Experiince slavery in America

英美国情判断题美国部分

英美国情判断题美国部分英美国情判断题美国部分Unit3 America Beginning1.The question “What is an American?” was first asked by J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur. T2.Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1942. T3.The first English permanent settlement was founded in California. F Virginia4.Massachusetts was established by English puritans who separated themselves from the Roman Catholic Church. F 不是建立，而是founded5.The state of Pennsylvania used to be inhabited by the Quakers. T （基督教）贵格派教徒6.The theory of politics of the American Resolution came from John Locke, a French philosopher in the 17th century. F English7.By the early 1760s, the 13 English colonies in North America were ready to separate themselves from Europe. T8.George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln were regarded as the founding fathers of the United States of America. F John Adams OR Thomas Jefferson Unit 4 The Political System in the United States1.When the War of Independence was over, the United States was one unified nation as it is today. F was not2.The agreement that set this plan of cooperation among different states after the War of American Independence was called the Constitution of the United States. F the Articles of Confederation 联邦条款3.The US Constitution set up a federal system with a strongcentral government. T 联邦制4.The main duty of the Congress is to make laws, including those which levy taxes that pay for the work of the federal government. T 国会5.Under a Constitutional Amendment passed in 1951, a president can be elected to only one term. F two terms6.The president has the authority to appoint federal judges, and all such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives. 众议院F the Senate 参议院7.The 10 very short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government are called the Bill of Rights. T 人权法案8.The idea of checks and balances as a way of restrictinggovernmental power and preventing its abuse was first provided in the Federalist Paper. T制约与平衡9.Today, the United State has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, formed before 1800. The other is the Republican Party, formed in the 1850s, by the people i n the states of the North and West. T 民主党，共和党10.Americans have to join a political party in order to vote to bea candidate for public office. F 公职do not have toUnit 5 American Economy1.Alexander Hamilton was the third president of the United Stated. F Thomas Jefferson2.The first factory in the United States was a cotton textile mill. T3.Many people objected to the idea of the corporation because it is less personal than sole proprietorship andpartnership. T 所有（权），独资企业；合伙关系4.The United State?s economy suffered from the two World Wars in the 20th century. F not5.Many people believe that the economic freedom of capitalism is crucial to American?s economic success. T 决定性的，重要的6.When people buy stocks, they become part owner of the company. T7.The stockholders make profits even when the company loses money. F8.One reason for America?s affluence is that a lot of people have inherited wealth from their parents, F 富裕9.Strong domestic demand is one factor contributing to America?s affluence. T 家庭的，国家的10.Many American leaders have extol led the virtues of farmers. T 赞扬Unit 6 Religion in the United States1.During the War of Independence and many years after that the Americans were mostly concerned about religious freedom.F It was politics and not religion that most occupied American s?minds during the War of Independence and for years afterward.2.According to the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, there would be a state-supported region. F 联邦政府不得给予任何宗教以特殊优惠。

SLAVERY IN AMERICA美国奴隶制

SLAVERY IN AMERICASlavery in America began when the first African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown,Virginia,in1619,to aid in the production of such lucrative crops as tobacco.Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the17th and18th centuries,and African-American slaves helped build the economic foundations of the new nation.The invention of the cotton gin in1793solidified the central importance of slavery to the South’s economy.By the mid-19th century, America’s westward expansion,along with a growing abolition movement in the North,would provoke a great debate over slavery that would tear the nation apart in the bloody American Civil War(1861-65).Though the Union victory freed the nation’s4million slaves,the legacy of slavery continued to influence American history,from the tumultuous years of Reconstruction (1865-77)to the civil rights movement that emerged in the1960s,a century after emancipation.FOUNDATIONS OF SLAVERY IN AMERICAIn the early17th century,European settlers in North America turned to African slaves as a cheaper,more plentiful labor source than indentured servants(who were mostly poorer Europeans).After1619,when a Dutch ship brought20Africans ashore at the British colony of Jamestown,Virginia, slavery spread throughout the American colonies.Though it is impossible to give accurate figures,some historians have estimated that6to7million slaves were imported to the New World during the18th century alone, depriving the African continent of some of its healthiest and ablest men and women.Did You Know?One of the first martyrs to the cause of American patriotism was Crispus Attucks,a former slave who was killed by British soldiers during the Boston Massacre of1770.Some5,000black soldiers and sailors fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.In the17th and18th centuries,black slaves worked mainly on the tobacco, rice and indigo plantations of the southern coast.After the American Revolution(1775-83),many colonists(particularly in the North,where slavery was relatively unimportant to the economy)began to link the oppression of black slaves to their own oppression by the British,and to call for slavery’s abolition.After the war’s end,however,the new U.S. Constitution tacitly acknowledged the institution,counting each slave as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of taxation and representation in Congress and guaranteeing the right to repossess any“person held to service or labor”(an obvious euphemism for slavery).IMPORTANCE OF THE COTTON GINIn the late18th century,with the land used to grow tobacco nearly exhausted,the South faced an economic crisis,and the continued growth of slavery in America seemed in doubt.Around the same time,the mechanization of the textile industry in England led to a huge demand for American cotton,a southern crop whose production was unfortunately limited by the difficulty of removing the seeds from raw cotton fibers by hand.In1793,a young Yankee schoolteacher named Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin,a simple mechanized device that efficiently removed the seeds.His device was widely copied,and within a few years the South would transition from the large-scale production of tobacco to that of cotton, a switch that reinforced the region’s dependence on slave labor. Slavery itself was never widespread in the North,though many of the region’s businessmen grew rich on the slave trade and investments in southern plantations.Between1774and1804,all of the northern states abolished slavery,but the so-called“peculiar institution”remained absolutely vital to the South.Though the U.S.Congress outlawed the African slave trade in1808,the domestic trade flourished,and the slave population in the U.S.nearly tripled over the next50years.By1860it had reached nearly4million,with more than half living in the cotton-producing states of the South.SLAVES AND SLAVEHOLDERSSlaves in the antebellum South constituted about one-third of the southern population.Most slaves lived on large farms or small plantations;many masters owned less than50slaves.Slave owners sought to make their slaves completely dependent on them,and a system of restrictive codes governed life among slaves.They were prohibited from learning to read and write, and their behavior and movement was restricted.Many masters took sexual liberties with slave women,and rewarded obedient slave behavior with favors, while rebellious slaves were brutally punished.A strict hierarchy among slaves (from privileged house slaves and skilled artisans down to lowly field hands) helped keep them divided and less likely to organize against their masters. Slave marriages had no legal basis,but slaves did marry and raise large families; most slave owners encouraged this practice,but nonetheless did not hesitate to divide slave families by sale or removal.Slave revolts did occur within the system(notably ones led by Gabriel Prosser in Richmond in1800and by Denmark Vesey in Charleston in1822), but few were successful.The slave revolt that most terrified white slaveholders was that led byNat Turner in Southampton County,Virginia, in August1831.Turner’s group,which eventually numbered around75blacks, murdered some60whites in two days before armed resistance from local whites and the arrival of state militia forces overwhelmed them.Supporters of slavery pointed to Turner’s rebellion as evidence that blacks wereinherently inferior barbarians requiring an institution such as slavery to discipline them,and fears of similar insurrections led many southern states to further strengthen their slave codes in order to limit the education, movement and assembly of slaves.In the North,the increased repression of southern blacks would only fan the flames of the growing abolition movement.RISE OF THE ABOLITION MOVEMENTFrom the1830s to the1860s,a movement to abolish slavery in America gained strength in the northern United States,led by free blacks such as Frederick Douglass and white supporters such as William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the radical newspaper The Liberator,and Harriet Beecher Stowe, who published the bestselling antislavery novel“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”(1852). While many abolitionists based their activism on the belief that slaveholding was a sin,others were more inclined to the non-religious“free-labor”argument,which held that slaveholding was regressive,inefficient and made little economic sense.Free blacks and other antislavery northerners had begun helping fugitive slaves escape from southern plantations to the North via a loose network of safe houses as early as the1780s.This practice,known as the Underground Railroad,gained real momentum in the1830s and although estimates vary widely,it may have helped anywhere from40,000to 100,000slaves reach freedom.The success of the Underground Railroad helped spread abolitionist feelings in the North;it also undoubtedly increased sectional tensions,convincing pro-slavery southerners of their northern countrymen’s determination to defeat the institution that sustained them. WESTERN EXPANSION AND DEBATE OVER SLAVERY IN AMERICA America’s explosive growth–and its expansion westward in the first half of the19th century–would provide a larger stage for the growing conflict over slavery in America and its future limitation or expansion.In1820,a bitter debate over the federal government’s right to restrict slavery over Missouri’s application for statehood ended in a compromise:Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state,Maine as a free state and all western territories north of Missouri’s southern border were to be free soil.Although the Missouri Compromise was designed to maintain an even balance between slave and free states,it was able to help quell the forces of sectionalism only temporarily.In1850,another tenuous compromise was negotiated to resolve the question of territory won during the Mexican War.Four years later,however, the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened all new territories to slavery by asserting the rule of popular sovereignty over congressional edict,leading pro-and anti-slavery forces to battle it out(with much bloodshed)in the new state of Kansas.Outrage in the North over the Kansas-Nebraska Act spelled the downfall of the old Whig Party and the birth of a new,all-northernRepublican Party.In1857,the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott case(involving a slave who sued for his freedom on the grounds that his master had taken him into free territory)effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise by ruling that all territories were open to slavery.The abolitionist John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry,Virginia,in1859aroused sectional tensions even further:Executed for his crimes,Brown was hailed as a martyred hero by northern abolitionists and a vile murderer in the South.CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATIONThe South would reach the breaking point the following year,when Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected as president.Within three months,seven southern states had seceded to form the Confederate States of America;four more would follow after the Civil War(1861-65) began.Though Lincoln’s antislavery views were well established,the central Union war aim at first was not to abolish slavery,but to preserve the United States as a nation.Abolition became a war aim only later,due to military necessity,growing anti-slavery sentiment in the North and the self-emancipation of many African Americans who fled enslavement as Union troops swept through the South.Five days after the bloody Union victory at Antietam in September1862,Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation,and on January1,1863,he made it official that“slaves within any State,or designated part of a State…in rebellion,…shall be then, thenceforward,and forever free.”By freeing some3million black slaves in the rebel states,the Emancipation Proclamation deprived the Confederacy of the bulk of its labor forces and put international public opinion strongly on the Union side.Some186,000 black soldiers would join the Union Army by the time the war ended in1865, and38,000lost their lives.The total number of dead at war’s end was 620,000(out of a population of some35million),making it the costliest conflict in American history.THE LEGACY OF SLAVERYThe13th Amendment,adopted late in1865,officially abolished slavery,but freed blacks’status in the post-war South remained precarious,and significant challenges awaited during the Reconstruction period(1865-77). Former slaves received the rights of citizenship and the“equal protection”of the Constitution in the14th Amendment(1868)and the right to vote in the15th(1870),but the provisions of Constitution were often ignored or violated,and it was difficult for former slaves to gain a foothold in the post-war economy thanks to restrictive black codes and regressive contractual arrangements such as sharecropping.Despite seeing an unprecedented degree of black participation in American political life,Reconstruction was ultimately frustrating for African Americans,and the rebirth of white supremacy–including the rise of racistorganizations such as the Ku Klux Klan–had triumphed in the South by1877. Almost a century later,resistance to the lingering racism and discrimination in America that began during the slavery era would lead to the civil rights movement of the1960s,which would achieve the greatest political and social gains for blacks since Reconstruction.。

the_history_of_american_slavery美国社会生活与思想史的PPT

1. Colonial America
2. 1776 to 1850s
3. Civil War and Emancipation
4. Reconstruction to present
.
5
1. Colonial America
The first record of African slavery in Colonial America was
migrate to the colonies as indentured servants, so the
planters needed to find new sources of labor.
The transformation from indentured servitude to racial
.
1
Slavery in the United States was a form of forced labor which existed as a legal institution on American soil before the founding of the United States, and remained a legal feature of American society until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865. It had its origins with the first English colonization of North America in Virginia in 1607.Most slaves were African and were held by Europeans.Slaves were spread to the areas where there was good quality soil for large plantations of high value cash crops, such as cotton, sugar, and coffee. The majority of slaveholders were in the southern United States.

英美文学期末复习资料+所有作家作品流派总结442

一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗，史诗A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society fromwhich it originated.Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Twoof the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.The great epic of the Middle Ages is The DivineComedy（神曲）by the Italian poet Dante.The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton'sParadise Lost,which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.2.Naturalism自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨）Naturalism is a term of literary history,primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the dramaduring the final thirdof the19th century,although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades ofthe19th and early years of the20th cents.In France Emile Zola(1840-1902)was the dominant practitioner(习艺者，专业人员)of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师）of its doctrines.The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical（彻底的）break with Realism,rather the new style is a logicalextension of it.Broadly speaking,Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion thathuman life is strictly subjected to natural laws.The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everydaylife of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment. Emphasis was laid onthe influence of the material and economic environment on behavior,and on the determining effects of physical and hereditaryfactors in forming the individual temperament.Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London,Stephen Craneand Frank Norris,who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and socialsituation limit one's character.3.Modernism现代派（盛行于20世纪的文学风格）Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts,originating about the end of the19thcentury and prosperity in the20th century.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and illrelationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentratemore on the private than on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the innerbeing of an individual.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled（混合）together and exist at the sametime in the consciousness of an individual.4.Transcendentalism超验主义It was a reaction to the18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New EnglandTranscendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as themost important thing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individualwas the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spiritor God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.I.Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period1.Romance:Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles betweengood characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures ofkings and queens,knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is thebest of the medieval romances.John Keats's The Eve of St.Agnes is one of the greatest metrical（格律）romances ever written.2.Ballad（民谣，叙事歌谣）:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many centuries,the folk ballad was one of theearliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation andwere not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everydaylife of the common people.The most popular subjects,often tragic,are disappointed love,jealousy,revenge, sudden disaster anddeeds of adventure and daring.Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain（叠词）,incremental repetition（叠句）and code language（特定语言）.A later form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad.The mostfamous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner（老水手之歌）.二、选择&填空The Anglo-Norman PeriodThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its____tales of___and___,in marked contrast of____and____of Anglo-Saxon poetry.romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness（昏暗；冷静）Geoffrey Chaucer1.The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only_____tales,of which two are left unfinished.242.The____provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of variousmedieval figures.Prologue序言3.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in____Couplets.Heroic（英雄双韵体）4.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket at the place named____.Canterbury5.In The Canterbury Tales,from the character of_____,we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and acolorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人：齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人）Renaissance1.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and____are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies.Macbeth2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of_____.Queen Elizabeth3._____wrote his_____in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of afuture happy society.Thomas More，UtopiaThe literature of the17th century1.After____'s death,monarchy was again restored in1660.It was called the period of_____.Oliver Cromwell;Restoration2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_____1688.3.Paradise Lost tells how____rebelled against God and how___and___were driven out of Eden.Satan;Adam,Eve.4.Bunyan's most important work is____,written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of_____and dream.The Pilgrim's Progress;allegory寓言the18th century literature1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel______.Robinson Crusoe2.The18th century in English literature is an age of___.prose3.Jonathan Swift's masterpiece is___..Gulliver's Travels4.William Blake's work___(1794)are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌.The Songs of Experience经验之歌5.The greatest of___poets in the18th century is Robert Burns.Scottishthe19th century literature1.With the publication of William Wordworth's______with S.T.Coleridge,______began to bloom and founda firm place inthe history of English literature.Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集,Romanticism2.The Romantic Age came to an end in1832when the last Romantic writer_____died.Walter Scott3.The greatest historical novelist_____was produced in the Romantic Age.Walter Scott4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of___,___,___,___,___,and___.Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科尔里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are______.Scott and Austen6.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the_____and_____of the language.simplicity,purity7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,and the other is_____.Don Juan8.“Ode to a Nightingale”was written by_____.John Keats9.Jane Austen's literary concern is about human beings in their_____relationships.personal.Victorian Age1.In the19th century English literature,a new literary trend_____appeared after the romantic poetry,and flourished in the time of______.Critical realism,1840s and1850s.2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies in the essentially_____and_____character of critical realism.Democratic,humanitarian3.In A tale of Two Cities,the two cities are_____and_____in the time of revolution.London,Paris4.In1847,Thackeray published his masterpiece_____,which marks the peak of his literary career.Vanity Fair5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_____..Dramatic monologue戏剧独白20th century British Literature1.____had its outstanding advocate in Kipling,who with drum and trumpet,called upon England to“take up the Whiteman'sburden”by dominating all“lesser breeds without the law.”lmperialism2.Those“novels of character and environment”by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as botha and acritical realist writer.Naturalistic3.It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work,his masterpiece____The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家wrence finished____,the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years, which was positivelytaken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the“Oedipus Complex”in fiction.Sons and Lovers5.___and___are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.James Joyce，Virginia Woolf.6.____is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf's most remarkable work.To the LighthouseExercises on American Literature1.In the17th century,the English settlements in____and____began the main stream of what we recognize as the Americannational history.Virginia,Massachusetts2.Washington Irving's____became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.Sketch Book3.Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the five novels that comprise the____.Leatherstocking Tales4.____was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land.Ralph Waldo Emerson5.A superb book entitled____came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.Walden6.The book____is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.Moby DickBook two chapter one1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass,__gave America its first genuine epic poem.Walt Whitman2.As the founder of American Critical Realism,____enjoys the fame as“Lincoln of American literature”.Mark Twain3.____was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.Henry James4.The identification of potency（影响）with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,____.An American TragedyThe20th century1.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____Movement”.Imagist2.The most significant American poem of the20th century was_____.The Waste Land3.____of the1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.The Jazz Age4.Hemingway's novel___painted the image of a whole generation,the Lost Generation.The Sun Also Rises5.____wrote about the disintegration（瓦解）of the old social system in the American southern states,and the lives of modempeople,both black and white.William Faulkner三、True or False1.In1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England.It was called the Norman Conquest.F(William the Conqueror）2.The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（顶点）of the romances about Charles the Great.F(King Arthur and his knights)3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday)4.“A Modest Proposal”is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish)5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel inEngland and Europe.T6.Of all the romantic poets of the18th century,Blake is the most in-dependent and the most original.T7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner. (true)8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true)9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose,especially of the novel.(true)10.David Copperfield is Thackeray's masterpiece.F(Dickens)11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress.(true)12.In1907,John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for“idealism”in literature.Kim is his long novel.F(Kipling)13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“art for art's sake”.T14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.T16.In1828,Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.T17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism,writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literaryrenaissance.T18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems.F(novels)19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist)21.“The Cop and the Anthem”was written by Jack London.F(O Henry)22.While embracing the socialism of Marx,Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals.Thiscontradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild F (Martin Eden)23.Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the20th century,there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas inboth social id natural sciences,as well in the field of art in Europe,which played an indispensable role in bringing aboutmodernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T24.The decade of the1910s,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s)25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the1930s,when“novels of social protest”became dominant on the American literaryscene.T26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye isregarded as students'classic.F（Jerome David Salinger）(J.D.Salinger）四、连线题作家流派/文体作品Literature Stylechiefly under theinfluenceRomance of the Roses of French poetryof theMiddle AgesChaucer heroic couplet英雄双韵体The House of Fame--《名誉堂》Troylus and Criseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》The Legend of Good women--《良妇传说》The Parliament of Fowls--《百鸟堂》u nder the spell of thegreatliterary geniuses ofearlyRenaissance Italy:Danteand Petrarch andBoccaccioProduced hisworks ofThe Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》maturity free fromanyforeign influence.William Langland Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》Alliteration(头韵)Thomas More托马斯.莫尔Utopia乌托邦Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根T he Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Of Studies《论读书》;Of wisdom《论智慧》EssayJohn Lyly Eupheus w ritten in a peculiar styleknown as EuphuismThomas Wyatt first introduced the sonnet托马斯.怀亚特into English literatureEarl of Surrey萨利伯爵Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞Humanism人文主义created blankverseThe Fairy Queen《仙后》Lyrical poetryBen Jonson琼生Christopher E very Man in His Humour;Volpone,or the Fox; TheAlchemist;Bartholomew Fair.Marlowe克里Doctor Faustus;The Jew of Malta;Tamburlaine Play 斯托弗.马洛Robert Greene George Green;the Pinner of WakefieldWilliam Shakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)37plays;blankverse1.Extraordinaryfrankness,John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)《Death be not proud》《死神莫骄妄》Songs and Sonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》The RelicA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning《离别辞：莫忧伤》p enetrating realism,cynicism.2.Novelty of subjectmatter and point ofview.3.Novelty of form.John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿三个John都是the Puritans清教徒派《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护《Paradise Lost》失乐园Samson Agoniste《s力士参孙》《Paradise Regained》复乐园Sonnet-On His Blindness1.The use of blankverse.2.Grand style.3.Inheritance fromtraditional works suchas《失明述怀》Sonnet-On His Deceased Wife《梦之妻》Bible.1.Written in theJohn Bunyan 约翰.拜扬Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanGrace Abounding《丰盛恩惠》o ld-fashioned,medievalform of allegory anddream.2.His language ischieflyplain,colloquial,andquitemodern.Daniel Defoe realistic novel《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》丹尼尔.笛福现实主义小说乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁Father of modernfiction《The History of Tom Jones,a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》Humor&satirist 《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特satirist反讽prose poetry《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议A Tale of a Tub1697《一只桶的故事》The Battle of the Books1698《书籍之战》The Drapier’s Letters1724《布商来信》Joseph Addison＆RichardSteele；their life-longJoseph Addlson The Tatler闲谈者The Spectator旁观者friendship and thepartnership inliterarycareer.the Pastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）the Essay on CriticismAlexander pope (1711)（论批评）The Rape of the Lock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）“Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady”;“Eloise to Abelard,Samuel 缪尔.理查森epistolarynovel(书信体小说），Englishdomestic novel(英国家庭小说）《Pamela》帕美勒Clarissa Harlowe克拉丽莎Sir Charles Grandison查尔斯•格兰迪森的历史Richardson塞psychological analysisRichard B.Sheridan理查德.B.谢尔丹comedy《School for Scandal》造谣学校the Rivals(情敌)t he only importantEnglishdramatist of the18thcentury《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novelOliverGoldsmith’s奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌The Traveller旅行者poems,诗歌The Citizen of the World世界公民essay以上6位都是18世纪Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)的代表人物Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷S entimentalism感伤主义no belief《Elegy,Written in aCountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌William Blake 威廉.布莱克Pre-romanticismS ongs of Innocence天真之歌SongsofExperience经验之歌PoeticalSketches素描诗集The Tiger老虎My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯在高原John Anderson,My Jo约翰·安徒生，我爱A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰To a Mouse致小鼠Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯Lake Poets（湖畔派）Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣《The Prelude》序曲1.Leading figure of Englishromanticpoetry2.See this world freshly andnaturally.3.Changed the course of EnglishpoetryLord Byron拜伦Romanticism《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德哈罗德游记Don Juan（唐璜）《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻1.Renowned as the“gloomyegoist”2.“Byronic Hero”（拜伦式英雄）3.Devote himself into therevolutionPercy Bysshe Idealism Shelley雪莱（理想主义）《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂The Cloud云1.Intense and original2.Reflect radical ideas andrevolutionaryoptimism3.Rebel against English politicsandconservative values《The Eve of St.Agnes》 1.Epitaph:Here lies one whose name was圣阿格良斯之夜written in water（此地长眠者，声名水John Keats济Romanticism《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂上书）慈（浪漫主义）《To a Nightingale》致夜莺 2.Early death fromtuberculosis at theOde on Melancholy（忧郁颂）age of25Isabella（伊莎贝拉） 3.He is characterized bysensual imageryWalter Scott沃Famous Historical特.斯科特Novelist Ivanhoe（艾凡赫）The lady of the Lake（湖中夫人）Waverley（威佛利）1.Historical novelist as well asplaywrightand poet.2.He was an advocate,judge andlegaladministrator by professionJane Austen简.Female Novelist奥斯丁《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛1.Modern character through thetreatmentof everyday life2.Virginia Woolf called Austen"themostperfect artist among women."Charles Lamb Essayist 查尔斯.兰伯（随笔作家）Tales from Shakespeare（莎士比亚故事集）Essays of Elia（伊利亚随笔）The Last Essays of Elia（伊利亚续笔）1.Indulged in his own contemplationandimagination2.To him,literature was a means toexpress his own subjective world andtoescape from the sordidness（肮脏、卑鄙）1.expose and criticize the poverty,Charles Dickens 狄更斯Critical Realism批判现实主义《Hard Times》艰难时刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外传《OliverTwist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》双城injustice,hypocrisy andcorruptness2.show a highly consciousemodernartist记 3.humor and wit seeminexhaustibleCharlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特Victorian Period维多利亚时期《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱4.Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说）1.great work of genius inEnglishfictionEmily Bronte艾米丽.勃郎特Mrs.Gaskell humanism人文主义《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄《Mary Barton,North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方2.focus on the femaletopic3.lyric writing style4.simple realism1.rich knowledge of social life andWilliam Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场—this titlewasborrowed from The Pilgrim’s Progressby Bunyan.没有大人物的小说heart,the picture in the novelsareaccurate and true life2.Thackeray’s satire is causticand hishumor subtle3.Pay attention to morility1.show superb conceptionandexecution and include muchfavoral《Adam Bede》亚当贝德feminist criticismGeorge Eliot 乔治.艾略特T he Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南传》2.describe various inner worldanddepict people’s live withcinematicprecisionMiddlemarch《米德尔马契》 3.moral teaching andpsychologicalrealism.精神说教和心理现实主义。

The history of the liberation of black slaves

The American Civil War
Text of the Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order, issued January 1, 1863, named ten specific states where it would apply. Lincoln issued the Executive Order by his authority as "Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy" under Article II, section 2 of the United States Constitution. 《解放黑人奴隶宣言》分成两个部分发布：第一部分发布于1862年9月22日，是份概述第二部分目的的准备公告；第二部分正式生效于1863年1月1日，此时正处于南北战争的第二年，其中包含亚伯拉罕· 林肯的声明：所有脱离联邦并回到联邦掌控下的州之奴隶最迟于1863年1月1日后当被解放。有十个州的名字在第二部分公布时被逐一提及，可有意忽略了马里兰州、德拉瓦州（当时皆未脱离联邦）、田纳西州（已确实在联邦控制之下）、密苏里州以及肯塔基州（已存有几个被邦联接受的派系政府，但仍未正式脱离联邦）。特别豁免权由48个连署成立西维吉尼亚州以及其他被举列的维吉尼亚州郡表述；另外还包含新奥尔良和几个被列举为联邦掌控之下的路易斯安亥俄州辛辛那堤的国家地下铁路自由中心）

the history of american slavery

2. 1776 to 1850
Slave traders were responsible for the majority of the slaves that moved west. Only a minority moved with their families and existing owner. Slave traders had little interest in purchasing or transporting intact slave families, although in the interest of creating a "selfreproducing labor force", equal numbers of men and women were transported. Some traders moved their "chattels" by sea, but most slaves were forced to walk.The death rate for the slaves on their way to their new destination across the American South was much less than that of the captives across the Atlantic Ocean. Mortality was still higher than the normal death rate.
1. Colonial America
In addition to African slaves, Europeans,were brought as indentured servants. The white citizens of Virginia, who had arrived from Britain, decided to treat the first Africans in Virginia as indentured servants. And improving economic conditions in England meant that fewer laborers wanted to migrate to the colonies as indentured servants, so the planters needed to find new sources of labor. The transformation from indentured servitude to racial slavery happened gradually. There were no laws regarding slavery early in Virginia's history. However, by 1640, the Virginia courts had sentenced at least one black servant to slavery.

Slavery in the USA

the ending
• The slaves of the confederacy
【联邦】 were free because of the Emancipation Proclamation. When the thirteenth Amendment 【修正案】 banned slavery in the United States
Thank em that become
chatter slavery ,a racial element was critical : slaves were blacks of African descent【血统】 and owned, almost , by whites of European descent . • Freedom was only possible by running away (which was difficult and illegal to do), or by manumission 【解放】 by the owner ,which was quite impossible.
1861-1865
Beginning
Many slave owners in the South feared that the Republicans was the abolition 【废除】 of slavery in states where it already existed. They also argued that banning slavery in new states would upset what they saw as a delicate【微妙的】 balance of free states and slave states. The combination of these factors led the South to secede 【脱离】 from the Union, and thus began the American Civil War.

slavery in the united states填词补文解析

slavery in the united states填词补文解析Slavery in the United StatesSlavery has been a dark stain on the history of theUnited States. With the arrival of the first Africans broughtto the colonies in 1619, the practice of slavery began totake root. Over the next several centuries, slavery wouldcome to play a pivotal role in the development of the country.The origins of slavery in America date back to the early 17th century. In 1619, a Dutch ship arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, carrying Africans who were sold as indentured servants. As the demand for cheap labor grew in the colonies, many plantation owners turned to African slaves. By the early 1700s, slavery had become a established institution in the southern colonies, forming the backbone of the agricultural economy and making the region one of the wealthiest in the world.Enslaved Africans were treated as property, forced towork long hours in the fields, and subjected to brutaltreatment by their owners. Families were often torn apart,with parents and children sold to different owners. Slaveswere denied basic human rights and subjected to violence and abuse by their owners, with no legal protections or recourse.The issue of slavery became a major flashpoint in thelead-up to the American Revolution. Many of the founding fathers, such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, were slaveowners. In 1776, the Declaration of Independencedeclared that all men were created equal, but it would take many years and a bloody war before the reality of that statement was fully realized.In 1861, the issue of slavery would come to head as the country descended into civil war. The southern states, which relied heavily on slavery for their economy, seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy. The war raged for four years, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians.The victory of the Union in the Civil War led to the eventual abolition of slavery in the United States. In 1865, the 13th Amendment to the Constitution outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States.While slavery itself may have ended, the legacy of slavery continues to shape American society to this day. The unequal treatment of African Americans continues to be a major issue, with systemic racism and discrimination still present in many areas of American life.In conclusion, the history of slavery in the United States is a dark chapter in the country's past. The practice of enslaving human beings for profit and labor was a horrific injustice that caused immeasurable harm to millions of individuals and families. While slavery itself may be a thing of the past, its legacy continues to be felt in American society today. It is up to all Americans to acknowledge the role of slavery in their history and work towards creating a more just and equitable society for all.。

SLAVERY IN AMERICA美国奴隶制

SLAVERY IN AMERICASlavery in America began when the first African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown,Virginia,in1619,to aid in the production of such lucrative crops as tobacco.Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the17th and18th centuries,and African-American slaves helped build the economic foundations of the new nation.The invention of the cotton gin in1793solidified the central importance of slavery to the South’s economy.By the mid-19th century, America’s westward expansion,along with a growing abolition movement in the North,would provoke a great debate over slavery that would tear the nation apart in the bloody American Civil War(1861-65).Though the Union victory freed the nation’s4million slaves,the legacy of slavery continued to influence American history,from the tumultuous years of Reconstruction (1865-77)to the civil rights movement that emerged in the1960s,a century after emancipation.FOUNDATIONS OF SLAVERY IN AMERICAIn the early17th century,European settlers in North America turned to African slaves as a cheaper,more plentiful labor source than indentured servants(who were mostly poorer Europeans).After1619,when a Dutch ship brought20Africans ashore at the British colony of Jamestown,Virginia, slavery spread throughout the American colonies.Though it is impossible to give accurate figures,some historians have estimated that6to7million slaves were imported to the New World during the18th century alone, depriving the African continent of some of its healthiest and ablest men and women.Did You Know?One of the first martyrs to the cause of American patriotism was Crispus Attucks,a former slave who was killed by British soldiers during the Boston Massacre of1770.Some5,000black soldiers and sailors fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.In the17th and18th centuries,black slaves worked mainly on the tobacco, rice and indigo plantations of the southern coast.After the American Revolution(1775-83),many colonists(particularly in the North,where slavery was relatively unimportant to the economy)began to link the oppression of black slaves to their own oppression by the British,and to call for slavery’s abolition.After the war’s end,however,the new U.S. Constitution tacitly acknowledged the institution,counting each slave as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of taxation and representation in Congress and guaranteeing the right to repossess any“person held to service or labor”(an obvious euphemism for slavery).IMPORTANCE OF THE COTTON GINIn the late18th century,with the land used to grow tobacco nearly exhausted,the South faced an economic crisis,and the continued growth of slavery in America seemed in doubt.Around the same time,the mechanization of the textile industry in England led to a huge demand for American cotton,a southern crop whose production was unfortunately limited by the difficulty of removing the seeds from raw cotton fibers by hand.In1793,a young Yankee schoolteacher named Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin,a simple mechanized device that efficiently removed the seeds.His device was widely copied,and within a few years the South would transition from the large-scale production of tobacco to that of cotton, a switch that reinforced the region’s dependence on slave labor. Slavery itself was never widespread in the North,though many of the region’s businessmen grew rich on the slave trade and investments in southern plantations.Between1774and1804,all of the northern states abolished slavery,but the so-called“peculiar institution”remained absolutely vital to the South.Though the U.S.Congress outlawed the African slave trade in1808,the domestic trade flourished,and the slave population in the U.S.nearly tripled over the next50years.By1860it had reached nearly4million,with more than half living in the cotton-producing states of the South.SLAVES AND SLAVEHOLDERSSlaves in the antebellum South constituted about one-third of the southern population.Most slaves lived on large farms or small plantations;many masters owned less than50slaves.Slave owners sought to make their slaves completely dependent on them,and a system of restrictive codes governed life among slaves.They were prohibited from learning to read and write, and their behavior and movement was restricted.Many masters took sexual liberties with slave women,and rewarded obedient slave behavior with favors, while rebellious slaves were brutally punished.A strict hierarchy among slaves (from privileged house slaves and skilled artisans down to lowly field hands) helped keep them divided and less likely to organize against their masters. Slave marriages had no legal basis,but slaves did marry and raise large families; most slave owners encouraged this practice,but nonetheless did not hesitate to divide slave families by sale or removal.Slave revolts did occur within the system(notably ones led by Gabriel Prosser in Richmond in1800and by Denmark Vesey in Charleston in1822), but few were successful.The slave revolt that most terrified white slaveholders was that led byNat Turner in Southampton County,Virginia, in August1831.Turner’s group,which eventually numbered around75blacks, murdered some60whites in two days before armed resistance from local whites and the arrival of state militia forces overwhelmed them.Supporters of slavery pointed to Turner’s rebellion as evidence that blacks wereinherently inferior barbarians requiring an institution such as slavery to discipline them,and fears of similar insurrections led many southern states to further strengthen their slave codes in order to limit the education, movement and assembly of slaves.In the North,the increased repression of southern blacks would only fan the flames of the growing abolition movement.RISE OF THE ABOLITION MOVEMENTFrom the1830s to the1860s,a movement to abolish slavery in America gained strength in the northern United States,led by free blacks such as Frederick Douglass and white supporters such as William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the radical newspaper The Liberator,and Harriet Beecher Stowe, who published the bestselling antislavery novel“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”(1852). While many abolitionists based their activism on the belief that slaveholding was a sin,others were more inclined to the non-religious“free-labor”argument,which held that slaveholding was regressive,inefficient and made little economic sense.Free blacks and other antislavery northerners had begun helping fugitive slaves escape from southern plantations to the North via a loose network of safe houses as early as the1780s.This practice,known as the Underground Railroad,gained real momentum in the1830s and although estimates vary widely,it may have helped anywhere from40,000to 100,000slaves reach freedom.The success of the Underground Railroad helped spread abolitionist feelings in the North;it also undoubtedly increased sectional tensions,convincing pro-slavery southerners of their northern countrymen’s determination to defeat the institution that sustained them. WESTERN EXPANSION AND DEBATE OVER SLAVERY IN AMERICA America’s explosive growth–and its expansion westward in the first half of the19th century–would provide a larger stage for the growing conflict over slavery in America and its future limitation or expansion.In1820,a bitter debate over the federal government’s right to restrict slavery over Missouri’s application for statehood ended in a compromise:Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state,Maine as a free state and all western territories north of Missouri’s southern border were to be free soil.Although the Missouri Compromise was designed to maintain an even balance between slave and free states,it was able to help quell the forces of sectionalism only temporarily.In1850,another tenuous compromise was negotiated to resolve the question of territory won during the Mexican War.Four years later,however, the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened all new territories to slavery by asserting the rule of popular sovereignty over congressional edict,leading pro-and anti-slavery forces to battle it out(with much bloodshed)in the new state of Kansas.Outrage in the North over the Kansas-Nebraska Act spelled the downfall of the old Whig Party and the birth of a new,all-northernRepublican Party.In1857,the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott case(involving a slave who sued for his freedom on the grounds that his master had taken him into free territory)effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise by ruling that all territories were open to slavery.The abolitionist John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry,Virginia,in1859aroused sectional tensions even further:Executed for his crimes,Brown was hailed as a martyred hero by northern abolitionists and a vile murderer in the South.CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATIONThe South would reach the breaking point the following year,when Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected as president.Within three months,seven southern states had seceded to form the Confederate States of America;four more would follow after the Civil War(1861-65) began.Though Lincoln’s antislavery views were well established,the central Union war aim at first was not to abolish slavery,but to preserve the United States as a nation.Abolition became a war aim only later,due to military necessity,growing anti-slavery sentiment in the North and the self-emancipation of many African Americans who fled enslavement as Union troops swept through the South.Five days after the bloody Union victory at Antietam in September1862,Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation,and on January1,1863,he made it official that“slaves within any State,or designated part of a State…in rebellion,…shall be then, thenceforward,and forever free.”By freeing some3million black slaves in the rebel states,the Emancipation Proclamation deprived the Confederacy of the bulk of its labor forces and put international public opinion strongly on the Union side.Some186,000 black soldiers would join the Union Army by the time the war ended in1865, and38,000lost their lives.The total number of dead at war’s end was 620,000(out of a population of some35million),making it the costliest conflict in American history.THE LEGACY OF SLAVERYThe13th Amendment,adopted late in1865,officially abolished slavery,but freed blacks’status in the post-war South remained precarious,and significant challenges awaited during the Reconstruction period(1865-77). Former slaves received the rights of citizenship and the“equal protection”of the Constitution in the14th Amendment(1868)and the right to vote in the15th(1870),but the provisions of Constitution were often ignored or violated,and it was difficult for former slaves to gain a foothold in the post-war economy thanks to restrictive black codes and regressive contractual arrangements such as sharecropping.Despite seeing an unprecedented degree of black participation in American political life,Reconstruction was ultimately frustrating for African Americans,and the rebirth of white supremacy–including the rise of racistorganizations such as the Ku Klux Klan–had triumphed in the South by1877. Almost a century later,resistance to the lingering racism and discrimination in America that began during the slavery era would lead to the civil rights movement of the1960s,which would achieve the greatest political and social gains for blacks since Reconstruction.。

美国的奴隶制 Slavery In America

Harriet Tubman
Lawn Jockeys were used to mark stations on the underground railroad.
This quilt shows the track pattern which told escaped slaves that this was a “station”, or safe place.
Lee surrendering to Grant
Emancipation Proclamation
• Slave codes were laws meant to control slaves. • These codes forbid slaves from learning to read, owning firearms, or marrying a white person. • The penalty a slave faced for learning to read was having a thumb cut off! • These laws also made the children born to slaves automatically slaves for life (generational slavery).
Nat Turner
Southern account of Turner’s rebellion.
Reward Poster
The Underground Railroad
• The Underground Railroad was a large network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and to Canada. • It is estimated that up to 100,000 slaves escaped the South with the help of “conductors”, or guides. The most famous of these guides was Harriet Tubman. • Slaves escaping North would use a series of “stations”, or safe houses to rest in along the route. • The paths that slaves traveled towards the North were known as “tracks”. • While slavery was outlawed in the North, escaping slaves were not truly free until they reached Canada.

the history of African Americans

Introduction of Slavery
• The first African slaves e brought to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. • By 1700 there were 25,000 slaves in the American colonies, about 10% of the population.
Benjamin Banneker cartoon by Charles Alston, 1943, claiming that Banneker had been a "city planner", "was placed on the commission which surveyed and laid out the city of Washington, D.C.", and had "constructed the first clock made in America".
•
demand for slaves A number of free Blacks, especially indentured children, were kidnapped and sold into slavery with little or no hope of rescue. By 1819 there were exactly 11 free and 11 slave states, which increased sectionalism. Fears of an imbalance in Congress led to the 1820 Missouri Compromise that required states to be admitted to the union in pairs, one slave and one free. •

美国的奴隶制英语作文

美国的奴隶制英语作文The Scourge of Slavery in AmericaThe history of the United States is inextricably linked to the dark legacy of slavery. From the early colonial days to the Civil War, the nation grappled with the moral and economic implications of this abhorrent practice. The subjugation of millions of Africans and their descendants shaped the very fabric of American society, leaving an indeluring mark that continues to reverberate through the present day.The origins of slavery in America can be traced back to the 17th century when the first African slaves were brought to the English colonies. Driven by the insatiable demand for cheap labor to work on the lucrative tobacco, cotton, and sugar plantations, the colonial powers engaged in the transatlantic slave trade. Millions of Africans were forcibly uprooted from their homelands, crammed into the deplorable conditions of slave ships, and sold into a life of bondage.The dehumanizing system of slavery was built upon a foundation of racial prejudice and the belief in the inherent superiority of the white race. Enslaved Africans were viewed as little more than property,stripped of their basic rights and subjected to unimaginable cruelty. Beatings, torture, and even murder were commonplace on the plantations, as slave owners exercised absolute control over the lives of their human chattel.The economic importance of slavery to the burgeoning American colonies cannot be overstated. The labor of enslaved Africans fueled the growth of the agricultural economy, providing the raw materials that were essential to the global trade network. The wealth generated by this exploitative system enriched the plantation owners and the merchants who profited from the slave trade, while the vast majority of the enslaved population lived in abject poverty and deprivation.The moral and philosophical contradictions inherent in a nation founded on the principles of liberty and equality were starkly evident in the persistence of slavery. As the American Revolution unfolded, the hypocrisy of the Founding Fathers who owned slaves became increasingly apparent. Figures like Thomas Jefferson, who famously declared that "all men are created equal," were themselves slave owners, a fact that has long been a source of controversy and debate.The abolitionist movement, which emerged in the early 19th century, sought to challenge the institution of slavery and bring about its demise. Driven by a sense of moral outrage and a belief in theinherent dignity of all human beings, abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman tirelessly advocated for the emancipation of enslaved people. Through their writings, speeches, and direct action, they helped to galvanize a growing anti-slavery sentiment that would eventually lead to the Civil War.The Civil War, which raged from 1861 to 1865, was a pivotal moment in the struggle against slavery. The Union's victory over the Confederacy, which had seceded from the United States in defense of the peculiar institution, resulted in the abolition of slavery through the 13th Amendment to the Constitution. However, the end of legal slavery did not mark the end of racial oppression and discrimination in America.The legacy of slavery has cast a long shadow over the nation's history, manifesting in the Jim Crow laws, the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, and the ongoing struggle for civil rights. The trauma and intergenerational trauma experienced by the descendants of enslaved Africans continue to shape the lived experiences of African Americans to this day. The fight for true racial equality and justice remains an unfinished battle, one that requires a reckoning with the past and a commitment to dismantling the systemic barriers that perpetuate the legacy of slavery.In conclusion, the history of slavery in America is a complex and multifaceted narrative that has profoundly shaped the nation's identity and trajectory. From the horrors of the transatlantic slave trade to the ongoing struggle for racial justice, the scars of this inhumane practice remain visible in the fabric of American society. As the nation confronts its past and grapples with the lasting impact of slavery, it is incumbent upon all citizens to engage in the difficult but necessary work of reconciliation and the pursuit of a more equitable and just future.。

英语作文怎么看待美国历史

英语作文怎么看待美国历史Exploring American history is akin to embarking on a journey through a complex tapestry of triumphs, struggles, and transformations. From its indigenous roots to its status as a global superpower, the narrative of American history is rich, diverse, and often contentious.First and foremost, one must acknowledge the foundational role of Native American civilizations in shaping the landscape of what is now known as the United States. These indigenous cultures exhibited remarkable diversity, with unique languages, customs, and socio-political structures. However, the arrival of European settlers in the 15th century marked a profound and often tragic turning point in American history. The subsequent colonization, displacement, and marginalization of indigenous peoples constitute a dark chapter that continues to reverberate through contemporary debates on land rights and social justice.The American Revolutionary War stands as a pivotal moment in the nation's history, symbolizing the quest for independence and self-governance. The principles enshrined in documents such as the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution laid the groundwork for a fledgling democracy, albeit one marred by contradictions such as slavery and the disenfranchisement of women and minorities. The Civil War, fought over issues of slavery and states' rights, further underscored the nation's deep-seated divisions and the enduring struggle for equality and civil rights.The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed unprecedented industrialization, urbanization, and immigration, transforming America into a burgeoning economic powerhouse. However, this era was also marked by labor unrest, social inequality, and the rise of monopolistic corporations, prompting calls for progressive reforms and regulatory measures.The 20th century ushered in an era of global conflict and geopolitical upheaval, with America playing a centralrole in both world wars. The post-World War II period saw the United States emerge as a dominant superpower, wielding its economic, military, and cultural influence on the world stage. Yet, this period was also characterized by the Cold War rivalry with the Soviet Union, as well as domestic struggles for civil rights and social justice.The latter half of the 20th century and beyond have witnessed remarkable social, political, and technological advancements, including the Civil Rights Movement, the feminist movement, and the digital revolution. However, these achievements have been tempered by persistent challenges such as racial injustice, economic inequality, and environmental degradation.In reflecting on American history, it is essential to adopt a critical and nuanced perspective that acknowledges both the nation's achievements and its failings. While celebrating milestones such as the abolition of slavery, the expansion of suffrage, and the advances in science and technology, one must also confront the legacies of imperialism, racism, and systemic injustice that continueto shape American society.Ultimately, the study of American history offers invaluable insights into the complexities of human experience, the dynamics of power and privilege, and the ongoing quest for freedom and equality. By grappling with the past, we can better understand the present and strive towards a more just and inclusive future for all Americans.。

有关美国早期殖民的英语作文

有关美国早期殖民的英语作文In the early 17th century, European powers began to establish colonies in the Americas, marking the beginning of American colonization. This period of history is crucial in understanding the foundation of the United States and the development of its society, economy, and culture. In this essay, we will explore the early stages of American colonization, focusing on the motives behind colonization, the establishment of colonies, and the challenges faced by the early settlers.The colonization of America was primarily driven by economic motives. European countries, such as England, Spain, and France, sought to expand their wealth and power through overseas ventures. They hoped to find valuable resources, establish trade routes, and exploit new markets. Additionally, religious motivations played a significant role. Many colonizers sought religious freedom and wanted to spread Christianity to the indigenous populations.The first successful English colony in America was Jamestown, established in 1607. The settlers faced numerous challenges, including harsh weather, lack of food, and conflicts with the Native Americans. However, they managed to survive and gradually establish a stable community. The success of Jamestown encouraged further English colonization, leading to the establishment of other colonies, such as Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay.The establishment of colonies in America had a profound impact on both the indigenous populations and the colonizers themselves. The Native Americans faced displacement, violence, and the spread of diseases brought by the Europeans. Many tribes were decimated, and their lands were taken over by the colonizers. On the other hand, the colonizers faced difficulties in adapting to the new environment. They had to learn farming techniques from the Native Americans, overcome language barriers, and deal with unfamiliar diseases.As the colonies grew, they developed distinct social, political, and economic systems. The New England colonies, such as Massachusetts and Connecticut, were characterizedby a strong sense of community and a focus on religious values. The middle colonies, including Pennsylvania and New York, were known for their diversity and tolerance. The southern colonies, such as Virginia and Maryland, relied heavily on agriculture, particularly tobacco cultivation, and developed a hierarchical society with a large slave population.The colonies also played a significant role in the broader geopolitical landscape. European powers competed for control over the colonies, leading to conflicts such as the French and Indian War. These conflicts eventually paved the way for the American Revolution, as the colonists grew increasingly dissatisfied with British rule and sought independence.In conclusion, the early stages of American colonization were driven by economic and religious motives. The establishment of colonies, such as Jamestown, faced numerous challenges but laid the foundation for further colonization. The impact of colonization on both the indigenous populations and the colonizers themselves was profound, shaping the social, political, and economic systems of the colonies. The period of early American colonization set the stage for the eventual independence of the United States and played a crucial role in shaping its history.。

关于美国名著的英语作文

关于美国名著的英语作文Title: Exploring American Literary Masterpieces。

American literature is a rich tapestry woven with diverse voices, themes, and narratives that capture the essence of the nation's history, culture, and identity. From the colonial period to the present day, American writers have crafted enduring masterpieces that continue to resonate with readers worldwide. In this essay, we will delve into the significance of several iconic works of American literature, exploring their themes, characters, and lasting impact on readers.One of the earliest American literary masterpieces is Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter." Set in 17th-century Puritan New England, the novel delves into themes of sin, guilt, and redemption through the story of Hester Prynne, a woman branded with a scarlet letter "A" for adultery. Hawthorne's exploration of the human condition and society's judgmental nature remains relevant today,prompting readers to reflect on the complexities ofmorality and forgiveness.Moving forward in time, F. Scott Fitzgerald's "TheGreat Gatsby" stands as a quintessential portrayal of the Jazz Age and the American Dream. Through the enigmatic Jay Gatsby and the disillusioned narrator Nick Carraway, Fitzgerald examines themes of wealth, love, and the pursuit of happiness. The novel's lyrical prose and vivid imagery capture the allure and emptiness of the Roaring Twenties, while its critique of materialism and social hierarchy remains pertinent in contemporary society.Another seminal work in American literature is Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird." Set in the racially charged atmosphere of 1930s Alabama, the novel follows young Scout Finch as she grapples with issues of justice, compassion, and moral integrity. Through the character of Atticus Finch, Lee challenges prevailing notions of race and class, advocating for empathy and understanding in the face of prejudice and injustice. "To Kill a Mockingbird" continuesto resonate with readers as a timeless exploration of thehuman capacity for both goodness and cruelty.In the realm of poetry, Walt Whitman's "Leaves of Grass" stands as a monument to the American spirit and its celebration of democracy, diversity, and individualism. Whitman's free verse and expansive vision of Americareflect the nation's burgeoning identity in the 19th century, capturing the beauty and vitality of its landscapes and people. His themes of unity and inclusivity continue to inspire readers to embrace the interconnectedness of humanity and the natural world.Finally, Toni Morrison's "Beloved" confronts the legacy of slavery and its enduring impact on African American identity and memory. Sethe, a former slave haunted by her past, grapples with the trauma of her experiences and the specter of a ghostly child come back to haunt her.Morrison's lyrical prose and intricate narrative structure challenge readers to confront the horrors of slavery while also affirming the resilience of the human spirit. "Beloved" serves as a powerful testament to the ongoing struggle for freedom and self-determination in America.In conclusion, American literary masterpieces such as "The Scarlet Letter," "The Great Gatsby," "To Kill a Mockingbird," "Leaves of Grass," and "Beloved" continue to captivate readers with their timeless themes, vivid characters, and profound insights into the human condition. Through these works, readers are invited to explore the complexities of American society and the universal truths that bind us together as human beings. As we engage with these literary treasures, we are reminded of the enduring power of storytelling to illuminate our shared humanity and inspire us to imagine a better, more just world.。

2016考研英语阅读每日精选：美国奴隶制

2016考研英语阅读每日精选：美国奴隶制The Sorry Legacy of the FoundersIn 1784, five years before he became president ofthe United States, George Washington, 52, wasnearly toothless.1784，在52 岁的乔治·华盛顿在成为美国总统 5 年前，牙齿就几乎已经掉光了。

So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth intohis jaw - having extracted them from the mouths ofhis slaves.所以要请牙医给他移植九颗牙齿—而这些牙齿是从他的奴隶口中拔来的。

That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember fromtheir history books.这跟很多人在历史书上读到过的那个砍樱桃树的华盛顿有点大相径庭。

But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of thefounding generation.但是最近开始，历史学家开始越来越关注奴隶制在美国开国一代人的生活中所扮演的角色。

They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almostcertainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.他们多半是受了1998 年DNA 事件的影响。

来安方《新编英美概况》笔记和典型题详解(美国—美国的历史)【圣才出品】

第2章美国的历史2.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence1. The Founding of the colonies2. The Early Immigrants3. Relation between England and Colonies4. The Boston Tea Party5. The First Continental Congress6. The Second Continental Congress7. Military Struggle and Final VictoryⅡ. Appearance of the American Constitution and Territorial Expansion1. America Following Independence2. The Constitutional Convention3. The American Constitution4. The Second War with England (1812)5. The Monroe Doctrine (1823)6. The Mexican War and Its Results (1846-1848)Ⅲ. The Civil War1. The Beginning of Slavery in America2. Conflicts Arising from Slavery3. Lincoln’s Death and American Concept of a Hero4. Effect of the Civil War5. Economic Development6. Progressivism7. The Federal Reserve Bank8. Imperialist Foreign Policy and War with SpainⅣ. America During and After World WarⅠ1. America Entering the War (1917)2. America after World WarⅠ3. The Great DepressionⅤ. America During and After World War Ⅱ1. Background and Outbreak of General War2. Changes of the U.S. Policy3. The Lend-Lease Bill4. America’s Entry into the War5. America after the War6. Cold War and America’s Containment7. Red Scare and the McCarthy Era8. Demand for Reform9. The Watergate Affair10. Reagan Revolution and ClintonⅠ. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence (十三块英属北美殖民地和独立战争)1. The Founding of the colonies (殖民地的建立)(1)The first successful English colony in North America was planted in Virginia in 1607. Thecolonists named their new settlement Jamestown, in honor of the king.英国在北美的第一块殖民地位于弗吉尼亚州。

美国奴隶制起源-讲稿

The Beginning of Slavery in America 美国奴隶制起源Hello, everyone！It is known that racial discrimination against the black people is an old problem in America which can be traced back to the colonial period. It was the dispute over Negro slavery that touched off the American Civil War in 1862.Slavery developed almost side by side with the English—American colonies。

After the colonists reached the New World， they found that one of the problems to be solved was the shortage of labor. The first blacks were brought into the colonies in 1619。

Within a few decades, the demand for cheap labor led to a large slave trade。

After tobacco was successfully planted and more rich people arrived in the colonies， especially in the South, the problem of labor shortage became acute。

European adventurers began to capture Negroes in Western Africa and transported them to America. The slave traders, many of whom were from New England, made a big profit from what was called the triangular trade between Europe, Africa and America。