“I Have a Dream”的修辞特征分析讲课稿
《我有一个梦想》教案(优秀6篇)
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IHaveaDream的修辞艺术
I Have a Dream的修辞艺术2019-09-291963年8⽉28⽇，25万⼈响应马丁·路德·⾦（Martin Luther King）的号召，在美国⾸都华盛顿游⾏，争取⽴法保障⿊⼈的权利。
马丁·路德·⾦在林肯纪念馆前的⽯阶，对群众发表著名的I Have a Dream演讲。
他以饱满的战⽃激情，为⿊⼈喊出了时代的最强⾳，不但深深打动了亿万民众，⽽且也给政府以振聋发聩的警⽰。
该演讲词⽂采斐然，⼏乎每⼀句话都运⽤了⼀种或⼏种修辞⽅法，极具感召⼒和感染⼒。
1. Simile(明喻)明喻是⼀种最简单、最常见的修辞⽅法，就是将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物加以对⽐，⽤另⼀种事物⽐⽅所要说明的事物。
它的作⽤是使语⾔形象⽣动，使深奥的道理变得浅显易懂。
No,no,we are not satisfied,and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. （不，不，我们不会满意，直⾄公正似⽔奔流，正义如泉喷涌。
）湍湍流⽔及奔涌的江河本属平朴的⾃然物象，但将正义及公正与其相⽐，确是平中出奇，发⼈深思。
马丁·路德·⾦寓情于事，寓情于喻，尽情挥洒着饱满的情感，更能引起听众的共鸣。
2. Metaphor(暗喻)暗喻与明喻的不同之处在于：暗喻不⽤⽐喻词，有时甚⾄不⽤本体只说喻体，或者把甲事物当成⼄事物描写。
暗喻没有指明两个不同事物的共同点，⽽是⽤⼀个具有形象意义的词来直接称谓或代替某个事物。
从某种意义上说，暗喻⽐明喻更富有感情，更具表现⼒。
Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.（我们不能⽤仇恨的苦酒来缓解热望⾃由的⼲渴。
从修辞的角度分析《我有一个梦想》的语言特色
从修辞的角度分析《我有一个梦想》的语言特色摘要：我们高中所学过一篇著名的演讲词《我有一个梦想》。
本文将就以美国著名的黑人民权运动领袖马丁•路得•金所写的这篇演讲名作为例子, 来分析文章中比喻、排比、对比、反复、引用等修辞方法在这篇演讲词中的作用, 并指出修辞在这篇演讲词中所具有的语言魅力。
关键词：我有一个梦想、演讲词、修辞、语言特色正文：1963 年8 月28 日, 在华盛顿特区一次25 万人的集会上, 美国黑人牧师、著名的黑人民权运动领导袖马丁•路德•金发表了著名的演说——《我有一个梦想》, 此文之所以能获得巨大成功, 除内容丰富、思想深邃外, 主要得力于它诗一般的语言。
作者就像一位修辞大师,整篇演讲, 新颖贴切的比喻、气势磅礴的排比、反差强烈的对比、动人心魄的反复、恰到好处的引用, 俯拾即是, 犹如“杂花生树”, 大大地增强了该演讲的感染力与表达效果。
一、恰切的比喻如用“灯塔”和“黎明”来比喻林肯签署的解放黑奴宣言的意义；用“ 物质充裕的海洋中一个穷困的孤岛” 和“故土家园中的流亡者”来比喻黑人的处境, 生动地描绘出美国黑人的生存现象和他们内心的渴望。
“ 空头支票” 形象地表现出了政府许诺和现实之间的距离。
诸如此类, 不一而足。
作者利用丰富多彩的比喻, 将一些抽象、理论性较强的问题描述得活灵活现、绘声绘色, 既富于无穷的美感, 又蕴含着深刻的思想，令人难忘，回味久远。
二、多姿的排比这篇著名的演讲中有一个显著特点就是善于使用排比的辞格来表达自己丰富的思想内涵, 并使表达的内容波澜起伏、气势雄伟, 具有清晰的层次感, 也显得优美和谐, 具有很强的韵律感。
( 一) 短语排比。
例如第27 自然段：“有了这个信念, 我们将能一起工作, 一起祈祷, 一起斗争, 一起坐牢, 一起维护自由；因为我们知道, 终有一天, 我们会是自由的。
”这一句中各分句之间的短语排比, 表达了黑人团结协作, 将民权运动进行到底的决心与信念。
I have a dream 说课稿
说课稿我的说课题目是I have a dream我有一个梦想，是高二年级十四单元的阅读课文。
一教材分析1．本单元的中心话题是“自由战士”，即那些为自由，民主，平等而战斗的人们。
听、说、读、写始终围绕这一主题展开。
语言知识和语言技能部分主要围绕freedom fighters这一中心话题进行设计。
而阅读部分讲述了马丁。
路德。
金为黑人争取平等权利的过程。
阅读课是单元整体教学的重要环节。
作为此单元的第三个课时，它的作用首先是对前两课时热身、听力、口语的巩固，同时为后面的语言学习语法学习提供了载体，并且它是学生获取有关MLK信息的主要来源。
2．教学目标●知识目标本课要求学生学习MLK主要生活经历，掌握课文相关的词汇词组句型，并再次复习被动语态，加深学生对教材理解。
●能力目标本节课的学习，要求学生能通过快速阅读抓住关键词，概括总结全文提纲和主题，目的在于培养学生了良好的阅读和表达技巧。
●情感目标对MLK学习，旨在培养学生对国家对人民的高度责任感，提高民族意识和对自由和民主平等的认识，从而树立正确的人生观和世界观。
3．重点和难点●重点：文章的重点在于训练学生的阅读技巧提高阅读能力，并让学生扩充有关民主运动和种族歧视的词汇并学会如何正确运用重点词汇和被动语态。
按照新课标的要求，阅读将继续加强对学生阅读速度的要求，词汇量的要求也大为增加，而高二的学生正处理能力提升阶段，对此强化学生阅读能力和词汇量相等重要，也就成了阅读课的重点。
●难点：就语言知识上来说，课文中出现几个复合句是语言理解的难点。
这里涉及到表语从句，定语从句，宾语从句。
名词性从句和定语从句可以说是高中语法句式学习得难点所在，但由于此两种句式相似之处，极易混淆。
如何正确分析和运用这些从句就成了语言方面的难点。
我们的学生生活在和平和繁荣的中国，未曾亲身体验种族歧视和民主压迫。
因此在文章内容理解上，如何让学生正确理解MLK毕生为黑人的民主权利而斗争的目的和意义，进而培养学生的责任心，调整自己的人生观和世界观，就成为一个难点。
从修辞角度分析I have a dream
• simile明喻 • metaphor暗喻 • pun双关 • personification拟人 • hyperbole夸张 • metonymy借代、转喻 • onomatcpocia拟声 • irony讽刺 • climax 层递 • parallelism排比
• allusion典故 • periodic sentence圆周
segregation and the chains of
discrimination.One hundred years later, the
Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity（ Oxymoron矛盾修饰法、Metonymy转喻、 Transferred Epithets移就）. One hundred years
will give us upon demand the riches of freedom
and the security of justice.
• We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to（Repetition重复、 parallelism排比） make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice（Antithesis对照）. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quick sands of racial injustice（Antithesis对照） to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children.
主题班会教案2“I Have a Dream”(我有一个梦想)
主题班会教案2“I Have a Dream”（我有一个梦想）班级：任课老师：课题：我有一个梦想，“给自己定目标，树梦想！”上课时间：2010年4月（40分钟）课程设计理念：在高中二年级下册的英语课本上有一篇课文是著名的马丁路德金的演讲文“I Have a Dream”，课文讲述了毕生的梦想：为黑人争取权利而战。
正是这一伟大的梦想，一直激励他为此奋斗。
从此我们可以看出梦想对个人的积极促进上进起到关键性的作用。
在当代，我们不需要学生有这么伟大崇高的理想，但是对于个人来讲，胸怀自己的目标，能够无时无刻激励自我本身努力进取，想成功不断迈进。
课程目标：（1）学生要求树立自己的短期目标以及长远目标；（2）通过在准备主题班会以及进行的过程中感受名人背后朝梦想奋进的励志事例。
同时以此给学生树立学习的榜样。
（3）现阶段，正视高考，制定出切合自己的各个科目的学习目标。
教具：PPT，课前准备：（1）把全班学生分成5个小组，每个小组分别予以任务；（2）根据选定的名人事例，各个小组成员收集整理相关文字和图片素材，重点突出梦想对于他们的激励；（3）从本组中推选出一位或者多位同学负责准备演讲稿，在课堂上讲演，以“I Have a Dream”为题；（4）在上课前，我会对班上同学搜集查找的资料进行整理，制作一个供课堂使用的PPT，以及收集相关励志歌曲。
如“梦想”-张靓颖；“奋勇向前”-陆毅等。
课程设计过程：主要分为四个部分：1.名人事例介绍每个小组都有各自收集名人事例的任务，根据所收集材料，对其事例向全班同学进行详细讲解。
旨在突出梦想在其中所起作用。
2.分组演讲根据每组确定，推荐的同学，依次进行单独的演讲比赛。
由班委，团支部成员组成评定小组，对演讲同学的表现进行打分，对前几名同学颁发奖品。
（获奖人数以报名人数比例而定）3.畅所欲言，抒发你我梦想短期目标，长期目标，高考目标，各个奋斗目标。
班上同学围成一个圈，在老师的带领下一起畅所欲言。
马丁路德金《I have a dream》演讲赏析
《I have a dream》演讲赏析每一场感人肺腑的演讲，其实都是演讲稿和演讲口才的完美融合。
演讲稿是演讲的支撑，演讲口才是演讲吸睛的法宝。
对一场演讲的赏析，自然要从演讲稿和演讲口才两方面谈起。
一、演讲稿赏析俗话说：“巧妇难为无米之炊”，一次动人心弦、气贯长虹的演讲绝对离不开一篇妙笔生花、超凡脱俗的演讲稿，演讲稿写好了，演讲就成功了一半。
好的演讲稿必定会闪现出思想的光芒，迸发出智慧的火花，而马丁•路德•金的《I have a dream》就是这些好的演讲稿中的代表作，在人类历史的长河中熠熠生辉。
《I have a dream》是一篇政治类演讲稿，强烈反映了黑人对于种族歧视政策的反抗和对自由平等的追寻。
无论是话题、内容还是层次，都具有很大的特点。
首先，话题的政治性强烈，马丁•路德•金在其中表明了他的非暴力抗议与联合有良知的白人的主张，鲜明地表达他的政治倾向，理性地把握住历史的发展方向；其次，内容的鼓动性强烈，语言表达富有感染力，思想深刻，发人深省；最后，层次的逻辑性严谨，环环相扣、层层深入、一气呵成、滔滔不绝。
下面展开内容进行分析。
马丁•路德•金开门见山，揭示主题，表明自己演讲的目的：鼓励黑人追求真正的自由与平等。
虽然只是一句话，但是包含了问候语和对自由的渴望与信心，霎时令全场肃穆。
随后，引用美国前总统林肯签署的《解放黑人奴隶宣言》这一充满人性光辉和契约精神的法令，从根本上诠释了黑人追求自由的正义性与正当性，给种族歧视者当头一棒。
接着反观现实，用四个“One hundred years later …”的排比句将理想与现实的巨大落差描绘得淋漓尽致，令黑人愤怒，令怀揣良心的白人倍感同情，极大地讽刺了种族歧视者与当权者背信弃义的行为。
短短两段话就已经收获了人心，达到了万众瞩目的效果，使演讲得以顺利进行。
然后，用一张“未兑现的支票”比喻《解放黑人奴隶宣言》，众所周知，支票当然是换取现金的了，其象征意义不言而喻。
演讲中修辞幻象的魔力——以I Have a Dream为例
校园英语 / 语言文化演讲中修辞幻象的魔力——以I Have a Dream为例烟台大学/邵小丽【摘要】修辞幻象是由语言制造出的一种幻觉，通过语言的修辞化改装使演讲更具感染力和启发性，从而产生积极的受众反应。
本文以修辞幻象为理论基础，以I Have a Dream 为文本分析演讲中修辞幻象的使用以及对演讲效果的强化作用，为演讲学习者掌握演讲中修辞幻象的使用以加强演讲的诉诸效果提供参考和帮助。
【关键词】修辞幻象 演讲 《我有一个梦想》一、引言修辞幻象为接受者营造“理想存在”，成为一种号召力量，宣传政治主张，通过语言的修辞化改装使演讲能更具感染力和启发性，从而产生积极的受众反应来达到演讲的诉诸效果。
修辞幻象可以是浪漫的，有时也可以是沉重的。
例如马丁•路德•金通过修辞幻象构建出黑人的社会梦想，既勾起人们对理想社会的幻想，又揭露出黑人卑微而心酸的现实处境，给受众者更深刻的内心碰撞。
本文以修辞幻象为理论基础，I Have a Dream为文本分析演讲中修辞幻象的使用以及对演讲效果的强化作用。
二、修辞幻象语言表达的修辞化一方面使人们更容易接近外部世界；另一方面又阻隔人们对外部世界的洞察，因为它所提供的不是一个真实的世界，而是一个对真实世界进行选择、分割、重组、包装后的修辞文本，它不是世界的真实图象，而是经过重新编码的世界，是语言制造的幻觉。
修辞幻象具有两大特征：1.修辞幻象中的世界不是真实世界，而是语言刻画出的世界；2.修辞幻象的工具是语言，其目的是为语言接受者构建另一个虚拟情境。
三、I Have a Dream中修辞幻象分析及其修辞效果I Have a Dream的成功很大程度上是因为广泛使用了修辞幻象。
它极富感染力和启发性，唤起了听众情感，具有很好的诉诸效果。
1.过去和未来、理想和现实中的幻象。
这篇演讲在过去幻象和未来幻象之间进行转换，在理想和现实的结合点中进行修辞幻象，给受众者心理更真实和更鲜明的对比，更渴望追求自由平等。
I Have A Dream 我有一个梦想 英语歌曲课件解析
ABBA
bACKGROUND
• ABBA是瑞典的流行组合，成立于1972 年。乐队名称来自于四名成员的姓名前 字母的缩写的组合，这两男两女在事业 走上坡路时曾是两对夫妻，在事业开始 下坡时又分别劳燕分飞，是流行音乐史 上著名的夫妻组合也是著名的离婚组合。 ABBA于1982年解散。
• I have a dream, a ( ) • To help me through ( ) • And my ( ) makes it worth the while • Pushing through the ( ) still another mile
• • • • • •
I believe in angels Something ( )in everything I see I believe in angels When I know the time is right for me Ill ( ) the stream - I have a dream Ill ( ) the stream - I have a dream
• • • • •
I believe in angels Something good in everything I see I believe in angels When I know the time is right for me Ill cross the stream - I have a dream
• Translation about the lyrics
我有一个梦想
• I have a dream,a song to sing 我有一个梦想，一首歌去歌唱它 To help me cope with anything 帮助我处理任何事情 If you see the wonder of a fairy tale 如果你看见一个童话般的奇迹 You can take the future even if you fail 即使失败你也能为未来拼搏
超常组合的语境分析-以I Have A Dream 为例
超常组合的语境分析-以I Have A Dream 为例摘要超常组合突破了传统语法,语义等方面的限制,创造出别有新意的搭配形式。
超常组合恰到好处的应用离不开一定的语境,通常带有一定的修辞色彩,是一种“正偏离”。
超常组合能否被人们接受很大程度上取决于它和语境的结合程度。
本文以马丁路德金的著名的“I Have A Dream” 为例,探讨如何在特定的语境中运用超常组合,从而达到预期的交际目的。
关键词超常组合语境正偏离修辞1、引言在日常的口头和书面语言中我们不难发现超常组合的应用,我们发现每一个超常组合都和特定的语境紧密相连,超常组合的使用增添了语言的活力,达到意想不到的修辞效果。
我们提倡使用“正偏离”,也就是说必须确保超常组合的使用能够确保听话者准确把握发话者的意图。
2、超常组合的定义及与语境的关系2.1、超常组合的定义张楚藩认为,超常组合是指语言的组织构造违反通常的词法句法,超越语言常规,出现了结构上的“变异”,也就是说超常组合表面看来是与传统语法和表达习惯背道而驰的。
超常组合涵盖面相当广。
修辞学中的比拟、移就、夸张、拈连和仿词等辞格,从语法的角度来看,都可以说是语言结构的超常组合,有一些修辞色彩浓厚而又未能划归既定辞格的语辞,也可以说是语言的超常组合。
冯广义认为“词语的超常搭配作为一种特殊的表达形式,大量运用于言语作品之中,对增强语言的表达效果起了很大的作用” 。
2.2 、超常组合与语境的关系姚殿芳、潘兆明指出“语言运用得好不好, 恰当不恰当, 其实是对语言环境而言的, 脱离了特定的语言环境, 就很难判断某个词、某句话的优劣得失”。
同一句话在不同的语境中可能表达了不同的含义,在话语交际中我们必须时刻考虑到如何在该语境中诠释发话者的意图。
语境不仅是常规的语言材料、修辞手段选择运用的重要标准, 而且还是辨别语言的超常偏离正负优劣的主要依据。
3、“I Have A Dream” 中的超常组合的语境分析3.1、特定语境下的“正偏离”在马丁路德金的“我有一个梦想”这一著名的演说中我们可以发现很多对超常组合恰到好处的运用,也就是说这些超常组合符合演说发生的特定的语境的要求,是一种“正偏离”,不但没有阻碍发话者将自己的思想准确传达听话者,反而增强了语言的表现力,易于感染听话者,并引起他们的共鸣。
I Have a Dream 修辞学(课堂PPT)
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THANKS
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expressd strong feelings and strengthened the force of language when the listeners heard the sentence began with‘we refuse to believe that', they would feel inspired and passionate.
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Climax
P18: With this faith, we will be able to stirring up feelings and emotions, and help to drive … With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into … With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together. Function: ascending of importance,
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Repetition
P18: And this will be the day -- this will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning.
Function: a sense of beauty make the focal points stand out , addition of emphasis, deepen impression, express strong emotion
论英文演讲中使用的修辞手法
On the Rhetorical Devices in the English Speech——UsingMartin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" as an example1.引言在英语演讲中，修辞手法是增强语言表现力和感染力的重要手段。
本文将以马丁·路德·金的《I Have a Dream》为例，讲解演讲稿中修辞手法的运用。
马丁·路德·金的《I Have a Dream》不仅是一篇振聋发聩的演讲，更是一篇修辞手法运用得淋漓尽致的佳作。
这篇演讲稿中，马丁·路德·金巧妙地运用了排比、反复、象征等多种修辞手法，使得语言节奏鲜明、气势磅礴，深深地打动了听众。
2.《I Have a Dream》中使用的修辞手法1.排比排比是一种常见的修辞手法，通过连续使用三个或更多的结构相似的句子，可以增强语言的气势和节奏感。
在《I Have a Dream》中，马丁·路德·金大量使用了排比手法，如：“Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado. Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California. Let freedom ring from the heightened Alleghenies of Pennsylvania. Let freedom ring from the beachheads and the mountain tops of Maine and South Carolina. Let freedom ring from every hill and every valley.”让自由从科罗拉多州白雪皑皑的落基山脉响起。
I have a dream--原创英文讲稿 适合医学生哦~
I have a dreamLeaders, distinguished judges, and friends:Hello, everyone!Title of my speech is: I have a dream.In 2008, Wenchuan earthquake had truly altered the course of my life, not because that I or anyone I know had been injured in it, not because my daily life had been greatly disturbed by it, but that my mind had been lightened up.It was a dull afternoon. Quite absent-mindedly, I was just flipping through channels when I came across a short report. It had been more than 10 hours since the earthquake happened.A little boy was finally saved with his face largely covered by blood. When the rescue workers prepared to moved him to the safe place, the wounded boy supine on the stretcher, with great difficulty, raised his right hand in a Young Pioneers salute. A line appeared on the screen: “My motherland is in my heart!”“Motherland in my heart”, I repeated. Something mysterious intrigued me. My legs stroke me straight. I looked up, my eyes were staring at the roof but saw nothing. Unconsciously, tears flew down my cheek. I can’t describe my complex feelings, but I had never felt so pledged and dedicated. Yes, this is my fate, I knew it instantly, that I’m going to be a doctor.I’m going to be a doctor who would save our nationals from the unbearable pain. I’m going to be a doctor who would devote all my life to the curing and caring my fellow countryman. I’m going to be a doctor who would work with all I might just for my motherland in my heart.Since then on, I have a faith in my heart. I know what I want to do, I know what I would become, and I know what I’m doing for.Everyone thinks that medicine is a tough piece of cake, and many people, including my parents and teachers have doubted whether I have the ability to finish my academic work, or the perseverance to endure the five years as a medical student and the many years after as a doctor. I know it from the beginning, but I don’t care. For me, nothing is more meaningful than donating my best years to my dearest dreams.During all the years passed, I have encountered many difficulties, many frustrations, both in my studies and in my personal life. Sometimes, I lost myself in the currents of life; sometimes, I nearly gave up. But then I asked myself:” What is your task? What are you going to do? Have you forgotten your oath?” and I would calm down, reflecting my life andre-gathering my strength. Finally, I would move on, continuing my pursuit of dream. I know the road ahead is long and unpredictable, but I believe that with my motherland in my heart, I can do it.I have a dream, that one day every child in china would smile under the brightest sunshine.I have a dream, that every compatriot suffering from deadly diseases would return home and hug his families.I have a dream, that every old person would get care and love, and complete their journey with peace and comfort.I have a dream, that the sky is clean and blue, that every family would live a healthy and happy life, and that the whole society is safe and harmonious, without any terror or crime.I have a dream, that with our motherland shining brightly in every Chinese people’s heart, our homeland——China, would become the best country in the world!Thank you for listening!2008级罗叶。
IHaveADream的功能语法分析
IHaveADream的功能语法分析
I Have A Dream的功能语法分析
自韩礼德于20世纪60年代创立系统功能语法以来,话语分析已经逐渐引起人们的关注.利用系统功能语法的理论框架,对马丁·路德金《我有一个梦》的演讲名篇做语篇的纯理功能实例分析,验证了系统功能语法在演讲语篇分析中的实用性和可操作性.
作者：陈绍新 CHEN Shao-xin 作者单位：广州航海高等专科学校,外语系,广东,广州,510725 刊名：韶关学院学报英文刊名：JOURNAL OF SHAOGUAN UNIVERSITY 年，卷(期)：2007 28(10) 分类号：H314 关键词：功能分析及物性人际功能语篇功能。
“偏正式暗喻”——《我有一个梦想》修辞赏析教学设计
“偏正式暗喻”——《我有一个梦想》修辞赏析教学设计"Partial formal metaphor" -- Teaching Design of rhetorical appreciation in I have a dream“偏正式暗喻”——《我有一个梦想》修辞赏析教学设计前言：小泰温馨提醒，修辞标点是借助于标点符号而进行的修辞活动，其作用是改变句界、明确层次、消除歧义、调整节奏、传达语气、突出重点、标明性质、产生含义。
本教案根据修辞标点标准的要求和教学对象的特点，将教学诸要素有序安排，确定合适的教学方案的设想和计划。
便于学习和使用，本文下载后内容可随意修改调整及打印。
马丁?路德?金（1929—1968），美国黑人律师，著名黑人民权运动领袖，1964年获诺贝尔和平奖，1968年被种族主义分子枪杀。
他被誉为近百年来八大最具说服力的演说家之一。
41年前，马丁?路德?金站在华盛顿林肯纪念堂的台阶上，发表了他最著名的演讲。
他讲话没有讲话稿，他把自己对前途的看法用充满激情的语言告诉了25万听众，这就是《我有一个梦想》。
这篇演讲词的语言有明显的鼓动性。
“我有一个梦想”有一种诗意和美感，而文中排比句的运用，如“让自由之声从科罗拉多州冰雪覆盖的落基山响起来！让自由之声从加利福尼亚州蜿蜒的群峰响起来！……让自由之声从佐治亚州的石岭响起来！让自由之声从田纳西州的瞭望山响起来！让自由之声从密西西比的每一座丘陵响起来！让自由之声从每一片山坡响起来！”都具有非常强烈的鼓动性。
的确，同学们也首先看到本文的排比，被它的排山倒海的气势所吸引，而未必十分注意本文的比喻。
其实，这篇文章用得最多的修辞方法还是比喻，特别是偏正式暗喻。
偏正式暗喻在初中接触过，只是没有当成一种具体的格式。
例如魏巍《谁是最可爱的人》的开头写道：“我的思想感情的潮水，在放纵奔流着”。
“思想感情的潮水”就是一个偏正式暗喻。
所谓“偏正式暗喻”就是本体和喻体组成偏正短语，形成“本体＋‘的’＋喻体”的格式。
从文体学分析ihaveadream
从文体学分析ihaveadreamAnalyze “I Have a Dream”1. Introduction“I Have a Dream” is a very famous speech of the great leader of American civil rights movement, Martin Luther King. In 1963.8.28, he gave this speech to the people in front of the Lincoln memorial, hoping blacks and whites will live together equally one day.2. Text structureAt the beginning, Martin Luther King first told the importance of “Emancipation Proclamation” sign ed by President Lincoln one hundred years ago. However, there still remained many unfair and injustice among the black and white people. Then, he encouraged the black people to fight to change their status, rather then remaining silence and passive. At last, the speakers used “I Have a Dream” to bring out the theme which was not only the speaker’s dream but also all the black people’s.3. VocabularyIn this speech, big words are often used in complex structures, and there are many unfamiliar words and abstract words, etc. Beside, this speech uses many first personal pronouns. We (us) come many times, which almost cover every sentence of the speech.We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.The use of first personal pronoun (We) help to emphasis theemotion and make the audience feel that they are closely associated with the speaker and what he said. The first personal pronoun contains the listener as well as the speaker, and show that they are in the same situation.4. Rhetorical devices4.1 Long SentenceAnd when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual.Long sentence are good to provide the detailed descriptions. And the sentence above shows that when the freedom ring from all the places, then all kinds of people in this country can join together equally and enjoy the happy moment. Also shows the speaker firmly believe that one day his dream and their dream will come true eventually.4.2 Short SentenceWe cannot walk alone.We cannot turn back.The two short sentences leave a direct, clear terse effect, so that it creates certain atmosphere, and leave a deep impression on the listener. And also express the determination that they must go and fight for themselves, they can not drawback, and they must be positive and resolute.4.3 ParallelismsI have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal."I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.Except the examples above, Priest King used many other parallelisms in this speech. Patterned and in rhyme, it was good to read. And the uses of parallelisms also expressed strong feelings and strengthened the force of language. When the listeners heard the sentence begin with “I Have a Dream”, listeners would felt inspired and passionate. The strong emotion of the speaker can also influence the listeners because they can felt it. The other parallelisms also have those functions.4.4 AntithesisNow is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice.The sentence above used antithesis to make the contrast more prominent and effective. The contrast between desolate valley of segregation and the sunlit path of racial justice have showed the eager expectation to change the unfair situation toa justice one.4.5 RepitionNo, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until "justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mightystream."And this will be the day -- this will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning: Sentences above use epizeuxis to draw people’s attention to it or to emphasis the emotions. Such as the first sentence, the “no”appears two time, shows the strong emotion that the black people will not satisfy until they finally find and get what they need---justice and freedom. And the second sentence “this will be the day”, shows the firm ly believe that the day the expected will come eventually.4.6 Periodic SentenceFive score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.It drawing the listener’s attention to the end of the sentence, and it can be used to produce humorous and emphatic effect. The fires sentence above, the major idea is signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The major idea of the second sentence is this situation can and will be changed. The listeners can the important point and know what the speaker wants to say at the end of the sentence.4.7 Rhetorical QuestionsThere are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels ofthe highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until "justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream."Rhetorical question can express very strong emotions or to emphasize a particular aspect or to increase the persuasive power. And the rhetorical question above, have parallelism sentences to answer the question, which express the strong emotion of complain that they will not satisfy until the situation have changed to be a fair one for the black people.4.8 MetaphorInstead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds".A metaphor is a comparison of two unlike things. Metaphor expresses “A is B”. “a bad check”, in the sentence above implied the America failed to give the black people the promise that they would be guaran teed the “unalienable rights” of “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”, and failed to give the black people the riches of freedom and the security of justice.。
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“I H a v e aD r e a m”的修辞特征分析“I Have a Dream”的修辞特征分析[摘要]马丁·路德·金的“I Have a Dream”一直被认为是英语演讲中的经典之作。
文章从语音、词汇、句法三方面分析了这篇英语演讲的修辞特征,以帮助英语学习者更好地欣赏马丁·路德·金的演讲艺术、演讲技能,理解演讲的深层含义,提高欣赏水平,领略演讲的魅力。
1863年美国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯(Abraham Lincoln)签署了《解放宣言》,但这一重要法令颁布100年以后,美国黑人依然没有获得自由,依然悲惨地蹒跚于种族隔离和种族歧视的枷锁之下。
为了争取自由平等,民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金1963年领导25万人举行了历史性的示威游行。
游行队伍在林肯纪念碑前举行集会,马丁·路德·金发表了“I Have a Dream”[1]这篇激动人心的演讲。
马丁·路德·金为黑人争取自由平等,发动了美国的民权运动,功绩卓著,闻名于世。
他还被誉为近百年来八大最具有说服力的演说家之一。
[2]笔者就他的这篇演讲的修辞特征作一些探讨。
演讲是一种特殊的文体,其主要目的是激发听众的感情,获得听众的认可与支持,使人们接受或拒绝某种观点,采取或放弃某种行动。
演讲要获得听众的支持,一方面必须使听众感到亲切,另一方面又要使讲话稳重可信。
为了使演讲达到这种微妙的要求,演讲人通常运用多种修辞手段来增强演讲的感染力。
在英语演讲中经常使用的修辞手段大体上可分为语音手段、词汇手段、句法手段三类。
一、语音手段头韵法(Alliteration)是演讲文体中的一种语音修辞手段。
这种修辞手段是指相邻词首出现相同的辅音。
头韵的主要修辞作用是增强语言的节奏感。
例如:“dignityand disci-pline;great trials and tribulations.”头韵法的恰当使用不仅使演讲朗朗上口,富于乐感和表现力,而且还能抓住听众的注意力,给人留下深刻的印象,为演说增添光彩。
二、词汇手段马丁·路德·金是一位重要的民权运动领袖,他的演讲属于政治演说,但是他用的大部分词汇并不是政治词汇,而是含有深刻政治意义的普通词汇。
在这些普通词汇中,演讲者通常运用比喻使抽象变具体,模糊变鲜明,平淡变激情;使语言形象生动,易于理解,富于感染力。
在英语演讲中,比喻是最普遍最常见的词语修辞手段。
比喻(figures of speech)是语言艺术的升华,是最富有诗意的语言形式之一,也是语言的信息功能和美学功能的有机结合。
英语中常见的比喻包括明喻和隐喻两种。
1·明喻(simile)是就两个不同类对象之间的相似点进行比喻,通常用介词“like”,连词“as,as if,as…so”,动词“seem”等以及句型“A…to B”、“C…to D”等。
例1·This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice.It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity.(这项重要法令的颁布,对于千百万灼烤于残焰中的黑奴,犹如高高的灯塔上的希望之光,结束了慢慢长夜的笼罩,为他们带来了欢畅黎明。
)马丁·路德·金把《解放宣言》比喻为希望之光,比喻为结束慢慢长夜的笼罩后的欢畅黎明,比喻非常贴切,语言生动,语意深刻。
例2·…and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.(……我们不会满意,直至公正似水奔流,正义如泉喷涌。
)大量形象贴切的比喻,形象生动地表达了美国黑人民权运动的真实画面。
2·暗喻(metaphor)是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻。
例3·One hundred years later,the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.(100年后,黑人依然悲惨地蹒跚于种族隔离和种族歧视的枷锁之下。
100年后,黑人依然生活在物质繁荣瀚海的贫困孤岛上。
)大量使用暗喻不仅语言生动形象,而且能使读者产生联想,使艰深的道理明白易懂。
例4·It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned.In-stead of honoring this sacredobligation,America has given the Negro people a bad check;a check which has come back marked “insufficient funds”. But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.We refuse to believe that there are insuffi-cient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation.(然而,今天美国显然对她的有色公民拖欠着这张期票。
美国没有承兑这笔神圣的债务,而是开始给黑人一张空头支票,一张盖着“资金不足”的印戳被退回的支票。
但是,我们决不相信正义的银行会破产。
我们决不相信这个国家巨大的机会宝库会资金不足。
)马丁·路德·金把这次声势浩大,有25万人参加的向华盛顿进军的游行集会,比喻为是为了来兑现这张空头支票,这张盖着“资金不足”印戳被退回的支票。
这个比喻一针见血,辛辣地讽刺了资产阶级虚伪的民主。
他还把每个公民都享有的生存权、自由权、人生幸福权喻为一张期票(promissory note),由这张不能兑现的期票,尖锐地指出了美国政府正拖欠着债务。
在这一段演说里,几乎每句都有比喻,他把比喻这种修辞手法发挥得淋漓尽致,极大地增强了表现的力度。
三、句法手段在马丁·路德·金的这篇演说中,最常用的句法修辞手段有排比、重复、对照。
这三种修辞手段表现力非常丰富,能够增强语言的气势,抒发强烈的情感。
1·排比(parallelism)是一种句法修辞手段。
它是指把结构相同、意义并重、语气一致的词、短语、句子甚至段落排成串,形成一个整体。
例5·…Let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire! Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York! Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghe-nies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceouspeaks of California! (……让自由之声响彻新罕布尔州的巍峨高峰!让自由之声响彻纽约州的崇高峻岭!让自由之声响彻宾夕法尼亚州的阿勒格尼高峰!让自由之声响彻科罗拉多州的冰雪皑皑的洛基山!让自由之声响彻加利福尼亚州的婀娜群峰!)这里使用排比(parallelism)和重复(repetition),热情洋溢地高呼:让自由之声响彻美国的各个角落,让所有的美国人不论肤色如何都能享受平等。
例6·With this faith,we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beau-tiful symphony of brotherhood.With this faith we will be able to work together,to pray together,to struggle together,to go to jail together,to stand up for freedom together,knowing that we will be free one day.(有了这个信念,我们就能从绝望之山开采出希望之石。
有了这个信念,我们就能把这个国家的嘈杂刺耳的争吵声,变成充满手足之情的悦耳交响曲。
有了这个信念,我们就能一同工作,一同祈祷,一同斗争,一同入狱,一同维护自由,因为我们知道,我们终有一天会获得自由。
)马丁·路德·金在这段演讲中先用重复(句首重复和句尾重复)再用排比,还用了比喻。
这三种修辞手法的套用使语意层层递进,增强了演讲的气势,突出了强调的内容,同时使演讲辞读起来韵律节奏分明,铿锵有力。
从上面两例我们可以体会到,排比句的句式结构增强了语言的韵律感,用在演说中能使语调铿锵有力,句式整齐,节奏分明,气势恢弘,使演讲更具感召力。
2·重复(repetition)是在演讲中让同一单词或同一短语或同一个句子再次或多次出现,为达到强调、明晰、幽默、讽刺、呼吁、激情等效果的一种修辞手段。
例如:“We refuse tobelieve that…”(重复两次),“We have also come to…”(重复两次),“We can never be satisfied…”(重复六次),“I have a dream…”(重复九次),“Let freedom ring…”(重复十次),“One hun-dred years later…”(重复四次),“Now is the time…”(重复四次),“Free at last…”(重复三次)。