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专利局 专利指南 英文版
专利局专利指南英文版The Comprehensive Guide to the Patent Office: A Detailed ExplorationThe patent system plays a crucial role in fostering innovation and protecting the intellectual property rights of inventors and creators. As the primary governing body responsible for the administration and regulation of patents, the Patent Office serves as the gateway for individuals and businesses seeking to safeguard their inventions and innovations. This comprehensive guide aims to provide a detailed overview of the Patent Office, its functions, and the essential steps involved in navigating the patent application process.Understanding the Patent OfficeThe Patent Office, also known as the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), is a federal agency within the Department of Commerce. Its primary responsibility is to examine and grant patents for new and useful inventions, designs, and discoveries. The Patent Office is responsible for maintaining a comprehensive database of all granted patents, ensuring the integrity and transparency of the patent system.The Patent Office is headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia, and employs a team of highly skilled patent examiners, attorneys, and support staff. These professionals are tasked with reviewing patent applications, conducting prior art searches, and determining the eligibility and novelty of the proposed inventions. The Patent Office also plays a crucial role in providing guidance and resources to inventors, entrepreneurs, and the general public regarding the patent application process.The Patent Application ProcessThe patent application process can be a complex and intricate journey, but the Patent Office has established a well-defined framework to guide applicants through the necessary steps. The process typically begins with a thorough search of existing patents and prior art to ensure the novelty and uniqueness of the invention. This step is crucial, as it helps inventors and their legal representatives identify any potential obstacles or conflicts that may arise during the application review.Once the preliminary research is complete, the next step involves the preparation and filing of the patent application. This comprehensive document must include a detailed description of the invention, including its technical specifications, drawings or schematics, and a clear articulation of the claims that the applicant seeks to protect. The Patent Office requires a specific format and level of detail in theapplication, and failure to adhere to these guidelines can result in delays or even the rejection of the application.After the application is filed, it is assigned to a patent examiner who will conduct a thorough review of the submitted materials. The examiner will assess the invention's novelty, non-obviousness, and utility, as well as ensure that the application meets all the legal and technical requirements. This process may involve back-and-forth communication between the applicant (or their legal representative) and the examiner, as the latter may request additional information or clarification.If the application is deemed acceptable, the Patent Office will issue a patent, granting the inventor(s) the exclusive right to manufacture, use, and sell the invention for a specified period, typically 20 years from the filing date. This period of exclusivity allows the patent holder to recoup their investment in research and development, while also incentivizing further innovation and technological progress.The Importance of Patent ProtectionThe patent system plays a crucial role in fostering innovation and economic growth. By providing inventors with a legal framework to protect their intellectual property, the Patent Office encourages the development of new technologies, products, and processes. This, inturn, leads to increased competition, which can drive down prices, improve product quality, and ultimately benefit consumers.Moreover, the patent system serves as a valuable tool for businesses and entrepreneurs. By securing a patent, individuals and companies can prevent competitors from copying or infringing on their inventions, allowing them to maintain a competitive advantage in the market. This protection can be particularly important for small businesses and startups, which often rely on their innovative products or services to differentiate themselves from larger, established players.The Patent Office also plays a vital role in the dissemination of technological knowledge. By publishing granted patents, the agency makes valuable information about new inventions and discoveries available to the public. This knowledge can inspire further innovation, as researchers and engineers can build upon the work of others, leading to the development of even more advanced technologies.Navigating the Patent Office: Resources and SupportThe Patent Office recognizes the importance of providing comprehensive support and resources to inventors, entrepreneurs, and the general public. To this end, the agency has established a range of programs and initiatives designed to assist individuals and businesses throughout the patent application process.One of the most valuable resources offered by the Patent Office is the Patent and Trademark Resource Center (PTRC) program. This nationwide network of public, academic, and special libraries provides free access to patent and trademark information, as well as guidance and assistance from trained professionals. The PTRC can be an invaluable resource for first-time inventors or small businesses seeking to navigate the patent system.In addition to the PTRC program, the Patent Office also offers a variety of online resources, including detailed guides, tutorials, and webinars. These materials cover a wide range of topics, from the fundamentals of patent law to the specific requirements for filing a patent application. The Patent Office's website also provides access to a searchable database of granted patents, allowing inventors and researchers to explore existing technologies and identify potential areas for further innovation.For those seeking more personalized assistance, the Patent Office offers a range of customer service options, including a call center, email support, and in-person appointments at the agency's headquarters. These resources can be particularly helpful for individuals or businesses with complex patent-related questions or concerns.ConclusionThe Patent Office plays a crucial role in fostering innovation and protecting the intellectual property rights of inventors and creators. By understanding the functions and processes of the Patent Office, individuals and businesses can navigate the patent application system with confidence, safeguarding their inventions and contributing to the ongoing advancement of technology and innovation.This comprehensive guide has provided a detailed overview of the Patent Office, the patent application process, and the importance of patent protection. By leveraging the resources and support offered by the Patent Office, inventors, entrepreneurs, and the general public can unlock the full potential of the patent system, driving economic growth and the continued development of groundbreaking technologies.。
中外文学术免费资源数据库
中外文学术免费资源数据库中外文学术免费资源数据库在写论文的时候，有很多学生常常就会问道，有哪些的资源资料是可以免费查看的。
以下是店铺为大家整理的中外文学术免费资源数据库，欢迎大家前俩阅读!中外文学术免费资源数据库1.国家科技图书文献中心：现有期刊资源6908本，会议资源1506个。
/2.国家图书馆馆藏中文图书数字化资源库：提供17多万种各学科的图书，可在线阅读。
/web/guest/zhongwentushu3.国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库：国内最大的公益性社科精品期刊数据库，收录精品学术期刊600多种，论文近300万篇。
/articles/articlesearch.aspx4.国家科技图书文献中心的中文学位论文数据库：免费文摘。
/NSTL/5.CALIS高校学位论文库：免费文摘。
6.中国学术会议在线：教育部主办的学术会议资源分享平台/meeting/7.中图在线：提供3600种国内期刊的查阅服务/8.中国科技论文在线精品论文：自然科学领域的论文成果。
/9.中国科学院学位论文数据库：免费文摘/paper/search_pap.jsp10.汉斯出版社中文学术期刊：提供125本国际开源中文期刊的免费下载阅读。
外文免费学术资源数据库1.Directory of Open Access Journals：提供2000种期刊，其中497种期刊提供免费全文共84044篇。
/2.Social Science Research Network：社会科学(经济类)研究论文数据库，部分提供全文。
/3.Manybooks：国外大量免费电子图书，可下载。
/4.CERN Document Server：提供物理学及相关学科36万多篇全文文献。
http://cdsweb.cern.ch/5.ERIC教育资源信息中心：世界上最大的教育资源数据库，部分提供全文。
/6.开放存取资源数据库：提供400多万篇涵盖所有学科的期刊论文，可免费下载。
世界范围管理服务（WMS）产品介绍说明书
WorldShare Management Services(WMS) is a complete cloud-based library management platform that supports your strategic priorities with actionable data, a user-focused experience, and an API-first framework that connects the library to all your institution’s systems. WMS helps librariesprovide immediate access to information with optimized delivery.Cooperation, innovation, and choice have been the heartbeat of WMS since its inception. Give users on-demand access to resources within your library and beyond though intuitive discovery and optimized delivery. Give staff more time for high-impact projects by breaking down silos, flattening workflows, and leveraging the power of thousands of libraries in the WorldShare community to make breakthroughs possible.You define success, WMS helps you get there.Simplify electronic and print resource management in a single interface. WMS is built for efficiency. Integrating your electronic and print workflows into a single web-based interface makes workflows up to four times more efficient than legacy systems or other cloud platforms. It’s easy to identify, acquire, describe, and give users the electronic and print resources they want. And with interwoven WorldCat® data, both staff and users benefit from decreased processing time.Magnify potential with group collaboration. WMS group functionality is so much more than shared resources. Without changing interfaces, users can find and request items held in your library or in your group. Circulation is streamlined through shared visibility into patron files and hold fulfillment, all without sacrificing local control of circulation policies and practices.Exceed user expectations with intuitive discovery. WMS delivers a powerful user experience with a single intuitive interface to search across your full collection and all databases, find items in other libraries, view item availability, place holds, review accounts, renew items, and more. With WorldCat as the foundation, WMS connects users to unparalleled global resources through OCLC’s powerful network of libraries.Innovate and connect with APIs. A wide range of APIs, included with your WMS subscription, enables you to build applications to customize workflows. WMS integrates with your campus technology systems—including financial management, learning management, and student record systems—so you can seamlessly incorporate existing technologies into your workflows.Prove library value with actionable data. The right data is critical. As a fully integrated platform powered by a state-of-the-art data analytics warehouse, WMS delivers actionable data from all departments in formats you prefer. And there’s no need for technical expertise. Custom reports, visualizations, and the ability to evaluate collection holdings against other libraries can help drive key decisions across the library and support your important role in student success.The future is cooperative.Everything you need to manage your libraryWMS offers everything you need to manage your library: e-resource management, acquisitions, discovery, circulation, metadata management, resource sharing, reports, and APIs.WMS helps you achieve your library’s mission through collaboration and sharing beyond your local community or group to a global network of libraries.Shared data. OCLC member libraries helped build and continuously improve WorldCat and the WorldCat knowledge base. WorldCat data serves as the foundation of WMS, providing electronic journal coverage data and bibliographic descriptions to simplify workflows. WMS goes beyond foundational, shared metadata to allow libraries to share serials patterns, license terms, vendor records, and other information, which decreases redundant tasks across libraries while still allowing for local control.Shared infrastructure. The WorldShare Platform provides a shared technology infrastructure for WMS libraries. This allows everyone to benefit from shared servers, simultaneous and automatic software updates, and simplified communication with other libraries. Your library may already be on the WorldShare Platform using some of OCLC’s other services.Shared community. WMS libraries join an active community within OCLC. This community of librarians collaborates to share best practices and to suggest WMS enhancements to OCLC staff members. WMS was designed with direct feedback from OCLC member librarians, and the WMS community continues to guide its development and advancement. A WMS subscription also includes reports, a full-function link resolver, an A-to-Z list, course reserves, cover art, a mobile-ready discovery interface, a mobile app for library workers, and an OAI-PMH harvesting tool at no extra charge.The OCLC Community Center enables WMS libraries to find information they need in one place 24/7, including product updates, documentation, training and tutorials, events, and discussion boards.“[WMS] allows us to manage e-books, journal subscriptions … patron-driven acquisition … All of those things really help us manage e-resources in a way that we didn’t before.”Josh Petrusa Associate Dean for Collections & Digital Services, Butler University Indianapolis, Indiana, United States©2021 OCLC, Inc. All rights reserved. The following OCLC product, service, and business names are trademarks or service marks of OCLC, Inc.: OCLC, WorldCat, WorldShare, and “Because what is known must be shared.” In addition, the WorldCat, WorldShare, and OCLC symbols are service marks of OCLC, Inc. Third-party product and service names are trademarks or service marks of their respective owners. OCLC grants permission to photocopy this publication as needed.PM-PR-215409-WWAE 2105Because what is known must be shared.®Visit oc.lc/wms to learn more.Sign up for webinars, see recent announcements about WMS, watch videos of librarians who use WMS, learn more about included and optional services, and more.with the WMS to easily manage invoices, fees, Save time and money with library services that work together to help you manage your library.。
英语作文-图书馆的数字化信息资源利用与知识创新
英语作文-图书馆的数字化信息资源利用与知识创新In the realm of academia and research, libraries have long stood as bastions of knowledge, offering a sanctuary where the curious mind can delve into the depths of scholarly work and literature. However, the digital revolution has transformed these traditional havens into dynamic hubs of digital information resources, fostering an environment ripe for knowledge innovation.The digitization of library resources has been a significant leap forward in the democratization of information. No longer confined to physical boundaries, libraries now offer access to a plethora of digital books, journals, databases, and multimedia resources, available to anyone with an internet connection. This shift has not only expanded the reach of libraries but also enhanced the efficiency of research processes. Digital libraries enable users to perform precise searches, access materials instantly, and even work collaboratively with peers across the globe.One of the most profound impacts of digital resources in libraries is the facilitation of knowledge creation. With tools such as online databases and digital archives, researchers can uncover patterns, draw connections, and generate insights that were previously obscured by the sheer volume of information. The ability to analyze large datasets, often through the use of software and algorithms, has given rise to new disciplines like digital humanities, where computational methods are applied to traditional humanities subjects.Moreover, the integration of digital resources has encouraged interdisciplinary research. Scholars can easily cross-reference materials from various fields, leading to a synthesis of ideas that fosters innovation. For instance, a historian might utilize geographic information systems (GIS) to map historical events, while a literary scholar could analyze text patterns in classic literature using text-mining techniques.The accessibility of digital resources also plays a crucial role in lifelong learning and continuing education. Libraries have become gateways to online courses, workshops, andwebinars, allowing individuals to acquire new skills and knowledge well beyond their formal education years. This ease of access to learning materials supports a culture of continuous professional development and personal growth.However, the abundance of digital information comes with its challenges. Information overload and the difficulty in discerning credible sources from the vast sea of content are issues that users face. Libraries, recognizing this, have taken on the role of curators, guiding users to high-quality, peer-reviewed materials, and providing assistance in navigating the complex landscape of digital information.In conclusion, the utilization of digital information resources in libraries has been a catalyst for knowledge innovation. It has reshaped the way we access, analyze, and apply information, breaking down barriers and fostering a culture of collaborative and interdisciplinary research. As we continue to embrace the digital age, libraries will undoubtedly remain at the forefront of this intellectual evolution, ensuring that the flow of knowledge remains as vibrant and accessible as ever. In doing so, they uphold their mission to serve as beacons of learning, adaptation, and discovery in an ever-changing world. 。
地理研究中心的英语
地理研究中心的英语The Geographical Research Center: A Nexus of Knowledge and Discovery.The Geographical Research Center (GRC) stands as a beacon of scientific exploration and academic excellence, dedicated to unlocking the mysteries of our planet'sdiverse landscapes and cultures. Its mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the Earth's physical features, environmental systems, and human interactions with the natural world.At the core of the GRC's operations lies a multi-disciplinary team of experts, representing a range offields including geology, geography, ecology, and anthropology. This diverse pool of knowledge and perspectives allows the center to approach research questions from multiple angles, ensuring a comprehensiveand nuanced understanding of the topics under investigation.The research conducted at the GRC is both cutting-edge and impactful. Projects range from studying the impact of climate change on specific ecosystems to examining the historical and cultural significance of specific geographical regions. The center's scholars are constantly pushing the boundaries of knowledge, seeking to understand how our planet's natural and cultural landscapes have shaped human history and continue to do so in the present day.One of the key strengths of the GRC is its commitment to collaboration and partnership. The center actively seeks to engage with other academic institutions, governments, and community organizations to share research findings, develop sustainable solutions to environmental challenges, and promote geographical education and awareness. This collaborative approach not only enhances the impact of the center's research but also fosters a sense of community and shared responsibility towards protecting our planet's natural resources and cultural heritage.The GRC also plays a pivotal role in geographicaleducation. It offers a range of courses and workshops designed to introduce students and professionals to thefield of geography and its various sub-disciplines. These programs aim to equip individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to understand and address the complex geographical challenges of our time. By fostering a new generation of geographically literate individuals, the center contributes to the broader goal of promoting environmental sustainability and cultural diversity.In addition to its research and educational activities, the GRC is also committed to public engagement and outreach. It hosts regular public events such as lectures, exhibitions, and film screenings, designed to share the excitement and importance of geographical research with a wider audience. These events not only increase public awareness of geographical issues but also foster a sense of wonder and appreciation for the beauty and diversity of our planet.The Geographical Research Center is not just a place of academic pursuit; it is a hub of innovation, collaboration,and public engagement. Its work is not just about understanding the past or explaining the present; it is about shaping a better future for ourselves and our planet. As we face the challenges of climate change, environmental degradation, and cultural homogenization, the role of the GRC becomes increasingly important. It is a beacon of hope and inspiration, reminding us that through knowledge and understanding, we can build a more sustainable andinclusive world.。
英文文献网站 外文文献检索
主要的英文文献网找一个服务的网站：不过想自己弄的话可以以下网站吧：Academic Research Library (ProQuest)【地址】原界面链接【文献类型】报纸、期刊、全文/部分全文【访问年限】1971-【描述】本数据库为综合性学术期刊数据库，收录2974种综合性期刊和报纸的文摘/索引（内含Peer Reviewed（同行评审）期刊1502种），其中2020种是全文期刊（内含全文延期上网期刊208种），包括SCI收录的核心全文刊189种，SSCI收录的核心全文...Academic Search Complete学术期刊集成全文数据库 (EBSCO)【地址】原界面链接【文献类型】报纸、多出版类型、期刊、全文/部分全文【访问年限】1965-【描述】Academic Search Premier 收录超过8230种出版物，其中3342种为全文专家评审刊。
它为 100 多种期刊提供了可追溯至 1975 年或更早年代的 PDF 过期案卷，并提供了 1000 多个标题的可检索参考文献。
涉及了几乎所有自然科学和社会科学领域，...ACLS人文科学电子图书－学术著作精选【地址】原界面链接【文献类型】全文/部分全文、图书【访问年限】【描述】《ACLS人文科学电子图书－学术著作精选》（ACLS Humanities E-Book Collection, HEB）由美国学术团体协会（American Council of LearnedSocieties, ACLS）提供。
ACLS成立于1919年，是一家非营利机构，与20个学术团体以及超过100家学术出版社合作HEB项...ACM(美国计算机学会)电子期刊及会议录(ACM总站)【地址】原界面链接【文献类型】期刊、全文/部分全文、会议论文【访问年限】【描述】ACM Digital Library数据库收录了美国计算机协会（Association for Computing Machinery）的各种电子期刊、会议录、快报等文献。
国内外图书馆网址整理adun
图书馆网址整理(国内外)|图书馆|/|中国国家图书馆||可检索国家图书馆的藏书书目，网上读书，公众查询。
||图书馆|/|中国科学院图书馆(文献情报中心)||||图书馆|/|清华大学图书馆||提供图书信息服务，联机光盘数据库查询，EI工程索引等。
||图书馆|/|北京大学图书馆||提供中国联机检索服务。
||图书馆|/|复旦大学图书馆||||图书馆|/|上海交通大学图书馆||||图书馆|/|同济大学图书馆||以建筑学科资料为主。
||图书馆|/|四川省图书馆||信息服务，读书，文献，共建共享，馆藏资源。
| |图书馆|/|中国地质大学图书馆||||图书馆|/|北京师范大学图书馆||||图书馆|/QingHai/QH-qy0055.htm|青海省图书馆||该馆是我省唯一大型的综合性公共图书馆。
||图书馆|/|吉林省图书馆欢迎您||提供书目检索尤以古籍、满铁资料为馆藏特色，新书介绍，读者服务。
||图书馆|/|河北省图书馆||提供河北省图书馆的各种数据库查询。
||图书馆|/|云南大学图书馆||||图书馆|/|山西省图书馆||包括馆藏书目检索，读者信息查询，专题数据库检索及众多网上资源。
||图书馆|/|福建省图书馆||网络检索包括专利检索、该馆介绍。
||图书馆|/|首都图书馆||北京市综合性公共图书馆。
||图书馆|/|内蒙古图书馆||馆藏介绍，文献信息检索。
||图书馆|/|华南理工大学图书馆||||图书馆|/library.html|华南师范大学图书馆||||图书馆|/|天津图书馆||||图书馆|/|吉林省图书馆||书目查询、光盘检索、特色馆藏、专题数据库。
||图书馆|/|浙江图书馆||综合性省级公共图书馆，100年历史，藏书400万册。
||图书馆|/|天津图书馆||省（市）级综合性公共图书馆，是我国创建较早、藏书较多的十大图书馆。
||图书馆|/|全国地质图书馆||收藏地球科学技术资料。
||图书馆|/|湖南省图书馆||||图书馆|/|大连理工大学伯川图书馆||提供图书馆服务，书目介绍。
112个学术资源检索与下载网站
112个学术资源检索与下载网站1、Web of Knowledge中ISI proceedings（ISTP的网络版）：/portal.cgi 它是检索国际著名会议、座谈会、研讨会及其他各种会议录用论文的综合性多学科的权威数据库。
2、IEL（IEEE/IEEE Electronic Library）全文库：收录了美国电气与电子工程师（IEEE）学会和英国电气工程师学会（IEE）自1988年以来出版的约6000多种会议录（全文）。
3、INSPEC（英国科学文摘）：/portal.cgi 由英国电气工程师学会（IEE）出版的文摘数据库，是物理学、电子工程、电子学、计算机科学及信息技术领域的权威性文摘索引数据库。
4、国家科技图书文献中心（NSTL）：/ 提供了其下属成员馆馆藏外文会议论文的题录文摘。
5、CALIS学术会议论文库：/ 收录来自于之前称为“211工程”的61所重点学术每年主持的国际会议的论文。
6、国家科技图书文献中心的中文学位论文数据库（免费-文摘）：/NSTL/7、中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库（文摘免费，全文收费）：/kns/brief/result.aspx?dbPrefix=CDMD8、目前提供电子版中文学位论文全文的数据库主要包括：中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库（），其题录文摘库是免费查询的，查询全文需购买。
9、人大复印库：/Home/RDFUKIndex中国人民大学“复印报刊资料”数据库，源自1958年，致力于为人文社科学者、学术机构提供精优学术资源。
10、查询国外学位论文的途径可使用PQDD-B（UMI博硕士论文数据库）：/可查询欧美1000余所大学1861年以来的160多万篇学位论文的信息，其中1997年以来的部分论文不但能看到文摘索引，还可以看到前24页的原文。
11、NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program：NASA（National Aeronautices & Space Administrantion）提供的有关航空航天方面的丰富的科技报告全文。
研究中心的英文
研究中心的英文Research CenterResearch centers are institutions dedicated to conducting high-quality research in various fields of study. These centers serve as platforms for scholars, researchers, and scientists to collaborate, exchange ideas, and discover innovative solutions to complex problems. The ultimate goal of a research center is to advance knowledge and contribute to the development of society. In this article, we will explore the importance and functions of a research center, as well as the benefits it brings to the academic community and the society as a whole.One of the primary functions of a research center is to facilitate cutting-edge research. By providing state-of-the-art facilities, resources, and funding, research centers create an environment conducive to conducting groundbreaking research. These centers often focus on specific fields of study, such as medicine, engineering, or social sciences, allowing researchers to specialize and deepen their knowledge in their respective areas. By conducting research at a center, scholars can benefit from the expertise and guidance of experienced researchers and mentors, leading to the production of high-quality research outputs. Furthermore, research centers play a crucial role in fostering collaboration and interdisciplinary research. Bringing together researchers from diverse backgrounds and disciplines, these centers encourage the exchange of ideas and methodologies, leading to the integration of different perspectives and approaches. Interdisciplinary research has the potential to address complexsocietal issues more comprehensively, as it combines knowledge and insights from various disciplines. The collaborative environment of research centers enhances creativity and promotes the discovery of new solutions and innovations.Research centers are also platforms for knowledge dissemination and academic engagement. These centers often organize workshops, conferences, and symposiums, where researchers can present their findings and engage in discussions with peers and experts in their fields. These events facilitate the dissemination of research outputs and foster intellectual discourse, promoting the advancement of knowledge. Additionally, research centers often publish academic journals or create online platforms to share research findings with a wider audience, contributing to the global research community.Moreover, research centers contribute to the development of society by addressing real-world challenges and conducting applied research. Many research centers collaborate with industries, government agencies, and non-profit organizations to identify pressing issues and find practical solutions. By conducting applied research, these centers bridge the gap between academia and the industry, translating theoretical knowledge into tangible outcomes that benefit the society. Examples of applied research in research centers include the development of new medical treatments, renewable energy technologies, and sustainable urban planning strategies.In conclusion, research centers are essential institutions for advancing knowledge, fostering collaboration, and addressingsocietal challenges. By providing the necessary resources and creating a collaborative environment, research centers empower researchers to conduct cutting-edge research. The interdisciplinary nature of these centers promotes the integration of diverse perspectives and the discovery of innovative solutions. Additionally, research centers play a vital role in disseminating knowledge and engaging with the academic community. Through collaboration with industries and organizations, research centers contribute to the development of society by conducting applied research. Overall, research centers are integral to the progress of science and the betterment of society.。
国外英语论文网站
国外英语论文网站Worcester Polytechnic Institute/Pubs/ETD/伍斯特工学院:包括670余篇学位论文，其中有550多篇全文，硕士论文4篇。
涵盖生物、电子、计算机、材料、物理、机械等学科。
The university of Nottingham/诺丁汉大学的论文数据库。
含131篇免费硕博论文，涵盖医学、艺术、教育、法学、工学等学科。
Australian Digital Theses Program.au澳洲数字论文计划，由澳洲大学图书馆员协会发起。
包含澳洲40余所大学的15440篇硕博论文，涵盖各个学科。
University of South Florida/cgi-bin/ETD-db/ETD-...D-search/search南佛罗里达大学的989篇电子版博硕论文，涵盖地理学、医学、电子学等学科的内容。
其中绝大部分可以在线免费获取全文。
Virginia Commonwealth University/ETD-db/ETD-search/search弗吉尼亚公共资产大学的768篇博硕论文，包括化学、生物、医学、会计学、艺术、语言、工学、教育等学科。
其中614篇可以在线免费获取全文。
The Pennsylvania State University's electronic Theses and Dissertations Archives/ETD-db/ETD-search/search宾夕法尼亚州大学电子论文库，包含1848篇全文，涵盖材料学、教育学、工学、法学、医学、航空、经济、化工、建筑等各个学科。
可在线免费获取。
North Carolina State University/ETD-db/ETD-search/search北卡罗来纳州州立大学的3937篇免费博硕论文，涵盖了化学、物理学、电子电气、核能、机械、材料、食品、林业、土壤等各学科。
University of Pretoria : Electronic Theses and Dissertationshttp://upetd.up.ac.za/比勒陀利亚大学的电子学位论文，含3000多篇电子博硕论文，涵盖社会学、食品、建筑、经济、信息、生化、教育、管理、心理学、法学等学科，其中2876篇可免费获取全文。
研究中心的英文短语-概述说明以及解释
研究中心的英文短语1.Research Center2.Innovation Hub3.Knowledge Institute4.Study Lab5.Science Hub6.Exploration Center7.Intellectual Research Center8.Future Studies Institute9.Technology Research Lab10.Intellectual Think Tank11.Data Analytics Center12.Advanced Research Facility13.Thought Leadership Center14.Strategic Analysis Hub15.Emerging Technologies Center16.Digital Innovation Lab17.Policy Research Center18.Sustainability Research Institute19.Social Sciences Research Center20.Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center21.Research excellence22.Cutting-edge technologies23.Innovative solutions24.Evidence-based research25.Collaborative approach26.Multi-disciplinary team27.In-depth analysis28.Data-driven insights29.State-of-the-art facilities30.International collaborations31.Leading the way in research32.Pushing the boundaries of knowledge33.Fostering innovation34.Advancing scientific discovery35.Transforming industries36.Driving economic growth37.Creating social impact38.Inspiring the next generation of researchers39.Addressing global challenges40.Promoting sustainable development41.Center for Advanced Studies42.Research Institute43.Innovation and Research Center44.Experimental Research Laboratory45.Technology Research Center46.Center for Scientific Research47.Data Analysis Center48.Research and Development Hub49.Engineering Research Center50.Policy Research Instituteboratory for Applied Research52.Center for Computational Science53.Science and Technology Institute54.Economic Research Centerrmation Technology Research Center56.Center for Social Researchcational Research Institute58.Medical Research Center59.Environmental Research Laboratory60.Center for Sustainable Development61.Efficient Research Methodology62.Cutting-edge Technology for Innovative Research63.Exploring New Horizons in Research64.Advancing Research through Collaboration65.Empowering Research through Data Analysis66.Enhancing Research Impact with Strategic Partnerships67.Revolutionizing Research with Artificial Intelligence68.Unleashing the Power of Big Data in Research69.Driving Research Excellence through Continuous Innovation70.Optimizing Research Processes for Maximum Productivity71.Transforming Research with Machine Learning72.Innovative Solutions for Complex Research Challenges73.Unlocking Research Opportunities with Advanced Technologies74.Pioneering Research for a Sustainable Future75.Empowering Researchers with Cutting-edge Tools76.Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice in Research77.Revolutionary Approaches for High-impact Research78.Advancing Scientific Knowledge through Research79.Inspiring the Next Generation of Researchers80.Research-driven Insights for Decision Making81.Research for a brighter future82.Unlocking the mysteries of science83.Exploring the frontiers of knowledge84.Investigating the unknown85.Bridging the gap between theory and practice86.Advancing innovation through research87.Fostering academic excellence88.Harnessing the power of curiosity89.Breaking new ground in research90.Pioneering discoveries for a better world91.Exploring new horizons in science92.Driving scientific breakthroughs93.Unleashing the potential of research94.Forging new paths in academia95.Empowering researchers to make a difference96.Unraveling the complexities of the universe97.Promoting interdisciplinary research98.Elevating the standards of scientific inquiry99.Transforming ideas into reality through research 100.Inspiring the next generation of researchers 101.Center for Research Excellence102.Cutting-edge Research103.Innovative Research Solutions104.Groundbreaking Discoveries105.Scientific Breakthroughs106.Advanced Research Methods107.Forward-thinking Research108.Revolutionary Findings109.Next-generation Research110.Trailblazing Research Center111.Pioneering Research Initiatives112.Unparalleled Research Excellence 113.Transformative Research Discoveries 114.Leading Research Center115.Research Excellence at its Best116.Changing the Landscape of Research 117.Inspiring Research Endeavors118.Unleashing Innovation through Research 119.Engine of Research Progress120.Driving Scientific Advancements121.Cutting-edge Research122.Innovative Solutions123.Research for Progress124.Unraveling Complexities125.Delving into the Unknown126.Endeavors in Discovery127.Advancing Knowledge128.Breaking Barriers through Research 129.Pioneering Investigations130.Exploring New Frontiers131.Shaping the Future with Research132.Igniting Intellectual Curiosity133.Empowering Exploration134.Expanding Intellectual Horizons135.Promoting Critical Thinking136.Knowledge Cultivation137.Deepening Understanding through Research 138.Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice 139.Discovering Insights through Analysis140.Illuminating the Path to Progress141.Innovation Fuel142.Knowledge Nexus143.Discovery Portal144.Research Compass145.Novelty Junction146.Intellectual Nexus147.Exploration Junction148.Inquisitive Pathway149.Study Oasis150.Enlightenment Gateway151.Thought Catalyst152.Empirical Arena153.Learning Crossroads 154.Investigation Haven 155.Curiosity Hub 156.Analytical Sanctuary 157.Insight Highway 158.Observation Oasis 159.Science Nexus160.Academic Junction。
网络资源导航
课程资源
资源网址
综合
机构库
资源网址
植物学 图书馆学/信息管理
图片库 免费期刊
资源网址 资源网址
综合
机构库
资源网址
DBLP Computer Science Bibliography 计算机科学 文献库 Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard 哈佛大学机构库 Digital Library and Archives Virginia Tech University 弗吉尼亚理工大 学机构库 Digital Library for Earth System Education 地球系 天文/地球科学 统教育数字图书馆 Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet (DiVA) 学术档案 数据库 Directory Database of Research and Development Activities (ReaD) 日本研究机构 Disease in the developing world portal on EurekAlert 疾病门户 Dissertations of the University ofents & Reports of the WorldBank Group 世 界银行组织的文件与报告库 DOE E-print Network 美 国能源部预印本网 DOE Information Bridge 美国能源部报告(DOE 报 告） DRIVER: Networking European Scientific Repositories 综合 机构库 资源网址 综合 技术报告/研究报告 资源网址 综合 预印本 资源网址 经济/管理 技术报告/研究报告 资源网址 综合 免费期刊 资源网址 综合 机构库 资源网址 医学/药学 学科门户/资源导航 资源网址 综合 学科门户/资源导航 资源网址 综合 机构库 资源网址 机构库 学科门户/资 源导航 综合 机构库 资源网址 综合 机构库 资源网址 计算机/网络 学科门户/资源导航 资源网址
高校图书馆馆藏建设协作模式及发展
2. 目的：通过协作整合各成员馆的经费、人力及信息 资源，以建立一个可以促进各个大学教学、研究和 服务使命的、丰富的和无以伦比的知识环境。
3. 组织架构：三级管理 4. 效果：实现了对成员馆文献同一规划和使用
• 集中模式：也被称为“协调采购模式” （Coordinated Acquisitions），即“两个或 两个以上的图书馆同意分担购买指定文献
范围和深度的扩展。
3. 馆藏发展协作产生的一般条件： • 国家发展 • 社会开放 • 教学科研活跃 • 图书馆界有协作的意愿
三、馆藏发展协作的目的
• 提高资金使用效率，增加收藏品种，提升 国家、地区或协作各方的文献提供能力；
• 减少文献的重复购置，同时减轻协作各方 馆舍面积不足的压力；
• 充分利用分散于协作各方的学科采访馆员 的不同专长，提高协作各方文献发展质量 及收藏文献的系统性。
四、馆藏发展协作的主要模式
• 分布模式：即“两个或两个以上的图书馆 同意各自在指定领域承担‘主要收集责任’ 并彼此相互免费提供这些文献的机制。” 美国图书馆界认为这种形式是真正意义的 文献资源发展协作（Cooperative Collection Development—CCD）。
【案例一】法明顿计划（Farmington Plan）
二、产生馆藏发展协作的条件
1. 高等学校图书馆是学校的文献信息中心， 承担为学校教学、研究及学术发展提供文 献资源支持的任务。根据学校教学科研的 任务和发展规划，基于图书馆提供文献服 务的方式，为文献用户甄别、收集文献是 图书馆实现其使命的重要基础。但图书馆 只是文献传播链中的一个环节，而且是一 个相对被动的环节。
library research的定义
1.1 library research指的是通过查找图书馆的书籍、期刊、报纸、文献资料等资源，进行系统性的信息检索和分析的一种学术研究方法。
1.2 它是一种重要的学术研究方法，通过充分利用图书馆和其它信息资源机构的丰富藏书，研究者可以获取到各种各样的信息资源，从而开展深入的学术研究工作。
1.3 library research通常包括文献综述、文献分析、文献评论等环节，研究者需要对查找到的文献资料进行系统性的整理和分析，以支撑研究课题的相关论证和分析。
二、library research的特点2.1 多元化的信息资源：图书馆藏书丰富多样，不仅包括各类学术著作、期刊论文，还有报纸、文献资料等资源，可供选取的文献资源种类繁多。
2.2 系统性的信息检索：library research需要进行系统性的信息检索，通过图书馆检索系统、目录、索引等工具，有计划地查找相关资料。
2.3 文献整理与分析：查找到的文献资料需要进行整理和分析，以确定其在研究课题中的价值和意义。
2.4 学术性与信度高：library research获取的信息资源大多来自于学术出版物或权威机构，具有较高的学术性和信度，能够有效支持学术研究的开展。
3.1 确定研究课题：首先需要明确研究的课题，确定所需的信息资源类型和范围。
3.2 制定检索策略：根据研究课题的特点和要求，制定符合实际情况的信息检索策略，包括关键词、检索范围、检索工具等。
3.3 进行信息检索：按照制定的检索策略，利用图书馆的检索系统、目录、索引等工具进行信息检索，查找相关文献资料。
3.4 文献整理与分析：对查找到的文献资料进行整理和分析，筛选出与研究课题相关的文献，分析其内容、观点、结论等。
3.5 撰写文献综述：根据整理和分析的文献资料，撰写文献综述或评论，系统地总结和评述相关文献的研究成果和进展。
四、library research的意义与作用4.1 为学术研究提供有效支撑：通过library research可以获取到丰富的信息资源，为学术研究提供有效支撑和依据。
基于调整轮廓线权重的文物碎块自动拼接方法
西北大学学报(自然科学版)2021年6月，第51卷第3期,Jun.,2021,Vol.51,No.3Journal of Northwest University(Natural Sciencc Edition)-文化遗产保护-基于调整轮廓线权重的文物碎块自动拼接方法耿国华V，姚文敏,周明全,刘杰V，徐雪丽2,4,曹欣1，2，刘阳洋1，2，李康1，2（1.西北大学信息科学与技术学院，陕西西安710127；2.西北大学文化遗产数字化国家地方联合工程研究中心,陕西西安710127&3.北京师范大学教育部虚拟现实应用工程研究中心，北京100875；4.延安大学数学与计算机科学学院，陕西延安716000）摘要：由于自然或人为因素，文物经常以破损的碎块形式呈现，将诸多不规则碎块准确拼接使文物复原是一项耗时费力的工作。
为此，该文提出一种基于断裂面信息的文物碎块自动拼接方法，该方法包含匹配和配准两个阶段。
第一阶段,根据断裂面轮廓线分割出断裂面，基于快速点特征直方图搜索匹配点对，并调整轮廓线上点的权重，得到匹配关系。
第二阶段，提出一种由粗到细的配准策略，采用基于主成分分析（PCA）的粗配准方法获得初始位置估计，然后应用深度最近点神经网络（DCP）做进一步调整。
实验结果表明：该文配准方法的配准成功率较其子方法分别提升了2.22%和18.06%，平均绝对误差仅为0.9202mm，能够应对轮廓线破损情况，完成断裂面较为完整的文物碎块拼接。
关键词：断裂面；轮廓线;快速点特征直方图;主成分分析;深度最近点中图分类号:TP391DOI：10.16152/j.oki.xdxbzr.2021-03-008开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）:Automatic reassembly for ciUtural relics fragments viaadjusting tlie weighe of contour curveGENG Guohua1,2,YAO Wenmin1,2,ZHOU Mingquan2,3,LID Jic1,2, XU Xueli1,2,4,CAO Xin1,2,LID Yaneyany1,2,LI Kany1,2(1.Colleyo of Information Sciencc and Technology,NortUwest University,Xi'an710127,China；2.Nagonal and Loci Joint Engineering Research Center for Cultuial Heriwyc DimtizaVon,Northwest University,Xi'a710127,China；3.Virtug Regif Application Engineering Research Center of the Minishy of Educahon,Beijing Normal University,Beijing100875,China；4.Colleye of Mathematics and Computer Sciencc,Yan'an University,Yan'an716000,China)Abstrace:Due to the natural or human factors,cultural relics are often presented in incomplete fragments and it is a time-consuming and labovous task to accumtWy assembly many imexular fragments together to restore the ovginal appexranca of cultural relics.Therefore,an auimatic reassembly method for cultural relics based收稿日期：2021-02-07基金项目：国家自然科学基金重点项目！61731015）；国家重点研发计划！2019YFC1521103）；陕西省重点产业链项目（2019ZDLSF07-02）；国家自然科学基金青年项目（61701403）第一作者:耿国华，女，山东莱西人，博士，教授，博士生导师，从事智能信息处理、图像处理研究。
介绍校园的英语作文
When it comes to writing an essay about a school campus,there are several key elements to consider to create a vivid and engaging description.Heres a detailed outline to help you craft a compelling essay:1.Introduction:Begin with a general overview of the school campus,setting the scene for the reader.Mention the location,size,and the overall atmosphere of the campus. Example:Nestled in the heart of the city,our school campus is a vibrant hub of learning and activity,spanning over50acres of lush greenery and modern architecture.2.Campus Layout:Describe the layout of the campus,including the arrangement of buildings,sports facilities,and other key areas.Example:The campus is meticulously planned,with academic buildings clustered around the central library,while sports facilities and outdoor spaces are strategically placed for ease of access.3.Academic Buildings:Detail the different academic buildings,their functions,and any unique architectural features.Example:The main academic building,with its glass facade and spacious classrooms, is designed to inspire creativity and collaboration among students.4.Libraries and Resource Centers:Highlight the importance of libraries and resource centers,and describe their collections and services.Example:Our stateoftheart library offers a vast collection of books,journals,and digital resources,serving as the intellectual heart of the campus.5.Sports and Recreational Facilities:Mention the sports facilities,gyms,and recreational areas available for students to maintain a balanced lifestyle.Example:The sports complex,equipped with a swimming pool,basketball courts,anda running track,encourages students to stay active and healthy.6.Green Spaces and Gardens:Describe the green spaces,gardens,and any environmental initiatives the school has in place.Example:The campus boasts several serene gardens and green spaces,which not only provide a peaceful retreat but also contribute to our schools commitment to sustainability.7.Campus Life and Events:Talk about the social and cultural life on campus,including clubs,societies,and annual events.Example:Campus life is enriched by a diverse range of clubs and societies,catering to various interests,from debate to drama.Annual events such as the Cultural Festival and Sports Day bring the community together in celebration.8.Technology and Innovation:If applicable,discuss the use of technology and any innovative programs or facilities on campus.Example:Our campus is at the forefront of educational technology,with smart classrooms,online learning platforms,and research labs that foster innovation and discovery.9.Conclusion:Summarize the key points of your essay,reflecting on the unique aspects of the campus that make it an ideal place for learning and personal growth.Example:In conclusion,our school campus is more than just a place for education it is a thriving community that nurtures the mind,body,and spirit of its students,preparing them for the challenges and opportunities of the future.Remember to use descriptive language and sensory details to bring your campus to life for the reader.Incorporate personal experiences or observations to add authenticity to your essay.。
用电脑做什么英语作文60词左右
用电脑做什么英语作文60词左右全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1There are countless ways to use a computer, whether for work, entertainment, education, or communication. With the advancement of technology, computers have become an essential part of our daily lives.One of the most common uses of a computer is for work or school-related tasks. Many people rely on computers to create documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and other work-related materials. In addition, computers are used for research, data analysis, and project management, making them indispensable tools in the workplace and academic settings.Computers also provide a platform for entertainment, such as watching movies, playing video games, listening to music, or browsing the internet. Streaming services like Netflix and Spotify have made it easier than ever to access a vast library of content right at our fingertips. Additionally, social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter allow us to connect withfriends and family, share updates, and stay informed about current events.For those who are interested in learning new skills or pursuing hobbies, computers offer a wealth of resources and opportunities. Online courses, tutorials, and webinars make it possible to learn about a wide range of topics, from coding and graphic design to cooking and photography. There are also countless apps and software programs available for creative pursuits like music production, digital art, and video editing.In conclusion, the possibilities are endless when it comes to using a computer. Whether for work, entertainment, education, or personal development, computers have revolutionized the way we live, work, and connect with others. As technology continues to evolve, we can look forward to even more exciting and innovative ways to make the most of this incredible tool.篇2With the advancement of technology, computers have become an essential part of our daily lives. We use computers for a wide range of tasks, from work to entertainment to communication. Here are some of the common things people do with computers:1. Work: Many people use computers for work, whether it's for writing reports, creating presentations, analyzing data, or communicating with colleagues.2. School: Students use computers for research, writing papers, taking online classes, and collaborating on group projects.3. Entertainment: Computers are great for entertainment, whether it's watching movies, playing video games, listening to music, or browsing the internet.4. Communication: Computers allow us to stay connected with friends and family through email, social media, video calls, and messaging apps.5. Shopping: Online shopping has become increasingly popular, and computers make it easy to browse products, compare prices, and make purchases from the comfort of home.6. Creativity: Many people use computers for creative pursuits like graphic design, photo editing, music production, and writing.Overall, computers are versatile tools that can enhance productivity, entertainment, communication, and creativity in our lives. Whether you're using a computer for work, school,leisure, or personal projects, there are countless ways to make the most of this powerful technology.篇3In today's fast-paced world, computers have become an essential tool in our daily lives. From work to entertainment, from communication to learning, there are countless things that we can do with a computer.One of the most common uses of a computer is for work. With the help of various software programs, we can create documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and more. We can also communicate with colleagues and clients through email or video conferencing, making work more efficient and productive.Computers are also a great source of entertainment. We can watch movies, listen to music, play video games, and even create our own digital art. The internet provides endless possibilities for entertainment, with social media, streaming services, and online games just a click away.For those who love learning, computers are a valuable tool for research and education. We can access online libraries, academic journals, and educational websites to expand our knowledge on any subject. Online courses and tutorials alsoallow us to learn new skills and improve ourselves in various areas.In conclusion, computers have revolutionized the way we work, communicate, entertain ourselves, and learn. They have become an indispensable part of our lives, providing us with endless possibilities and opportunities. So next time you sit down in front of your computer, think about all the amazing things you can do with it!。
英语作文-未来图书馆：数字化时代的文化中心
英语作文-未来图书馆：数字化时代的文化中心Libraries have long been regarded as repositories of knowledge and cultural heritage. In the digital age, they are transforming into dynamic hubs that cater to the evolving needs of society. The future library, in essence, becomes a digital cultural center, a vibrant nexus where information, technology, and community converge seamlessly.Central to the concept of the future library is its digital foundation. Unlike traditional libraries limited by physical space, digital libraries transcend these constraints. They offer boundless opportunities for access to vast collections of knowledge, literature, and multimedia resources. Through digitization, libraries can preserve rare manuscripts, historical documents, and artworks in formats that are easily accessible and indefinitely preservable.Moreover, the digital library enhances accessibility on a global scale. Users from remote corners of the world can connect to its resources with just a few clicks. This democratization of access ensures that knowledge is not bound by geographical or economic barriers. Whether someone seeks academic research, literary classics, or scientific journals, the digital library provides instant access, fostering a more inclusive and informed society.Furthermore, the future library serves as a cultural center by promoting creativity and lifelong learning. It offers virtual spaces for interactive learning experiences, workshops, and collaborative projects. Digital tools enable patrons to engage in hands-on activities such as coding workshops, virtual reality experiences, and multimedia production. These activities not only empower individuals with new skills but also cultivate a culture of innovation and exploration.In addition to its educational role, the digital library functions as a social hub in the community. It hosts virtual book clubs, forums, and cultural events that bring people together across borders and time zones. Through online platforms, patrons can participatein discussions, share insights, and broaden their perspectives. This communal interaction fosters a sense of belonging and intellectual exchange that enriches the fabric of society.The integration of cutting-edge technology further enhances the functionalities of the future library. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms optimize search capabilities, personalize recommendations, and anticipate user preferences. Virtual assistants provide real-time assistance, enhancing the overall user experience and efficiency of information retrieval.Furthermore, digital libraries play a pivotal role in preserving cultural heritage. By digitizing fragile manuscripts, ancient texts, and oral histories, libraries ensure their conservation for future generations. This archival function not only safeguards cultural identities but also facilitates scholarly research and historical understanding.Moreover, the digital transformation of libraries requires robust cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive information and user privacy. Encryption technologies, secure networks, and authentication protocols are essential safeguards against cyber threats and data breaches. By prioritizing security, libraries can maintain trust and reliability in their digital services.In conclusion, the future library redefines its role as a digital cultural center that transcends physical boundaries and embraces technological innovation. It serves as a gateway to knowledge, a catalyst for creativity, and a beacon of community engagement. By harnessing the power of digitization, the library of tomorrow ensures equitable access to information, preserves cultural heritage, and fosters lifelong learning in an interconnected world. As society continues to evolve, the future library stands poised to adapt, innovate, and inspire generations to come.。
ASCE Research Library使用指南
• 《结构工程杂志》 • 《测量工程杂志》 • 《运输工程杂志》
• 《能源工程杂志》
• 《城市规划与发展杂志》
• 《工程力学杂志》
• 《水资源规划与管理杂志》
• • •
《环境工程杂志》 《土工技术与地质环境工程杂志》
•
《水力工程杂志》
•
《航道、港口、海岸与海洋工程杂志》 《工程领导与管理》
• 《水文工程杂志》
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• 《危险性、毒性和放射性废物管理实用期刊》
英文文献免费下载网站地址集锦 (1)
国外免费期刊全文数据库来源：王康的日志1.科技大学图书馆Dspace.internet-psychology.包括科技大学的学术论文、学位论文、研究报告等容，均可免费获取全文。
Openj-gate/提供4350种开放获取的期刊的数百万期刊全文文献。
加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏/escholarship/加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏研究项目。
eScholarshipRepository主要提供已出版的期刊论文、未出版的研究手稿、会议文献以及其他连接出版物上的文章1万多篇，均可免费阅读。
剑桥大学机构知识库/由Cambridge University Library和University Computing Service维护，提供剑桥大学相关的期刊、学术论文、学位论文等电子资源。
发展中国家联合期刊库.br/非营利的电子出版物服务机构，提供来自发展中国家（如巴西、古巴、印度、印尼、肯尼亚、南非、乌干达、津巴布韦等）的开放获取的多种期刊的全文。
美国密西根大学论文库/index.jsp美国密西根大学论文库2万多篇期刊论文、技术报告、评论等文献全文。
包含艺术学、生物学、社会科学、资源环境学等学科的相关论文，另还有博硕士论文。
标识为OPEN的可以打开全文。
jfgCERN Document Servercdsweb.cern.ch/主要覆盖物理学（particle physics）及相关学科，提供360,000多篇全文文献，包括预印文献、期刊论文、图书、图片、学位论文等等。
klArXiv/ArXiv是属于Cornell University的非盈利教育机构，面向物理学、数学、非线性科学、计算机科学和定量生物学等学科提供16种免费电子期刊的访问。
NASA Technical Reports Server/?method=browse主要是关于航空航天领域研究的科技报告和会议论文。
National Service Center for Environmental Publications/ncepihom/National Service Center for Environmental Publications提供的是美国环境保护总署(EPA)出版物。
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CRL IMLS Grant Cooperative Print Archiving by Discipline
• Two-year IMLS grant to create a framework for cooperative archiving of Law and Agriculture materials • Working with the Law Library Microform Consortium (LLMC) and the U.S. Agricultural Information Network (USAIN) • Project activities include: – Assemble a supporting information base – Document baseline archiving conditions and services – Create consensus on expanding the archives and services – Develop and implement expanded archiving agreements • Project Director Amy Wood (awood@)
About 25 million volumes added each year
About 70 million volumes in library storage facilities
NCES ALS + ARL statistics 2008
The Cost of Keeping Books
Open Stack (traditional library) High Density
Annual average cost per volume (includes amortized construction)
Hybrid (10 years in Open Stack)
Hybrid (20 years in Open Stack)
– Demonstration project to focus on particular humanities domain(s) represented in Hathi and already in storage facilities
• Explored feasibility of supporting NYU using Hathi ebooks (4 million titles) and ReCAP stored print (8 million volumes)
• Expanded to compare monographic holdings among ARL libraries in WorldCat, Hathi Trust, ReCAP storage facility, UC Regional Library Facilities, Library of Congress, and CRL
Western Regional Storage Trust (WEST) Distributed Print Journal Repository Program
• Led by University of California system, ~17 libraries and 3 consortia during planning phase (2009-2010) • Total ~90 members expected during three-year implementation phase (2011-2013) with funding from Mellon Foundation and from WEST members • Collaboration with CRL to develop collection analysis system
Ithaka S+R, 2009, p.8.
From Storage to Archives
Shared Storage Facilities (examples)
Storage –based Archives (examples)
~70 million stored volumes
Distributed or Hybrid Archives
Paul N. Courant and Matthew “Buzzy” Nielsen, “On the Cost of Keeping a Book”, The Idea of Order: Transforming Research Collections for 21st Century Scholarship. CLIR Pub#147. June 2010.
Lizanne Payne Print Archives Consultant Center for Research Libraries Issue
Almost 1 BILLION volumes
Over 980 million volumes in academic libraries in North America
Center for Research Libraries Webinar Shared Print Initiatives in North America Wednesday February 9, 2011 1:00 – 2:00 PM (Central)
About CRL • 250 academic and independent research libraries • A shared collection of 5 million books, journals, archives, documents, and newspapers • Communities of interest identifying and sharing information about critical and at-risk source materials
Characteristics of Shared Print Archives
Retention Agreement
Selection Criteria Validation Standards Archiving Location & Standards
• Commitment and time period • Access/delivery services
Consortial Efforts by Selection Type Shared Storage Copy
OhioLINK TRLN
LibraryNominated Titles
By Publisher
UC Libraries
By Format
CRL International Newspaper Directory (IMLS)
PASCAL
Orbis-Cascade Alliance
ASERL Fed Depository
WRLC ASERL Journal Retention Florida system PALCI
Five Colleges (MA)
CIC Gov Docs
New Approaches
• By Domain or Discipline: – CRL IMLS grant with USAIN (Agriculture) and LLMC (Law) • By Title Risk or Digital Availability: – WEST – Hathi/Cloud
Moderate risk
Silver Storage facilities and/or Libraries
Lower Risk
Bronze
OCLC Research Cloud Library Project
Malpas, Constance. Cloud-sourcing Research Collections: Managing Print in the Mass-digitized Library Environment. /research/publications/library/2011/2011-o1.pdf
Cloud Library Project Key findings
Library collections
~30% of typical ARL library collection covered by Hathi titles Hathi Trust DigitizedDigitized Titles Hathi Trust Titles (~ 4 million) million) (~ 4
• Retrospective vs prospective • By publisher, format, other
• Review for completeness and condition • Volume, issue, page, none
• Centralized and/or distributed • Environmental and security standards
WEST Title Categories and Archive Types
Title Category
Print-only
Risk
Archive Type
Archive Location
Higher Risk
Gold
Storage Facility
P+E, no digital preservation P+E with digital preservation
$4.26
$ .86