Phonetics

Systems of phonetic writing are aimed at the accurate transcription of any sequence of speech sounds; the best known is the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Consonants are different from vowels in that they are produced with various obstructions of airstream here or there in our speech organs. In other words, the airstream will be modified somehow and somewhere when iБайду номын сангаас comes out from our lung and goes out from our speech organs, through nose or mouth, or even through both.
Manner of Articulation describes the way in which the airstream is obstructed when the consonant is made. For example, the sound [p] is said to have a stop manner because the air is completely stopped in the mouth before it is released.
Place of articulation
Bilabial: [p b m ] ([w] labial-velar) Labiodental: [f v] Dental/interdental: [θð ] Alveolar: [t d n s z r l ] Postalveolar:[ſ Ʒ ] Retroflex：[sh] Palatal:[j] Velar: [k g ή] Uvular: [ ] Pharyngeal: Arabic language Glottal: [h ? ]
It was originally developed by British and French phoneticians under the auspices of the International Phonetic Association, established in Paris in 1886 (both the organization and the phonetic script are best known as IPA). The alphabet has undergone a number of revisions during its history, including some major ones codified by the IPA Kiel Convention (1989); revised in 1993, updated again in 1996, and the latest version was revised in 2005.
1-nasal cavity
Organs of speech
2-lips
3-teeth 4-alveolar ridge 5-hard palate 6-velum (soft palate) 7-uvula 8-apex(tip) of tongue
9-blade (front) of tongue
Place of Articulation describes where in the vocal tract the consonant is made. For example, the sounds [p], [b], [m], and [w] are said to have a bilabial place of articulation because they are made with both lips coming together.
Height Height refers to the position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth. In high vowels, such as [i] and [u], the tongue is positioned high in the mouth, whereas in low vowels, such as [a], the tongue is positioned low in the mouth. Sometimes the terms open and close are used as synonyms for low and high for describing vowels.
10-dorsum (back) of tongue 11-oral cavity 12-pharynx咽
13-epiglottis会厌
14-larynx喉 15-vocal cords 16-trachea气管 17-esophagus 食道
International Phonetic Alphabet
Narrow and broad transcription
Narrow transcription specifies as many features of a sound as can be symbolized; broad transcription specifies only as many features of a sound as are necessary to distinguish it from other sounds
The International Phonetic Alphabet is a phonetic alphabet used by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds the human vocal apparatus can produce. It is intended as a notational standard for the phonetic representation of all languages. Most of its symbols are taken from the Roman alphabet or derived from it, some are taken from the Greek alphabet, and some are apparently unrelated to any standard alphabet.
English consonants
English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation
Classification of English speech sounds
The sounds of English fall into two major natural classes: Consonants and Vowels A speech sound produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by any of various constrictions of the speech organs, such as [p], [g], and [h].
A speech sound, such as [e], [i] or [ai] , created by the relatively free passage of breath through the larynx and oral cavity, usually forming the most prominent and central sound of a syllable.
Consonants
The consonants are divided into pulmonic （肺气流音） and non-pulmonic consonants: pulmonic sounds are produced by pushing air out of the lungs, while nonpulmonic sounds are produced by either sucking air into the mouth or closing the glottis and manipulating the air between the glottis and a place of articulation further forward in the vocal tract.
Phonetics
What Is Phonetics?
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. It is concerned with how speech sounds can be categorized, how they are generated in the human vocal tract, why they each sound different to a listener, and how a listener is able to recognize them.
Vowels
Unlike consonants, vowels do not involve significant constriction of the airstream in the vocal tract. Rather, the general shape of the oral cavity (the inside of the mouth) creates different vowel sounds and is determined by the following: 1 The height of the tongue 2 The forwardness/backness of the tongue 3 The tenseness of the tongue and lips 4 The roundedness of the lips The different English vowel sounds are categorized along these dimensions in the chart below.