rest_lecture_1
Lecture_1_2017物理ppt
互相影响
Note on notation: FAB is the force exerted by A on B
Newton’s Third Law, Alternative Statements
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Forces always occur in pairs A single isolated force cannot exist The action force is equal in magnitude to the reaction force and opposite in direction
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ΣF is the net force
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This is the vector sum of all the forces acting on the object
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Newton’s Second Law can be expressed in terms of components:
More About Mass
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Mass is an inherent property of an object Mass is independent of the object’s surroundings Mass is independent of the method used to measure it Mass is a scalar quantity The SI unit of mass is kg
Weight will vary with location
一个物体的质量是不会变的,一个scalar【标量】,而其重量是根据引力大小而出来的.
JULIUS SUMNER MILLER VIDEO-N1L [16MIN]
LECTURE 1
Syntactic dimension（句法层面） dimension（句法层面）
• Chinese ： 意合语言（汉语的结合不受形态成分的 约束，而主要取决于语义上的搭配是否合乎事理，“ 约束，而主要取决于语义上的搭配是否合乎事理，“国 语底用词组句，偏重心理，略于形式。” 语底用词组句，偏重心理，略于形式。”） • 枯藤老树昏鸦， • 小桥流水人家， • 古道西风瘦马， • …… 马致远 《秋思》 秋思》 Indo –European ：形义语言（有繁复的变位，变格， 形态变化，是形义融合，意在则形达，句子结构比叫严 谨。）
GOUP WORK：work in groups to decide WORK： which of the following are above or below the water---within or out of our awareness? water---within
• What and how people eat • How to keep healthy • How to raise children • How to do business • How to use time • How to introduce people • How to participate in ceremonies • Rules for gestures • Rules for facial expressions and eye contact • Rituals • Etiquette • Work speed • What is right and wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or bad etc. • Theories of disease, sin, death, god or gods ,sanity, self.etc.
独立主格 (1)
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如： 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 比较动名词复合结构： 比较动名词复合结构： The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.
6．with +名词（或代词）+副词 ． 名词（ 名词 或代词） 副词
With John away, we’ve got more room.
The student listened to his teacher with his head down.
With the teacher there, he can’t write.
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或 伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.
独立主格类型3：名词（代词） 不定式 独立主格类型 ：名词（代词）+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.
A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.
二、独立主格结构的常见形式 独立主格类型1：名词（代词） 现在分词 独立主格类型 ：名词（代词）+现在分词
高中英语动词
高中英语单词表高中英语单词A开头单1.accept vt.接受，承认2.achieve v.达到，取得；完成，实现3.add vi.&vt.加，增加，增进，补充说4.admire vt.钦佩，赞美，羡慕5.admit vt.接纳，让…进入，承认6.advance[☜♎❖⏹♦] vi.前进，进展vt.推进，促进，提升，预付n.[C,U]前进，进展，进步，提升，预付款7.advise vt.劝告，建议8.afford vt.买得起，经受得住，承担得起9.agree[☜♑❒] v.同意，赞成，答应10.allow[☜●♋☺] v.允许，准许11.apologize / apologise[☜☐●☜♎✞♋✋] vi.道歉12.appear[☜☐✋☜] vi.出现，看来，似乎13.apple[ ✌☐●] n.[C]苹果14.argue[ ♑◆] v.争论，说服，证明15.arrive[☜❒♋✋❖] vi.到达，(时间)到来，得出(结论)，(婴儿)出生16.ask[ ♦] v.问，要求；请求17.astonish[☜♦♦⏹✋☞] vt.使惊讶，使吃惊18.attack[☜♦✌] v.攻击n.[C,U]进攻；(疾病)发作19.attempt[☜♦♏❍☐♦] v.& n.尝试，试图20.attend[☜♦♏⏹♎] v.出席；照料，护理；注意21.attract[☜♦❒✌♦] vt.引起(兴趣、注意)，招引22.awake[☜♦♏✋] v.(awoke, awoken / awaked, awaked)醒，唤醒；使醒adj.(作表语)醒着的高中英语单词B开头单词bake[♌♏✋] v.烤，烘，焙bathe[♌♏✋❆] v.浸，洗，(在河或海里)洗浴，游泳n.(用单数)游泳be[♌✋☎✆]v.(am, is, are, was, were, being, been)是；在；成为beat[♌♓♦] v.(beat, beaten)敲打，(脉，心脏)跳动，打胜，打赢become[♌✋✈❍] v.(became, become)变得，成为；适合(某人) begin[♌✋♑✋⏹] v.(began, begun)开始，着手believe[♌✋●♓❖] v.相信，认为belong[♌✋●☠] vi.属于，为…所有bend[♌♏⏹♎] v.(bent, bent)使弯腰，弯曲，专心于bite[♌♋✋♦] v.(bit, bitten)咬，迷住，(鱼)上钩n.[C]咬，伤痛blame[♌●♏✋❍] vt.责备，谴责n.[U]过失，责备blow[♌●☜☺]v.(blew, blown)吹，刮风，吹气n.[C]打，打击boil[♌✋●] v.(水等)沸腾；(水)开，用开水煮；使(水等)沸腾born[♌⏹] v.(动词bear的过去分词)出生adj.天生的，生来的borrow[ ♌❒☜☺] v.(向别人)借，借用bother[ ♌❆☜] v.& n.打扰，烦扰，麻烦break[♌❒♏✋] v.(broke broken)打破，折断，打碎n.[C]休息breathe[♌❒♓❆] v.呼吸bring[♌❒✋☠] vt.(brought, brought) 带来；传到；拿来；引起build[♌✋●♎] v.(built, built)建筑(造)；建设(立)burst[♌☜♦♦] v.(burst, burst)(使)破裂，突然发生，爆炸n.[C](感情等的)爆发bury[ ♌♏❒✋] v.埋，埋葬buy[♌♋✋] v.(bought, bought) 购买can[ ✌⏹☜⏹]v.& aux. (could)能够，可以，可能，会n.[C](美)罐头，听头，一罐之量catch[ ✌♦☞] v.(caught, caught) v.change[♦☞♏✋⏹♎✞] v.改换，改变；更换，兑换n.[C,U]变化；零钱；找头chat[♦☞✌♦] v.& n.聊天，闲谈check[♦☞♏] v.检查，核对；寄存n.[C]检查，核对；(美)支票(=英国的cheque)；(饭馆等的)账单choose[♦☞◆] v.(chose, chosen)挑选；选举circle[ ♦☜●] v.环绕，盘旋n.[C]圆，圈子clap[ ●✌☐] v.鼓掌，拍手n.[C]鼓掌声，拍手声climb[ ●♋✋❍] v.爬，攀登n.[C]攀登close[ ●☜☺] v.关，闭adj.& adv.[ ●☜☺♦] 近，靠近collect[ ☜●♏♦] v.收集，搜集；领取；收钱；使(思想)集中comb[ ☜☺❍] v.梳n.[C]梳子come[ ✈❍] v.(came, come) 来，到达，出现；开始compare[ ☜❍☐☪☜] v.比较；比喻，比作；比得上congratulate[ ☜⏹♈❒✌♦☺●♏✋♦] vt.祝贺，庆贺，恭喜connect[ ☜⏹♏♦] v.连接，相通，联想，衔接consider[ ☜⏹♦✋♎☜] v.考虑；把…看作；认为contain[ ☜⏹♦♏✋⏹] vt.包含，包括；装，容纳continent[ ⏹♦✋⏹☜⏹♦] n.[C]大陆，大洲continue[ ☜⏹♦✋⏹◆] v.继续，连续control[ ☜⏹♦❒☜☺●] v.& n.控制，支配cook[ ☺] v.烹调，煮，烧n.[C]厨师，炊事员could[ ☺♎] v.aux.能，可能count[ ♋☺⏹♦] v.计数，计算，视为cry[ ❒♋✋] v.喊叫，哭n.[C]叫喊，哭声cure[ ☺☜] v.& n.治疗，痊愈cut[ ✈♦] v.(cut, cut)& n.切，剪，割，伤口高中英语单词D开头单词dance[♎⏹♦] v.& n.跳舞，舞会dare[♎☪☜] v.(用作情态动词或实义动词)敢decide[♎✋♦♋✋♎] v.下决心，决定declare[♎✋●☪☜] vt.声明，断言；宣布defeat[♎✋♐♓♦] vt.击败；战胜；使落空，使受挫n.[C,U]失败，击败defend[♎✋♐♏⏹♎] v.防守，保卫；辩护，辩解deliver[♎✋●✋❖☜] vt.投递，传送demand [♎✋❍⏹♎] vt.要求，需要n.[C,U]要求；需要depend[♎✋☐♏⏹♎] vi.依靠，指望describe[♎✋♦❒♋✋♌] vt.描述；叫做desert2[♎✋☜♦] vt.舍弃，遗弃design[♎✋♋✋⏹] v.设计；计划 [C,U]设计；企图desire[♎✋♋✋☜] vt.期望，要求n.[U,C]意欲，要求destroy[♎✋♦♦❒✋] vt.毁坏，毁灭determine[♎✋♦☜❍✋⏹] v.决定，决心develop[♎✋❖♏●☜☐] v.发展；培养，发扬；开发；患(病)；冲洗(照片)devote[♎✋❖☜☺♦] vt.把…奉献(给)，致力于；把…专用于die[♎♋✋] v.死；渴望dig[♎✋♑](dug, dug) v.挖，掘disappoint[ ♎✋♦☜☐✋⏹♦] vt.使失望discover[♎✋♦✈❖☜] vt.发现discuss[♎✋♦✈♦] vt.讨论disturb[♎✋♦♦☜♌] vt.打扰；弄乱dive[♎♋✋❖] vi.& n.跳水，潜水，俯冲divide[♎✋❖♋✋♎] vt.分，划分，分裂，(数学用语)除do[♎◆♎☜](did, done) v.做，干，办，为；有益，产生效果；尽(力)；处理，收拾，洗刷，整理；(对)适合，行，可以；(用于构成主要动词的否定式或疑问式、代替重复出现的主要动词或谓语部分、构成倒装句等) (用复数)双打v.(使)加倍，(使)翻番draw[♎❒] v.(drew, drawn)画，绘制；拖，拉，抽出drink[♎❒✋☠] v.(drank, drunk)喝饮(酒) n.[U,C]饮料；酒drive[♎❒♋✋❖]v.(drove, driven)驾驶，开(车)；驱赶，迫使dry[♎❒♋✋] v.擦干，弄干，变干adj.干的，干燥的；干涸的高中英语单词E开头单词earn[☜⏹] vt.赚得；博得；赢eat[♓♦] v.(ate, eaten)吃employ[✋❍☐●✋] vt.雇用，使用empty[ ♏❍☐♦✋] adj.空的vt.倒空encourage[✋⏹✈❒✋♎✞] vt.鼓励enjoy[✋⏹♎✞✋] v.喜欢，欣赏enter[ ♏⏹♦☜] v.进入，参加envy[ ♏⏹❖✋] vt.& n.羡慕；忌妒escape[✋♦♏✋☐] n.& vi.逃脱，逃跑，漏出event[✋❖♏⏹♦] v.[C]事件，大事；(比赛的)项目examine[✋♑✌❍✋⏹] vt.检查；询问excite[✋♦♋✋♦] vt.使兴奋，使激动excuse1[✋♦◆] v.原谅；宽恕exist[✋♑✋♦♦] vi.存在，生存expect[✋♦☐♏♦] vt.期待，预期；以为explain[✋♦☐●♏✋⏹] v.解释；说明explode[✋♦☐●☜☺♎] v.(使)爆炸，(使)发脾气exploit[✋♦☐●✋♦] vt.剥削；开发，开采express[✋♦☐❒♏♦] vt.表达，表示adj.快速的，特殊的n.快车，快递，专使adv.乘快车，以快递方式face2[♐♏✋♦] v.面向，面对fail[♐♏✋●] v.失败，不及格fall1[♐●] n.&v.(fell, fallen)落下，跌倒；倒下，下降fasten[ ♐♦⏹] v.闩；栓住；捆；系fear[♐✋☜] n.&v.害怕，恐惧，担心feed[♐♓♎](fed, fed) v.喂(养)，饲(养)，供养；吃feel[♐♓●] v.(felt, felt)摸，触；感觉fetch[♐♏♦☞] v.取来，带来；去取fight[♐♋✋♦] v.(fought, fought)打仗，打架；与…打架n.[C]战斗，斗争find[♐♋✋⏹♎] v.(found, found)找到，发现；感到；查明finish[ ♐✋⏹✋☞] v.结束，完成fit[♐✋♦] v.(使)适合，(使)符合；安装adj.适合的；胜任的；健康的n.适合；合身(的衣服)fix[♐✋♦] vt.使固定；确定，决定；准备，安排；修理flash[♐●✌☞] v.闪亮，(使)闪现n.[C]一闪，闪光；转瞬间float[♐●☜☺♦] v.(使)浮动，(使)漂浮，飘动flood[♐●✈♎] vt.淹没，使泛滥，充斥n.[C]洪水，洪灾flow[♐●☜☺] vi.流，流动follow[ ♐●☜☺] v.跟随；(表示时间，顺序等)接着；遵循，理解forbid[♐☜♌✋♎](forbade / forbad, forbidden) vt.禁止；不许force[♐♦] vt.强迫，迫使n.[U,C]力量；武力 (常用复)军队，势力forget[♐☜♑♏♦] v.(forgot, forgotten)忘记，忘掉forgive[♐☜♑✋❖] v.饶恕；豁免，原谅，宽恕found[♐♋☺⏹♎] v.成立，建立freeze[♐❒♓]v.(froze, frozen)使冻结，结冰；凝固frighten[ ♐❒♋✋♦⏹] vt.吓唬，使惧怕fry[♐❒♋✋] v.油煎，油炸，油炒(地)；较远的(地) v.增进，推进future[ ♐◆♦☞☜] n.[C,U]将来，前途adj.将来的，未来的高中英语单词G开头单词gain[♑♏✋⏹] v.获得；获益，增加；(钟、表)走快n.[C]收获，收益gather[ ♑✌❆☜] v.聚集，集合；收集，采摘get[♑♏♦] v.(got, got)成为，变得，使得；得到，收到；具有；到达give[♑✋❖](gave, given) v.给，给予，赠给，引起glance[♑●⏹♦] v.& n.一瞥，扫视，瞥见go1[♑☜☺]v.(went, gone) 去，行走；变为；处于…的状态；(机器等)运转；通到；相配；从事(活动)graduate[ ♑❒✌♎☺♏✋♦] v.毕业n.[ ♑❒✌♎✞☺✋♦] [C]大学毕业生，毕业生greet[♑❒♓♦] vt.问候，向…打招呼grow[♑❒☜☺] v.(grew, grown)种植；生长；渐渐变得guess[♑♏♦] v.& n.猜，猜测hang[♒✌☠]v.绞死，上吊；悬挂，吊着happen[ ♒✌☐☜⏹] v.(偶然)发生；碰巧harm[♒❍] vt.伤害，损害n.伤害，损害hate[♒♏✋♦] v.憎恨；不愿，不喜欢have[♒✌❖] v.(had, had)有；吃；喝；进行；经受；使v.aux.(构成完成时态)hear[♒✋☜]v.(heard, heard)听，听见；听说；得知hide[♒♋✋♎] v.(hid, hidden)隐蔽，把…藏起来hit[♒✋♦](hit, hit) v.打，击中；到达；侵袭hold[♒☜☺●♎](held, held) v.拿，抱，握；举行；容纳；持续n.(用单数)掌握，把握hope[♒☜☺☐] v.& n.希望hurry[ ♒✈❒✋] v.& n.赶紧，急忙hurt[♒☜♦]v.(hurt, hurt)使受伤，伤害，疼痛高中英语单词I开头单词imagine[✋❍✌♎✞✋⏹] vt.想像，设想improve[✋❍☐❒✞❖] vt.改进，改善，提高include[✋⏹●◆♎] vt.包括increase[✋⏹❒♓♦] v.增加，增多，增大n.[C,U]增加infer[✋⏹♐☜] vt.推断insist[✋⏹♦✋♦♦] v.坚持interrupt[ ✋⏹♦☜❒✈☐♦] v.打断，打扰；中断introduce[ ✋⏹♦❒☜♎◆♦] vt.介绍，引进invent[✋⏹❖♏⏹♦] vt.发明，创造；捏造，编造invite[✋⏹❖♋✋♦] vt.邀请，招待高中英语单词J开头单词join[♎✞✋⏹] v.加入，参加；连接，联合高中英语单词K开头单词keep[ ♓☐] v.(kept, kept)保存，保持(某种状态)，继续kick[ ✋] v & n.踢kill[ ✋●] v.(被)杀死，(被)弄死；消磨(时间)kiss[ ✋♦]v.& n.[C]吻，接吻knock[⏹] v.& n.[C]敲，打；相撞know[⏹☜☺] v.(knew, known)懂得；了解；知道；认识lack[●✌] v.& n.[U,C]缺乏，缺少，没有land[●✌⏹♎] vt.(使)登陆，(使)上岸，(使)降落n.[U]陆地，土地laugh[●♐] v.笑，大笑；嘲笑n.[C]笑，笑声lay[●♏✋](laid,laid) v.放，摆；使处于某种状态；产卵lead[●♓♎](led, led) v.领导，带领；领先，率先；过…生活learn[●☜⏹] v.(learnt, learnt或learned, learned) 学习；听说，获悉least[●♓♦♦] adj.& n.最小(的)；最少(的) adv.最少地leave[●♓❖] v.(left, left)离开；把…留下；剩下lecture[ ●♏♦☞☜] v.&n.[C]演讲，讲座，讲课lend[●♏⏹♎] v.(lent, lent)把…借给let[●♏♦] v.(let, let)让，允许；出租liberate[ ●✋♌☜❒♏✋♦] vt.解放，释放，使自由lie1[●♋✋] vi.说谎n.[C]谎言，假话lie2[●♋✋](lay, lain) vi.躺，卧；平放；位于，在…位置；保持…状态lift[●✋♐♦] vt.提起，举起n.[C]升举，提；(英)电梯；搭便车like1[●♋✋] v.喜欢；想要listen[ ●✋♦⏹] vi.听live1[●✋❖] v.活，生存；生活，居住；过…样的生活lose[●◆] v.(lost, lost)丢失，丧失；输love[●✈❖] v.& n.爱，热爱，很喜欢lunch[●✈⏹♦☞] n.[U]午餐，午饭高中英语单词M开头单词make[❍♏✋] v.(made, made)做，制造；使得；(使)成为manage[ ❍✌⏹✋♎✞] v.管理，经营；设法对付march[❍♦☞] v.& n.前进；进军marry[ ❍✌❒✋] v.嫁，娶，结婚may[❍♏✋]v.aux.(might)可以，也许，可能mean[❍♓⏹] v.(meant, meant)想要，意味着meet[❍♓♦] v.(met, met)碰到；相识，被(首次)介绍；会合；遭到；满足n.[C]集会；运动会mend[❍♏⏹♎] v.修理，修补mention[ ❍♏⏹☞☜⏹] v.提到，说起might[❍♋✋♦] v.aux.(may的过去式，表推测或允许)可能，可以；(代替may，礼貌地请求)可以；(表推测)可能miss[❍✋♦] v.想念，惦记；错过，未看见，发现…不见了mix[❍✋♦] v.混和，搅和move[❍✞❖] v.动，移动；感动；搬家n.(用单数)移动；搬家；下棋murder[ ❍☜♎☜] v.谋杀n.[C,U]谋杀(案)must[❍✈♦♦]v.aux.必须，需要；一定是，必定是n.必须做的事，不可少的事物nod[⏹♎] n.& v.点头obey[☜♌♏✋] v.服从，遵守；听话occur[☜☜] vi.出现；存在；发生；想到offer[ ♐☜] v.& n.提供；提出；出价oil[ ✋●] n.[U]油v.加油operate[ ☐☜❒♏✋♦] vt.操作，运转vi.对…施行手术organize / organise[ ♑☜⏹♋✋] vt.组织，安排vi.组织起来ought[ ♦] v.aux.应当，应该owe[☜☺] vt.欠(钱)；应感激；应给予；归功于高中英语单词P开头单词pass[☐♦] v.传，递；经过，通过；度过(时间)，(时间)流逝n.[C]关口；及格(证)，通行证pay[☐♏✋] v.(paid, paid)付钱；发工资，给…报酬n.[C]工资perform[☐☜♐❍] v.做，实行，执行；表演permit[☐☜❍✋♦] v.许可，允许n.[C]许可证，执照persuade [☐☜♦♦♏✋♎] v.说服，劝说pick[☐✋] v.摘；挑选；扒窃picnic[ ☐✋⏹✋] v.(picnicked, picnicked) 野餐n.[C]野餐play[☐●♏✋] v.玩，做游戏；打球n.[C,U]玩耍；戏剧pour[☐] v.倒，注，灌；流出，倾泻(雨等倾盆而下)practise / practice[ ☐❒✌♦✋♦] v.实践，实施；惯做，常做；练习prefer[☐❒✋♐☜] vt.(preferred, preferring)宁可，宁愿，更喜欢prepare[☐❒✋☐☪☜] v.准备，预备press[☐❒♏♦] v.压，按，挤；熨，熨平；紧迫n.(常用单)压，推，压挤；(连用the)新闻界 [C]出版社；印刷厂；熨烫社pretend[☐❒✋♦♏⏹♎] v.假装，假扮；自称prevent[☐❒✋❖♏⏹♦] v.防止，预防print[☐❒✋⏹♦] vt.印刷；痕迹；刊载，出版produce[☐❒☜♎◆♦] v.产生，生产，制造pronounce[☐❒☜⏹♋☺⏹♦] v.发音，宣告，断言protect[☐❒☜♦♏♦] vt.保护prove[☐❒◆❖] v.证明，证实，证明是provide[☐❒☜❖♋✋♎] v.提供pull[☐☺●] v.拉，拖，拔punish[ ☐✈⏹✋☞] vt.惩罚，处罚push[☐☺☞] v.&n.[C]推put[☐☺♦] v.(put, put)放，摆高中英语单词Q开头单词quarrel[ ♦❒☜●] v.& n.[C]争吵rain[❒♏✋⏹] vi.下雨n.[U,C]雨，雨水raise[❒♏✋] vt.举起，抬起；增加，提高；饲养，种植；唤起，唤醒；提出，提起reach[❒♓♦☞] v.到达，抵达；伸手n.伸手可及之距离read[❒♓♎]v.(read, read)读，朗读；看懂；辨认；标明realize / realise[ ❒✋☜●♋✋] v.认识到，了解；实现receive[❒✋♦♓❖] vt.收到；接待；受到recognize[ ❒♏☜♑⏹♋✋] v.认识，认出；承认record[❒✋♎] v.记录，记载；录音(像) n.[ ❒♏♎] [C]记录，记载；唱片recover[❒✋✈❖☜] v.恢复；找回，重新获得reduce[❒✋♎◆♦] vt.缩减，减少refer[❒✋♐☜]vi.(referred, referring)提到，涉及，有关refuse[❒✋♐◆] vt.拒绝，谢绝regard[❒✋♑♎]vt.看待，当作n.关心，注意；尊敬；致意，问候remain[❒✋❍♏✋⏹] vi.留下，遗留；继续，仍是remember[❒✋❍♏❍♌☜] v.记得，想起remind[❒✋❍♋✋⏹♎] vt.提醒，使记起remove[❒✋❍◆❖] vt.拿走，移开，去掉；脱掉(衣服等)repair[❒✋☐☪☜] vt.& n.[C,U]修理，修补repeat[❒✋☐♓♦] v.重复，重说，重做reply[❒✋☐●♋✋] v.&n.回答，答复report[❒✋☐♦] v.& n.报告，汇报；报道request[❒✋♦♏♦♦] n.& vt.请求require[❒✋♦♋✋☜] vt.需要，要求respect[ ❒✋♦☐♏♦] vt.尊敬，尊重n.[U]尊敬，尊重；关心；(用复数)敬意，问候 [C]方面rest[❒♏♦♦] n.& v.休息；其余的return[❒✋♦☜⏹] v.回来；归还；回报n.(用单数)归来，返回；归还；回报review[❒✋❖◆] v.复习；重新调查，审查；回顾n.[C,U]复习；复查，回顾；评论ride[❒♋✋♎]v.(rode, ridden)骑马；骑自行车；乘车旅行n.(乘车、船等)旅行rise[❒♋✋] v.(rose, risen)上升，升起；起床；起立n.增加roll[❒☜☺●] v.打滚，滚动ruin[ ❒◆✋⏹] vt.(使)毁坏，(使)毁灭n.[U]毁灭 [C](用复数)废墟，遗迹run[❒✈⏹] v.(ran, run)跑，奔跑；(车、船等)行驶，(溪、河等)流动；(机器等)运转；(钟表等)走动；(颜色)褪色；经营n.奔，跑；短途旅行rush[❒✈☞] v.冲，奔跑；匆忙；催促n.[C]繁忙；抢购；冲，奔高中英语单词S开头单词satisfy[ ♦✌♦✋♦♐♋✋] v.满足；使满意；使相信save[♦♏✋❖] v.救，挽救；节省，存钱；免去，省去；保全，保留say[♦♏✋] v.(said, said)说，讲；(被动)据说scold[♦☜☺●♎]v.责骂，申斥，斥责scream[♦❒♓❍] v.尖声叫，尖声喊叫n.[C]尖叫声, 喊叫声search[♦☜♦☞]v.& n.[C,U]搜索，搜寻see[♦♓] v.(saw, seen)看，看见；了解，领会seek[♦♓] v.(sought, sought)寻找，探索seem[♦♓❍] vi.像是，似乎seize[♦♓] v.抓住，逮住；夺取sell[♦♏●](sold, sold) v.出售，卖send[♦♏⏹♎]vt.(sent, sent)送；寄；派遣separate[ ♦♏☐☜❒♏✋♦] v.分开adj.[ ♦♏☐☜❒☜♦]分开的，个别的，单独的serve[♦☜❖] v.服务；服役set [♦♏♦] v.(set, set)(太阳等)下落；放置；摆设；规定；确定；使(做事) n.[C]一套；装置settle[ ♦♏♦●] v.安放；使定居；安排；解决；决定sew[♦☜☺]v.(sewed, sewn / sewed)缝制，缝纫shake[☞♏✋]v.(shook, shaken)摇动，摇；颤抖；震动shave[☞♏✋❖] v.修(面)，刮(脸) n.[C]理发；修面she[☞♓] pron.她shine[☞♋✋⏹] v.(shone, shone)照耀，发光shock[☞] vt.使震惊；使受电击n.[C,U]震动；震惊；撞击；电击should[☞☺♎] v.aux.(shall的过去式)将，会；应当，应该；可能；(表建议、命令、决定、必要等)应该，必须shout[☞♋☺♦] v.& n.[C]喊，高声呼喊show[☞☜☺] v.(showed, shown)给…看，出示，显示；表明，显示n.[C]展览会shut[☞✈♦] v.(shut, shut) 关闭，关门，禁闭sigh[♦♋✋] v.& n.叹气，叹息sing[♦✋☠] v.(sang, sung)唱，唱歌sink[♦✋☠](sank, sunk) v.下沉，下降；消沉sit[♦✋♦] v.(sat, sat) 坐skate[♦♏✋♦] vi.滑冰sleep[♦●♓☐] v.(slept, slept)& n.睡觉speak[♦☐♓] v.(spoke, spoken)说话，讲话；讲，说(某种语言) spell[♦☐♏●]v.(spelt, spelt)拼写spend[♦☐♏⏹♎]v.(spent, spent)花费；度过spread[♦☐❒♏♎] v.(spread, spread)伸开，展开；传播stand[♦♦✌⏹♎] v.(stood, stood) 站，站起；坐落；忍受，经受n.[C]看台；场所stare[♦♦☪☜] v.盯着看，凝视start[♦♦♦] v.开始，着手；出发starve[♦♦❖] v.饿死，(使)挨饿；渴望，极需stay[♦♦♏✋] v.& n.停留，暂住，逗留，呆；保持steal[♦♦♓●]vt.(stole, stolen)偷stick[♦♦✋] v.(stuck, stuck)粘贴n.[C]小树枝；棒，棍；手杖stop[♦♦☐] v.停止；阻止n.[C]停止；终止；停车站strike[♦♦❒♋✋] vt.(struck, struck)侵袭；擦(打)火；打动，迷住vi.咬，抓n.[C]罢工；打，击struggle[ ♦♦❒✈♑●] vi.& n.斗争，挣扎study[ ♦♦✈♎✋] n.& v.学习；研究n.[C]书房succeed[♦☜♦♓♎] vi.成功v.接替；继承suffer[ ♦✈♐☜] v.受苦；遭受；患病suggest[♦☜♎✞♏♦♦] vt.建议，提议；暗示，表明supply[ ♦☜☐●♋✋] vt.供给，供应，向…提供某物n.[C,U]供应，供给；(用复数)生活必需品，日用品support[♦☜☐♦] v.& n.支撑；支持；赡养suppose[ ♦☜☐☜☺] v.猜想，推测，认为；假定surprise[♦☜☐❒♋✋] vt.使惊奇，使诧异n.[U]惊奇，诧异 [C]意外之事sweep[♦♦♓☐] v.扫除；刮走，席卷；掠过，横扫n.(用单数)打扫swim[♦♦✋❍] n.& v.(swam, swum)游；游泳高中英语单词T开头单词take[♦♏✋]v.(took, taken)拿，取；拿走，带走，带去；花费(时间) (常用it作形式主语)；吃，喝，服用；乘船(车)taste[♦♏✋♦♦] v.尝味；吃，喝；体验n.[C,U]滋味；味道；尝一尝teach[♦♓♦☞] v.(taught, taught)教，教书tear2[♦☪☜] v.(tore, torn)扯开，撕裂tell[♦♏●]v.(told, told)告诉；讲述；吩咐；分辨test[♦♏♦♦] v.&n.[C]测试；试验；检验thank[ ✌☠] vt.感谢，致谢，道谢n.(常用复)谢意，感谢think[ ✋☠] v.(thought, thought)想，思考；认为；考虑throw[ ❒☜☺] v.(threw, thrown)投；掷；扔tire[ ♦♋✋☜] v.使疲劳；厌倦touch[♦✈♦☞] v.接触，触摸；够着tour[♦☺☜] v.&n.[C]参观，游览，旅行translate[♦❒✌⏹♦●♏✋♦] v.翻译；转化treat[♦❒♓♦] v.对待；看待，把…看作；处置；治疗；请客n.[C]乐事；请客try[♦❒♋✋] v.试图；尝试；尝尝n.[C]尝试；审判turn[♦☜⏹] v.旋转，转动，翻转；转变use[ ◆] v.利用，使用，应用n.[ ◆♦]利用，使用；用途visit[ ❖✋✋♦] v.& n.[C]参观；访问，拜访wait[♦♏✋♦] v.等，等候wake[♦♏✋] v.(woke, woken)醒，醒来walk[♦] v.& n.[C]走，步行；散步want[♦⏹♦] v.要，想要；需要，必要；缺少warn[♦⏹] vt.警告；预先通知waste[♦♏✋♦♦] n.[U](但可连用a)浪费；废物adj.无用的；废弃的v.浪费watch[♦♦☞] v.观看；注意看；当心，注意；寻找；等待(机会等)；看守，监视n.[C]手表，表 [U](可连用a)看守，守卫wear[♦☪☜] vt.穿，戴；留(发型等)；带有(表情或样子)；(常与away, down 连用)磨损；使疲惫不堪weigh[♦♏✋] v.重(若干)；称…的重量welcome[ ♦♏●☜❍] interj.欢迎adj.受欢迎的；随意的n.[C]欢迎，迎接vt.欢迎whisper[ ♦✋♦☐☜] vi.& n.[C]低语，耳语will[♦✋●] v.aux. (would) (表示将来)将，会；(表示同意或允诺)愿意要；(客气提问)是否愿意；…好吗n.[C,U]遗嘱；意志，决心win[♦✋⏹] v.(won, won)获取，赢得wind2[♦♋✋⏹♎] v.(wound, wound)使弯曲前进；迂回，蜿蜒wipe[♦♋✋☐] vt.擦，擦净wonder[ ♦✈⏹♎☜] vt.& vi.诧异；不知道，想知道n.[C,U]惊奇，奇迹，奇事wonderful[ ♦✈⏹♎☜♐☺●] adj.极好的，精彩的work[♦☜] v.工作；运转；行得通，奏效；使…工作n.[U]工作，劳动 [C]著作，作品；(用复数)工厂would[♦☺♎] v.aux.(will的过去式) (表推测)大概；(委婉语气)愿意write[❒♋✋♦] v.(wrote, written) 书写，写下；写信；写作，著述73. I think it is necessary for my 19-year-old sonto have his own mobile phone, for I sometimes want to make sure if he_____ home for dinner. D(06辽宁卷)A. comeB. comesC. has comeD. will come(1) 考虑A) consider + n. / doingI consider going abroad.I'm considering changing my job.我在考虑转换工作。
托福听力tpo66 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo66lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (18)Lecture1原文Professor:OK,today,I want to talk about sleep.We all sleep.Human sleep,many animal sleep.When we sleep,we aren't actually unconscious,but in a state of reduced awareness of our surroundings.Now,what does that mean for animals in the wild,if they are in a state like that?Unable to monitor their environment?Male Student:Well,they're helpless,vulnerable to predators,maybe.Professor:Right.They are vulnerable to predators.Yeah,they sleep.So let's talk about why,the biology of sleep.So the first thing l want you to understand is that sleeps a very risky behavior.And risky don't evolve unless they bring the animals some kind of benefit that outweighs that risk.So sleep must have a really important function.And I want to emphasize that there is a difference between sleep and other forms of inactivity,like regular rest.The insects,for instance,rest.But they don't sleep.What's specific to sleep is thatthe brain alters many of its usual activities,including its connection to sensory and motor organs,it shuts those connections down.So a sleeping animal can usually neither sense nor move.And I say usually because…well,we will get to that in a minute.So,basically all mammals and birds sleep.But there are some unusual ways of sleeping.Take marine mammals.Like dolphins,dolphins need to swim up for air once in a while,so they can't completely shut off all movement and sensation.So their brain can't shut down completely.But dolphins get around this.How?won't they sleep one brain hemisphere at a time?Sleeping dolphins actually look like they're just resting,awake and occasionally swim up for air.So how can we even tell their sleeping?Well,we measured their brain activity which showed that1/2was active while the other was sleeping.That's some adaptation, uh?So,what is the function of sleep?As I said,it must be important,but why?Okay.I know you're all tempted to say,uh,that sleeps when the whole body rests that sleep is our mechanism to recover from physical activity.And it's true.When you sleep, your muscles lose their tone,they relax,the body saves energy.But this could happen even during regular waking rest.I mean,that's probably what happens when insects rest.You don't need sleep for that.You can get the same benefit by resting awake.So this doesn't explain why sleep involved.To explain the real function,the most important benefit of sleep.You'll need to focus on the brain,not the muscles.Remember how we can tell that a dolphin sleeping not just resting,is because of a unique pattern of brain activity,which is a clue that sleeps function has to do specifically with the brain.And that's the general consensus cause,that's what could explain by it evolved.It also explains why sleep is a characteristic of mammals and birds,because they have the most complex brains of all animals.The simpler brain uh like a reptile gets by with little sleep or even without sleep.OK,so we know that sleep benefits the brain but in what way?We are notsure yet.Okay.So one hypothesis is that during sleep,the brain's synthesize molecules that it needs for proper functioning when awake.The longer we stay awake,the more those molecules get depleted.So the brain needs to replenish them,and this supposedly happens during sleep.I'm talking about energy sources like glycogen and some types of neuro-transmitter that are needed to transmit signals between nerve cells.So these get replenish during sleep and the next morning our brain is working with a full supply of energy and neuro-transmitters again.With that explains why we feel so alert and mentally refreshed after night sleep.Yes,Jim?Male Student:Well,you know,I don't work well in the morning at all.Female Student:Yeah,I do my best work at night too.Professor:Not everyone's at their best in the morning.I grant you that.But that doesn't rule out the replenishment hypothesis.It's just a bit more complicated than I said.They were fairly sure that there's this other rhythm of mental activity going on that independent of sleep.It's like a pre-program24hours cycle.Your mental activity peaks at a certain hour every day,like at night,for you two.And then it goes down at some other point.But the point is that after a sleepless night,that peak is not as high as it would normally be,and the longer you go without,the lower those peaks get. So the replenishment may be needed to keep the metal high.Does that make sense? The two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive.That's what I'm trying to say.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain why people sleep at night rather than during the dayB.To discuss the problems caused by a lack of sleepC.To explain why muscles in the body need sleepD.To explore benefits that are provided by sleep but not by regular rest2.Why does the professor mention that sleep is a risky behavior?A.To suggest that resting while awake is better than sleepingB.To indicate how important the benefits of sleep must beC.To explain why many animals sleep during the dayD.To explain why birds sleep less than mammals3.According to the professor,why is the sleep of dolphins unusual?A.Their sleep is interrupted whenever they need to come up for air.B.They can move around while they are asleep.C.In every dolphin group only half of the dolphins are asleep at any given time.D.Their brains show no activity during sleep.4.What does the professor conclude about the view that the main function of sleep is to allow the body to recover from physical activity?A.It is true for all animals except marine mammals.B.It is supported by measurements of brain activity.C.It explains why sleep has evolved.D.It is not convincing when examined more closely.5.According to the hypotheses discussed by the professor,what determines howalert we feel at a particular time of the day?[Click on2answers.]A.The supply of certain chemicals in our brainB.The chemical composition of our dietC.Our24-hour cycle of mental activityD.The time of day when we usually wake up6.Why do the students say this:Male Student:Well,you know,I don't work well in the morning at all.Female Student:Yeah,I do my best work at night too.A.To show the professor that they have understood the theoryB.To support the professor's point that people tend to be active at the same timeC.To point out a fact that seems to contradict the hypothesis the professor just discussedD.To indicate that they would like to change their sleeping habits答案D B B D AC C译文教授：好的，今天我想谈谈睡眠。
译林牛津版英语 必修1 Unit 1Unit 2 综合练习
Unit 1-Unit 2 综合练习一、单词1.To her mother’s s__________, she achieved high grades.2.China has e__________ great changes in the past 15 years.3.You should make an e_________ for your mistakes.4.Recently, he had an a____________ with his mother for his study.5.In America, the black used to s__________ for freedom.6.You were s__________ to finish his homework, but you didn’t.7.Just now he was i________ of the meeting.8.I r__________ not cleaning the classroom yesterday.9.forbid ________ ___________（过去式过去分词）10.独立n._________ adj._________二、词组1 ___________ many student movements (参加)2 ___________ a lecture/meeting （出席）3 have the traffic rule ________ (解释)4 a _________ look/ expression /voice (困惑的) 5在平衡学习和玩方面有困难6 挂断电话7 对…好奇的8 为…做准备（n/ v）9 比预期的要早三、句子 1 我上课缺席的原因是我病了。
2 Mary发现中文难学。
3 英语周报不仅仅是张报纸，它还帮助我们学校英语。
4 我的车需要清洗。
lecture 1
• In later English verse tradition, alliteration becomes expressive in a variety of ways. Spenser uses it decoratively, or to link adjective and noun, verb and object, as in the line: "much daunted with that dint, her sense was dased." In the 18th and 19th centuries it becomes even less systematic and more "musical".
Part I Anglo-Saxon Period Anglo(449— (449—1066)
• I. Historical Background • * Britons, Celts → Britain (primitive, tribal society), the land of Britons→ 55 B.C. invaded by Julius Cæsar → 78 A.D. (subjugated) The Roman Conquest (influence on life mode, etc.) → 410 A. D. the fall of the Roman Empire → 449 A.D. The English Conquest, Teutons (Pirates: Jutes, the Angles and Saxons—Wessex, Essex, Sussex) → the 7th century, a united kingdom England
Lecture_Notes
A comparative study between English and Chinese syntaxDifferences between English and Chinese sentences can be seen from their sentence structures, order of sentences or clauses and contents of sentences.2.2.1 Sentence structuresIn translation from English into Chinese, structures of some English sentences have to be changed, but those of some other sentences don’t have to be changed. It is very important to deal correctly with the relationship between form and content. The changes in sentence structures in translation comprises the following 5 situations:A) A simple English sentence is changed into a complex Chinese sentence1)T he sight of the orphan always reminds me of her parents.一见到那孤儿，我就想到她的父母。
（英单→汉复，动宾关系）2)T he appearance of the book on the market caused a sensation.这本书在市场出现时，曾轰动一时。
（英单→汉复，主谓关系）3)T he sharp divergence of opinio n in the General Assembly makes it difficult to adopt ameaningful resolution.大会上（指联大）意见分歧很大，以致难以通过一项有实际意义的决定。
Lecture 1-2 词汇对比
do large harm to do great harm to
great population
a large population crowded traffic heavy traffic
keep one’s face save one’s face
留面子
三、 情感意义对比
教师休息室 teachers’ restroom
sea cucumber 海黄瓜
海参
不能望文生义，要勤查 字典，避免貌合神离
4. Mr. Smith is one of the most durable teachers at this university. 持久的 史密斯先生是该大学任教时间最长的教师之一. 5. He used to be very shy; but after entering college he’s started to blossom. 开花、绽放 他过去一直非常害羞，但是现在他开始活泼/开朗起来。
译文一：…… made our blood boil. 愤怒 译文二：Beijing's winning the bid for the 2008 Olympics ek 凉茶 红茶 cold tea red tea
yoghurt herbal tea black tea teachers’ lounge
3. 意见 (1) 我们应该认真倾听群众的意见。
看法
We should listen carefully to people’s opinions. (2) 两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。 见解 (fml) The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.
lecture1_introduction
Who are we?
Computer Vision group: 1 Professor, 2 Postdocs, 7 PhD students Research topics: Optical flow and motion estimation, 3D reconstruction, image segmentation, convex optimization My research goal: Apply solutions from computer vision to realworld problems in robotics.
Basics on mobile robotics
Camera-based localization and mapping
Advanced topics
Lab Course
Thu 14:15 – 15:45, given by Nikolas Engelhard
Exercises: room 02.09.23 (6x, obliged, homework discussion) Robot lab: room 02.09.34/36 (in weeks without exercises, in case you need help, recommended!)
VISNAV2012: Team Assignment
Team Name Student Name Student Name Student Name
Lecture 1 Interpreting__ Overview
Preparation: Warm-up Exercise
E-C Interpreting
Please do not hesitate to ask if you shall encounter any inconvenience in life or work. 您在生活或工作中若有不便之处，请直接与我联系。 As an old Chinese proverb says, “all good things must come to an end.” 中国有句俗话，“天下没有不散的宴席”。
Video
Bridge between two cultures
Presentation: What is interpreting
A service activity with a communication function and it is done on request and for a financial reward.
Test Levels
Level 1:一级口译证书持有人能够胜任各种场合的口译工作（包括同声传 译），口译质量高。能够承担国际会议的专业交替传译或同声传译工作， 能够承担高级别正式场合讲话的口译工作。 Level 2: 二级口译证书持有人能够胜任多种场合的口译工作，口译质量 较高，达到专业翻译水平。能够承担一般性正式会议、技术或商务会谈， 以及类似活动的专业交替传译工作。 Level 3: 三级口译证书持有人能够胜任一般性会谈的口译工作。能够承 担一般性一般性内容讲话的交替传译和陪同口译工作。 Level 4: 英语专业大专或高职高专毕业生、英语专业本科二年级学生、 社会上具有同等学历水平的各类英语学习者和翻译爱好者。
托福听力tpo43 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo43lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (19)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a botany class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:It's autumn,and as you know,in most parts of the United States the leaves on the trees are changing color from green…to yellow,orange,and lots of other colors.So this'll be a great time to talk about how and why some of these leaves turn one color in particular—and that's bright red.Well,before we discuss why leaves turn red,first let's,um—look,I know this is very old material,but just to play it safe—let's first go over why leaves are usually green.It’s chlorophyll, right?Leaves get their green color from chlorophyll—the chemical that's responsible for photosynthesis.The chlorophyll in the leaves collects energy from the Sun,in the form of sunlight,and it converts this energy into sugar,which is food for the plant. It's chlorophyll that makes leaves green most of the time.Now,the classic explanation for why leaves change color is this.In autumn,the leaves start preparing for the winter and stop synthesizing new chlorophyll.Since chlorophyll is sensitive to sunlight and to cold temperatures—both of which you get in autumn—the existing chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down.And since it's not being replaced by the new chlorophyll,the green color of the leaves gradually fades away.As this happens,the other pigments present in the leaf become visible.According to the classic theory,this is true for the red pigment as well.It was there in the leaf all along but it was hidden by the green chlorophyll.OK, so that's the classic explanation,and it's partially right.Why do I say“partially”?Well,it's probably true for pigments like yellow or orange,but it doesn't seem to hold for the red pigment.Let's back up a bit.Just what produces this red color in leaves?It's a red pigment called anthocyanin.Here's where the classic explanation doesn't seem to apply to red.What's interestingis that during the summer,there was very little if any anthocyanin in the leaves,but in the weeks before a tree is about to drop its leaves,the production of anthocyanins increases significantly.In other words,unlike those other pigments,anthocyanins are not just unmasked by the breakdown of chlorophyll in autumn;they're actually created at this time.So that raises a question.Why would a tree produce more anthocyanin just before dropping its leaves?Why does the tree spend so much of its resources doing this just before the leaves fall off?On the surface,this doesn't make sense.It'd be like spending money to,I don't know,to have your old car repainted when you know the car's not going to last more than a couple of months.All this extra anthocyanin in the autumn seems like a waste.But remember,nature is very economical with its resources,so that means anthocyanin must be serving some function that's important for the tree.Today there are some theories about what that function might be.One of them involves predatory insects;another involves fungi.You know,the more I read about these theories and the related research,it always created more questions for me than answers.So I was really glad to learn about a totally different theory…a new one.It seemed to come with research and data that give a full explanation.So here it is.Remember I said the chlorophyll breaks down?Well,in autumn,a whole lot of other chemical constituents of the leaf break down as well.I don't mean they're totally destroyed,'cause actually they break down into other,different chemicals that the tree can reabsorb from the leaves and reuse later.Now,this reabsorption process is very important for the tree,and—here's the key—it's sensitive to light,meaning that too much exposure to sunlight can interfere with this process.So where does anthocyanin fit in here?Well,anthocyanin's more stable than chlorophyll.It's not harmed as easily by the Sun or the cold.So it's still working long after the chlorophyll breaks down.But what doesit do?The theory is that anthocyanin protects the reabsorption process from the sunlight. For example,if you look closely at a red leaf on a tree,you'll notice that most of the red pigment is on the upper side of the leaf,the side facing the Sun.This new theory suggests that what the anthocyanin is doing there on top is shielding the rest of the leaf from the sunlight…and more importantly,allowing those important chemicals to be reabsorbed by the tree.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain how the red pigment in leaves breaks downB.To show that leaf color varies based on the tree speciesC.To introduce a theory about why leaves turn a particular colorD.To explain how chlorophyll protects trees in autumn2.What does the professor imply when she explains why leaves are green?A.She wants to correct a common misconception about the topic.B.She thinks the students are probably already familiar with the material.C.She believes the process is too complicated to discuss in depth.D.She knows that students are often confused about the functions of chlorophyll3.What does the professor mean when she says that the classic theory is partially right?A.It describes what happens in the summer but not what happens in autumnB.It describes what happens in tree leaves but not what happens in leaves of other plantsC.It explains how pigments are synthesized but not how they break down.D.It explains some cases of color change in tree leaves but not all cases.4.Why does the professor mention painting a car?A.To question why a large amount of anthocyanin is produced just before leaves fallB.To explain why most leaves turn red instead of other colorsC.To remind students how cooler temperatures affect the color of leavesD.To show how anthocyanin absorbs sunlight to produce food for trees5.The professor mentions theories about why leaves turn red that involve predatory insects and fungi.What is her opinion about those theories?A.They are based on careful research.B.They do not completely explain the phenomenon.C.They have not received enough attention.D.They have been proved to be incorrect.6.According to the professor,why does anthocyanin appear on the upper side of some leaves?A.To help chlorophyll absorb the sunlightB.To maximize the leaf's utilization of sunlightC.To accelerate the breakdown of chlorophyllD.To protect an important process from the sunlight答案C BD A B D译文旁白：请听一部分植物学的讲座。
【托福听力备考】TPO12听力文本——Lecture 1
【托福听力备考】TPO12听力文本——Lecture 1众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO12 Lecture 1 BiologyNarrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology Class.ProfessorAs we learn more about the DNA in human cells and how it controls thegrowth and development of cells, then maybe we can explain a very importantobservation, that when we try to grow most human cells in a laboratory, theyseem programmed to divide only a certain number of times before they die.Now this differs with the type of cell. Some cells, like nerve cells, onlydivide seven to nine times in their total life. Others, like skin cells, willdivide many, many more times. But finally the cells stop renewing themselves andthey die. And in the cells of the human body itself, in the cells of everyorgan, of almost every type of tissue in the body, the same thing will happeneventually.OK, you know that all of a person’s genetic information is contained onvery long pieces of DNA called Chromosomes. 46 of them are in the human cells,that’s 23 pairs of these Chromosomes of various lengths and sizes.Now if you’ll look at this rough drawing of one of them, one Chromosomeabout to divide into two. You see that it sort of looks like, well actually it’smuch more complex than this, but it reminds us a couple of springs linkedtogether, two coiled up pieces of DNA. And if you stretch them out you will find they contain certain genes, certain sequences of DNA that help determine how the cells of the body will develop. When researchers look really carefully at the DNA in Chromosomes though, they were amazed, we all were, to find that only afraction of it, maybe 20-30%, converts into meaningful genetic information. It’sincredible; at least it was to me. But if you took away all the DNA that codes for genes, you still have maybe 70% of the DNA left over. That’s the so-called JUNK DNA. Though the word junk is used sort of tongue-in-cheek.The assumption is that even if this DNA doesn’t make up any of the genes, it must serve some other purpose. Anyway, if we examine these ends of these coils of DNA, we will find a sequence of DNA at each end of every humanChromosome, called a telomere.Now a telomere is a highly repetitious and genetically meaningless sequenceof DNA, what we were calling JUNK DNA. But it does have an important purpose; itis sort of like the plastic tip on each end of a shoelace. It may not help you tie your shoe but that little plastic tip keeps the rest of the shoelace, the shoe string from unraveling into weak and useless threads. Well, the telomeres at the ends of Chromosomes seem to do about the same thing--- protect the genes, the genetically functional parts of the Chromosome, from being damaged. Every time the Chromosome divides, every time one cell divides into two. Pieces of theends of the Chromosome, the telomeres, get broken off. So after each division,the telomeres get shorter and one of the things that may happen after a while isthat pieces of the genes themselves get broken off the Chromosomes. So the Chromosome is now losing important genetic information and is no longerfunctional. But as long as the telomeres are a certain length, they keep this from happening. So it seems that, when the, by looking at the length of the telomeres on specific Chromosomes, we can actually predict pretty much how long certain cells can successfully go on dividing.Now, there are some cells that just seem to keep on dividing regardless, which may not always be a good thing if it gets out of control.But when we analyze these cells chemically, we find something veryinteresting, a chemical in them, an enzyme called telomerase. As bits of the telomere break off from the end of the Chromosome, this chemical, thistelomerase can rebuild it, can help reassemble the protective DNA, the telomere that the Chromosome has lost. Someday we may be able to take any cell and keep it alive functioning and reproducing itself essentially forever through the use of telomerase. And in the future we may have virtually immortal nerve cells and immortal skin cells or whatever, because this chemical, telomerase, can keep the telomeres on the ends of Chromosomes from getting any shorter.希望这些对你的托福备考有帮助，预祝大家托福考试能取得理想成绩。
Unit+6+Lesson+1Pioneer课件+2022-2023学年高一英语北师大版必修第二册
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Lecture Notes_U1
Electronic Teaching PortfolioBook Three1. crease2. hint3. assured4. awaiting5. hovering6. scrawled7. glistening8. frail9. sole 10. visible 11. engaged 12. biased 13. dreading 14. grinning1.for fear of2.pulled up3. except for4. get by5. make aliving 6. every so often 7. in the background 8. Shut off 9.each and every 10. as it is 11. wraps around her little finger12. caught us unawaresUnit One: People Around UsPart I Get StartedSection A Discussion▇Sit in groups of threes or fours and discuss the following questions.1.How do you expect to be treated by people around you? Please give examples.2.Have you ever met anyone just once but remember that person well? If yes, share yourexperiences with your group members.3.Do you think special help should be offered to the sick, the poor, the aged and thehandicapped?▇Answers for reference:1. A sample answer:I expect everyone to treat me in a friendly way. For example, when I ask someone forinformation, I hope he or she can patiently tell me what he or she knows. I expect a “sorry”from someone who has hurt me and a “thank you” when I do him or her a favor.2. A sample answer:Yes. I remember a mother and a son on the train from Xining back to Guangzhou. They were sitting opposite me. They offered to share their food with me and told me what places theywere going to visit and about the life they were living in Xining. Their trust in a stranger like me and their sincere hospitality impressed me profoundly.3. A sample answer:I definitely think so. In fact the whole society should offer special help to the aged, the sick,the poor and the handicapped since they are virtually unable to depend on themselves for a decent life. Our government should strengthen the welfare system for such disadvantaged people. And we, as ordinary citizens, should show concern and love for them by performing acts of kindness to help them, such as making donations or getting involved in charity events.Section B Quotes▇Study the following quotes about people around us. Which quote(s) do you like best? Why?John Donne⊙No man is an island entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main.—John Donne Interpretation:Everybody lives in relation to other people in a community. Our well-being depends on this community and we, in turn, should contribute our efforts to its prosperity and harmony.About John Donne (1572-1631): an English poet, who is famous for his Songs and Sonnets (《歌与十四行诗》) and Elegies (《挽歌》).Homer⊙The charity that is a trifle to us can be precious to others.— HomerInterpretation:An offer of help is likely to be of little value or importance to us, but it means a lot to those in need and it makes a great difference to their lives.About Homer: an ancient Greek epic poet. He is traditionally held to be the author of The Iliad (《伊利亚特》) and The Odyssey (《奥德赛》), which have had an enormous influence on the historyof Western literature. Some ancient sources estimate that Homer lived in the 8th century BC while others claim that he lived much nearer to the supposed time of the Trojan War (特洛伊战争) in the early 12th century BC.Pearl S. Buck⊙To serve is beautiful, but only if it is done with joy and a whole heart and a free mind.— Pearl S. Buck Interpretation:When we choose to do something good for others, the act of kindness will be considered noble only if it is done with a willing heart and genuine delight.About Pearl S. Buck (1892–1973): an American writer also known by her Chinese name Sai Zhenzhu (赛珍珠). She is famous for her novel The Good Earth (《大地》). In 1938, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces”.Cicero⊙Gratitude is not only the greatest of virtues, but the parent of all others.—CiceroInterpretation:Being grateful is the highest moral standard. In fact, all other good human qualities, such as kindness, generosity, compassion and courage, derive from gratitude.About Cicero (106 BC–43 BC): an ancient Roman statesman and a great orator. He was an important figure in many of the significant political events of his time and is more often remembered today for his philosophical works as well as for his writings on rhetoric. His works include On the Laws, On Fate, On Friendship, On Duties, etc.Section C Watching and DiscussionWatch the following video clip “Shenzhen Drafting Samaritan Law” and do the tasks that follow:2.How do you explain the phenomenon that people try to hold their helpers responsible forinjuries or damages? (Open.)Script：Shenzhen Drafting Samaritan LawLawmakers in Shenzhen, Guangdong province in the south have been considering making laws to protect people willing to help strangers in distress, while the proposal comes after several tragedies where passers-by failed to help those injured people. The local government is collecting public opinions before drafting China’s first so-called “Good Samaritan regulation”.Let warm-hearted people be in peace. The new draft proposes that Samaritans won’t be held accountable for the consequences of their compassion. And if those in distress ever try to hold their helpers responsible for injuries or damages by deliberately distorting the facts or lodging false complaints, they will face various punishments.Xu Long, Shenzhen CPPCC member, said, “The regulation would protect helpers from being sued or even receiving punishment. We hope it can promote the development of a harmonious society.”It is not very comfortable to know that people need to be legally protected before reaching out to help those in need. But if that can stop tragedies such as the 2-year-old toddler Yueyue’s death, it will win hearts and minds.Yueyue died last month after she was twice run over by vans and ignored by 18 passers-by as she lay critically injured on a street in Foshan, Guangdong province.Many believe the apathy of the onlookers was the result of what happened to Peng Yu five years ago when the man helped an injured old woman but was later sued and had to pay the woman 45 thousand yuan in damages.But the belief of goodness shall not be tainted, according to those in Shenzhen.“To protect morality by law can encourage people to do the right thing is good.”Legally protecting Good Samaritans has been adopted by many countries over the years, but China was left behind. Many believe it is a step toward rebuilding social credibility and harmony.Part II Listen and RespondSection A Word BankIn this section you will listen to a short passage entitled “At the 7-Eleven Store”. The following words and phrases may be of some help.Section B Task One: Focusing on the Main Ideas▇Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences according to the information contained in the listening passage.1.What did the old woman look like when the speaker saw her?A) She was in neat clothes and walked elegantly.B) She was in shabby clothes and walked with difficulty.C) Her clothes were too thick and heavy and she could hardly walk.D) She was fashionably dressed and walked with her head held high.2.Why did the old woman come into the store?A) Because she needed some food.B) Because she wanted to take a rest.C) Because the store looked bright at night.D) Because the store was warmer than the outside.3.What was the speaker’s attitude toward the woman?A) She was just polite to her.B) She was honest with her.C) She felt sorry for her.D) She was impatient with her.4.Did the woman get food from the store?A) Yes, she bought some canned food.B) Yes, the speaker gave her some food for free.C) No, she didn’t like the food sold in the store.D) No, she left with no food because she couldn’t pay.5.How did the speaker feel afterwards?A) She felt relieved when the woman left.B) She was glad that she was a good employee.C) She regretted not having helped the woman.D) She was worried that the woman might complain to her boss.Key:1. B2. A3. A4. D5. CSection C Task Two: Zooming In on the DetailsListen to the recording again and fill in each of the blanks according to what you have heard.1) The store was brightly lit and the shelves were .2) The woman was wearing a(n) , a and a pairof .3) In the store, the old woman stopped before the rows of canned and picked up a can of and looked at the .4) The speaker found it harder to her smile because the woman’s hands were covered with and the rose from her clothes.5) The speaker was to say “Take the corn”, but the rules came to her mind.6) The speaker wished that she had acted like a rather thana .▇ Answers for reference:1) The store was brightly lit and the shelves were neatly arranged.2) The woman was wearing a(n) old dress , a thin sweater and a pair of black slippers .3) In the store, the old woman stopped before the rows of canned vegetables and picked up a can of corn and looked at the label .4) The speaker found it harder to maintain her smile because the woman’s hands were covered with dirt and the smell of sweat rose from her clothes.5) The speaker was tempted to say “Take the corn”, but the employee rules came to her mind.6) The speaker wished that she had acted like a human being rather than a robot.Script:At the 7-Eleven StoreOne night, while I was working in the 7-Eleven Store, I saw an old woman walking as if each step were painful. She slowly pushed open the glass door. The moment she entered, she presented a sharp contrast to the store. The store had bright lighting and neatly arranged shelves. On such a cold night, she was wearing only an old dress, a thin sweater too small to button and a pair of black slippers.After walking around the aisle for several minutes, the old woman stopped in front of the rows of canned vegetables. She picked up a can of corn and looked at the label. I decided to be a good employee and asked her if she needed help. As I stood close to her, my smile became harder to maintain. Her hands were covered with layer upon layer of dirt, and the smell of sweat rose from her clothes.“Can I help you?” I asked brightly.“I need some food,” she muttered.“Are you looking for corn, ma d am?”“I need some food,” she repeated. “Any kind.”“Well, the corn is ninety-five cents,” I said in my most helpful voice.“I can’t pay,” she said.For a second, I was tempted to say, “Take the corn.” But the employee rule s said, “Remain polite, but do not let customers get the best of you”. For a moment, I even believed that this woman was someone from the head office testing my loyalty. I replied, “I’m sorry, ma’am, but I can’t give away anything for free.”The old woman’s hands trembled as she put the can back on the shelf. She hobbled past me toward the door. Her torn and dirty clothing barely covered her bent back.For the rest of my shift, the image of the woman stayed in my mind. I was young and healthy, while she was old and sick. I wished with all my heart that I had acted like a human being rather than a robot.Part III Read and ExploreText ASection A Discovering the Main IdeasExercise 1: Answer the following questions with the information contained in Text A.1. Why did the narrator hesitate to hire Stevie?2. What removed the narrator’s doubts? How?3. What was the life of Stevie and his mother like?4. How was it that Stevie missed work one morning in three years?5. How did the staff and the trucker regulars react to the news of Stevie’s health conditions?6. Was Stevie looking forward to the day when he could return to work? Why?7. How did people react when Stevie and his mother were presented with the $10,000 donationtucked within the napkins? What did Stevie do then?8. What does the story tell us?▇Answers for reference:1. Stevie was mentally handicapped and the narrator was not sure how his customers would react to a handicapped busboy in the restaurant.2. Stevie’s popularity with the customers and the staff freed the narrator from worries. Stevie was cheerful, hardworking, and meticulous in his work. He took pride in doing his job exactly right, and the customers loved how hard he tried to please each and every person he met. Within a month the trucker regulars had adopted Stevie as their official truck-stop mascot.3. Stevie lived with his mother, a widow who was disabled after repeated surgeries for cancer. They lived a very harsh life on their Social Security benefits. Money was tight. Besides, with his Down’s syndrome, Stevie had a heart problem.4. He was in hospital receiving heart surgery getting a new valve or something put in his heart.5. The staff were very sad at the news of Stevie’s heart problem, then they got excited to learn that he was out of surgery. To help Stevie cover the medical expenses, trucker regulars began to donate money to him.6. Yes. Because he was eager to come back to work and he was afraid that he might have been forgotten and his job might be lost.7. They were all very much touched. Everybody cheered except for Stevie, who had alreadystarted working earnestly.8. This is an inspirational story. It tells us that handicapped people can support themselves and find a meaningful life in which they may take a pride. It also shows how those who offer help may find their life more enjoyable when they contribute to others’ happiness.Exercise 2: Text A can be divided into four parts. Now write down the paragraph number(s) of each part and then give the main idea of each in one or two sentences.Part Paragraph(s) Main IdeaOne 1-2 The author was worried about hiring Stevie because he was mentally handicapped and the author wasn’t sure how some of his fault-finding customers would react.Two 3-5 The author’s worries vanished when he found that Stevie was very pleasing, hardworking and very attentive, and consequently he became popular with the author’s staff and regular customers.Three 6-14 Having learned that Stevie and his mother lived a hard life, the other staff and the truck drivers made efforts to help him after he had had heart surgery.Four 15-18 On Stevie’s return to work, the mother and son received a warm welcome, a free breakfast and a donation of over $10,000 in cash and checks.Section B In-Depth StudyStevie, a mentally handicapped boy, is given a job as a busboy in a truck-stop restaurant. He takes pride in doing his job exactly right and regular trucker customers soon adopt him as their official truck-stop mascot. When the boy undergoes heart surgery, the truck customers and their companies reach out helping hands.Something for StevieDan Anderson1. I try not to be biased, but I had my doubts about hiring Stevie. His placement counselor assured me that he would be a good, reliable busboy. But I had never had a mentally handicapped employee and wasn’t sure I wanted one. I wasn’t sure how my customers would react. Stevie was short, a little dumpy, with the smooth facial features and thick-tongued speech of Down’s syndrome.2. I wasn’t worried about most of my trucker customers. Truckers don’t generally care who buses tables as long as the food is good and the pies are homemade. The ones who concerned me were the mouthy college kids traveling to school; the yuppie snobs who secretly polish their silverware with their napkins for fear of catching some dreaded“truck-stop germ;” and the pairs of white-shirted businessmen on expense accounts who think every truck-stop waitress wants to be flirted with. I knew those people would be uncomfortable around Stevie, so I closely watched him for the first few weeks.3. I shouldn’t have worried. After the first week,Stevie had my staff wrapped around his little finger. Within a month my trucker regulars had adopted him as their official truck-stop mascot. After that I really didn’t care what the rest of the customers thought.4. He was a 21-year-old in blue jeans and Nikes, eager to laugh and eager to please, but fierce in his attention to his duties. Every salt and pepper shaker was exactly in its place, not a bread crumb or coffee spill was visible when Stevie got done with the table.5. Our only problem was convincing him to wait to clean a table until after the customers were finished. He would hover in the background, shifting his weight from one foot to the other, scanning the dining room until a table was empty. Then he would hurry to the empty table and carefully bus the dishes and glasses onto the cart and meticulously wipe the table with a practiced flourish of his rag. If he thought a customer was watching, his brows would pucker with added concentration. He took pride in doing his job exactly right, and you had to love how hard he tried to please each and every person he met.6. Over time, we learned that he lived with his mother, a widow who was disabled after repeated surgeries for cancer. They lived on their Social Security benefits in public housing two miles from the truck-stop. Their social worker, who stopped to check on him every so often, admitted they had fallen between the cracks. Money was tight, and what I paid him was probably the difference between them being able to live together and Stevie being sent to a group home.7. That’s why the restaurant was a gloomy place that morning last August, the first morning in three years that Stevie missed work. He was at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester getting a new valve or something put in his heart. His social worker said that people with Down’s syndrome often have heart problems at an early age, so this wasn’t unexpected. There was a good chance he wou ld come through the surgery in good shape and be back at work in a few months.8. A ripple of excitement ran through the staff later that morning when word came that he was out of surgery, in recovery and doing fine. Frannie, my head waitress, let out a war whoop and did a little dance in the aisle when she heard the good news. Belle Ringer, one of our regular trucker customers, stared at the sight of this 50-year-old grandmother of four doing a victory shimmy beside his table. Frannie blushed, smoothed her apron and shot Belle Ringer a withering look.9. He grinned. “OK, Frannie, what was that all about?” he asked.10. “We just got word that Stevie is out of surgery and going to be okay.” she responded.11. “I was wondering where he was,” said Belle. “I had a new joke to tell him. What was the surgery about?”12. Frannie quickly told him and the other two drivers sitting at his booth about Stevie’s surgery, then sighed. “Yeah, I’m glad he is going to be okay,” she said, “but I don’t know how he and his mom are going to handle all the bills. From what I hear, they’re barely getting by as it is.” Belle Ringer nodded thoughtfully, and Frannie hurried off to wait on the rest of her tables.13. After the morning rush, Frannie walked into my office. She had a couple of paper napkins in her hand and a funny look on her face. “What’s up?” I asked. “That table where Belle Ringer and his friends were sitting,” she said, “this was folded and tucked under a coffee cup.” She handed the napkin to me, and three $20 bills fell onto my desk when I opened it. On the outside, in big, bold letters, was printed “Something For Stevie.”14. “Pony Pete also asked me what that dance was all about,” she said, “so I told him about Stevie and his mom and everything, and Pete looked at Tony and Tony looked at Pete, and they ended up giving me this.” She handed me another paper napkin that had “Something For Stevie” scrawled on itsoutside. Two $50 bills were tucked within its folds. Frannie looked at me with wet, shiny eyes, shook her head and said simply, “Truckers.”15. That was three months ago. Today is Thanksgiving, the first day Stevie is supposed to be back to work. His placement worker said he’s been counting the days until the doctor said he could work, and it didn’t matter at all that it was a holiday. He called 10 times in the past week, making sure we knew he was coming, fearful that we had forgotten him or that his job was in jeopardy. I arranged to have his mother bring him to work. We met them in the parking lot and invited them both to celebrate his day back.16. Stevie was thinner and paler, but couldn’t stop grinning as he pushed through the doors and headed for the back room where his apron and busing cart were waiti ng. “Hold up there, Stevie, not so fast,” I said. I took him and his mother by their arms. “Work can wait for a minute. To celebrate you coming back, breakfast for you two is on me.” I led them toward a large corner booth at the rear of the room. I could feel and hear the rest of the staff following behind as we marched through the dining room. Glancing over my shoulder, I saw booth after booth of grinning truckers empty and join the procession.17. We stopped in front of the big table, its surface covered with a mess of coffee cups, saucers and dinner plates, all sitting crooked on dozens of folded paper napkins. “First thing you have to do, Stevie, is to clean up this mess,” I said, trying to sound stern. Stevie looked at me, and then at his mother, then pulled out one of the napkins. It had “Something for Stevie” written on the outside. As he picked it up, two $10 bills fell onto the table. Stevie stared at the money, then at dozens of napkins peeking from beneath the tableware, each with his name printed or scrawled on it.18. I turne d to his mother. “There’s over $10,000 in cash and checks on that table, all from truckers and trucking companies that heard about your problems. Happy Thanksgiving!” Well, it got real noisy about that time, with everybody shouting, and there were a few te ars, too. But you know what’s funny? While everybody else was busy shaking hands and hugging each other, Stevie, with a big, big smile on his face, was busy clearing all the cups and dishes from the table—the best worker I ever hired.▇课文参考译文送给史蒂维的一点心意丹·安德森1 我力求不存偏见，不过在雇用史蒂维时我的确心存疑虑。
托福听力tpo62 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo62 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in an architectural history class.Professor: Now we’ve talked about how social concerns inform the designs of some architects in the United States in the 19th century. And it holds true not only for building architects but also for landscape architects. The way we design our landscapes is hugely important to, for how we live, easily as important as the buildings we live in. And these social concerns were especially apparent in the work of a huge figure in the history of landscape architecture: Frederick Law Olmsted. Olmsted is particularly associated with the building of public parks in the mid-1800s. At that time, with industrialization, the United States was moving from a rural, agricultural way of life to an urban one. Many people were moving from farms to cities, and cities themselves were growing fast. And that was creating concern and anxiety about people losing touch with nature.Now, based on your reading, how did this situation relate to Olmsted? Ken.Male Student: Well, he saw that as cities grew to accommodate the larger populations, a lot of open space would be used up for buildings and infrastructure. I guess he thought that eventually there might not be any open space left, green space.Professor: And others shared this concern as well, people with some power.Male Student: Right. So in New York City, they decided to build this huge park, Central Park. And they hired him to design it.Professor: Right. Olmsted together with Calbert Vaux. And he, what Olmsted wanted to do through this park and others was to preserve people’s connections with the natural world. Central Park is his best-known project and it really launched his career. There were so many details that made this such a model of success that…yeah, Julia. Female Student: It seems like he integrated the park into the city really well, especially by putting streets across the park so that you can still get from one side of the city to the other.Professor: And those streets don’t disrupt the unity of the park very much. But why not? What feature, what modification did he make?Female Student: Well, they weren’t any narrower than any regular city streets. Professor: No, not narrower.Female Student: Oh, lower. He put them at a lower level than the rest of the park and used short tunnels.Professor: Yes, exactly. The streets were designed to be as unobtrusive as possible, not interrupting the flow of people walking in the park, not interfering with the natural setting, while still functioning as streets.Making tunnels was the best way to achieve this balance in many locations within the park, and then pass for pedestrians went above the street throughout the park.What’s so special about it to me is Olmsted did such a good job of using the space by emphasizing the natural elements of the park. So with ground areas that were low, he made them even lower and turned them into ponds and meadows, then he emphasized some high, rocky areas. He used…he planted small forests close to grassy meadows. By doing this, he emphasized contrast in contour and texture, but he made it all work as a whole. He also made the northern half of the park more of the nature preserve while the southern part was more for people and recreation.So Central Park was a huge success and it led to more work for him. He designed dozens of urban parks throughout the country. So that’s probably his greatest legacy to architecture as a profession, but not his only legacy.He also designed landscapes for public buildings, campuses, even entire towns. In that area, urban planning, he showed the same concern for preserving open spaces that he had shown with Central Park. For example, his design of a town of Riverside, Illinois. He planned it so it would have the conveniences of city living, but it also had open space for recreation for nature. He lowered the streets slightly so they wouldn’t block natural views, like views of the Des Plaines River, which flows through Riverside. He really wanted to preserve the shores of the river so he didn’t put houses there. Instead, he turned the river front area into a park. And about a quarter of Riverside is parks.What’s also remarkable is that Riverside, well, even today, the streets and other parts of Olmsted’s plans are almost completely intact. It’s really an oasis in the city that’s grown around it, the city of Chicago, since that time. Goes to show you how valuable good design really is.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A. The reasons why Olmsted was selected to design Central ParkB. The impact that Olmsted's designs had on the growth of citiesC. Ways that Olmsted's design for Central Park influenced the design of Riverside, IllinoisD. Olmsted's design goals as revealed in two of his projects2.What does the professor imply about the increase in the population of urban areas in the middle of the nineteenth century?A. It caused difficulty in the design and creation of city parks.B. It was one of the reasons that Central Park was created.C. It forced Olmsted to build more roads in Central Park than he had originally planned.D. Olmsted viewed the increase in population as a positive trend.3.What is one of the features of Olmsted's design of Central Park that the professor particularly admires?A. The use of trees as boundaries between recreational and non-recreational areasB. The emphasis of naturally occurring contrastsC. The quality of the materials used for streets and buildingsD. The wide variety of styles used for its tunnels4.What design feature did Olmsted incorporate into both Central Park and the town of Riverside, Illinois?A. Forest areas that were left undisturbedB. Streets at lower levels than other ground areasC. The removal of large rocks that obstructed viewsD. The expansion of naturally occurring ponds5.What does the professor say about the town of Riverside, Illinois today?A. It has stayed true to Olmsted's original design.B. It is regarded as Olmsted's most successful project.C. It has even more parkland than Olmsted had created.D. It has nicer parks than the city of Chicago does.6.What can be inferred about the woman when she says this:Professor: And those streets don’t disrupt the unity of the park very much. But why not? What feature, what modification did he make?Female Student: Well, they weren’t any narrower than any regular city streets. Professor: No, not narrower.A. She believes there is more than one correct answer to the professor's question.B. She realizes she is repeating a point the professor made earlier.C. She recognizes that she is not giving a correct answer.D. She thinks the answer to the professor's question is obvious.答案D B B B A C译文请听建筑史课上的部分内容。
人教版高中英语选择性必修第一册 UNIT 1 Section A
This was not an easy task.The reason why this was difficult was that the team had limited resources.They did not have enough staff,and the laboratory in which they worked had poor air quality.However,after hundreds of failed experiments,they eventually came across a promising3 chemical.It worked well in experiments on animals,but they had to know if it was safe for humans.Tu Youyou bravely volunteered to be the first human subject when they were ready to start testing and the rest of her team followed her.The test was a success.The medicine they discovered,artemisinin,has now become the world’s most effective drug for fighting malaria.
awarded1 a Nobel Prize for her work.A scientist who was on the Nobel Prize
Committee called Hans Forssberg explained that “the discovery of artemisinin
【创新设计】（新课标）2021高中英语 Module4 Music4-4练习 外研版选修6(1)
Module 4 Period Four(时刻：50分钟)Ⅰ.用动词的适当形式填空1．It is the third time that you ________(come) to our school.2．So far Peter ________(not ring)back. Shall we make a phone call to him again?3．The Chinese ________(make)paper for two thousand years.4．She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ________(read) all day long.5．Since I won the prize, my phone has never stopped ringing. People ________(phone)to ask how I will spend the money.答案 1.have come 2.hasn’t rung 3.have been making4．has been reading 5.are phoningⅡ.完成句子1．他一直盼望着加薪。
He ________ ________ ________ ________ a rise in salary all the time.2．最近咱们常常见面。
We ________ ________ ________ each other quite a lot recently.3．她已经画了一幅画。
She ________ ________ a picture.4．这几礼拜我一直告知你不要迟到。
I ________ ________ ________ you not to be late for weeks.5．自1970年他们就彼此熟悉了。
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� 表述性状态转移(Representational State Transfer，REST)
什么是REST
� Representational State Transfer(表述性状 态转移)，简称REST
� 来自Roy Fielding的博士论文：《Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures》(《架构风格与基于网络 的软件架构设计》) � Roy Fielding是何许人
�Day Software公司的首席科学家，Apache软件基金会的合作 创始人，在美国加洲大学欧文分校获得博士学位 �HTTP、URI等Web标准的主要设计者
� “REST实战”讨论组中有这篇论文的导读
什么是REST(续)
� Web自身的架构风格 � Web之所以取得成功的技术架构因素的总结
� REST是世界上最成功的分布式应用架构风格
� 架构约束：运行环境施加在架构设计之上的约束
� 常见的分布式应用架构风格
� 分布式对象(Distributed Objects，DO)
�CORBA/RMI/EJB/DCOM/.NET Remoting
� 远程过程调用(Remote Procedure Call，RPC)
�SOAP/XML-RPC/JSON-RPC/FlashAMF/Hessian/Burlap/DWR
� 资源是抽象的概念
�不仅仅能代表服务器上的一个文件、数据库中的一张表等等具 体东西 �要多抽象有多抽象，只要想象力允许
� 以名词为核心来组织，首先关注的是名词 � 类比：面向对象编程中的接口
什么是资源(续)
� 由一个或多个URI来标识
� URI是资源的名称，也是资源在Web上的地址 � 允许使用多个URI来标识同一资源 � 对资源感兴趣的客户，可通过URI与资源交互
� 事实：REST在Web上是普遍适用的
� 直接使用HTTP的API就是RESTful API
� 事实：在SOAP与真正的RESTful API之间有广大的中间地带
� REST不过只是更漂亮的URI设计
� 事实：这仅仅是REST的一个外在特征而已
关于REST的一些误解(续)
� 统一接口并不重要 � 超文本驱动并不重要
REST风格架构的主要特征
� 可寻址性(Addressability) � 无状态性(Statelessness) � 连通性(Connectedness) � 统一接口(Uniform Interface) � 面向资源(Resource Oriented) � 超文本驱动(Hypertext Driven) � 松耦合(Loosely Coupled)
� /group/rest_in_action
� 现任职于阿里巴巴B2B的平台技术部
说在前头
� 您将不会听到
� 非实战性，没有一行源代码 � 主要比较架构风格，而不是具体的架构 � 只讲What，不讲Why和How � 后续讲座的内容
�REST与安全性 �REST与Ajax、RIA、MobileApp的关系 �REST与WebService(WS-*)、SOA的关系 �REST与语义网的关系 �REST在各种编程语言中的实战
� 14年工作经验，8年Web应用、3年企业应用、3年电信协议 � 《J2EE Development without EJB》、《Ajax in Action》、《Ajax Patterns and Best Practices》、 《REST in Practice》中文版的译者 � Roy Fielding的博士论文《Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures 》 中文版的译者 � “REST实战”讨论组的负责人
什么是资源的表述
� 一段对于资源在某个特定时刻的状态的描述 � 可以在客户-服务器之间转移(交换) � 资源的表述可以有多种格式
� HTML/XML/JSON/纯文本 � 资源的表述格式可以通过协商机制来确定 � 不同方向的表述，通常使用不同的格式
�服务器端到客户端(下行) �客户端到服务器端(上行)
� 按需代码(Code-On-Demand，可选)
� 通过下载并执行applet形式或脚本形式的代码，允许对 客户端的功能进行扩展
REST的五个关键词
� 资源(Resource) � 资源的表述(Representation) � 状态转移(State Transfer) � 统一接口(Uniform Interface) � 超文本驱动(Hypertext Driven)
� URI：用来标识资源 � HTTP：用来操作资源 � Hypertext：用来描述资源的状态
�HTML �XML/JSON/纯文本
什么是Web(续)
� 定义“Web应用”
� 使用了上述三大技术 � 运行在Internet环境中 � 与“企业应用”相对应
� 广义的Web应用
� 包括所有使用了上述三大技术的应用
� 8个标准方法 GET/POST/PUT/DELETE/HEAD/OPTION/TRACE/CONNECT � HTTP头信息(可自定义) � HTTP响应状态代码(可自定义) � 操作的语义必须由HTTP消息体之前的部分完全表达
什么是超文本驱动
� 将Web应用看作是一个由很多状态(应用状态)组成的有限状 态机
� 又名“将超媒体作为应用状态的引擎”(Hypermedia As The Engine Of Application State，HATEOAS) � 超媒体 = 超文本+媒体内容
什么是资源
� 一种看待服务器的方式，将服务器看作是由很多离 散的资源组成
� 与DO和RPC两种架构风格有明显区别
� 服务器上一个可命名的抽象概念
� HTTP是一种“传输”协议(transport protocol)
� 被错误翻译为“超文本传输协议” � 事实：HTTP其实是一种“转移”协议(transfer protocol)，TCP才 是传输协议，对传输这件工作已经做的很好了 � 传输协议和转移协议的区别
�传输协议做的是底层搬运比特之类的苦力活，不包含操作的语义 �转移协议做的事情比传输协议更高级，包含操作的语义
REST与面向资源的Web开发
深入理解Web的架构风格
第一讲 主讲人：李锟(dlee)
讲座内容
� 什么是Web � 什么是架构风格 � 什么是REST � REST的架构约束 � REST的五个关键词 � REST风格架构的主要 特征 � 关于HTTP的一些误解 � 关于REST的一些误解
我是谁
说在前头(续)
� 您需要做到的
� 保持轻松、开放的心态 � 提高抽象思维的能力 � 展开丰富的想象力 � 保持大局观，首先掌握全貌，而不是深入细节
� 您可以期待的
� 正本清源，从根本上理解Web的架构风格 � 开阔思路，提高分布式应用的架构设计水平
什么是Web
� World Wide Web(万维网)，简称WWW或Web � 浏览器？HTML？Ajax？Flash？Web 2.0？ � Web的三大技术基石
什么是状态转移
� 与状态迁移(State Transition)含义不同 � 在客户和服务器之间转移(transfer)代表资源状态 的表述 � 通过转移和操作资源的表述，来间接实现操作资源 的目的
什么是统一接口
� 通过统一的接口来对资源执行各种操作 � 对于每个资源只能执行一组有限的操作 � HTTP定义了操作资源的统一接口
什么是超文本驱动(续)
� 通过超媒体暴露出服务器所提供的资源
� 服务器提供哪些资源是通过解析超媒体发现的，而不是事先定义的
� 从面向服务的角度看，超媒体定义了服务器所提供的服务 的协议 � 客户端应该依赖的是超媒体的状态迁移语义，而不应该对 于是否存在某个URI或URI的某种特殊构造方式作出假设 � 一切都有可能变化，只有超媒体的状态迁移语义能够长期 保持稳定
关于HTTP的一些误解
� 浏览器只支持GET/POST方法
� HTML表单仅支持GET/POST方法，但是可以通过附加参数(例如 _method)的方式模拟PUT/DELETE请求 � XMLHttpRequest对象支持GET/POST/PUT/DELETE 4种方法
� 误用HTTP方法
� GET方法：安全的、幂等的 � PUT/DELETE方法：不安全的、幂等的 � POST方法：不安全的、不幂等的
� 脱离开运行环境的上下文，无法评价架构的优劣
�不存在包治百病的“银弹”式架构
建筑中的架构风格
拜占庭风格
建筑中的架构风格
罗曼风格
建筑中的架构风格
哥特风格
建筑中的架构风格
巴洛克风格
建筑中的架构风格
老北京四合院
建筑中的架构风格
江南民居
什么是架构风格(续)
� 一种架构风格，由一组相互协作的架构约束来 定义
� 会话状态由客户端负责维护，资源状态由服务器端负责维护
� 资源之间通过超链接相互关联，超链接既代表资源之间的 关系，也代表可执行的状态迁移 � 超媒体不仅仅包含数据，还包含了状态迁移的语义
� 可执行哪些状态迁移、状态迁移的语义是什么 � 与SOAP数据包只包含数据不同
� 以超媒体作为引擎，驱动Web应用的状态迁移
�成功案例：Web
� 为 运行在Internet环境 的 分布式 超媒体系 统量身定制
� Internet环境的主要特点
�可伸缩性无法控制 �安全性无法控制
什么是REST(续)
� HTTP 1.1等Web标准设计的指导原理