lecture ten negation
英语翻译技巧之反译法(negation)
(4). Translation of Rhetorical Questions
• There is hardly a clear-cut line between a rhetorical question and a general question. Context decides whether a question is rhetorical or general, except absurd questions such as “Haven’t you got eyes?”. A rhetorical question, which the speaker uses to gain an effect, does not expect any answer.
5. Translation of Various Kinds of Negation (英语各种否定译法 )
(1). Partial Negation 部分否定
• Partial affirmative + not : Partial negative E.g. Some students are not here. ≈ Some students are here. 有些学生不在。
• I like Xiamen very much, don’t you? • 我很喜欢厦门，你呢？
• He won’t go home, but will she? • 他不回家，那她呢？
(3). Translation of Answers to Disjunctive Questions
• It’s not going to rain, is it? • 不会下雨，是不是？ • No. • 是的,不会。 • Yes. it’s going to rain. • 不，会下雨的。
大学高级英语第一册第10课译文及课后答案
“我反对这种说法，”达罗大声叫道。“我只是在考验你的那些愚蠢的想法，世界上没有哪个有知识的基督徒会相信你的那些想法。”
法官敲响小木槌止住了喧哗声，随即宣布休庭，次日再审。
布莱恩孤零零地站在那儿。当观众们纷纷从他身边挤过去同达罗握手时，我的心替这位昔日的英雄难过起来。
第二天中午，陪审团受命对此案进行裁决。陪审员们离席退到草坪的一角，只低声议论了九分钟，结果是判决被告有罪。我被罚款一百美元，并支付诉讼费用。
课后练习答案
I．
1)In the 1920s，when he was a teacher at a secondary school in Dayton，a little town in the mountains of Tenessee，he was charged with teaching evolution and had to be present in the court．The trial。however，rocked the world．After the trial，he studied at the University of Chicago and became a geologist for an oil company later．
我刚到戴顿中学任自然科学教员兼足球教练不久，这件案子就突然降临到我的头上。若干年来，原教旨主义者和现代主义者之间就一直在酝酿着一场冲突。原教旨主义者坚持严格按照字面意义去理解《旧约全书》，而现代主义者则接受查尔斯?达尔文的进化论——认为一切动物，包括猿和人，都是由同一个祖先进化而来的。
在田纳西州，原教旨主义势力很强，州立法机构最近还通过了一项法令，禁止公开讲授“任何否定《圣经》上宣讲的创世说的理论。”这项新法规的矛头直接指向了达尔文的进化论。有位名叫乔治?拉普利亚的工程师因反对这项法规常和当地人进行辩论。有一次辩论中，拉普利亚说，任何人要讲授生物学，就不能不讲进化论。因为我就是讲授生物学的，所以他们便把我叫去作证。
托福听力tpo66全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo66全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Section1 (1)Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture1 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Section2 (13)Conversation2 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (16)译文 (17)Lecture2 (18)原文 (18)题目 (20)答案 (22)译文 (22)Lecture3 (24)原文 (24)题目 (27)答案 (28)译文 (29)Section1Conversation1原文Student:How was that conference last weekend?Professor Miles.Professor:Great.I heard some really terrific presentations,refreshing topics too. About all these,you don't usually hear too much about.Student:why not?Professor:Oh,it's a funny thing about academia.It thinks scholars would do research about every topic imaginable.But actually,some authors,some genres aren't respective very much.So not very much is written them...gothic literature,detective novels.Student:But that's what the conference was about？Professor:Yeah,pretty much.It was kind of subversive,I guess.But there's a whole wealth of knowledge out there just waiting to be explored.I find that really exciting.Student:Sure.Professor:Yeah.Anyway,you wanted to ask me about the final paper?Student:Yeah，which I see now ties into the theme of that conference,since we're supposed to write about a book from one of those lesser genres.I was wondering what about science fiction?Professor:Sure.Though it's a genre that's actually getting more and more respect within academia.There was even a talk at the conference about Jack Vance.Student:He wrote planet of adventure,right?Professor:Yeah.He's a well-researched respected science fiction writer.If you're interested in science fiction,you could look them up.That leads you to lots of other authors and lots of possibilities for your paper.Student:Great.I'm relieved you think that,that's a good genre to study.I'll find a book that interests me and do the paper on that.It seems like most people assume that science fiction is kind of like,I don't know,junk literature.Professor:Yes,a lot of people do.Student:Yeah,but I've read somethings and I think that some of it is really well written and it takes so much imagination to write SCI-Fi.Professor:Well,careful,though,there is a difference between science fiction and Scifi.Student:What do you mean?Professor:SCI fi,that's what you tend to see in films.It has all the spaceships and robots,and it focuses on exotic technology you know factor like special effects，at the expense of a well written story.I think a lot of people don't realize this and tend not to make a distinction.Student:Okay.Professor:But true science fiction is much more intellectual than that. The story is very important,and even though it might take place in an imaginary world,it might have exotic gadgets.The focus is on the plot.Science fiction creates metaphors about our world.And well what it means to be human.It's meant to get people to think about real things like history and human behavior.That's worthy of your time,but not SCI fi.Student:Great.Well.Can I let you know next week which book I want write about?Professor:Sure.题目1.Why does the man go to see the professor?A.To find out what the assignment is for the final paperB.To discuss a conference that the professor attendedC.To get a topic area approved for a class assignmentD.To find out the difference between science fiction and sci-fi2.What was unusual about the conference that the professor attended?A.It included presentations by many scholars who were not well known to the professor.B.It included presentations by students.C.It focused on authors who are respected by most scholars.D.It focused mostly on less popular literary genres.3.Why does the professor mention Jack Vance?[Click on2answers.]A.To encourage the man to write a paper about Planet of AdventureB.To support her point that some authors should be researched moreC.To indicate a way for the man to begin looking for a suitable topicD.To demonstrate that science fiction is gaining attention from scholars4.What is the man’s attitude toward science fiction?A.He is confident that it will become more respected.B.He disagrees with a commonly held opinion about it.C.He understands why it is not well respected.D.He is impressed that it includes exotic technology.5.According to the professor,what is a key difference between sci-fi and science fiction?A.Sci-fi is intellectually more challenging than most science fiction.B.Science fiction stories are often made into films.C.Science fiction places more importance on plot than sci-fi does.D.Science fiction makes little use of exotic technology.答案C D CD B C译文1.学生：上周末的会议如何，Miles教授？2.教授：很好，我听到了很多非常精彩的演讲，以及令人耳目一新的话题，而且这些话题平时都没机会听到。
Lecture 7 Affirmation and negation 汉英翻译 教学课件
2) “semi negatives”– 半否定
hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little, etc. 3) “partial negatives”— 部分否定
3. Such a chance was denied (to) me.
我没有得到这样一个机会。(negation)
4. I have read your article and expected to meet an older man.
拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。
2) Adverbs
(1) we may safely say so.
Negative words and structures sometimes should be readjusted in translation according to contexts. That is to say, depending on the context, we can use either negation or affirmation to translate negatives.
这些飞机留在后方保卫本岛，而没有（不是）用
在急需的地方。
5) Conjunctions
1. Little Emma would rather walk than take a bus.
小艾玛愿意走路而不愿意坐公交车。
2. I will not go unless I hear from him.
如果不接到他的信我就不去。
-- “If the weather holds a couple of days.”
Lecture Ten
3. The schools of American Realism:
1) Frontier Humor
2) Midwestern realism
3) Cosmopolitan Novelist
4) Regionalism (local color)
5) Naturalism 6) The Chicago School of poets 7) The rise of black American literature
American Literature
Lecture Ten
The American Realism (I) (1865 - 1918)
I. Introduction
1. What is American realism? 1) As a literary movement realism came in the latter half of the nineteenth century as a reaction against “the lie” of romanticism and sentimentalism. It expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and for the familiar and the low. 2) The American realists advocated “verisimilitude of detail derived from observation,” the effort to approach the norm of experience —— a reliance on the representative in plot, setting, and character, and to offer an objective rather than an idealized view of human nature and experience.
Lecture 10 笔记总结
Lecture 10 笔记总结句子结构转换•为分可构结其按子句语英•句单简•句杂复•英语的简单句并不总是等同于汉语的简单句（常可译成复句）。
•汉语的单句既包括英语中的简单句，也包括英语中某些带从句的复合句。
•翻译时应做相应句式上的调整。
• E.g.•Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof.•司法部门如果对此不闻不问，那就是没有尽到责任。
（转换成汉语偏正复句的假设句）•Differences between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approachment and co-operation.•各国社会制度不同，但不应妨碍彼此接近与相互合作。
（转换成汉语偏正复句的转折句）•With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.•由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信，但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。
（转换成原因状语从句）定语从句的转换•定语分句翻译应多注意其位置：汉语中定语一般在前，英语一般在后，因此翻译时应注意位置，词序，措辞以及结构上的变化。
•Mr. Murdoch, (who once described classified revenues as “rivers of gold”,) said: “Sometimes rivers dry up.”•默多克先生一度把报纸分类广告形容为“黄金之河”，但他说“有时河流也会干涸。
”(定语从句---并列的分句)•定语从句翻译同时应注意其功能：汉语中定语一般只起修饰和限定作用，而英语定语从句则作用广泛，除修饰限定作用外，还具有类似状语从句的功能，这种状语化的定语分句翻译时则应注意其意义的传达。
高级英语第一册 第十课 词汇、课后练习及答案
第十课 The Trial that Rocked the World目录一、词汇(V ocabulary)--------------------------------------------------------------------------1二、课文解释------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5三、补充练习及答案--------------------------------------------------------------------------22一、词汇(Vocabulary)sweltering ( adj.): that swelters or suffers from the heat；very hot；sultry热得发昏的；酷热----------------------------------------------------------------------------------counsel ( n.): a lawyer or group of lawyers giving advice about legal matters and representing clients in court辩护律师；法律顾问；辩护人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------silver-tongued ( adj.): eloquent；persuasive雄辩的；口才流利的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------orator ( n.): a skilled，eloquent public speaker雄辩家----------------------------------------------------------------------------------jury ( n.): a group of people sworn to hear the evidence and inquire into the facts in a law case，and to give decision in accordance with their findings陪审团----------------------------------------------------------------------------------erupt ( v．): burst forth or out，as from some restraint进发；爆发；喷出----------------------------------------------------------------------------------clash ( n.): a sharp disagreement；conflict抵触；冲突；意见不一致；对立----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fundamentalism ( n.): religious beliefs based on a literal interpretation of everything in the Bible and regarded as fundamental to Christian faith and morals原教旨主义(相信《圣经》所记载的传统的基督教信仰，反对较为近代的教义)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------legislature ( n.): a body of persons given the responsibility and power to make laws for a country or state(esp. the lawmaking body of a state，corresponding to the U．S．Congress)立法机构(尤指美国的州议会)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prohibit ( v．): refuse to permit；forbid by law or by an order禁止；不准----------------------------------------------------------------------------------legality ( n.) : quality，condition，or instance of being legal or lawful；conformity with the law 合法性----------------------------------------------------------------------------------indict ( v．) : accuse；charge with the commission of a cime; esp. make formal accusation against on the basis of positive legal evidence usually said of the action of a grand jury控告，控诉；指控，告发，对……起诉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prosecute (v．) : institute legal proceedings against，or conduct criminal proceedings in court against对……起诉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------festoon ( v．) : adorn or hang with festoons饰以(或悬挂)花彩，结彩于----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sprout (v．) : grow or develop rapidly迅速生长，迅速发展----------------------------------------------------------------------------------rickety ( adj.) : 1iable to fall or break down because weak；shaky易倒的；易垮的；不结实的；不稳固的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------evangelist ( n.) : anyone who evangelizes(esp. a traveling preacher or a revivalist)福音传教士(尤指巡回说教者或信仰复兴者)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------exhort ( v．) : urge earnestly by advice，warning，etc．规劝，劝告，劝戒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------infidel ( n.) : a person who holds no religious belief无宗教信仰者，不信宗教者----------------------------------------------------------------------------------florid ( adj. ) : flushed with red or pink(said of the complexion)(脸色)红润的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------paunchy ( adj. ) : [derog. or humor](esp. of a man)having a fat stomach[贬或幽](尤指男性)大腹便便的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------attorney ( n.) : any person legally empowered to act as agent for. or in behalf of，another(esp. a lawyer) (被当事人授权的法律事务中的)代理人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------shrewd ( adj.) : keen—witted，clever，astute or sharp in practical affairs机敏的；精明的；伶俐的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------magnetic ( adj.) : powerfully attractive(said of a person，personality，etc．)有吸引力的；有魅力的(指人或个性等)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------steep ( v．) : immense，saturate，absorb，or imbue(esp. used as steeped锄：thoroughly filled or familiar with)沉浸；埋头于(尤用作steeped in充满着；沉湎于；精通)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------agnostic ( n.) : a person who believes that the human mind cannot know whether there is a God or an ultimate cause，or anything beyond material phenomena；atheist不可知论者----------------------------------------------------------------------------------growl (v．) : complain in an angry or surly manner牢骚满腹地说----------------------------------------------------------------------------------spar ( v. ) : wrangle or dispute争论；争吵----------------------------------------------------------------------------------drawl ( v．) : speak slowly，prolonging the vowels慢慢吞吞地说----------------------------------------------------------------------------------bigotry ( n.) : the behavior，attitude，or beliefs of a bigot：intolerance；prejudice偏执的行为(或态度、信念等)；偏执；顽固；偏见----------------------------------------------------------------------------------rampant ( adj. ) : spreading unchecked；widespread蔓延的；猖獗的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------faggot ( n.) : a bundle of sticks，twigs，or branches(esp. for use as fuel)柴捆；柴把----------------------------------------------------------------------------------contaminate ( v．) : make impure，infected，corrupt，etc．使感染，传染，毒害----------------------------------------------------------------------------------mammal ( n.) : any of a large class of warm—blooded. usually hairy vertebrates whose off springs are fed with milk secreted by female mammary glands哺乳动物----------------------------------------------------------------------------------snort ( v．) : wave，shake. or exhibit in a menacing, challenging，or exultant way(威胁地、挑战似地、狂喜地)挥舞----------------------------------------------------------------------------------denounce ( v．) : condemn strongly as evil谴责，指责，痛斥----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sonorous ( adj. ) : having a powerful，impressive sound(声音)响亮的；洪亮的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------reconcile ( adj. ) : settle(a quarrel，etc．)or compose(a difference，etc．)调解；调和；使一致；使相符----------------------------------------------------------------------------------divine ( adj. ) : given or inspired by God；holy；sacred神授的，天赐的；神圣的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fervour ( n.) : great warmth of emotion；ardor；zeal；passion热烈；热情，热心，热诚----------------------------------------------------------------------------------arena ( n.) : any sphere of struggle or conflict竞争场所；活动场所----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prairie ( n.) : a large area of level or slightly rolling grassland大草原----------------------------------------------------------------------------------scorch (v．) : char，discolor，or damage the surface of sth. by superficial burning；burn；make a caustic attack on；assail scathingly；excoriate烧焦；烤焦；挖苦；严厉指责(或批评)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pop ( v．) : [colloq．]arise；happen or arrive unexpectedly[口]突然发生，突然出现，突然来到----------------------------------------------------------------------------------duel ( n.) : any contest or encounter suggesting such a fight，usually between two persons(常指两人间的)争斗，冲突，斗争----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hush ( n.) : absence of noise；quiet；silence寂静，平静，安静；默不作声，沉默----------------------------------------------------------------------------------adjourn ( v. ) : close a session or meeting for the day or for a time休会，闭会；延期----------------------------------------------------------------------------------swarm (v．) : be filled or crowded；teem(with)充满，被挤满(常与with连用)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hawker ( n.) : a person who hawks goods in the street；peddle；huckster(沿街叫卖的)小贩----------------------------------------------------------------------------------entrepreneur ( n.) : [Fr．]a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking．assumingthe risk for the sake of the profit[法语]企业家----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ape ( n.) : any of a family(Pongidae)of large，tailless monkeys that can stand and walk in an almost erect position猿----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ponder ( v．) : weigh mentally；think deeply about；consider carefully默想；深思；考虑----------------------------------------------------------------------------------cower ( v．) : shrink and tremble，as from someone's anger，threats，or blow(因别人发怒、威胁或打击而)畏缩；发抖，哆嗦----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sulphurous ( adj.) : violently emotional；heated；fiery异常激动的；激烈的；暴怒的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------dispatch ( n.) : a news story sent to a newspaper，radio station，etc．，as by a special reporter or news agency(特派记者或新闻社发给报社、电台的)(新闻)电讯，电文，通讯----------------------------------------------------------------------------------yokel ( n.) : [a contemptuous term]a person living in a rural area；rustic；country bumpkin[贬]乡巴佬，土包子----------------------------------------------------------------------------------perch ( v．) : alight or rest on or as on a perch栖息；停歇；坐在高处----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gawk ( v．) : stare like a gawk，in a stupid way(像呆子般)呆呆地盯着，呆视----------------------------------------------------------------------------------wily ( adj.) : full of wiles；crafty；sly狡猾的；狡诈的；诡计多端的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------repel ( v．) : drive or force back；hold or ward off击退；抵挡住----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fervent ( adj.) : having or showing great warmth of feeling；intensely devoted or earnest；ardent；passionate热烈的，满怀热情的，热心的，深表热诚的；强烈的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Genesis ( n.) : the first book of the Bible，giving an account of the creation of the universe《创世纪》(《圣经·旧约》的首卷)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------snigger ( n.) : a sly，derisive，partly stifled laugh窃笑；暗笑----------------------------------------------------------------------------------twirl (v．) : rotate rapidly；spin(使)快速旋转，(使)迅速转动----------------------------------------------------------------------------------serpent ( n.) : a snake，esp. a large or poisonous one蛇(尤指大蛇或毒蛇)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------livid ( adj.) : grayish—blue；pale；lead—colored青灰色的；铅色的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------slur ( n.) : any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm someone's reputation；aspersion，reproach，stigma，etc．诽谤；污辱；诋毁，中伤，破坏……的名誉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gavel ( n.) : a small mallet rapped on the table by a presiding officer in calling for attention orsilence or by an auctioneer(会议主席、法官或拍卖商用以敲击桌子的)小木槌，议事槌----------------------------------------------------------------------------------quell ( v．) : crush；subdue；put an end to镇压；平息----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hubbub ( n.) : a confused sound of many voices；noise；uproar；tumult吵闹声，喧哗，喧嚣；鼎沸；骚动----------------------------------------------------------------------------------forlorn (adj.) : abandoned or deserted被抛弃的；被遗弃的；孤独的，寂寞的／forlornly adv．----------------------------------------------------------------------------------verdict ( n.) : the formal and unanimous finding of a jury on the matter submitted to them in a trial 裁定；判决----------------------------------------------------------------------------------conviction ( n.) : a convicting 0r being convicted证明有罪；(被)判罪；定罪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语(Expressions)adhere to : continue to obey or maintain(esp，a rule，standard or belief)坚持，忠于例：She adheres to her principles throughout her teaching career. 她在整个教学生涯中始终坚持自己的原则。
Lecture Ten (Contest)
Contest
• 1. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the number of cities increased up to_______. • A. 100 B. 200 C. 300 D. 150
• 2. Which province is Fenghuang Ancient city located in? • A. Shan’xi Province B. Zhejiang • C. Hunan Province D. Yunnan Province
Su Dongpo, 题西林壁
• 1. Name the seas stretching from north to south of China:
(Bohai, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea)
• 2. What is the special feature of Chinese architectural culture?
put special emphasis on the harmonious relationship between the city and natural environment. In other word, the idea of nature-man integrity
• 3. What are the four wonderful mountain scenes of Mount Huang?
(Qufu)
10. The Elephant Trunk Hill is located along the river cruise of Lijiang River.
lecture twelve conversion
They were quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.
他们十分满意试验中获得的数据。
We believe that Europe should and will be outward-looking.
我们认为，欧洲应该而且必将放眼全球。
After the marriage, Michael adopted Linda’s son by a former boyfriend.
婚后，麦克收养了琳达与前男友生的儿子。
5 Conversion of verbs
① verbs to nouns 英语中有不少由名词派生的动词，在译成 汉语时很难找到完全对应的动词来表达， 可 以 将 其 译 成 名 词 。
上网很简单
Analysis
含有动作意味的名词往往可转译成动词。
These rustic lassies are good singers.
这些乡下小姑娘歌唱得很好。
I think she is a better teacher than him..
我觉得她比他教得好
Analysis
英语中有些后缀-er或-or的名词，如smoker, thinker, translator, teacher, farmer等，有时在句中并 意在指出其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味， 往往可译为动词。
It is clear that numerical control is the operation of machine tools by numbers
很清楚，数控就是机床采用数字操纵 Dabord said he shot Dele in self-defense. 德伯德说他是出于自id repeatedly that the American war in Indochina would soon be over.
#英汉互译#lecturenote8（仅供参考）
#英汉互译#lecturenote8（仅供参考）Lecture note 81、Agentive nouns（包含施动者信息的名词）翻译时，英语注重静态语势（名词），中文则将名次翻译为动词。
——如何使句子更加静态化？——尽量使用无实义的动词。
1.He is a heavy smoker.他烟瘾很重。
2.他烟瘾很重，一天要抽两包烟。
He is a smoker of two-packs a day.3.He is a good listener and they like to talk with him.他很善于倾听，所以大家都喜欢和他聊天。
4.I’m afraid I’m not much of a good math teacher for your son.我想以我的数学水平恐怖难以教好您的儿子。
（补习或家教）5.I am not much of a sailor.我很容易晕船。
/我不喜欢乘船旅行。
6.Many teachers are tough markers here.这里很多老师打分都很严格。
7.They could be obstructionists（设障碍）across a whole range of issues.他们在很多事情上都多加刁难。
8.He is known as a maker of many enemies.他树敌颇多。
/他被称为常胜将军。
9.My family are all early risers./early-birds.我们全家都习惯早起。
10.He was a regular contributor to that magazine.他定期给杂志社投稿。
11.That boy is a master complicator.master=be good at这个男孩就是个捣蛋鬼。
12.What’s the matter? You’re all clock-watchers today.怎么了，你们怎么总在看表？weight-watcher；calorie-calculater13.Since he lost his job, he’s been a loner.自从他失去工作之后，人变得很孤僻。
Lecture 10
• 第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新 鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以叫做 “陌生化效应”吧。(10)
Analysis: Attention should be paid to cohesive devices: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction lexical cohesion
• Another example: • 为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美 国也需要进一步了解中国。 • To promote the development of Sino-American relations, China needs to know the United States better, and vice versa. • S8:……饿了吃糠甜加蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜. A: Even chaff tastes sweet as honey when one is hungry, whereas honey does not taste sweet at all when one is full. B: The least tasteful food taste sweet when you’re hungry while the sweetest honey tastes nothing special when you’re full. C: Husks will taste like honey when you are hungry, and vice versa. (better)
• S4: 开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。S5: 吃 头两个主菜时，也赞不绝口。 A: When we begin with the first course or the appetizer, we are very positively impressed. When we continue with the first two main courses, we are also full of praises for the dishes. B: you will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. (better)
正说反译、反说正译法
精品..
正说反译法（动词）
• Today he failed to get to school on time. • 他今天没有准时到校。 • If the crops fail there will be a serious
food shortage. • 如果谷物收成不好，将会出现严重的粮荒 • The letter failed to arrive. • 信没有送到。 • His secretary failed to tell him about it. • 他的秘书没有告诉他。
• 由于看不到、也不去分析语言问题与非语言问题之 间的相互关系，产生了两大不足
• This failure was the making of him. • 这次不成功是他成功的基础。
• The government’s failure to carry out their election pledge
• 消防队员成功把火势控制在存放不易燃烧物 品的仓库范围内。
• 二十一岁以下的人不he plan failed and for years he lost his political power.
• 计划失败了，他在政治上多年不得志。 • Such a chance was denied me. • 我没有得到这样的机会。 • Ex-Governor Stark remained a private
精品..
正说反译法（形容词）
• Slips are scarcely avoidable when you’re new to your work.
• 工作没有经验，出点差错在所难免。
• A young clerk new to the job • 对工作还不熟悉的年轻办事员
Lecture 4 Negation in Business Translation
幻灯片1Lecture 4 NegationinBusiness Translation幻灯片2句法翻译之一：否定句式就词汇而言，英语中表示否定的词语比汉语多，按词分类，有名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等；从意义上分，有完全否定、部分否定、含蓄否定、双重否定等其他否定形式。
就表达方式而言，有用单词表示的，也有用特殊结构表示的。
先举个简单的例子：1）China’s negotiation over its WTO membership was not an easy task.中国入世谈判不是一件轻而易举的事情。
（客观评价）2）China’s negotiation over its WTO membership was no easy task. 中国入世谈判决非一件轻而易举的事情。
（主观强调）幻灯片3句法翻译之一：否定句式在汉语中，“不”、“非”、“没有”等这些否定词都是直接放在被否定的词语前面的，但是在英语里，和谓语在一起的not有时并不是否定谓语动词，而是否定句子中的其他成分，可它又没有直接放在被否定的词语前面。
因此就产生了判别否定对象的问题。
如果把否定对象搞错了，全句的意思也就会弄错，甚至把意思弄反。
在这方面我们主要考虑有这样几种情况：●1）完全否定 2）部分否定●3）形式否定 4）含蓄否定●5）否定转移 6）双重否定幻灯片4否定句式（1）：完全否定英语表示完全否定的词语有no, not, never, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither…nor…等。
含有这些词语的完全否定句一般情况下意思都是一目了然的，只要注意译文的表达，符合现代汉语习惯就行了。
例如：There is no denying the fact that marketing research is an important factor in the success of a business.不能否认市场调研是企业成功的一个主要因素。
上课听讲不认真的英语作文
上课听讲不认真的英语作文In the classroom, attentiveness is the key to grasping knowledge effectively. However, there are times when students may find it challenging to stay focused during lectures. Here's a composition on the importance of paying attention in class:In the hustle and bustle of our daily lives, it is easy to lose focus, especially when faced with the monotony of a classroom setting. Yet, the act of paying attention during class is not just a matter of discipline; it is the cornerstone of learning.First and foremost, being attentive in class allows students to absorb new information more efficiently. When a student is fully engaged, their mind is like a sponge, soaking up every detail the teacher imparts. This leads to a deeper understanding of the subject matter, which is crucial for academic success.Moreover, staying focused in class helps to build a strong foundation for future learning. Each lesson builds upon the previous one, and missing out on key points can create gapsin knowledge that are difficult to bridge later on. By paying attention, students ensure that they are well-equipped totackle more complex topics as they progress through their studies.Another advantage of being attentive is that it fosterscritical thinking. When students actively listen and engage with the material, they are more likely to ask questions, challenge assumptions, and develop their own insights. Thisnot only enriches their learning experience but also prepares them for the intellectual rigors of higher education and the workplace.Furthermore, attentiveness in class can lead to better grades. Teachers often take note of students who are consistently engaged and may reward them with higher participation marks. Additionally, students who pay attention are more likely to remember important information during exams, leading tobetter performance.However, it is not always easy to stay focused. Distractions such as smartphones, tiredness, or even the content of the lesson itself can make it difficult for students to concentrate. To combat this, students can try various strategies such as sitting in the front row, taking notes, or participating in class discussions.In conclusion, the benefits of being attentive in class are manifold. It enhances learning, builds a solid foundation for future studies, promotes critical thinking, and can even lead to better grades. As students, it is our responsibility to overcome distractions and make the most of our time in the classroom.This composition highlights the significance of paying attention in class and offers some strategies to help students stay focused. It is a reminder that every moment spent in a classroom is an opportunity for growth and learning.。
实用英语翻译6 Negation
介词
I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task． 我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。 I have fallen behind with my correspondence. 我有一些信件没有及时答复。
形容词 agreeable sweetness 甜而不腻 the unbounded universe 浩瀚的宇宙 The plan is final. 那个计划没得商量。 He would be the last man to say such things. 他绝不可能说这种话。 Now, Clara, be firm with the boy. 听我说，克拉拉，对这孩子可不能心软。
一、英译汉正说反译法---动词 refuse（不愿；不肯；无法），lack（缺乏；没 有），defy（不服从；不遵守；不让），forbid（不 许），stop（不准）和ignore（不理；不肯考虑） The window refuses to open. 窗户打不开。 Such a chance denied me. 我没有得到这个机会。 The plan leaves much to be desired． 这个方案大有不足之处。
cannot see an inch beyond one’s nose
鼠目寸光
四、双否定译肯定
There can be no sunshine without shadow. 译文：有阳光就有阴影。 It’s not seldom that he plays poker. （= He often plays poker. ） 译文：他常常打扑克。 We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 译文：我们对生活要永远抱乐观态度。 There is no story without coincidence. 无巧不成书。
negation
正说反译或反说正译的相互转换， 其目的主要有三个： 1. 明确语义。 2. 加强修辞。 3. 符 合目的语习惯。
注意：英语正面表达是指在原文中没有用no、not或 带否定意义前缀的词，如： dishonest, impossible, indirect 。 英语中有些词或短语常常正说反译，如： miss the bus( 没有赶上公共汽车 ) ， live up to the Party's expectations( 不辜负党的期望 ) ， be absent from the meeting( 没有出席会议 ) ， a final decision( 不可改变的决定 ) ， (be) at a loss ( 不知 所措 ) 等。 英语中有时原词所表达的并不是其字面意义， 而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面意义的 否定。例如： gas mask( 防毒面具 ) ， riot police( 防暴警察 ) ， crisis law( 反危机法案 )
他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。 正译： He still could not understand me. 反译： Still he failed to understand me. 无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。 正译： She can hardly be rated as a bright student. 反译： She is anything but a bright student. Please withhold the document for the time being. 正译： 请暂时扣下这份文件。 反译： 请暂时不要发这份文件。
Such mistakes couldn‘t long escape notice. 这类错误迟早会被发觉的. (三)有些否定表达在译成汉语时,为了符合目的语的语言习惯,则 需使用正译法. The examination left no doubt that the patient died of cancer. 检验结果清楚地表明病人死于癌症. Even so, I still insist that for the individual himself nothing is more important than this personal, interior sense of right and wrong. 即便如此,我仍坚持认为,对个人而言,最重要的莫过于这种根植于 个人心灵深处的是非感,以及坚决按这种是非感行事的决心. Hitler's undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met with world-wide condemnation. 希特勒对犹太人的露骨迫害行为受到全世界的谴责. Mr. Rumsfeld said the Soviet Union was unprecedentedly engaged in a missle-building program. 拉姆斯菲尔德说,苏联正以空前的规模推行制造导弹的计划.
Collegelectures Is Anybody Listening原文翻译
P607 College lectures: Is Anybody Listening?纽约大学的Robert A Fowkes是我过去的一位老师。
他喜欢讲在上世纪30年代他在德国上，古威尔士语课的故事。
第一天上课，教授大步走上讲台，翻了翻笔记，咳嗽了一声，开始说道：“早上好，女士们、先生们。
”Fowkes不安地扫视一番。
他是上这门课的唯一学生。
在学期中间，Fowkes因病缺了一次课。
他回到课堂的时候，教授毫无表情地向他点了点头。
接着令Fowkes大吃一惊的是，教授没有按照顺序讲下一课，而是讲了后面一课。
难道他真的在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空教室讲了一课？Fowkes认为这太有可能了。
今天美国的大学受到了各方面的严厉指责。
人们指责老师没有教好，学生没有学好。
美国的商业和工业饱受无进取心的，缺乏创造力的管理人员之苦，这些人受的教育是自己不要思考，而是说一些时时的、在世界上其他地方早已抛弃的陈词滥调。
大学毕业生既没有基本技能也没有全面修养。
有人对高等教育的状况做了研究并发表了报告，但由此引发的变化在很大程度上不是表面的，就是使已经糟糕的情形变得更糟。
美国教育中很少被挑战的方面是讲课制度。
教授不停地讲，学生不停地记笔记，就像十三世纪时的情形一样，那时是因为书本匮乏又昂贵，很少有学生买得起。
我们早就该舍弃讲课制度，开始使用真正有用的方法。
想要了解现行体制的不足只要跟着一个假设的一年级学生就行了。
我们暂且称她为玛丽，我们还是跟她去上一个学期的心理学导论。
她到的第一天环顾巨大的课堂，看到班级这么大有些吃惊。
一旦一百或一百多个注册的学生发现教授从不点名，班级就缩小到不那么吓人的规模了。
有几天玛丽坐在前排，她可以看到教授在读一叠几乎和他的年纪一样老的发黄的讲义。
她听课烦了，其他大部分同学也听烦了，这从他们的行为中可以判断出：他们要么在打盹，要么在笔记本上涂鸦。
渐渐地她意识到教授和他的听众一样感到无聊。
每次课结束时他都问道：“有问题吗？”他的语气明显表明他更希望没有问题。
英语泛读教程unit10课文翻译
改革1.文艺复兴带到了欧洲精神和思想在中世纪完全不同于的一种方式。
另一种与中世纪的突破之际，改革者质疑教会，其政治影响力已经减弱，在中世纪晚期的权威。
到了14世纪，教会内的改革正在要求在欧洲的许多国家。
2.不满教会是特别强在神圣罗马帝国的德国各州。
虔诚的德国人声讨让主教买他们的立场的做法。
许多德国人憎恨神职人员的一些成员的世俗，缺乏虔诚，和贪婪。
3.谁成为对教会的抗议活动的领导者是德国和尚的人，马丁·路德（1483-15460）。
路德教会圣经研究在维滕贝格的大学。
他带领一个严格和虔诚的生活，但感到不安的罪恶的感觉，担心他将永远不会进入天国。
激烈的心理斗争之后，路德开始相信男人和女人只能由上帝的恩典，这将在基督里给予他们的信仰被保存。
他认为，虽然一个真正的基督徒将执行好作品，这些并没有带来拯救。
基督徒，路德认为，通过恩典和信心得到了救赎。
4.路德的信仰使他直接冲突与教会了人们如何能得到赦免的罪的问题。
教会教导说，大多数罪将被原谅，如果一个人供认了一名牧师，后悔的行动，并求上帝宽恕，并没有忏悔，如空腹或祈祷。
还是被赦免的罪另一种方式，不过，是要给予放纵。
一种放纵，有人认为，减少了一个人的灵魂将不得不花费在痛苦或惩罚之前灵魂达到天堂的时间。
路德的时代，宽容可以以换取教会货币的贡献来获得。
有些神职人员出售宽容主要是筹集资金，为教会或主教的一种方式。
5.宽容的销售受到广泛批评，并在1517年10月31日，路德质疑这种做法公开。
在上一维滕贝格教堂的门，他钉95这些，或参数，攻击出售赎罪券，并邀请辩论。
路德的挑战，新的迅速蔓延。
尽管教会反对官员路德，很多人同意他的想法，他开始质疑其他教会的教学。
像早期的改革者，路德说，圣经提供的所有的人需要住一个基督徒生活的指导。
路德认为人们应该阅读圣经，找到路径的信心。
他没有想到，他们不得不依靠由教皇或神职人员给出的解释。
他敦促改变教会服务，并说，神职人员成员应该被允许结婚。
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尽管我从未见到他喝点什么或吃点什么，但他 似乎仍然精神饱满。
（5）
It is a good workman that never blunders.
智者千虑，必有一失。
It is a long lane that has no end.
路必有弯/天无绝人之路
The types of negation
能源将再也不会是战争的一个祸根，再也 不会影响外交事务了。
The specification lacks detail.
这份说明书不够详尽。
Analysis Two:由动词或动词短 语引起的否定常见的有：Fail to do/ lack /refuse/stop/ protect from/ prevent from/ cease...
A few instruments are in a state of neglect.
一些仪器处于无人管理状态。
The absence of air also explains why the stars do not seem to twinkle in space, as they do from the earth.
摩擦并不总是不利的，在许多情况下，它是 非常重要的。
Analysis Seven: 部分否定主要由 all, every, both, always等含全体意义的词 与否定 be too careful in proofreading
.校对时，越仔细越好。
The importance of the conference can’t be overestimated.
这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。
（3）
This subject is quite beyond him.
The temperature would have continued to go up but that feedback took place.
要不是发生反馈，温度还会继续升高。
Gasoline is too volatile to be kept in an open vessel.
汽油太易挥发，不能存放在敞口的容器 内。
在自然界中不牵涉到两个物体，就不会有作 用力。
Analysis One : 英语中的双重 否定句，可译为双重否定句或肯 定句。
(2) Indirect negation The source of energy will cease to be a reason for war or an influence on foreign affairs.
正因为没有空气，所以星星在太空中不像 从地球上看时那么闪闪发光。
Analysis Three: 由名词引起的 否定： Neglect/absence/loss/exclusion …
The study confirmed that few people are likely to escape the effects of nuclear exchange.
Analysis Four: 由形容词或形容 词短语引起的否定：Free…from/ ignorant of/short of/ last/little/few
The theory of Relativity worked out by Einstein is now above many people’s comprehension.
这么学科是他所不能理解的。
The procedure is far from complicated.
这程序一点也不复杂。
(4) All that glitters is not gold.
发光的不全是金子。
He seemed as fresh as ever, for all that I never saw him drink or eat.
Analysis Six: 由连词及短语引起 的否定：Before/but/would rather…than/too…to
3) Partial Negation
Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.
不是两种物质都溶于水。
Friction is not always a disadvantage. In many instances it is highly important.
For practical reasons, it is impossible to maintain this figure in manufacturing without great cost.
由于实际原因，要保持这一生产数字，费用 必然很高。
There can never be a force acting in nature unless two bodies are involved.
1) Double negation There is no rule that has no exception.
任何规则都有例外。
I am not reluctant to accept your proposal.
你的建议我愿意接受。
It never rains but it pours.
不雨则已，雨则倾盆。
Lecture ten Negation
（1）Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.
不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。
This version is not placed first because it is simple.
此方案并不是因为简易而放在首位。
研究证实几乎无人能逃脱互投核弹造成的恶 果。
The precision instrument must be kept free from dust.
精密仪器必须保持无尘。
Present supplies of steel are short of requirements.
目前钢的供应不够市场需要。
爱因斯坦提出的“相对论”，现在还有不少人 理解不了。
Jack considered it beneath him to trade with such people.
杰克认为和这样的人交易有失身份。
Analysis Five: 由介词或介词短 语引起的否定：Beyond/ above/ beneath/beside/ instead of