修复规划(２０２１ ２０３５年)»中结合生态廊道控制构建市域６条通风廊道ꎮ佛山市为治理大气污染工作进行了«佛山市通风廊道专项规划(２０１８ ２０３５年)»ꎬ通过对城市热环境㊁风环境㊁建成环境以及城市通风潜力进行评估ꎬ确定形成 ６主２８次风道㊁３７处入风口㊁３主５次补偿空间㊁作用空间 的通风系统框架ꎮ综上可知ꎬ通风廊道在实践中通常具有分级确定㊁控制与优化相结合的共性ꎮ随着国家对于城市可持续发展的重视ꎬ相关标准和政策的出台明确了通风廊道规划的重要性和应用要求ꎬ促使我国大多数省级行政单元自主开展通风廊道规划ꎬ为城市可持续发展和生态环境改善提供了重要支持ꎮ４ 展望文章系统回顾并总结了缓解城市热岛效应的通风廊道构建的相关研究ꎬ讨论了不同研究对缓解城市热岛效应的重要性ꎬ并梳理了已有研究存在的问题:１)通风廊道的建设标准缺乏针对特定城市环境或不同城市气候的定制化ꎬ重视 风道 而忽视规划实施和系统要素ꎮ建设标准在区域协同层面缺乏定性与定量结合的研究ꎮ２)在不同尺度下构建通风廊道缺乏综合性和系统性ꎮ宏观尺度下的规划难以与微观尺度的实施相协调ꎬ往往会受到周围已建成环境的影响ꎬ导致规划理念难以实施和落地ꎬ最终导致通风廊道缓解热岛效应的效果不如预期ꎮ３)通风廊道建设主要依赖于模拟软件的理论结果ꎬ缺乏实地观测数据的支撑ꎬ对已建设或规划建设的通风廊道缺乏后续实地观测和跟踪ꎻ相关成果主要基于理论分析ꎬ缺乏实践层面的有效验证ꎮ４)通风廊道的作用效果通常只考虑当前的降温效应ꎬ缺乏对其持续降温能力的评估和验证ꎮ因此ꎬ未来的研究重点应集中在以下４个方面:１)增强通风廊道可行性ꎮ增加对不同城市环境与气候背景下城市通风廊道构建的对比研究ꎬ制定具有针对性和系统性的通风廊道建设标准ꎬ注重规划与实践的结合ꎬ加强区域层面的定性与定量研究ꎬ以提升通风廊道的实际效果和适应性ꎮ２)与城市现有功能融合ꎮ综合考虑多个要素之间的相互作用和协同效应ꎬ可借助未来城市功能疏解㊁存量用地更新的契机以及城市低效用地集约利用构建城市通风廊道ꎮ３)通风廊道构建可持续性验证ꎮ建立和完善评价体系以评估通风廊道在缓解城市热岛效应方面的效果ꎬ考虑未来城市的扩张趋势ꎬ适应不同发展阶段的可持续性ꎬ进行通风廊道可持续降温效应的评估ꎬ以确保其长期有效地提供降温和改善环境的功能ꎮ４)通风廊道效应拓展ꎮ未来的通风廊道研究应更加多元化和综合化ꎬ应不再局限于关注通风廊道对缓解城市热岛效应的问题ꎬ还可以拓展至城市通风廊道用于城市安全㊁城市韧性以及城市低碳规划等ꎮ参考文献[１]ＲＵＩＺ￣ＰÁＥＺＲꎬＤÍＡＺＪꎬＬÓＰＥＺ￣ＢＵＥＮＯＪＡꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｄｏｅｓｔｈｅｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｏｒｉｇｉｎｏｆｈｅａｔｗａｖｅｓｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｔｈｅｉｒｉｍｐａｃｔｏｎｈｅａｌｔｈ?Ａ６￣ｙｅａｒｍｏｒｂｉｄｉｔｙａｎｄｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙｓｔｕｄｙｉｎＭａｄｒｉｄ(Ｓｐａｉｎ)[Ｊ].ＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＴｏｔａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔꎬ２０２３ꎬ８５５:１５８９００.[２]ＴＵＲＮＥＲＢＬꎬＬＡＭＢＩＮＥＦꎬＲＥＥＮＢＥＲＧＡ.Ｔｈｅｅｍｅｒｇｅｎｃｅｏｆｌａｎｄｃｈａｎｇｅｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｆｏｒｇｌｏｂａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｃｈａｎｇｅａｎｄｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙ[Ｊ].ＰｒｏｃｅｅｄｉｎｇｓｏｆｔｈｅＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＵｎｉｔｅｄＳｔａｔｅｓｏｆＡｍｅｒｉｃａꎬ２００７ꎬ１０４(５２):２０６６６－２０６７１.[３]樊柏青ꎬ刘东云ꎬ李丹宁ꎬ等.北京市六环内区域城市绿地对地表温度降温效益的差异性[Ｊ].中国城市林业ꎬ２０２２ꎬ２０(４):４３－５０.[４]ＮＯＡＡＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｅｎｔｅｒｓｆｏｒＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ.ＭｏｎｔｈｌｙｇｌｏｂａｌｃｌｉｍａｔｅｒｅｐｏｒｔｆｏｒＡｎｎｕａｌ２０２２[Ｒ/ＯＬ].[２０２３－０６－０６].ｈｔｔｐｓ://ｗｗｗ.ｎｃｅｉ.ｎｏａａ.ｇｏｖ/ａｃｃｅｓｓ/ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇ/ｍｏｎｔｈｌｙ￣ｒｅｐｏｒｔ/ｇｌｏｂａｌ/２０２２０７.[５]ＬＡＩＣＣꎬＳＨＩＨＴＰꎬＫＯＷＣꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｓｅｖｅｒｅａｃｕｔｅｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅｃｏｒｏｎａｖｉｒｕｓ２(ＳＡＲＳ￣ＣｏＶ￣２)ａｎｄｃｏｒｏｎａｖｉｒｕｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ￣２０１９(ＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９):ｔｈｅｅｐｉｄｅｍｉｃａｎｄｔｈｅｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ[Ｊ].ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｎｔｉｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌＡｇｅｎｔｓꎬ２０２０ꎬ５５(３):１０５９２４. [６]ＨＥＢＪꎬＤＩＮＧＬꎬＰＲＡＳＡＤＤ.Ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓａｍｏｎｇｌｏｃａｌ￣ｓｃａｌｅｕｒｂａｎｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙꎬｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎꎬｕｒｂａｎｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄａｎｄｏｕｔｄｏｏｒｔｈｅｒｍａｌｃｏｍｆｏｒｔｕｎｄｅｒｓｅａｂｒｅｅｚｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ[Ｊ].ＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＣｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄＳｏｃｉｅｔｙꎬ２０２０ꎬ６０:１０２２８９. [７]ＡＮＦＩＮＲＵＤＰꎬＳＴＡＤＮＹＴＳＫＹＩＶꎬＢＡＸＣＥꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｖｉｓｕａｌｉｚｉｎｇｓｐｅｅｃｈ￣ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄｏｒａｌｆｌｕｉｄｄｒｏｐｌｅｔｓｗｉｔｈｌａｓｅｒｌｉｇｈｔｓｃａｔｔｅｒｉｎｇ[Ｊ].ＴｈｅＮｅｗＥｎｇｌａｎｄＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅꎬ２０２０ꎬ３８２(２１):２０６１－２０６３.[８]ＬＵＯＸꎬＹＡＮＧＪꎬＳＵＮＷꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｓｕｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｈｕｍａｎｓｅｔｔｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ６４㊀第２期㊀徐晨曦㊀张曦文㊀吴玲玲:缓解城市热岛效应的通风廊道构建研究进展㊀㊀ｉｎｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓａｒｅａｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｏｆｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎ:ａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅｍａｉｎｕｒｂａｎａｒｅａｏｆＣｈｏｎｇｑｉｎｇ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｌｅａｎｅｒＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎꎬ２０２１ꎬ３１０:１２７４６７.[９]ＳＨＩＺＰꎬＹＡＮＧＪꎬＺＨＡＮＧＹＱꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓａｎｄｓｐａｔｉｏｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌｄｉｖｅｒｇｅｎｃｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓｏｆｕｒｂａｎｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙ:ａｌｏｃａｌｃｌｉｍａｔｅｚｏｎｅｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ[Ｊ].ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＰｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌꎬ２０２２ꎬ２９(４９):７４３９４－７４４０６.[１０]ＹＡＮＧＪꎬＷＡＮＧＹＣꎬＸＵＥＢꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｔｏｔｈｅｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｕｒｂａｎｅｎｅｒｇｙｄｅｍａｎｄ:ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｃｌｉｍａｔｅｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ[Ｊ].ＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＴｏｔａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔꎬ２０２１ꎬ７９５:１４８７９１.[１１]邹哲ꎬ康健ꎬ周志宇ꎬ等.特大城市主城区通风廊道规划控制研究:以天津市为例[Ｊ].建筑科学ꎬ２０１９ꎬ３５(６):９１－９７ꎬ１０７. [１２]ＦＡＮＧＹＨꎬＺＨＡＯＬＹ.Ａｓｓｅｓｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｏｆｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓ:ａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｉｎＨｅｆｅｉꎬＣｈｉｎａ[Ｊ].ＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔꎬ２０２２ꎬ２１２:１０８８１０.[１３]ＣＨＥＮＣＸꎬＹＥＳＰꎬＢＡＩＺＣꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｔｍｉｎｉｎｇｏｆｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｈｉｇｈ￣ｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｏｂｌｉｑｕｅｐｈｏｔｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃｉｍａｇｅｓ[Ｊ].Ｓｅｎｓｏｒｓꎬ２０２１ꎬ２１(２２):７５３７. [１４]ＧＵＫＫꎬＦＡＮＧＹＨꎬＱＩＡＮＺꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｓｐａｔｉａｌｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇｆｏｒｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓｂｙｕｒｂａｎｃｌｉｍａｔｏｌｏｇｙ[Ｊ].ＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＨｅａｌｔｈａｎｄＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙꎬ２０２０ꎬ６(１):１７４７９４６.[１５]白杨ꎬ王晓云ꎬ姜海梅ꎬ等.城市热岛效应研究进展[Ｊ].气象与环境学报ꎬ２０１３ꎬ２９(２):１０１－１０６.[１６]房小怡ꎬ李磊ꎬ刘宛ꎬ等.我国城市通风廊道研究与实践进展[Ｊ].生态学杂志ꎬ２０２１ꎬ４０(１２):４０８８－４０９８.[１７]ＫＲＥＳＳＲ.ＲｅｇｉｏｎａｌｅＬｕｆｔａｕｓｔａｕｓｃｈｐｒｏｚｅｓｓｅｕｎｄｉｈｒｅＢｅｄｅｕｔｕｎｇｆüｒｄｉｅｒäｕｍｌｉｃｈｅＰｌａｎｕｎｇ[Ｍ].Ｄｏｒｔｍｕｎｄ:ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｆｏｒＵｍｗｅｌｔｓｃｈｕｔｚｄｅｒＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔａｔＤｏｒｔｍｕｎｄꎬ１９７９.[１８]刘姝宇ꎬ沈济黄.基于局地环流的城市通风道规划方法:以德国斯图加特市为例[Ｊ].浙江大学学报(工学版)ꎬ２０１０ꎬ４４(１０):１９８５－１９９１.[１９]ＴＳＥＫＴꎬＷＥＥＲＡＳＵＲＩＹＡＡＵꎬＺＨＡＮＧＸꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｐｅｄｅｓｔｒｉａｎ￣ｌｅｖｅｌｗｉｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｒｏｕｎｄｉｓｏｌａｔｅｄｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｗｉｓｔｅｄｗｉｎｄｆｌｏｗｓ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＷｉｎｄＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇａｎｄＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌＡｅｒｏｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓꎬ２０１７ꎬ１６２:１２－２３.[２０]ＸＩＥＰꎬＹＡＮＧＪꎬＷＡＮＧＨＹꎬｅｔａｌ.ＡＮｅｗｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｆｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓｕｓｉｎｇｃｉｒｃｕｉｔｔｈｅｏｒｙ[Ｊ].ＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＣｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄＳｏｃｉｅｔｙꎬ２０２０ꎬ５９:１０２１６２.[２１]关吉平ꎬ任鹏杰ꎬ周成ꎬ等.高层建筑行人高度风环境风洞试验研究[Ｊ].山东建筑大学学报ꎬ２０１０ꎬ２５(１):２１－２５. [２２]ＷＡＮＧＷＷꎬＷＡＮＧＤꎬＣＨＥＮＨꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｉｎｇｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌａｎｄｗｉｎｄｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ[Ｊ].ＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔꎬ２０２２ꎬ２１４:１０８９４３.[２３]尹杰ꎬ詹庆明.基于ＧＩＳ和ＣＦＤ的城市街道通风廊道研究:以武汉为例[Ｊ].中国园林ꎬ２０１９ꎬ３５(６):８４－８８.[２４]ＣＨＡＮＧＳＺꎬＪＩＡＮＧＱＧꎬＺＨＡＯＹ.ＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｎｇＣＦＤａｎｄＧＩＳｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓ:ａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｉｎＣｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎｃｉｔｙꎬＣｈｉｎａ[Ｊ].Ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙꎬ２０１８ꎬ１０(６):１８１４. [２５]郑祚芳ꎬ雷小燕ꎬ高华.北京城市通风廊道研究Ⅰ:环境效应模拟[Ｊ].地理科学ꎬ２０２２ꎬ４２(４):６３１－６３９.[２６]成丹ꎬ许杨ꎬ刘静ꎬ等.武汉市东南部通风廊道构建和气象效应研究[Ｊ].长江流域资源与环境ꎬ２０２２ꎬ３１(１１):２５００－２５１３. [２７]莫尚剑ꎬ沈守云ꎬ廖秋林.基于ＷＲＦ模式的长株潭城市群绿心通风廊道规划策略研究[Ｊ].中国园林ꎬ２０２１ꎬ３７(１):８０－８４.[２８]颜廷凯ꎬ金虹.基于ＷＲＦ/ＵＣＭ数值模拟的严寒地区城市热岛效应研究[Ｊ].建筑科学ꎬ２０２０ꎬ３６(８):１０７－１１３. [２９]ＬＩＵＤＤꎬＺＨＯＵＳＨꎬＷＡＮＧＬＪꎬｅｔａｌ.ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎｔｈｅｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇｏｆａｎｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｕｒｂａｎｕｎｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｇｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔａｋｉｎｇＫａｉｆｅｎｇｃｉｔｙａｓａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅ[Ｊ].Ｌａｎｄꎬ２０２２ꎬ１１(２):２０６.[３０]ＱＩＡＯＺꎬＸＵＸＬꎬＷＵＦꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｍｏｄｅｌ:ａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｒｅｚｏｎｅｏｆｃａｐｉｔａｌｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｎＢｅｉｊｉｎｇｍｅｔｒｏｐｏｌｉｔａｎａｒｅａ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｌｅａｎｅｒＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎꎬ２０１７ꎬ１６８:５２６－５３５.[３１]ＤＡＮＧＢꎬＬＩＵＹＨꎬＬＹＵＨＬꎬｅｔａｌ.Ａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｕｒｂａｎｃｌｉｍａｔｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒ:ａｒｅｆｉｎｅｄｓｔｕｄｙｉｎＸｉ ａｎ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈꎬ２０２２ꎬ３６(６):９１４－９３０.[３２]ＦＡＮＧＹＨꎬＧＵＫＫꎬＱＩＡＮＺꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｎｍｕｌｔｉ￣ｓｃｅｎａｒｉｏｕｒｂａｎｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｌｅａｓｔｃｏｓｔｐａｔｈ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＵｒｂａｎＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔꎬ２０２１ꎬ１０(１):３－１５. [３３]ＬＩＵＸＱꎬＨＵＡＮＧＢꎬＬＩＲＲꎬｅｔａｌ.ＷｉｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔａｎｄｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇｏｆｕｒｂａｎｎａｔｕｒａｌｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓｕｓｉｎｇＧＩＳ:Ｓｈｅｎｚｈｅｎａｓａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙ[Ｊ].ＵｒｂａｎＣｌｉｍａｔｅꎬ２０２２ꎬ４２:１０１０９１. [３４]申鑫杰ꎬ赵芮ꎬ何瑞珍ꎬ等.郑州市市区风环境模拟研究[Ｊ].地球信息科学学报ꎬ２０２０ꎬ２２(６):１３４９－１３５７.[３５]杨务发ꎬ余坤勇ꎬ耿建伟ꎬ等.福州市通风廊道选线与优化[Ｊ].中国城市林业ꎬ２０２２ꎬ２０(４):１２３－１２８.[３６]党冰ꎬ房小怡ꎬ吕红亮ꎬ等.基于气象研究的城市通风廊道构建初探:以南京江北新区为例[Ｊ].气象ꎬ２０１７ꎬ４３(９):１１３０－１１３７.[３７]ＫＲＥＳＳＲ.ＲｅｇｉｏｎａｌｅＬｕｆｔａｕｓｔａｕｓｃｈｐｒｏｚｅｓｓｅｕｎｄｉｈｒｅＢｅｄｅｕｔｕｎｇｆüｒｄｉｅｒäｕｍｌｉｃｈｅＰｌａｎｕｎｇ[Ｍ].[Ｂｏｎｎ￣]ＢａｄＧｏｄｅｓｂｅｒｇ:ＢｕｎｄｅｓｍｉｎｉｓｔｅｒｆüｒＲａｕｍｏｒｄｎｕｎｇꎬＢａｕｗｅｓｅｎｕｎｄＳｔäｄｔｅｂａｕꎬ１９７９[３８]布朗ＧＺꎬ马克 德凯.太阳辐射 风 自然光:建筑设计策略[Ｍ].常志刚ꎬ刘毅军ꎬ朱宏涛ꎬ译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社ꎬ２００８.[３９]巴鲁克 吉沃尼.建筑设计和城市设计中的气候因素[Ｍ].汪芳ꎬ阚俊杰ꎬ张书海ꎬ译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社ꎬ２０１１. [４０]梁颢严ꎬ李晓晖ꎬ肖荣波.城市通风廊道规划与控制方法研究以«广州市白云新城北部延伸区控制性详细规划»为例[Ｊ].７４㊀㊀㊀㊀中㊀国㊀城㊀市㊀林㊀业㊀第２２卷风景园林ꎬ２０１４(５):９２－９６.[４１]张少康ꎬ刘沛ꎬ魏冀明.基于风环境分析的珠三角地区城镇空间规划引导[Ｊ].规划师ꎬ２０１６ꎬ３２(９):１１８－１２２.[４２]任超ꎬ吴恩融ꎬ卢茨 卡施纳.城市环境气候信息在德国城市规划中的应用及其启示[Ｊ].国际城市规划ꎬ２０１３ꎬ２８(４):９１－９９.[４３]ＫＵＳＡＫＡＨꎬＫＩＭＵＲＡＦꎬＨＩＲＡＫＵＣＨＩＨꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｌａｎｄ￣ｕｓｅａｌｔｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅｓｅａｂｒｅｅｚｅａｎｄｄａｙｔｉｍｅｈｅａｔｉｓｌａｎｄｉｎｔｈｅＴｏｋｙｏｍｅｔｒｏｐｏｌｉｔａｎａｒｅａ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆｔｈｅＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｏｃｉｅｔｙｏｆＪａｐａｎＳｅｒＩＩꎬ２０００ꎬ７８(４):４０５－４２０.[４４]韩旭.基于气候功能评估的城市通风廊道规划建设:以西安市主城区为例[Ｊ].建筑与文化ꎬ２０２１(４):１５４－１５５. [４５]向艳芬ꎬ郑伯红ꎬ郭睿ꎬ等.基于空间封闭度的城市通风廊道构建:以衡阳县城为例[Ｊ].热带地理ꎬ２０２３ꎬ４３(８):１５２３－１５３５.[４６]刘名瑞ꎬ曾勤ꎬ邓玮ꎬ等.重点地区城市设计的风环境评估及规划管控研究:以广州市为例[Ｊ].城市规划学刊ꎬ２０２１(４):３５－４２.[４７]周志宇ꎬ康健ꎬ舒平ꎬ等.建筑布局对住区风热环境的影响分析与优化策略[Ｊ].济南大学学报(自然科学版)ꎬ２０２３ꎬ３７(３):３４９－３６１.[４８]马童ꎬ陈天.公共健康视角下城市街区综合通风效能与规划响应研究[Ｊ].西部人居环境学刊ꎬ２０２２ꎬ３７(２):３９－４６. [４９]陈日飙ꎬ陈竹ꎬ尹名强ꎬ等.通风节能视角中多尺度的风环境评估方法研究:以深圳后海中心区为例[Ｊ].南方建筑ꎬ２０２３(２):７７－８７.[５０]冯娴慧.城市的风环境效应与通风改善的规划途径分析[Ｊ].风景园林ꎬ２０１４(５):９７－１０２.[５１]王绍增ꎬ李敏.城市开敞空间规划的生态机理研究(下)[Ｊ].中国园林ꎬ２００１ꎬ１７(５):３２－３６.[５２]张雅妮ꎬ殷实ꎬ肖毅强.气候适应性视角下的河道空间城市设计评价和策略研究:以广州市荔枝湾涌改造一期工程为例[Ｊ].西部人居环境学刊ꎬ２０１８ꎬ３３(３):７３－７９.[５３]柏春.城市路网规划中的气候问题[Ｊ].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版)ꎬ２０１１ꎬ４３(４):５５７－５６２.[５４]毛蒋兴ꎬ古艳ꎬ蒙金华ꎬ等.基于热岛效应的城市广义降温通道构建[Ｊ].规划师ꎬ２０１５ꎬ３１(１２):６５－７１.８４。
热岛效应的成因
熱島效應
何沛勝
城巿氣候 City Climate
城巿氣候是屬於微氣候(micro-climate) 微氣候是指離地面100米內的氣候狀況.
熱島 Heat Island
城巿的氣溫高於 其四周鄰近地區的 氣溫. 若用等溫線 (isotherm)表示,有 如一個溫度較高的 島嶼被四周較寒冷 的海洋所包圍.故稱 熱島(Heat Island)
大氣
太陽能穿 過大氣層
部份熱紅外 被室氣體所 吸收,或再釋 放. 這過程令 地面及大氣 底部溫度變 暖. 地面釋放 出熱紅外 (長波輻射)
大部份太陽能被地面吸收並令地面增溫
熱島效應的成因
混濁度增加 Increase Turbidity
工業的發展及交通活動, 令空氣增加大量的 微細塵粒. 令大氣逆輻射(counter-radiation)增加 阻礙熱量 的擴散.
熱島效應 The Heat Island Effect
熱島效應的成因 熱島效應的強度 城巿內的氣溫分布
熱島效應的成因
下墊面(land surface)的改變 熱量生產 大氣成份的改變 混濁度(Turbidity)增加
熱島效應的成因
下墊面的改變Change of surface
下墊面變為不透水的水泥地/三合土體 增加熱量的吸收及儲存 地表性質變得粗糙
熱島效應的成因
熱量生產
工業活動 冷郤及加熱 大量人口眾集
熱島效應的成因
大氣成份的改變
增加溫室氣體 – 二氧化碳CO2, 一氧化碳CO 強化溫室效應(green-house effect)
溫室效應 Green House Effect
太陽能淨輸入
熱紅外淨輸出
太陽能輸入
2024学年内蒙古阿拉善盟第一中学高考英语全真模拟密押卷(含解析)
2024学年内蒙古阿拉善盟第一中学高考英语全真模拟密押卷注意事项:1．答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在条形码区域内。
2．答题时请按要求用笔。
3．请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。
4．作图可先使用铅笔画出，确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。
5．保持卡面清洁，不要折暴、不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．Justin a book about his adventures in Tibet．I hope he can find a good publisher when it is finished．A．was writing B．is currently writing C．has already written D．wrote2．He has no idea what the book is about．He have read it very carefully．A．needn’t B．shoul dn’t C．can’t D．mustn’t3．—Mum, I don’t think I am qualified enough to do this．—Honey, be confident! You should know it is _____ a man thinks of himself …really determines his fate．A．that; that B．how; that C．what; that D．that; how4．It_____ have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car.A．may B．can C．must D．should5．American singer Taylor Swift, 21, ________ big at the 2011 Academy of Country Music Awards in the US on April 3rd. A．stood B．gave C．scored D．made6．— Mum, little Ray broke his toys again!—It doesn't matter. You see, accidents _____happen.A．shall B．should C．must D．will7．Zhouqu, Gansu was attacked by such a terrible mud-rock flow few residents had ever experienced before. A．as B．which C．where D．that8．Not having worked out the program, ________ leave the office.A．so he was forbidden to B．and he didn’t want toC．his little son couldn’t make him D．be couldn’t free himself to9．You can’t imagine how excited we were ________ that our schoolmates had won the first place in National Robot Competition.A．learning B．having learnedC．to be learning D．to learn10．— Do you have any problems if you ______ this job?—Well, I’m thinking about the salary….A．offer B．will offer C．are offered D．will be offered11．Kate asked the girls to so she could hear what her husband said onthe phone.A．slow down B．come down C．settle down D．break down12．Abraham set himself up in front of his daughter, hands ________ her hair, and was close to tears, reluctant to tear himself from her.A．to toy with B．toyed with C．toying with D．being toyed with13．Male nurses are difficult to hire as many men reject this______ out of the long-existing discrimination．A．oncept B．responsibilityC．identity D．personality14．-Excuse me, but why am I not allowed to use the gym?-________，but your room price doesn't cover it.A．No hurry B．No wonder C．No offence D．No problem15．____________ you are familiar with the author’s ideas, try reading all the sectio ns as quickly as you possible can. A．Now that B．Ever sinceC．So that D．In case16．If you want to see Mr. Johnson on Friday morning, make sure he is ______ ahead of time.A．approachable B．accessible C．available D．convenient17．— Why are the Woods selling their belongings?— They to another city.A．had moved B．have moved C．moved D．are moving18．----Could I ask you a private question?----Sure,A．pardon me B．go ahead C．good idea D．forget it19．I wonder ________ the equipment will be available in ten days.A．that B．when C．whether D．where20．The government has taken some measures to solve the shortage of electricity, but it will be some time_________ the situation improves.A．since B．whenC．unless D．before第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
5-2：Reading：textA
Language Points
machine /məˈʃiːn/: n. manufactured device, usu. with many parts, that uses power to do a particular job 机器
Language Points
scientist /ˈsaɪəntɪst/: n. person who studies one or more of the natural sciences 科学家
Can you picture life on top of a mountain? 你能想象在山顶上的生活吗？
Please picture yourself lying on a beach in the hot sun. 请想象自己在大太阳下躺在沙滩上的情景。
Language Points
pollution /pəˈluːʃən/: n. process of making air, water, soil, etc. dirty 污染
concrete /ˈkɒŋkriːt/ : n. building material that is made by mixing together cement, sand, small stones and water 混凝土
Language Points
narrow /ˈnærəʊ/: a. measuring a short distance from side to side 狭窄的
Language Points
smog /smɒɡ/: n. form of air pollution that is or looks like a mixture of smoke and fog, esp. in cities 烟雾
热岛效应urbanheatislandeffect-PPT课件
熱島效應 【urban heat island effect】
資料來源： 人與氣候 159.226.2.5:89/gate/big5/kepu/gb/earth/weather/human/index .html 城市氣候的保護 159.226.2.5:89/gate/big5/kepu/gb/earth/weather/human/man0 04.html
熱島效應 【urban heat island effect】
「熱島效應」的產生，是由於城市人口集中，工業發達，交通擁塞，大氣污染嚴 重，且城市中的建築主要為石頭和混凝土建成，造成熱傳導率和熱容量都很高， 而建築物又對風產生阻擋或減弱作用，使得城市的年平均溫度比郊區、農村高， 從而形成城市熱島效應。產生熱島效應之後，城市上空像被扣上了一個大玻璃 罩，新鮮空氣進不來，有害氣體出不去，整個城市空氣流通不暢，使污染物積累 濃度加重。
熱島效應 【urban heat island effect】
資料來源： 劉明德 (2019) 。環境Biblioteka 學。台北市：淑馨。 p.230 。
台中市環境保護局 環保知識庫 網路圖書館網頁資料 eteams.tw/tcepb/web/index/knowledge/kno1_02.asp?id=1168
熱島效應 【urban heat island effect】
根據劉明德 (2019) 的定義由於大城市和工業中心排放大量廢熱，使近地面的氣 溫筆四周的郊外和鄉村地區高﹔這個熱的圓屋頂幫助陷捕污染物，特別是 SPM ，和建立在都市地區上方的灰塵圓頂 (dust dome) ，結果使都市工業區上空 的 SPM 濃度可能比鄉村地區上空的高出一千倍，如果風速佳大，這個灰塵圓頂 往下風方向延長，使都市污染物散佈到鄉村地區，當都市地區成長石，許多都市 的熱和灰塵圓頂能組合以行程區域熱島，影響區域氣候，和避免污染物倍有效地 稀釋和清淨。 在西元 1952 年倫敦發生的黑霧事件，就是由於倫敦出現嚴重熱島效應，風速減 弱，使煙塵和以二氧化硫為主的煙霧鬱結不散，整整籠罩倫敦五天，污染物在空 氣中發生反應，生成的有害物質被人吸入肺部，導致 4000 餘人死亡。
城市热岛效应
热岛效应英文名称：Urban Heat Island Effect, 简称UHI城市人口密集、工厂及车辆排热、居民生活用能的释放、城市建筑结构及下垫面特性的综合影响等是其产生的主要原因。
热岛强度有明显的日变化和季节变化。
日变化表现为夜晚强、白天弱，最大值出现在晴朗无风的夜晚，上海观测到的最大热岛强度达6℃以上。
季节分布还与城市特点和气候条件有关，北京是冬季最强，夏季最弱，春秋居中，上海和广州以 10月最强。
年均气温的城乡差值约1℃左右，如北京为0.7～1.0℃，上海为0.5～1.4℃，洛杉矶为0.5～1.5℃。
城市热岛可影响近地层温度层结，并达到一定高度。
城市全天以不稳定层结为主，而乡村夜晚多逆温。
水平温差的存在使城市暖空气上升，到一定高度向四周辐散，而附近乡村气流下沉，并沿地面向城市辐合，形成热岛环流，称为“乡村风”，这种流场在夜间尤为明显。
城市热岛还在一定程度上影响城市空气湿度、云量和降水。
对植物的影响则表现为提早发芽和开花、推迟落叶和休眠。
城市热岛效应是城市气候中典型的特征之一。
它是城市气温比郊区气温高的现象。
城市热岛的形成一方面是在现代化大城市中，人们的日常生活所发出的热量；另一方面，城市中建筑群密集，沥青和水泥路面比郊区的土壤、植被具有更大的函授比热容（可吸收更多的热量），而反射率小，使得城市白天吸收储存太阳能比郊区多，夜晚城市降温缓慢仍比郊区气温高。
城市热岛是以市中心为热岛中心，有一股较强的暖气流在此上升，而郊外上空为相对冷的空气下沉，这样便形成了城郊环流，空气中的各种污染物在这种局地环流的作用下，聚集在城市上空，如果没有很强的冷空气，城市空气污染将加重，人类生存的环境被破坏，导致人类发生各种疾病，甚至造成死亡。
晴朗无风的夏日，海岛上的地面气温，高于周围海上气温，并因此形成海风环流以及海岛上空的积云对流，这是海洋热岛效应的表现。
近年来，由于城市人口集中，工业发达，交通拥塞，大气污染严重，且城市中的建筑大多为石头和混凝土建成，它的热传导率和热容量都很高，加上建筑物本身对风的阻挡或减弱作用，可使城市年平均气温比郊区可高2摄氏度,甚至更多,在温度的空间分布上,城市犹如一个温暖的岛屿，从而形成城市热岛效应。
超实用高考英语专题复习：专题20 居住环境与旅游景点——高考英语完形填空训练(高考真题+名校真题)
备战高考考英语完形填空话题分类训练(高考模拟真题+名校最新真题)专题20 居住环境与旅游景点距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。
以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附靠前30天复习方法。
（2022·黑龙江·哈师大附中模拟预测）One of Switzerland’s most popular ski areas has been covering mountain areas with cloth material in an effort to reduce ice melt aver the summer.Workers have ____1____ large blankets of material around Mount Titlis, a ski area near the Swiss mountain town of Engelberg. The area contains a glacier (冰川) that has been ____2____ large amounts of ice over the past 20 years. The ____3____ cloth, made of a chemical material, is designed to ____4____ the sun. “Putting the blankets ____5____ the glacier provides a natural protective shield,” Gian Darms, who oversees snow conditions and mountain security in the area, explained to Reuters. Decreasing snow cover ____6____ higher temperatures presents a huge ____7____ to ski areas across Europe. Having a glacier can provide some protection from____8____ change. It can help ____9____ large snow supplies on the mountain year-round. This snow can later be moved to fill in areas where it is needed.But the Swiss government has ____10____ that 90 percent of the country’s remaining 1,500 glaciers will____11____ by the end of the century ____12____ nothing is done to cut man-made pollution emissions. Davms said he has had to ____13____ increase the size of the blankets over the glacier in recent years to save what is____14____. A small group of ____15____ work over five-to-six weeks to cover parts of the glacier. ____16____ the summer, the workers spend weeks removing the ____17____.Currently, the reflective material covers about 100,000 square meters, which is about the ____18____ of 14 football fields. The blankets help reflect the sun’s energy ____19____ into the atmosphere.Collected ____20____ is used to fill openings in the glacier that could open up along the area’s ski runs. The snow also helps support lift structures that are fixed into the ice.1．A．produced B．placed C．transported D．folded2．A．losing B．gathering C．forming D．breaking3．A．colorful B．decorative C．fragile D．reflective4．A．absorb B．block C．explore D．defend5．A．in B．under C．over D．through6．A．resulting from B．referring to C．leading to D．benefiting from7．A．profit B．promise C．threat D．opportunity8．A．pollution B．climate C．population D．economy9．A．maintain B．consume C．attract D．reduce10．A．determined B．doubled C．proposed D．predicted11．A．emerge B．disappear C．drift D．expand12．A．unless B．whether C．if D．although13．A．continually B．thoroughly C．occasionally D．eventually14．A．melted B．left C．polluted D．removed15．A．climbers B．scientists C．skiers D．employees16．A．After B．Before C．Till D．During17．A．leaves B．ice C．covers D．rubbish18．A．length B．value C．quantity D．size19．A．forward B．out C．back D．down20．A．wood B．cloth C．water D．snow（2022·山东·模拟预测）“Don’t forget your water!” This is a familiar___21___whenever I leave the house. Water indeed is___22___— especially when one is 69 years old and might forget the ___23___and get trapped on Long Island.This makes me think back to my___24___. In the early 1960s, when I left to play outside all day, my mother___25___said, “Don’t forget your water.” There was no way to bring water or buy a water bottle back then. How did I___26___?I was___27___to live on Long Island. My family lived on more than 50 acres,___28___cows, horses, sheep, ducks and chickens. Some 60 acres of woods lie on the east side of our little farm. That’s___29___I followed my dad, uncle and grandpa as they hunted rabbits, squirrels and pheasants. We had only seven TV channels.I___30___the remote control, changing stations at my dad’s request. Life was___31___and good.In my third-grade year, I___32___Mom to let me ride my bike up Jericho Turnpike to go to school. You can’t imagine a mother letting a 10-year-old bike every day three miles into town. She___33___and I met about 10 to 12 other guys for baseball or football. We played wildly without water. Not to say we didn’t get___34___. When we did, we went to drink from the electric cooler. It was cold, free and satisfying. Occasionally, we had money in our pockets and___35___ourselves to a Coke or Pepsi. What a fun, stress-free and safe place to grow up on Long Island even without water bottles.21．A．sound B．request C．word D．name22．A．visible B．harmless C．unique D．important23．A．bottle B．demand C．promise D．blanket24．A．hometown B．hobby C．youth D．education25．A．never B．often C．occasionally D．sometimes26．A．change B．escape C．survive D．struggle27．A．absent B．lucky C．bored D．confused28．A．cooking B．raising C．counting D．hunting29．A．when B．how C．why D．where30．A．cut off B．fell apart C．served as D．relied on31．A．simple B．complex C．hard D．dramatic32．A．declared B．guided C．begged D．cheated33．A．stood by B．broke down C．watched out D．gave in34．A．hungry B．thirsty C．crazy D．angry35．A．devoted B．treated C．addicted D．taught（2022·上海·模拟预测）Researchers have found that urban heat island effect made worse by sunbaked roads can be relieved by a simple measure: Paint the streets gray.A study by Arizona State University found that ____36____a reflective, gray-colored material to blackasphalt（柏油）resulted in a 10.5-to-12-degree Fahrenheit drop in average road surface temperatures. Meanwhile, sunrise temperatures ____37____an average 2.4-degree drop.“This is exactly what we were hoping for,” Phoenix Mayor Kate Gallego said. “It’s exciting to see a technology that has the potential to meet the demands of a growing desert city in a world where temperatures are____38____rising.”Experts say road temperatures in the Phoenix area can rise to 180 degrees on a hot day.That____39____energy remains in paved surfaces for hours, radiating heat back into nighttime air. Higher overnight temperatures result in warmer mornings, creating a____40____of urban heat island effect.Researchers found as well that the greatest temperature____41____was near the road surface, with less dramatic results 6 feet above the ground. Even so, the neighborhoods with streets reflecting light experienced air temperatures 0.3-to-0.5 degree cooler compared with neighborhoods with____42____roads.But reflective pavements don’t affect all surfaces the same way. Researchers said that “the most meaningful measurement” was of radiant temperatures, a measure of how the body____43____heat. Those measurements showed that the “human experience of heat____44____at noon and the afternoon hours was higher due to surface reflectivity.” It’s been noted that the increase in_____45_____ temperatures “may be a necessary trade-off（妥协）to reduce surface temperatures using a reflective surface.”Heather Murphy, a spokesperson for the Transportation Department, said the response has been_____46_____from drivers and residents in neighborhoods where the material is applied. “We have had some people who don’t like the look of it, but generally the response has been very_____47_____”.Still, officials cautioned that reflective pavement is not a remedy for the urban heat island effect.“If you’re standing over these surfaces on a hot day,_____48_____, you’re still going to be hot if you’re not in the shade,” said Jennifer V anos, an assistant professor at Arizona State University. “So if we really want to_____49_____true solutions, it’s not going to be just painting all the streets gray.”A second phase of the study will examine questions about how the material performs underdifferent_____50_____, including changes in reflectivity, degradation and subsurface temperature over longer periods.36．A．applying B．sticking C．approaching D．contributing37．A．occurred B．proved C．turned D．saw38．A．efficiently B．constantly C．technically D．specifically 39．A．generated B．heated C．absorbed D．calculated40．A．cycle B．decline C．sample D．variety41．A．balance B．control C．difference D．equality42．A．gray-painted B．light-colored C．black-topped D．dry-surfaced43．A．reflects B．transmits C．resists D．experiences44．A．extent B．exposure C．absorption D．endurance45．A．felt B．heated C．stored D．needed46．A．instant B．all-sided C．objective D．mixed47．A．optimistic B．positive C．pessimistic D．obvious48．A．in fact B．as a result C．on the other hand D．for one thing49．A．put down B．hold up C．push toward D．take back50．A．variations B．conditions C．circulations D．investigations（2021·四川·绵阳中学三模）As the song says, “There's no place like home for the holidays,” Now, thanks to a pair of forward thinking business owners in County Kerry, Ireland, three families are ____51____ into company based houses to welcome Christmas holidays.Patricia and Tony Walsh, owners of Walsh Colour Print and Educate, ____52____ nearly 120 people Patricia explains that the work they do ____53____ a specialized skill set. Since they've been ____54____ to find enough local job candidates, a good part of their workforce comes from other European countries.____55____, with housing options both limited and expensive in the area, many employees couldn't save for ____56____ of their own while paying ____57____rents. Two such longtime workers were Anma and Marcin Wojs. ____58____ the possibility of having to go home despite wanting to stay, they brought their ____59____ to Patricia and Tony's attention.So, in 2017 the husband and wife team _____60_____ planning permission to build homes on land owned by Walsh Colour Print Built on a not for profit basis the 1000-square-foot-atatchedl homes are _____61_____ to employees at a lower price.With the _____62_____ of three house now complete, the Wojs family are _____63_____ to move into their new home. The employees who have purchased the two remaining homes are also over the moon.Tony Walsh notes that there will be an informal _____64_____ employees who purchase homes will_____65_____ with the company for the following 10 years. While he sees the _____66_____ as a way to ensure a _____67_____ workforce, he also believes homeownership will secure a stable future for his employees when they eventually _____68_____Tony Walsh says,“We are going to roll this out to the rest of our _____69_____, and when they finish working at Walsh Colour Print and Educate. ie, they can close the door and say, ‘We _____70_____ this.’"51．A．looking B．bursting C．changing D．moving52．A．evaluate B．employ C．raise D．rescue53．A．trains B．brings C．requires D．promotes54．A．unable B．unwilling C．afraid D．eager55．A．Illegally B．Hopefully C．Unfortunately D．Surprisingly56．A．skills B．places C．holidays D．companies57．A．slight B．smooth C．reasonable D．steep58．A．Exposed to B．Devoted to C．Addicted to D．Accustomed to 59．A．dilemma B．concept C．plan D．appetite60．A．rejected B．sought C．missed D．withdrew61．A．donated B．lent C．sold D．rented62．A．design B．advertisement C．base D．construction 63．A．ashamed B．frightened C．puzzled D．excited64．A．honor B．agreement C．prize D．debate65．A．stay B．compete C．negotiate D．compare66．A．invention B．routine C．measure D．hobby67．A．limited B．generous C．creative D．steady68．A．escape B．resist C．retire D．die69．A．customers B．staff C．family D．suppliers70．A．own B．build C．improve D．manage（2022·山西长治·高二阶段练习）About 20 minutes away from River Campus, one might ___71___ sounds of magical flights at the mysterious Mushroom House of Powder Mills Park. The privatehouses,___72___ as the landmark of Town of Perinton, show off extraordinary architectural ___73___ with tree-like doors and wooden sculptures, treasure-filled mosaics, and naturalistic components in both inside and ___74___ .This odd artistic ___75___ has gained the Mushroom House its own official website and widespread media ___76___ . Since the house's ___77___ , it has actively been covered by many media. Much like Disney's Pixie Hollow, the Mushroom House appears to be a collection of “found” parts. The ___78___ starts from the underground garage to the tunnel, a reminder of the University's tunnel system,___79___ the outer of the Mushroom House.The ____80____ tops and inner branches of the Mushroom House are in good condition,____81____ to any old mushrooms found in a backyard. But the different types of glass, with their ____82____ shapes and materials, used to build walls of the Great Room and the master bathroom lend the inside a colorful personality. Though ____83____ , the curves（曲线）of the ceilings in all four mushrooms create acoustics（音响效果）that its website ____84____ that of Carnegie Hall in New York City. ____85____ builders Peter Strong and William Ashton, the four 80-ton Mushroom House were ____86____ from models on the ground. The outside Mushroom House was then ____87____ with works of art, including fashionable lighting and handmade bricks, hobbit-like doors, tree and ____88____ sculptures, sand-molded walls and ceilings, custom wood furniture, and iron railings.These works of art were all designed and ____89____ by local artists. Though this seems like a dream, it ____90____ a sweet past.71．A．feel B．hear C．handle D．touch72．A．seen B．left C．sold D．thrown73．A．designs B．history C．background D．plans74．A．top B．back C．surface D．outside75．A．platform B．room C．architecture D．sculpture76．A．coverage B．instruction C．conflict D．crisis77．A．purchase B．disappearance C．creation D．collapse78．A．origin B．course C．journey D．adventure79．A．writing B．appearing C．drawing D．making80．A．sharp B．straight C．round D．square81．A．back B．blind C．similar D．access82．A．complete B．unique C．strange D．perfect83．A．safe B．obvious C．common D．simple84．A．puts forward B．begins with C．takes on D．compares to85．A．With the help ofB．In the front of C．With regards to D．In terms of 86．A．delivered B．built C．researched D．transported 87．A．decorated B．equipped C．marked D．filled88．A．flower B．branch C．grass D．leave89．A．spread B．bought C．observed D．made90．A．expresses B．concludes C．carries D．loads参考答案：1．B2．A3．D4．B5．C6．A7．C8．B9．A10．D11．B12．C13．A14．B15．D16．A1 7．C18．D19．C20．D【导语】这是一篇说明文。
城市热岛效应总结
城市热岛效应总结1. 简介城市热岛效应（Urban Heat Island Effect）是指城市和其周边地区相比，城市地区温度较高的现象。
城市热岛效应是城市化进程中产生的一个重要问题，对城市的环境和人类健康产生了重大影响。
本文将对城市热岛效应的定义、成因、影响以及缓解措施进行总结和分析。
2. 成因城市热岛效应主要由以下几个因素引起：2.1 城市化进程城市化进程是城市热岛效应的根本原因之一。
随着城市化的推进，城市面积不断扩大，建筑物、道路和其他人工结构不断增加。
这些人工结构的热容量较小，导致热量难以扩散，从而提高了城市内部的温度。
2.2 气象要素气象要素也是城市热岛效应的重要原因之一。
光照、湿度、风力等气象要素的变化会影响热岛效应的强度。
尤其是在夏季，阳光直射地面，城市表面的热量吸收增加，导致温度升高。
2.3 城市材料城市建筑和材料的选择也会对城市热岛效应产生影响。
某些建筑材料具有较高的热容量和热导率，能够吸收并储存更多的热量。
这些材料的使用会增加城市表面的热量吸收和辐射。
3. 影响城市热岛效应对城市和人类健康产生了多方面的影响：3.1 气候变化城市热岛效应会加剧全球气候变暖的趋势。
城市的高温和低湿度环境会导致气温升高，进而影响城市和周边地区的气候。
3.2 能源消耗城市热岛效应会导致城市内部温度升高，从而增加了冷却和空调需求，进一步增加能源的消耗。
这对城市的能源供应和环境保护提出了挑战。
3.3 空气质量城市热岛效应还会对空气质量产生影响。
高温和低湿度环境会加剧污染物的扩散和化学反应，使空气质量恶化，对人们的健康造成威胁。
4. 缓解措施为了减轻城市热岛效应的影响，可以采取以下措施：4.1 城市绿化增加城市绿化面积是缓解城市热岛效应的有效途径。
植被可以通过蒸腾作用降低环境温度，并提供阴凉和调节空气湿度的作用。
4.2 构建绿色屋顶绿色屋顶是指在建筑物屋顶种植植被，形成一个绿色的生态层。
绿色屋顶能够吸收和消散热量，减少建筑物的冷却需求，同时提供一个良好的生活和工作环境。
时文阅读与练习(含答案)--2023届高考英语复习备考
时文阅读：太阳能树太阳能树是一种将太阳能技术与树状相结合的功能性发电机。
它是一种可扩展的产品，应用范围广泛，不仅可以产生足够的能量为单个家庭或整个社区供电，还可以用于商业停车场为电动汽车充电。
太阳能树是太阳能发电系统或其他清洁能源的补充，让我们一起来了解一下吧。
阅读短文并回答问题A solar tree is a structure resembling a tree that generates solar energy using photovoltaic panels（太阳能光伏板）. It helps solve an urgent global challenge: Replacing greenhouse gas-emitting energy sources like oil and gas with renewable energy. But the power generation potential of solar trees is relatively limited, and their primary purpose is to raise public awareness about renewable energy by getting people to notice and interact（互动）with solar energy in new ways.Solar trees generally have a firm metal, plastic, or stone base that extends up and out into “branches” on which solar panels are mounted. Beyond this basic structure, there is great diversity in the design of solar tree units. The solar tree’s photovoltaic “leaves”absorb sunlight, converting it into electricity that is conducted down through the trunk-like central pillar of the structure to an inside battery. Many designs feature rotating（旋转的）panels that can move throughout the day in order to obtain the greatest amount of sunlight.Solar trees help power homes, businesses, and public services. They can create shade to help reduce the urban heat island effect and provide shelter in severe weather such as rainstorms and heatwaves, creating greater urban resilience in the face of climate change. They also enhance public spaces, providing charging stations, and powering streetlights.In comparison to other kinds of ground-mounted solar panel devices, solar trees don’t require much land. They make solar energy generation possible in land-scarce areasthat can’t support vast solar arrays, as well as places that lack sufficient rooftop space for panels. However, solar panels are much cheaper than solar trees at present and have far greater energy generation capacity. Therefore, present solar tree designs often serve as a supplemental source rather than as a primary energy source.At present, solar trees aren’t designed as large-scale solar projects, which limits their ability to contribute to the low-carbon energy transition. Still, their varied designs are appealing. This makes solar trees effective at displaying and thereby educating people about solar energy, and promoting a business or organization’s commitment to renewable energy.1. What is the main purpose of building solar trees?A. To beautify the urban environment.B. To draw public attention to solar energy.C. To replace non-renewable energy resources.D. To provide charging services in emergencies.2. What do we know about a solar tree?A. It stores energy in its own battery.B. It can adjust its height automatically.C. It is made of environmentally friendly materials.D. It transforms sunlight into electricity by its metal base.3. What does the third paragraph mainly talk about?A. The design features of solar trees.B. The ways of saving energy in cities.C. The benefits of solar trees to humans.D. The difficulties of promoting solar trees.4. What advantage do solar trees have over other ground-mounted solar panel devices?A. They occupy much less land.B. They are cheaper to manufacture.C. They are more effective in generating energy.D. They can work in various weather conditions.答案：BACA生词1. gas-emitting adj. 排放气体的2. pillar n. 柱子，桥墩（尤指兼作装饰的）3. resilience n. 恢复力；适应力4. array n. 阵列语块1. solar energy 太阳能2. renewable energy 再生能源3. solar panels 太阳能板4. throughout the day 整天5. public services 公共服务6. urban heat island effect 城市热岛效应7. severe weather 恶劣天气8. charging stations 充电站9. in comparison to 与……相比10. contribute to 有助于；对……做贡献知识拓展urban heat island effect城市热岛效应是指城市因大量的人工发热、建筑物和道路等高蓄热体及绿地减少等因素，造成城市“高温化”，城市中的气温明显高于外围郊区的现象。
城市热岛效应的科学解释
城市热岛效应的科学解释城市热岛效应（Urban Heat Island Effect，UHIE）是一种现象，表现为城市地区的温度显著高于周围乡村地区。
这种现象不仅影响当地的气候，还对人们的生活质量、能源消耗及环境产生深远影响。
本文将深入探讨城市热岛效应的科学解释，包括其成因、影响及应对措施。
1. 城市热岛效应的成因城市热岛效应的形成主要与城市的物理特征、建筑设计及人类活动有关，具体可归纳为以下几个方面：1.1 材料特性城市中普遍使用的建筑材料如混凝土、沥青和砖石等具有较高的热容量和导热性。
这些材料在白天气吸收大量的太阳辐射，到了晚上却又缓慢释放热量，从而导致城市地区的气温比周边乡村地区更高。
1.2 绿地缺失相对于乡村地区，城市中的绿地和水体面积较小。
植物通过蒸腾作用散发水分，降低周围气温，因此，缺乏绿地会导致城市温度上升。
此外，城市中树木数量的减少也直接影响了降温效果。
1.3 人类活动城市中的人类活动，如工业生产、车辆排放和空调使用等，都会释放大量的热量和废气。
这些活动产生的热量累积在城市环境中，加剧了热岛效应。
1.4 城市布局城市建筑的密集程度和高度也会影响局部气候。
在高楼大厦之间，热量无法有效散发，形成了“热岛”的高温区域。
2. 城市热岛效应的影响城市热岛效应不仅对气候造成影响，还对生活环境和人类健康有着直接的影响：2.1 健康问题高温会对人的健康产生显著影响，加剧心血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病的发生风险。
而老年人和儿童等特殊人群则更为脆弱，容易受到高温的威胁。
2.2 能源消耗由于城市温度上升，空调等降温设备的需求急剧增加，随之带来的是能源消耗的大幅提升。
这不仅增加了居民的经济负担，也加重了对环境的影响。
2.3 气候变化长期的城市热岛效应可能加剧地区乃至全球的气候变化。
城市的高温现象会导致降雨模式变化，影响水资源的分配与利用。
3. 应对城市热岛效应的措施为了缓解城市热岛效应，各国和地区采取了一系列的措施，这些措施基于减少热源、增加绿地和改善城市设计等方面：3.1 增加绿地和植被通过建设公园、屋顶花园和垂直绿化等方式，增加城市中的植被覆盖率，能够有效降低城市的温度。
各种效应知多少
各种效应知多少生活君第一次听到“口红效应”时是一头雾水，后来上网查才知道是怎么回事，原来还有好多效应：雪球效应、蝴蝶效应、轰动效应···童鞋们知道这些效应都指的是什么吗，今天生活君就带大家走近这些效应，看看它们的真面目吧。
1.marginal utility 边际效应边际效应是指其他投入固定不变时，连续地增加某一种投入，所新增的产出或收益反而会逐渐减少。
也就是说，当增加的投入超过某一水平之后，新增的每一个单位投入换来的产出量会下降。
边际效应的应用非常广泛，例如经济学上的需求法则就是以此为依据，即：用户购买或使用商品数量越多，则其愿为单位商品支付的成本越低（因为后购买的商品对其带来的效用降低了）。
当然也有少数例外情况，例如嗜酒如命的人，越喝越高兴，或者集邮爱好者收藏一套文革邮票，那么这一套邮票中最后收集到的那张邮票的边际效应是最大的。
e.g. : Digression law of marginal effect is widely used in explaining customers' demands in western economics, which is a basic law of consumer behavior.边际效用递减是现代西方经济学中研究消费者行为时，用来解释需求规律的一种理论观点，也是关于消费者行为的一条基本规律。
2. snowball effect 雪球效应社会财富的雪球效应是指，两个雪球，一大一小，大雪球本来就大，相同的速度可以滚动更大的面积；而小雪球体积小，所以相同的速度滚的面积小。
假设一块地上的积雪一定，那么大雪球可以变得非常大，可以吸走绝大多数积雪；而小雪球所能增加的雪就非常小了。
最后，两个雪球体积便相差的更大。
在经济学中，它称为“报酬递增率”的规律。
正确运用雪球效应是一种智慧，既可以提高员工的凝聚力、帮助企业稳步发展，又可以使企业在人力资源管理工作中合理育人、用人，从而使企业不断壮大、脱颖而出。
AP测试题
What strategies should the project team consider for removing TSS from runoff?A Temporary seedingB MulchingC Plants with a high species factorD Open grid pavementE Porous pavementNote s:Reference: Sustainable Sites Credit, Stormwater Design-Quality Control, Implementation, Stormwater MTemporary seeding is a strategy for erosion control.Mulching is a strategy to reduce potable water use.The water requirements of plants don't correspond to the ability to remove TSS from stormwater.Question 21 of 85A building planned for a previously developed site has a zero-lot-line. Given that theproject will earn Sustainable Sites Credit, Development Density and CommunityConnectivity, what additional credits could be earned by installing a vegetated roof surface?A Indoor Environmental Quality Credit, Daylight and Views-ViewsB Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Protect or Restore HabitatC Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Maximize Open SpaceD Sustainable Sites Credit, Heat Island Effect-RoofE Water Efficiency Credit, Water-Efficient LandscapingNotes:Green roofs will help contribute to Sustainable Sites Credit, Heat Island Effect-Roof.The reference guide links SS Credit 2 Development Density and Community Connectivity to SS Credit 5 Site Development - Maximize Open Space. See SS Credit 5, Requirements Case 2Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Protect or Restore Habitat can be earned because Sustainable Sites Credit, Development Density and Community Connectivity was earned.Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Maximize Open Space can be earned because Sustainable Sites Credit, Development Density and Community Connectivity was earned.Adding a vegetated roof has the potential to increase landscaping water needs.Vegetated roofs do not contribute to the views of a project.A mixed-use project site will have three restaurants, a post-office, and a convenience store when the property is opened. Within 3 years a new phase of the site will add a fitnesscenter and an elementary school. How many additional basic services outside of the property are needed to qualify for Community Connectivity?A8B 4C10D 6E9Notes:This question is intentionally testing your knowledge on basic services and the guidelines for them. Restaurants are the only basic services that a team can count twice, BUT a mixed-use project can include only 1 basic service on the project site so this site would need access to 9 more within 1/2 mile of the community.Community Connectivity requires 10 basic services within 1/2 mile of the project site. 8 must exist at the time the project is occupied while the other 2 can be anticipated as long as they are complete within 1 year of the projects' occupation.A new veterinary office is being built on a greenfield site. The office and parking lot will take up 4 acres of the 5 acre piece of land. What structural controls can both help control soil erosion and help improve the quality of stormwater runoff?A Sediment basinB Disconnecting impervious areasC MulchingD SeedingNotes:The following are structural controls for Sustainable Sites Prerequisite, Construction Activity Pollution Prevention:-Earth dike-Silt fence-Sediment trap-Sediment basinThe sediment basin is a pond that will help control erosion and remove pollutants from runoff.A civil engineer is working with the project team to finalize a construction activity stormwater pollution prevention plan. What must be included in this plan?A All measures to prevent stormwater contamination, control sedimentation,, and erosionduring construction, and comply with the requirements of the Clean Water ActB Stormwater harvesting measurementsC Quantity of total suspended solids removedD Pre and post stormwater discharge ratesNotes:Reference: Sustainable Sites Prerequisite, Construction Activity Pollution Prevention, DefinitionsA stormwater pollution prevention plan is part of construction activity pollution prevention (not SS6 Stormwater Design). The plan must include all measures to prevent stormwater contamination, control sedimentation and erosion during construction, and comply with the requirements of the Clean Water ActA 10,000 SF parking area will be replaced with 50% pervious pavement with an SRI of 42. This parking area will be shaded with new trees within 3 years. Additionally, there will be 10,000 SF of solar panel shaded walkways and 15,000 SF of sidewalks with an imperviousne ss of 80%. How much surface area can contribute to Sustainable Sites Credit, Heat Island Effect-Nonroof?A0 SFB20,000 SFC35,000 SFD10,000 SFNote s:See Sustainable Sites Credit, Heat Island Effect-Nonroof, Calculations, Option AFor this option spaces that meet the requirements cannot be counted twice.The 10,000 SF parking area will be counted once as will the 10,000 shaded walkways. The15,000 sidewalks that are 80% impervious do not meet the requirements.A new high-rise residential project is going up in a master site development. The site will be connected to an off-site master stormwater management system. What is true about the project's ability to achieve Sustainable Site s Credit Stormwater Design - Quantity Control?A The project can only earn the credit if the area of the development boundary has anexisting imperviousness of 50% or lessB The project can only earn the credit if BMPs are followed by all buildings connected to thestormwater systemC The project can only earn the credit if the stormwater system meets the LEEDrequirements for all drainage areas that it servesD The project can only earn the credit if the original master planned site was previouslydevelopedNotes:Reference: SS Stormwater Design, Quantity Control, ImplementationSee page 94 of the reference guide: Master Site Development Considerations.A schools project in a suburban location is building on a previously developed site. The project site area is 174,240 SF. The building footprint is 65,000 SF and there are 20,000 SF of access roads and parking area. There is 30,000 SF of protected habitat on the site. How much more does the project have to restore to earn a Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Protect or Restore Habitat?A34,848 SFB24,620 SFC54,620 SFD17,848 SFNotes:See SS Credit 5.1 Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Protect or Restore HabitatThe project must use Case 2 because the site was previously developed. So 50% of the site, excluding building footprint, or 20% of the total site area, including the building footprint must be restored, whichever is greater.(174,240 - 65,000) X 0.5 = 54,620174,240 X 0.2 = 34,84854,620 is the greater number, so we must restore that amount of the site.The access roads and parking area are not included in the building footprint and are not included in the calculation. This information was provided as a distraction.Part of being a good test taker is looking for the keywords to getting the answers correct. If you look in the last sentence, the key word you are looking for is 'more'. How much more does the project have to restore? You might think you got this correct by calculating the project site area minus the building footprint times 50 percent. That was very good but the problem is because of this last 'how much more?'. You might have left it at that forgetting that you already have a 30,000 square foot head start. Subtract that from the total, and then you're left with how much more you need to do.The site already has 30,000 SF of protected habitat. So the project must restore 24,640 SF more than the area already restored.A site has 100,000 sq. ft. in hardscape s, and 25,000 sq. ft. of the hardscapes have been replaced with pervious pavement that has an SRI of 30. The same 25,000 sq. ft. will also be shaded with new trees. How much surface area of the hardscapes can contribute to Sustainable Sites Credit, Heat Island Effect-Nonroof?A75,000 sq. ft.B0 sq. ft.C50,000 sq. ft.D25,000 sq. ft.Notes:Reference: Sustainable Sites Credit, Heat Island Effect-Nonroof, Calculations, Option 1Each surface can be counted only once for the credit regardless of how many green building strategies are in use. In this case, 25,000 sq. ft. was replaced with pervious pavement. The same 25,000 sq. ft. was covered with an SRI of 29 or more, and the same 25,000 sq. ft. was shaded. The 25,000 sq. ft. gets counted once.A school will be providing the community with access to some of the school's facilities including playing fields and a gymnasium. What must be provided for Joint Use of Facilities when a school is providing the facilities?A Adequate parkingB Shower facilitiesC ToiletsD Separate entries to the spaces intended for joint useNotes:Reference: Sustainable Sites Credit, Joint Use of Facilities, RequirementsWhen a school is providing the facilities (Options 1 and 2) the facility must have a separate entry and access to toilets.A project will include collecting all stormwater from the roof of the building and using the water for irrigation. What will need to be done prior to collecting and reusing stormwater?A Consulting local authorities to determine BMPsB Contouring the landscapeC Installing pervious pavingD Determining the chemicals to be used for treatmentNotes:Reference: Sustainable Sites Credit, Stormwater Design-Quantity Control, Implementation, HarvestingThe local government may regulate stormwater use; check with authorities pri or to engaging in any collection plans.What defines external lighting zones?A ASHRAE 90.1-2007B IESNA RP-33C International Dark-Sky Association StandardsD California Energy Efficiency Building StandardsNotes:Reference: Sustainable Sites Credit, Light Pollution Reduction, RequirementsIESNA RP-33 defines four lighting zones used for EXTERNAL lighting.A new 24-hour veterinary clinic is being built in a neighborhood business district. The clinic will be located in a LZ2 lighting zone. How far beyond the site boundary must the horizontal calculation grid extend when measuring external light pollution?A10 ft.B 5 ft.C20 ft.D15 ft.Notes:Reference: Sustainable Sites Credit, Light Pollutio n Reduction, Calculations, Exterior Sky Glow andFor LZ2, both the horizontal and vertical calculation grid must extend 10 ft. beyond the site boundary.For LZ3 and LZ4, the grid must extend 15 ft. beyond the site boundary.A project owner is reviewing potential sites for a new condominium project. The project team will try to earn Sustainable Sites Credit, Development Density and Community Connectivity. What measurement/distance will the project team use to determine if a site is located near public transportation for Sustainable Sites Credit, Alternative Transportation-Public Transportation Acce ss?A Density radiusB Driving distanceC1/2 mile radiusD Walking distanceNotes:Reference: Sustainable Sites Credit, Alternative Transportation-Public Transportation Access, CalculProximity to public transportation is determined by the walking distance from the building's entrance to the bus stop or rail entrance.A project building on a previously undeveloped site has no setback and will have no open space around the building. What is true about the ability of the project team to achieve Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Protect or Re store Habitat?A The project cannot achieve the creditB The project can achieve the credit by installing a green roof that is 20% or larger than thesite areaC The project can achieve that credit by restoring vegetation in a neighboring area if therestoration is at least 2x the building footprintD If the project also achieves Development Density and Community Connectivity, avegetated roof surface can be installed to help achieve the creditNotes:The project cannot earn the credit because the site was originally a Greenfield site, and the building plan has a zero-lot-line (no setback). Since the building consumes the entire site, no habitat can be protected or restored.A previously developed site could use a green roof to help earn this credit in combination with SS Credit 2, but the question states that it is an undeveloped site.A school project worked with both the school board and the community to share facilities. The general public is allowed to use the gym after 5pm Monday-Friday, 3 class rooms for community group meetings, and the school's parking lot. The public will not be allowed into the cafeteria. The school entered into a contract with a local swimming pool to make the pool available to students for recreation and swim lessons on Saturday mornings. How many points can these actions earn?A 2B 1C0D 3Notes:This project will earn one point for Sustainable Sites Credit, Joint Use of Facilities.Exemplary performance can be earned by achieving 2 of the 3 options for the credit.The project met Option 1 by providing at least 3 spaces to the community.The project did not meet Option 2 because no dedicated-use spaces were provided to the community.The project did not meet Option 3 (sharing other organizations' facilities). Two facilities would need to be shared with other organizations and the project is only obtaining access to the swimming pool.An urban new construction project with a zero lot line will have a roof vegetated with diverse native and adaptive plants and will be built on a previously developed lot. The project density is 75,435 SF/acre and the average property density is 63,157 SF /acre. The total building footprint is 57,860 SF with 5,000 SF of equipment and skylights. The vegetated roof is 12,000 SF. Given the above information what credit(s) can the project earn?A Sustainable Site Credit Development Density and Community Connectivity andSustainable Sites Credit Site Development - Protect or Restore HabitatB Sustainable Site Credit Development Density and Community Connectivity onlyC Sustainable Sites Credit Site Development - Maximize Open Space onlyD Sustainable Sites Credit Site Development - Protect or Restore Habitat onlyNotes:Sustainable Sites Credit Site Development - Protect or Restore Habitat and Sustainable Site Credit Development Density and Community Connectivity are related in LEED.This project will earn SS Credit 2 (5 points) because both the project density and average property density are above 60,000SF/acre and the project is being built on a previous ly developed site.SS Credit 5.1 Case 2 - Allows projects earning SS Credit 2 to include vegetated roof surface in this calculation.The project can earn SS Credit 5.1 (1 point) by having the vegetated roof take up 20% or more of the total site area.57,860 X 0.2 = 11,572 SFThe vegetated roof is larger than 20%. The information on equipment is a distraction as this is not included in this credit calculation.What are structural strategies to reduce water pollution from stormwater for LEED certification?A PondsB Pervious pavementC Rainwater cisternsD Rain gardensE Manhole treatment devicesNotes:The question refers to ways to achieve Sustainable Sites Credit, Stormwater Design-Quality Control.Nonstructural techniques include:-rain gardens-vegetated swales-pervious pavement-disconnection of imperviousnessStructural techniques include:-rainwater cisterns-manhole treatment devices-pondsA school project has a site development density of 130,000 SF/acre in an area that ha s a community average density of 100,000 SF/acre. The school was built on a previously developed site and is located near one commuter rail line. Based on this information alone what credits could this project earn?A Innovation in Design Credit, Innovation in DesignB Sustainable Sites Credit, Site SelectionC Sustainable Sites Credit, Alternative Transportation-Public Transportation AccessD Sustainable Sites Credit, Development Density and Community ConnectivityNotes:This project can earn 1 point for Sustainable Sites Credit Site Selection.This project can also earn 4 points for Sustainable Sites Credit, Development Density and Community Connectivity because it has been built on both a previously developed site and has a density greater than 60,000SF/acre in an area with an average density greater than60,000SF/Acre. This project would not earn an exemplary performance point for Sustainable Sites Credit 2, Development Density because it does not have a density at least double that of the average density within the area or it is not in an area with an average of 120,000SF/Acre.The development density of 130,000 is the density of the project building. That's how many square feet the building is vs. the size of the project site. The community density is the average density of all buildings within the density radius.There is not enough information to select Public Transportation Access as a correct choice. The questions stated only that the project was near a commuter rail line and did not provide the distance.A new construction project ha s installed a large underground cistern that can hold up to 110,000 cubic feet of rainwater. The average rainfall event in the region is 2.3 inche s. The cistern collects from an area of 50,000 SF. The average rainfall event interval is 4 days. What is the minimum drawdown rate for this tank?A0.0032 CFSB 3 GPSC0.3183 CFSD 1 GPSDrawdown rate is shown in SS Credit 6.1 Equation 2.Cubic Feet Per Second = Tank Capacity (Cubic Feet)/Rainfall Event Interval in SecondsTank capacity = 110,000 Cubic FeetNext convert the rainfall interval from days to seconds4 days = 24 hours * 60 minutes * 60 seconds * 4)= 345,600 secondsNow divide tank capacity in cubic feet by the rainfall even interval in seconds:X = 110,000 cubic feet /345,600 secondsX = 0.3183 cubic feet per secondA previously developed project site area is 200,000 sq. ft. The proposed building footprint is 100,000 sq. ft. How much area needs to be covered with native or adaptive vegetation to earn the project 2 points for Re storing Habitat?A100,000 sq. ft.B50,000 sq. ft.C75,000 sq. ft.D150,000 sq. ft.Notes:Two points are earned by earning one point for Site Development - Protect or Restore Habitat, and one Innovation in Design point.The Innovation and Design section contains points that can be earn for both exemplary performance and innvotion.To earn exemplary performance, 75% of the site area, excluding the building footprint, must have native or adaptive vegetation in place.200,000 sq. ft. site area - 100,000 sq. ft. building footprint = 100,000 sq. ft.100,000 sq. ft. X 75% = 75,000 sq. ft.A Core and Shell project in an urban area has a stacked building plan, minimal parking on site and is located next to public transportation. The project will be 250,000 SF loca ted on two acres. Other buildings located within an area twice as large as required for Sustainable Sites Credit, Development Density and Community Connectivity are listed below. Given the information, how many points can this project earn?Building size (sf) Site area (acres)-----------------------------------------143,125 1.5081,957 0.50165,876 1.0075,000 0.75A 4B 5C 3D 6SS Credit 2, Exemplary Performance Option 1A core and shell project can earn 5 regular points for achieving the requirements of SS credit 2. To earn exemplary performance the area within an area twice as large as that required for the base credit must be 120,000SF/acre.The buildings in this question have an average density of 465,958 on 3.75 acres plus the 250,000 SF on 2 acres mentioned for the project.(465,958 SF + 250,000 SF) / (3.75 + 2) acres = 715,958 SF / 5.75 acres = 124,514 SF/acre. This project qualifies for an exemplary performance point for a total of 6 points.The project would also have to be built on a previously developed site, but since the question does not give a 0 point option, the question assumes this criteria is being met.A major renovation of a 30,000 sq. ft. dormitory on a college campus will include removing fill dirt and contouring the land to prevent water damage to the building foundation. Which of the following is required to achieve Sustainable Sites Prerequisite, ConstructionActivity Pollution Prevention?A Confirmation that the project complies with NPDES or local regulations if more stringentB Landscape architect sign off on all pollution prevention actionsC Best Management Practices (BMP) planD Making sure the post-development runoff rate does not exceed the pre-developmentrunoff rateNotes:Reference: Sustainable Sites Prerequisite, Construction Activity Pollution Prevention, RequirementsThe project must comply with the more stringent of NPDES or local regulations.A new construction project ha s a density radius of 1,252 feet. The radius touches 7 buildings that have an average density of 112,000 SF. What does the density of the project need to be to earn an exemplary performance point?A224,000 SF/acre or greaterB132,000 SF/acre or greaterC120,000 SF/acre or greaterD164,000 SF/acre or greaterNotes:To earn an exemplary performance point related to Sustainable Sites Credit, Development Density and Community Connectivity the project has two options. The project can have a density double that of the average density within the calculated area. This is the answer of 224,000SF. This size doubles the average of 112, 000SF of the building within the density radius.The other option is to double the area and have the average density of buildings within this large radius be at least 120,000 SF. This is not an option presented in the question since the average density of the 7 buildings is 112,000SF.Which site s could qualify for Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Protect or Restore Habitat or Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Maximize Open Space?A1,000,000 sq. ft. warehouse site with 500,000 sq. ft. of the site area covered in native plants and being built on an old industrial complexB Greenfield site where the development was disturbed 50 feet beyond the buildingperimeterC Previously graded site that has had 50% of the site area restored with native vegetationD Military complex with 500,000 sq. ft. of building space and 250,000 sq. ft of vegetatedopen spaceE50,000 sq. ft. office building site with 5,000 sq. ft. of vegetated open space, located wherea zoning ordinance exists but with no requirement for open spaceNotes:The previously graded site could meet the requirements of Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Protect or Restore Habitat because the site is previously graded and 50% of the site has been restored.The 1,000,000 sq. ft. warehouse site is being built on a previously developed site, and 50% of the site area will be covered in native plants. This site also qualifies for Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Protect or Restore Habitat.The Greenfield site is incorrect because on a Greenfield site, site disturbance must be limited to 40 feet beyond the building.The military complex is under no local zoning requirements, but to meet Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Maximize Open Space the open space would need to be 500,000 sq. ft., not 250,000 sq. ft. The open space must be equal to the building footprint.The 50,000 sq. ft. office building site would fall under Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Maximize Open Space, Option 3 because 'a zoning ordinance exists but there is no requirement for open space.' However the open space must be 20% of the site area, and on this site there will only be 5,000 sq. ft. (10%) of open space.The question asked for either credit. Both correct answer choices meet Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Protect or Restore Habitat only.If a building will have a glazed facade, what should be done for the project design to reduce birds colliding into the building?A Do not use plants that grow higher than 20 ft. tallB Do not use highly reflective materials on hardscapesC Place all landscaping plants 3 feet or less away from glazed facadesD Place all landscaping plants so that they do not reflect in the windowsNotes:Reference: Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Maximize Open Space, Implementation Try to keep the birds from colliding into the glass by placing plants either close to the building or far enough away to eliminate reflections.A school project is near rural farmland. The project site was previously a retail location. The site area is large and equals 500,000SF while the building footprint will only be 50,000 SF. A majority of the area will be restored with native and adaptive plants. Water runoff methods will include cisterns, vegetated swales, and open grid paving. Open grid paving takes up 30,000 SF. What is the minimum amount of land that could be restored to earn exemplary performance under Sustainable Site Credit 5.1 Site Development - Protect and Restore Habitat?A135,000 SFB337,500 SFC450,000 SFD420,000 SFNotes:To earn exemplary performance point for SS Credit 5.1 the project must rest ore 75% of the site excluding the building footprint or 30% of the site including the building footprint, whichever is greater.(500,000SF - 50,000) *.75 = 337,500500,000 * 0.3 = 150,000The minimum amount the project can restore to earn exemplary performance is 337,500.A project site is 75% impervious. The project team wants to improve the stormwater performance from the pre-development runoff rate. What must occur with the stormwater to achieve a LEED credit?A Post-development quantity must be 50% less than the pre-development quantity onlyB A stormwater management plan must be implemented that results in a 25% decrease inthe volume of stormwater runoff from the 2-year 24-hour design stormC Implement best management practices for 80% of the post-development rate and quantityD Post-development rate and quantity must not exceed the pre-development rate andquantityNotes:There are two compliance paths for Stormwater Quantity Control:Case 1. Existing Imperviousness 50% or Less andCase 2. Site with Existing Imperviousness Greater than 50%.The question stated the site was 75% impervious: thus, Case 2 requirements must be met.For Case 2 a stormwater management plan must be implemented that results in a 25% decrease in the volume of stormwater runoff from the 2-year 24-hour design storm.For Case 1 the pre and post rate/quantity must be equal.A new surface parking lot is being planned for a shopping center that will be constructed on a Greenfield site. What amount of site disturbance beyond the parking area can earn Sustainable Sites Credit, Site Development-Protect or Re store Habitat?A50 ft.B25 ft.C10 ft.D40 ft.Notes:On a Greenfield site disturbance must be limited to 10 ft. beyond surface parking.A lighting designer is verifying the light tre spa ss of a school sports field. What is true regarding measuring the site illumination?A All emergency lighting can be excluded from the modelB The calculation grid can't be more than 10 feet by 10 feet and should exclude buildinginterior areasC The calculation grid should extend 20 feet from the site boundaryD The measurements are taken only with the lights onNotes:Reference: Sustainable Sites Credit, Light Pollution Reduction, Calculations, Exterior Sky Glow andThe site illumination model allows a maximum grid spacing of 10 ft. x 10 ft.All lighting is included in the model, including emergency lightingThe calculation grid is based on the zone.For school sports fields the measurements are taken twice - once with the lights on, and once with the lights off. With the lights off the measurements must be less than or equal to those of the given zone. With the lights on the measurements must be no greater than those listed on pg. 137.A project team is working on a private school in a dense neighborhood averaging 65,000SF/acr e. The project team wants to earn a point for community connectivity. There are three highways nearby. Can the school count itself as a basic service in the calculation?A No, because the school is privateB Yes, because the school is located in a dense neighborhoodC No, a project cannot consider itself a serviceD Yes, because the project is a schoolNotes:A project building itself cannot be considered 1 of the 10 basic services needed. Only in a situation where a mixed-use building is the project may one service in the building be counted. Since this is a school and not a mixed-use building, the project cannot consider itself a service.Development density is not related to community connectivity though both options are covered in the same credit.Neighborhood homeowners are meeting with the school board to discuss sharing some of a new school's facilities. How many shared-use spaces must a school provide for Joint Use of Facilities?A 1B 2。
英语热污染
Celsius and ahout 330 people died from high temperature.
examples:heat pollution of water In 1965 ,a popular meningitis outbreaked in Australia .After scientists' confirm, it's because of a variant protozoa which thrived in warm water heated by the waste hot water of the power plant.
Search for new energy
through the use of water energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy and solar energy, we can solve the pollutant,and is an important way to prevent and reduce the thermal pollution. Especially by the use of solar energy,many countries have invested a lot of manpower and financial resources to research a new field of study.
examples:heat island effect In 2004,August,9th,in Guangzhou City, a young man suddenly collapsed in the play.After the doctor 'sInvalid rescue,the young man died on the spot. It is reported that , since this summer, Guangzhou has appeared over 38 degrees
上海市虹口区2021-2022学年高三上学期期终学生能力诊断测试(一模)英语试题
上海市虹口区2021-2022学年高三上学期期终学生能力诊断测试（一模）英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、用单词的适当形式完成短文Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Something to Boast aboutAre your information data safe and reliable?In an ideal world such data, however informative and exploratory they are, ____1____a scientific study is based on should be, if not publicly available, then at least available to other researchers. Sadly, this is not always the case.Many scientists are still quite unwilling to have their data revealed though attitudes are changing. This attitude, ____2____selfish, is understandable.But sometimes it can cover a darker secret. The statistics presented in a paper may have been controlled to achieve a desired result. The author may, in other words, have cheated. If he releases the data, that cheating will be obvious.Now Sean Wilner and his colleagues ____3____(come) up with a way of reconstructing all the possible data sets that could have given rise to that result, which includes____4____ (release) the data. And they call the way CORVIDS (Complete Recovery of Values in Diophantine Systems).____5____ (simplify) the task of spotting abnormal data, CORVIDS turns the possible data sets into a three-dimensional (三维的) chart. This makes any unusual patterns apparent. For example, every ____6____(reconstruct) data set may be missing values at one end of the scale. That might make sense occasionally. Generally, though, such a gap would be a red flag. It would suggest either that the statistics were reported incorrectly or ____7____there were problems with the fundamental data.CORVIDS is likely to be ____8____immediate value to editors and reviewers at academic journals, who will be able to spot problems with papers early, and so discuss them with the authors. If an unresolvable problem ____9____show up, then the technique can be applied to previous work by the author in question, to see if anything systematic is going on.But its speed makes it a useful first step. If the data sets ____10____finds do not show any strange patterns, CORVIDS is unlikely to show oddness, either.Anyway, the trustworthiness of scientific papers will take a step up with CORVIDS.二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A Deeper Meaning behind Souvenirs“Nobody sits us down and tells us to collect objects when we’re young,” writes Rolf Potts, “it’s just something we do, as a wayto____11____ourselves with the world, its possibilities, and our place in it.”Few of us would call ourselves collectors, but most travelers ____12____a seashell from a vacation, or bring a keychain. As Mr. Potts notes in a book called “Souvenir,” there is more to this ____13____simple practice than meets the eye. For one thing, it can date back to the oldest described journeys, so it’s a____14____practice that goes back thousands of years. And academic researchers have classified souvenirs -- even____15____items like “I Love New York” T-shirts and plastic miniatures of Michelangelo’s David -- into various categories, likely unknown to many travelers.Which categories do the things we’ve bought or found in our travels fall into? Further, what’s ____16____behind our need to bring home souvenirs?Over time, intellectual curiosity became the driving____17____for personal travel. Yet even as travelers began collecting historical and scientific souvenirs, not just religious items, the things they brought home stood for feelings for holy objects.Scholars____18____these souvenirs into different buckets, including “markers” (location branded items like T-shirts and teacups), “pictorial images” (postcards and posters), and “____19____landmarks” (for example, Statue of Liberty key chains), with the latter two categories symbolizing, though not exclusive to, mass tourism.In the end, “Souvenir” suggests that its meaning is not fixed because its importance to the owner can change over time and that its significance is closely related to the traveler’sidentity. Mr. Potts himself has had plenty of souvenirs, things that remind him not merely of the places he’s been and the extraordinary _____20_____between him and local people, but of former life phases. “When we collect souvenirs,” he writes, “we do so not to evaluate the world, but to tell the self.”三、完形填空Researchers have found that urban heat island effect made worse by sunbaked roads can be relieved by a simple measure: Paint the streets gray.A study by Arizona State University found that ____21____a reflective, gray-colored material to black asphalt（柏油）resulted in a 10.5-to-12-degree Fahrenheit drop in average road surface temperatures. Meanwhile, sunrise temperatures ____22____an average2.4-degree drop.“This is exactly what we were hoping for,” Phoenix Mayor Kate Gallego said. “It’s exciting to see a technology that has the potential to meet the demands of a growing desert city in a world where temperatures are____23____rising.”Experts say road temperatures in the Phoenix area can rise to 180 degrees on a hot day. That____24____energy remains in paved surfaces for hours, radiating heat back into nighttime air. Higher overnight temperatures result in warmer mornings, creatinga____25____of urban heat island effect.Researchers found as well that the greatest temperature____26____was near the road surface, with less dramatic results 6 feet above the ground. Even so, the neighborhoods with streets reflecting light experienced air temperatures 0.3-to-0.5 degree cooler compared with neighborhoods with____27____roads.But reflective pavements don’t affect all surfaces the same way. Researchers said that “the most meaningful measurement” was of radiant temperatures, a measure of how the body____28____heat. Those measurements showed that the “human experience ofheat____29____at noon and the afternoon hours was higher due to surface reflectivity.” It’s been noted that the increase in_____30_____ temperatures “may be a necessary trade-off（妥协）to reduce surface temperatures using a reflective surface.”Heather Murphy, a spokesperson for the Transportation Department, said the response has been _____31_____from drivers and residents in neighborhoods where the material isapplied. “We have had some people who don’t like the look of it, but generally the response has been very_____32_____”.Still, officials cautioned that reflective pavement is not a remedy for the urban heat island effect.“If you’re standing over these surfaces on a hot day,_____33_____, you’re still going to be hot if you’re not in the shade,” said Jennifer Vanos, an assistant professor at Arizona State University. “So if we really want to _____34_____true solutions, it’s not going to be just painting all the streets gray.”A second phase of the study will examine questions about how the material performs under different_____35_____, including changes in reflectivity, degradation and subsurface temperature over longer periods.21．A．applying B．sticking C．approaching D．contributing 22．A．occurred B．proved C．turned D．saw 23．A．efficiently B．constantly C．technically D．specifically 24．A．generated B．heated C．absorbed D．calculated 25．A．cycle B．decline C．sample D．variety 26．A．balance B．control C．difference D．equality 27．A．gray-painted B．light-colored C．black-topped D．dry-surfaced 28．A．reflects B．transmits C．resists D．experiences 29．A．extent B．exposure C．absorption D．endurance 30．A．felt B．heated C．stored D．needed 31．A．instant B．all-sided C．objective D．mixed 32．A．optimistic B．positive C．pessimistic D．obvious 33．A．in fact B．as a result C．on the other hand D．for one thing 34．A．put down B．hold up C．push toward D．take back 35．A．variations B．conditions C．circulations D．investigations四、阅读理解All Miss Price had been told about the new boy was that he’d spent most of his life in some kind of orphanage, and that the gray-haired “aunt and uncle” with whom he now lived were really foster parents (养父母), paid by the Welfare Department of the City of New York.A less devoted teacher might have pressed for more details, but Miss Price was content with the rough outline. It was enough to fill her with a sense of mission that shone from her eyes, from the first morning he joined the fourth grade.He arrived early and sat in the back row, his backbone very straight, his ankles crossed precisely under the desk and his hands folded on the center of its top, and while the other children were filling in, he received a long, expressionless stare from each of them.“We have a new classmate this morning,” Miss Price said, “His name is Vincent Sabella, and he comes from New York City. I know we’ll all do our best to make him feel at home.”This time they all swung around to stare at once, which caused him to duck his head slightly and shift his weight from one side to the other. Ordinarily, the fact of someone’s coming from New York might have held a certain status, for to most of the children the city was a frightening, adult place that swallowed up their fathers every day. But anyone could see at a glance that Vincent Sabella had nothing to do with it. Even if you could ignore his twisted black hair and gray skin, his clothes would have given him away: ridiculously new pants, ridiculously old sports shoes and a yellow sweatshirt, much too small, with the faded remains of a Mickey Mouse design stamped on its chest.The girls decided that he wasn’t very nice and turned away, but the boys remained in their inspection, looking him up and down with faint smiles. This was the kind of kid they were accustomed to thinking of as “tough,” the kind whose stare has made all of them uncomfortable at one time or another in unfamiliar neighborhoods; here was a unique chance for revenge.36．What can you learn about Miss Price and Vincent from the first two paragraphs? A．Since nobody had ever seen Vincent’s parents, he now lived all by himself.B．Miss Price knew Vincent so well that she’d like to focus every bit of attention on him. C．Miss Price didn’t know much about Vincent, but that didn’t stop her wanting to care about him.D．Vincent sat in the back row so as not to arouse any unnecessary attention caused by his late arrival.37．Why does the author mention “New York” in the third and the fourth paragraphs? A．To illustrate Vincent’s distant origin.B．To demonstrate children’s desire to go to see their fathers.C．To emphasize Vincent’s low social status from his shabby clothes.D．To state a certain distinction between Vincent and people’s imagination.38．Which of the following words can best describe Vincent?A．Devoted but shy.B．Nervous and uneasy. C．Untalkative and tough.D．Sensitive but unfortunate.39．What can you infer from the text about Vincent’s new classmates?A．They were either unconcerned or unfriendly toward him.B．They used to consider people like Vincent to be very tough.C．They barely noticed the new boy sitting in the back of the classroom.D．They were very curious about the newcomer in a kind and considerate manner.HARRY POTTER AND THE FORBIDDEN JOURNEY Universal Studio ResortMake your way through the classrooms and corridors of Hogwarts. Then rocket above the castle grounds on a groundbreaking new ride that lets you join Harry Potter and his friends on an unforgettably thrilling adventure.Our goal is to ensure that everyone is able to make well informed decisions about their ability to safely, comfortably, and conveniently experience each of our attractions.1. CAUTION:This ride imitates dramatic aerobatics and includes sudden acceleration, stopping, turning, climbing, and dropping.Failure to follow posted guidelines may result in serious injury or expulsion (驱逐) from the park.● Attraction is not allowed for Guests with a history of heart conditions or abnormal blood pressure.● Attraction is not allowed for Guests with back, neck, or similar physical conditions.● Expectant mothers are not allowed on this attraction.● Attraction is not recommended for Guests easily influenced to motion sickness or dizziness.● Attraction is not recommended for Guests who have fear of enclosed spaces.● Attraction is not allowed for Guests with recent surgery or other conditions that may be worsened by this ride.● Prosthetic limbs (义肢) must be secured to prevent hazards or loss due to ride forces.Please see an attendant for assistance.● Guests under 122cm may not ride.● Weight not to exceed 136 kg.● This attraction cannot accommodate guide dogs. A portable pet cage is available upon request.2. TO AVOID SERIOUS INJURY:● Remain seated with your head firmly against the headrest.● Keep hands and feet inside the vehicle.● Hold onto shoulder restraints at all times.● No Photography or Video Recording.● Maximum capacity 4 persons.● Keep safely all loose articles (phones, hats, glasses, video-recording equipment, cameras, wallets, keys, etc.) in the lockers provided or leave with a non-rider.● No eating, drinking, or smoking.40．In the passage, the underlined word aerobatics is closest in meaning to “________”. A．violent movements B．plunging activitiesC．increasing rides D．rapid actions41．What is a proper behavior during rides according to the given information? A．Guests must keep cameras inside their pockets or bags.B．Children who are under a certain age are not allowed on this ride.C．People with prosthetic limbs should remove them before the ride so as not to lose them. D．People with visual sickness need to keep their guide dogs with them all the way through the ride.42．Where would this page most probably be found on the Universal Studio homepage? A．Guest Services B．About Us C．Things to Do D．Plan Your VisitFewer than 400 North Atlantic right whales remain in the wild, and not even 100 of them are breeding females. Their biggest survival threats are boat strikes and getting caught in fishing gear. Protecting these whales, such as by turning boats from dangerous encounters, requires positioning them more reliably -- and new technology, described in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, could help make that possible.To listen for marine life, researchers often install underwater microphones calledhydrophones on buoys (浮标) and robotic gliders (滑翔机). The recorded audio is changed into spectrograms -- visual representations of sound used to precisely recognize, for instance, specific whale species’ calls. But those distinctive sounds are often drowned out by other noise. In recent years researchers have used a machine-learning technique called deep learning to automate this analysis, but background sounds still block reliability.Now researchers have trained two deep-learning models specifically to cut through the noise. They started by giving the models thousands of “clean” spectrograms with only North Atlantic right whale calls. Then they slowly added in thousands of spectrograms mixed with typical background sounds, such as tanker engines. The program can successfully turn noisy spectrograms into clean ones, reducing false alarms and helping spot whales before they reach dangerous areas, the scientists say.Shyam Madhusudhana, a Cornell University data engineer, who was not involved in the study, says he would want to see if such models could be used to locate other marine mammals (哺乳动物), too. “Humpback whales and dolphins have much more complex speech pathways than the right whale,” he notes. And University of East Angliamachine-learning researcher Ben Milner, one of the study’s authors, wants to take this technology above water as well -- to Ukrainian forests, where he hopes to identify animals near the site of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster.University of St. Andrews behavioral ecologist Peter Tyack, who was not involved in the study, says this new system should be used to figure out where whales are throughout the year, so that these areas can be protected. “In terms of estimating the density and the number of these whales in places where it’s hard to see them,” Peter says, “this technology could be fantastic.”But he warns that it should not be the only approach to preventing ship strikes. In his work, Tyack has found that North Atlantic right whales can be silent for hours at a time -- so passive sound monitoring could easily miss one. And killing just a few, he adds, “could lead to extinction of the population.”43．What does the new technology do to help protect the North Atlantic right whales? A．Locating the right whales precisely.B．Turning boats to encounter the right whales.C．Guiding the right whales away from fishing boats.D．Positioning fishing boats reliably and thus deadly strikes.44．What is a major contribution of deep-learning models to reducing background noises? A．They turn off the nearby alarms that may create background noises.B．They can eliminate disturbances shown on a spectrogram sheet.C．They add thousands of mixed sounds such as vehicle engines.D．They can prevent whales from reaching dangerous areas.45．It can be learned from the passage that________.A．Shyam and Ben are both scientists at different universities who know each other well B．all of the three scientists consider the extended use of the technology could face challenges C．Shyam and Ben both hope that the deep learning model can go beyond its current applicationD．Peter thinks the technology should have been used to figure out where it’s hard to see the whales46．Which one of the following might be the best title of the passage?A．Latest Techs on Marine LifesavingB．Save the Right Whale by Noise-cuttingC．See Whales’ Noise through Human’s EyesD．Non-professional Scientists’ Role in Saving Whales五、六选四As China Puts on Weight, Type-2 Diabetes (糖尿病) Is Rapidly Rising More than 30 years ago, doctors in the northern city of Daqing began a pioneeringlong-term study into the prevention of type-2 diabetes, a disease which was then thought to affect about 1% of Chinese. When doctors, academics and officials gathered there this autumn to discuss the conclusions and promote prevention work, they faced a very different reality.____47____Type-2 diabetes is becoming more common globally, but in recent years the rate of the disease has been growing fastest in China.Diabetes is a disfunction in the body’s regulation of blood-sugar levels. Type 1 is rare and usually shows up early in life, caused by factors that are not yet well understood. It can kill swiftly unless managed with daily injections of insulin (胰岛素).____48____It tends to develop in adults, especially if they are overweight or do not exercise much. It can usually be controlled with pills and lifestyle changes, and cansometimes be reversed. Both types, if not well-treated, can cause complications such as organ damage, blindness, strokes and heart attacks.____49____Twenty years ago, it had fewer than 25 million. The dramatic increase, almost entirely involving type 2s, worries the government. The study in Daqing showed how lifestyle changes can prevent type 2 among people with damaged glucose tolerance (糖耐量), which is sometimes a start of the condition. The country’s health-care system is trying to ensure symptoms are detected, and help people with them.A big reason for the increase is that as people get richer, they often consume more processed foods and sugary drinks. One in seven Chinese adults is overfat, including a quarter of adults in Beijing, China’s fattest city. The urban proportion of the population has grown from less than 20% to about 60% since 1980.____50____There may be a genetic link, too. Research finds that ethnic-Han Chinese are acquiring type 2 diabetes while younger and thinner than Caucasians. Smoking is another factor. China has one-fifth of the world’s population but consumes one-third of its cigarettes, and most of the daily smokers are men.A．Type 2 is far more common, accounting for more than 90% of cases worldwide. B．However, urban residents are becoming more willing to exercise, with gyms and yoga classes on the rise.C．China has an estimated 116 million diabetics, by far the highest number of any country. D．About 11% of Chinese adults now have the condition, nearly the proportion in America and twice the level in Britain.E．The other type, though more commonly diagnosed, is not relatively dangerous.F．City inhabitants tend to be less physically active than people in rural areas.六、概要写作51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Is Student-loan Forgiveness Unforgivable?Roughly 45 million Americans currently hold $1.6 trillion in student debt, with the average student-loan receiver owing between $20,000 and $25,000, according to the Federal Reserve. Among those actively making payments on their debt, the average monthlyinstallment is between $200 and $300. And with 5.3 million more people unemployed than in February, right before the U.S. fell into the economic depression caused by pandemic (流行病), some people say that student-debt forgiveness could be beneficial to the economy.“Student-debt cancellation feels like one of the most accessible executive actions to stimulate the economy at the moment,” says Suzanne Kahn, director of the Education. Kahn says the move would also help close the wealth gap between white Americans and people of color. Some 90% of Black students and 72% of Latino students take out loans for college versus just 66% of white students, according to an analysis from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.But others argue that sweeping student-loan forgiveness doesn’t help the people who need aid most. Americans with college degrees, as a whole, have been less influenced by the economic effects of COVID-19 than their non-college-educated counterparts. Besides, they raise concerns that if the government wipes out current student loans, future college students may have a motivator to take on debts, hoping they will also be forgiven. Colleges may in turn tend to raise their prices further.What’s clear, according to the both sides of the aisle (过道), is that economic crises worsen the problem of student debt. The last time the U.S. dipped into a recession, state governments cut their investments in colleges and universities—which, in turn, raised their tuition prices and forced students to take on ever larger loans.In recent weeks, the government has walked a fine line on the issue, offering support for a bill calling for $10,000 worth of student-loan forgiveness but turning down anything close to a plan to issue $50,000 per borrower through executive action.That’s not sustainable in the long run. It remains to be seen if the government can arrive at a political solution that is.___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________七、汉译英（整句）52．秋高气爽，到郊野公园去远足是多么令人心驰神往啊！(it) (汉译英）53．做任何事情只要我们坚持不懈，最终定然会收获满满。
名词解释 热岛效应
名词解释热岛效应
热岛效应（Urban Heat Island Effect）是指一个地区的气温高于周围地区的现象。
用两个代表性测点的气温差值（即热岛强度）表示。
主要有城市热岛效应和青藏高原热岛效应两种。
形成的原因：
气候条件是造成城市热岛效应的外部因素，而城市化才是热岛形成的内因。
一般认为热岛成因有三：
一是城市与郊区地表面性质不同，热力性质差异较大。
城区反射率小，吸收热量多，蒸发耗热少，热量传导较快，而辐射散失热量较慢，郊区恰相反二是城区排放的人为热量比郊区大
三是城区大气污染物浓度大，气溶胶微粒多，在一定程度上起了保温作用。
大气污染在城市热岛效应中起着相当复杂特殊的作用。
来自工业生产、交通运输以及日常生活中的大气污染物在城区浓度特别大，它像一张厚厚的毯子覆盖在城市上空，白天它大大地削弱了太阳直接辐射，城区升温减缓，有时可在城市产生“冷岛”效应。
夜间它将大大减少城区地表有效长波辐射所造成的热量损耗，起到保温作用，使城市比郊区“冷却”得慢，形成夜间热岛现象。
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城市天气的英语
城市天气的英语The city landscape is a dynamic and ever-changing canvas, where the interplay between the built environment and the natural world is constantly in flux. One of the most significant factors that shapes the character and experience of urban living is the weather. From the scorching heat of summer to the biting chill of winter, the weather patterns in cities can have a profound impact on the daily lives of its inhabitants.Cities, by their very nature, are hubs of human activity and economic vitality. They are often characterized by towering skyscrapers, bustling streets, and a diverse population. However, the concentration of buildings, infrastructure, and human activity in urban areas can significantly influence the local weather patterns, creating what is known as the "urban heat island" effect.The urban heat island effect occurs when the built environment, with its abundance of heat-absorbing materials like concrete and asphalt, traps and retains heat more effectively than the surrounding rural or suburban areas. This can lead to higher temperatures in the city,especially during the summer months. The lack of vegetation and green spaces in many urban areas further exacerbates this phenomenon, as trees and plants can provide natural cooling through evapotranspiration.The impact of the urban heat island effect can be far-reaching. It can contribute to increased energy consumption, as residents and businesses rely more heavily on air conditioning to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures. This, in turn, can lead to higher greenhouse gas emissions and further exacerbate the problem of climate change. Additionally, the elevated temperatures in cities can pose a significant threat to public health, particularly for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, the very young, and those with pre-existing medical conditions.Another significant aspect of city weather is the prevalence of air pollution. Urban areas, with their high concentration of vehicles, industrial activities, and other sources of emissions, often struggle with poor air quality. Particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants can accumulate in the atmosphere, reducing visibility and posing a risk to respiratory health.The impact of air pollution on city weather can be multifaceted. Certain pollutants can interact with atmospheric conditions, influencing cloud formation, precipitation patterns, and even theintensity of storms. For example, the presence of particulate matter in the air can serve as nucleation sites for water droplets, potentially leading to increased cloud cover and precipitation. However, the complex interplay between air pollution and weather patterns is not fully understood, and ongoing research continues to explore these relationships.In addition to the urban heat island effect and air pollution, cities also face the challenge of extreme weather events, which can be exacerbated by climate change. Severe storms, heavy rainfall, and prolonged droughts can all have significant consequences for urban infrastructure, transportation, and the overall well-being of city residents.The frequency and intensity of these extreme weather events can disrupt essential services, damage property, and threaten public safety. For example, heavy rainfall can overwhelm urban drainage systems, leading to flooding that can inundate roads, homes, and businesses. Prolonged droughts can strain water resources, necessitating conservation efforts and potentially leading to water shortages.In response to these weather-related challenges, many cities around the world are taking proactive steps to mitigate the impacts and build resilience. Strategies may include investing in greeninfrastructure, such as urban forests and green roofs, to reduce the urban heat island effect and improve air quality. Cities are also exploring ways to enhance their stormwater management systems, improve energy efficiency, and promote sustainable transportation options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Furthermore, advancements in weather forecasting and early warning systems have enabled cities to better prepare for and respond to extreme weather events. By leveraging these technologies, urban planners and emergency management teams can develop more effective disaster preparedness and response plans, helping to minimize the risks and consequences of severe weather.In conclusion, the weather patterns in cities have a profound impact on the lives of urban residents. From the urban heat island effect and air pollution to the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, the challenges posed by city weather are multifaceted and complex. However, through a combination of innovative solutions, policy interventions, and technological advancements, cities can work towards building more resilient and sustainable communities that are better equipped to adapt to the ever-changing climate. By addressing these weather-related challenges, cities can not only improve the quality of life for their residents but also contribute tothe broader effort of creating a more sustainable and climate-resilient future.。
树种在路上,城市变得更好的英文选择题
1.Which of the following is NOT a benefit of planting trees along roads in cities?A) Trees provide shade and cooler temperatures, which can reduce the urban heat island effect.B) Trees improve air quality by absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen.C) Trees increase property values and improve the aesthetic appeal of the area.D) Trees create additional traffic congestion and make roads more dangerous for pedestrians and drivers.2.Which of the following statements is NOT true about the relationship between trees and cities?A) Trees can help to reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding.B) Trees provide habitat for wildlife, including birds and insects.C) Trees decrease the amount of noise pollution in urban areas.D) Trees make cities less desirable to live in because they block views and create clutter.3.Which of the following is NOT a benefit of planting trees along roads in cities?A) Trees can help to reduce the risk of car accidents by providing visual cues for drivers.B) Trees can reduce energy consumption by providing shade and blocking winds.C) Trees can improve mental health and wellbeing by providing a calming and natural environment.D) Trees can increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the air, contributing to air pollution.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true about the relationship between trees and cities?A) Trees can help to reduce the amount of heat absorbed by pavements and buildings, which can lower air conditioning costs.B) Trees can increase the number of pedestrians and bicycle riders by providing a more pleasant and attractive environment.C) Trees can help to reduce crime rates by providing a sense of community and increasing the number of people on the streets.D) Trees make cities less livable because they block sunlight and create an overgrown, unkempt appearance.。
Urban Heat Island Effect and Climate Change
Urban Heat Island Effect and ClimateChangeThe urban heat island effect is a phenomenon in which urban areas experience higher temperatures than their rural surroundings. This is primarily due to human activities such as energy consumption, transportation, and industrial processes, which release heat and pollutants into the atmosphere. As a result, urban areas can be several degrees warmer than their rural counterparts, especially at night. This can have significant implications for the environment, public health, and the economy, particularly in the context of climate change. From an environmental perspective, the urban heat island effect can exacerbate the impacts of climate change. As global temperatures rise, urban areas are likely to experience even higher temperatures, leading to increased energy consumption for cooling, greater air pollution, and heightened heat-related health risks. This creates a feedback loop in which urban heat islands contribute to climate change, and in turn, are further exacerbated by it. As such, addressing the urban heat island effect is crucial for mitigating the impacts of climate change and building resilience in urban areas. From a public health standpoint, the urban heat island effect poses significant risks, particularly for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and low-income communities. Higher temperatures can lead to heat-related illnesses and even mortality, placing additional strain on healthcare systems and exacerbating existing health disparities. Furthermore, the heat island effect can worsen air quality, as higher temperatures promote the formation of ground-level ozone and other pollutants, which can exacerbate respiratory conditions such as asthma. As such, addressing the urban heat island effect is essential for protecting public health and promoting environmental justice. From an economic standpoint, the urban heat island effect can have far-reaching implications. Higher temperatures can increase energy demand for cooling, leading to higher electricity bills and straining energy infrastructure. This can also contribute to power outages and grid failures, further impacting businesses and residents. Moreover, the heat island effect can reduce the lifespan of infrastructure such as roads and buildings, leading to higher maintenance costs and shorter replacementcycles. By addressing the urban heat island effect, cities can reduce energy costs, improve the resilience of infrastructure, and create more livable and economically vibrant urban environments. Addressing the urban heat island effect requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses urban planning, green infrastructure, and community engagement. Urban planners can incorporate measures such as green roofs, reflective pavements, and urban green spaces to mitigate the heat island effectand promote cooling. Additionally, increasing tree canopy coverage can provide shade and evaporative cooling, while also enhancing the aesthetic and ecological value of urban areas. Community engagement is also crucial, as residents can participate in initiatives such as tree planting and community gardens, which not only mitigate the urban heat island effect but also foster social cohesion and environmental stewardship. In conclusion, the urban heat island effect is a significant challenge with wide-ranging implications for the environment, public health, and the economy. Addressing this phenomenon is essential for mitigatingthe impacts of climate change, protecting public health, and creating more sustainable and resilient urban environments. By implementing a combination of urban planning, green infrastructure, and community engagement, cities can work towards mitigating the urban heat island effect and building a more sustainable future for all.。
冷岛效应概念
冷岛效应（Urban Heat Island Effect）是指城市内部温度明显高于周围乡村和自然地区的现象。
这种现象主要是由于城市化过程中的人类活动和建筑物密集，导致城市地区的热量吸收和释放方式发生变化。
冷岛效应的主要原因包括：
1.建筑和道路：城市中的大量建筑物和道路吸收了太阳辐射的能量，使得城市地区的表面温度升高。
这些表面能够储存热量并在夜间释放，导致城市的夜间温度相对较高。
2. 能源消耗：城市中大量的能源消耗，如汽车排放、工业排放和家庭供暖等，会释放大量的热量到城市环境中。
3.缺乏植被：城市地区通常缺乏足够的绿地和植被，植被通过蒸腾作用可以散发热量，并且能够提供阴凉和蒸发冷却效应。
4.人类活动：人类活动本身，如交通运输、工业生产和居民生活，会产生热量，增加城市内部的热量负荷。
5.地表改变：城市的地表被改变，如水泥、砂石等表面不仅能够吸收更多的热量，还会影响地表的水分蒸发，从而减少了蒸发冷却效应。
冷岛效应可能会导致多种问题，包括：
1.健康问题：高温环境可能会导致热应激、中暑等健康问题，特别是对于弱势群体。
2.能源消耗增加：高温环境会导致人们需要更多使用空调等冷却设备，从而增加能源消耗和碳排放。
3.环境影响：高温环境可能对当地的生态系统和自然环境产生负面影响。
为了减缓冷岛效应，城市规划和设计可以考虑增加绿地覆盖、提供适当的阴凉空间、改善建筑和道路材料、优化能源消耗等措施。
这些措施可以帮助降低城市内部温度，提高城市的适宜性和可持续性。
城市热环境英语
城市热环境英语Urban Thermal EnvironmentThe urban thermal environment refers to the temperature conditions within cities, which are influenced by various factors such as anthropogenic heat emissions, urban geometry, vegetation cover, and water bodies. As cities continue to grow and urbanize, the thermal environment of these areas is becoming increasingly important to consider.Anthropogenic heat emissions, generated primarily from industrial processes, transportation, and building heating and cooling systems, contribute significantly to the urban heat island effect. This effect occurs when the temperature of an urban area is higher than its surrounding rural or natural areas due to the accumulation of heat within the city. The heat island effect can have negative impacts on human health, energy consumption, and ecosystem services.Urban geometry, including building height, density, and spacing, also plays a role in the urban thermal environment. Tall, dense buildings can trap heat within the city, leading to higher temperatures. Conversely, open spaces and well-designed urban layouts can help to mitigate the heat island effect by promoting air flow and ventilation.Vegetation cover and water bodies can provide cooling effects in urban areas. Trees and plants provide shade and transpiration, which helps to cool the air. Water bodies, such as lakes and rivers, can also have a cooling effect by absorbing and releasing heat slowly. Incorporating more green spaces and water features into urban design can help to improve the thermal environment.Overall, the urban thermal environment is a complex system that requires a multifaceted approach to manage and mitigate its negative impacts. By considering factors such as anthropogenic heat emissions, urban geometry, vegetation cover, and water bodies, planners and policymakers can create more sustainable and livable cities.。