美国文学Leture2
美国文学史2RomanticismandEmerson.ppt
Lecture 3
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803—1882):
-- denoting “whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought”
-- பைடு நூலகம்merson said, Transcendentalism means idealism.
Lecture 3
What is Transcendentalism?
Lecture 3
a period of the discussion of social issues: a. the woman’s issue b. slavery
Lecture 3
American Romanticism: “… romanticism remained one of the glories of
American Romanticism (1800—1850s)
Lecture 3
Historical Background:
• 1812, war with Britain • 1830s, a series of wars against native Americans • 1846—1848, war against Mexico • 1848, discovery of gold in California, thus the Gold Rush • 1859, first oil well drilled in Pennsylvania • 1861—1865, Civil War • 1869, the first transcontinental railway constructed
美国文学讲义
美国文学讲义（１）Chapter 1 The Romantic period (浪漫时期)本章概述一. 十九世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景；二、该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张；三、对同时代与后期美国文学的影响；四、主要作家作品。
文学史分析一、The time period :1. The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War.2.It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass .3.It is also called " the American Renaissance ."二. The romantic thoughts :1.The native feature :They revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands .A.The American national experience of "pioneering into the west " proved to be a rich source of material .B. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral law .C.Literature began to celebrate American farmers ,the poor , the unlettered ,children ,and especially the noble savages .2.The Puritanism :A.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values .B.American romantic writers tended more to moralized than their English and European counterparts.3.The Transcendentalism :A. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism .B.It was stared in New England in the 1830s .C. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far ,Emerson and Thoreau .D. Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as "the recognition in man the capacity of knowing truth intuitively ,or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the sense ."三.The representatives :1. The poetry :There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period ,among the better-known is Walt Whitman , Whose Leaves of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century .2. The fiction :The fiction of the American Romantic Period is an original and diverse body of work .3.The human nature :American Romanticists also differed in their understanding of human nature . To Emerson and Thoreau , man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible ;to Hawthorne and Melville , everybody is potentially a sinner , and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature .主要作家作品A.华盛顿.欧文B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生C.纳撒尼尔.霍桑D.华尔特.惠特曼E.赫尔曼.麦尔维尔A.华盛顿.欧文一.The literary creation1.The works :A. A History of New York ,which , written under the name of Diedrich knickerbocker , was a great success and won him wide popularity .The book is a parody of the Dutch colony .B. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffery Crayon , Gent ,Irving won a measure of international fame on both side of the Atlantic .The book contains familiar essays like "Rip Van Winkle " and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow . "C.Following The sketch Book , Irving published Bracebridge Hall ,and Tales of a Traveler .2.The literary source and contributions :A.Irving 's relationship with the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ignored considering his success both abroad and at home . A History of New York is a patchwork of references .He parodies or imitates Homer , Fielding ,Swift and many other favorites of his .B. Washington Irving brought to the new nation what its people desired most in a man of letters ---"Rip Van Winkle " or "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow " are among the treasures of the American language and culture . It is not the sketches about the Old World but the tales about America that made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduring .二. The artistic features :1.Irving 's taste was essentially conservative .2.Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who " perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produce . "3. Yet Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character .B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生一. The literary creation :1.The chief spokesman of this spiritual movement , New England transcendentalism is Emerson .2.Nature ,Emerson's first little book ,established him ever since as the most eloquent sopkesman of New England Transcendentalism .3.His lasting reputation began only with the publication of Essays . Many of his famous essays are included in Essays ,such as the American Scholar , Self-Reliance , The Over-Soul .二. The thought1. The transcendentalism :A. The nature :Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school with absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism .B. The contents :Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul , the importance of the Individual , and Nature . Transcendentalists believed that there should be an emotional communication between an individual soul and universal "over-soul "2.The influence :A. By employing nature as a big symbol of the spirit ,or God , or the over-soul , Emerson has brought the puritan legacy of symbolism to its perfection .B. Emerson is the most representative of the philosophical an literary school , and it inspired in his lifetime a whole generation of famous authors like Thoreau , Whitman , and Dickinson .三. The artistic features :1.The casual style :Emerson's essays often have a casual style . They are usually characterized by a series of short ,sentences .2. To use comparison and metaphors :Emerson's philosophical discussion is sometimes difficult to understand but he uses comparisons and metaphors to make the general idea of his work clearly expressed .3.To employ the literary sources :Emerson often employed these literary sources to make and enrich his own points but never let them take the full reins of his discussion .C.纳撒尼尔.霍桑一. The thoughts :1. The view of sin:A. According to Hawthorne , "There is evil in every human heart ." A piece of literary work should " show how we are all wronged and wronged , and avenge one another ." So in almost every book he wrote , Hawthorne discusses sin and evil .B. One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect . The tension between intellect " would be fully revealed .2. The Puritanism :A. Hawthorne 's view of man and human history originates , to a great extent , in Puritanism . He believed that "the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones . "B. In many of Hawthorne 's stories and novels , the Puritan concept of life is condemned , or the Puritan past is shown in an almost totally negative light , especially in his The House of the Seven Gables and The Scarlet Letter .二. The masterpiece ---The Scarlet letter :1.The theme:In this particular novel , Hawthorne does not intend to tell a love story nor a story of sin , but focuses his attention on the moral , emotional , and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular , so as to show us the tension between society and individuals .2.The imagery :"The custom -House " to The Scarlet Letter proves fruitful to Hawthrone 's imagination , Byrelating a piece of red cloth shaped like "A" , Hawthorne succeeds in giving his tale a sense of historical reality and an air of authenticity .三. The artistic features :1.The structure:The structure and the form of his writings are always carefully worked out to cater for the thematic concern .2.The allegory :Hawthorne is also a great allegorist and almost every story can be read allegorically , as is the case in " Young Goodman Brown."3.The symbolism :Hawthorne is a master of symbolism . The symbol can be found everywhere in his writing . By using pearl as thematic symbol ,Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community .4.The ambiguity :And the ambiguity is one of the salient characteristics of Hawthorne's art .D.华尔特.惠特曼一. The works ---Leaves of Grass :1.Leaves of Grass has always been considered a monumental work which commands great attention .2.The work has nine editions and the first edition was published in 1855.二. the thoughts :1. The nationalism :As Whitman saw it , poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation . The abundance of themes in his poetry voices freshness. He shows concern for the whole hardworking people and the burgeoning life of cities .2. The individual value :The realization of the individual value also found a tough position in Whitman's poems in a particular way . pursuit of love and happiness is approved of repeatedly and affectionately in his lines .3.The political thoughts :Some of Whitman's poems are politically committed , Such as a collection under the title of drum Taps , " Cavalry Crossing a Ford . " And " When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 'd ."三.The artistic features :1. The brand-new means :Whitman employed brand-new means in his poetry .A. Whitman's poetic style is marked , first of all , by the use of the poetic "I".ually , the relationship Whitman is dramatizing is a triangular one :"I" the poet, the subject in the poem , and " you " the reader .C. What he prefers for his new subject and new poetic feeling is " free verse ,"that is , poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme . However , there is still a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical .2. The imagery :A. unifying images of the body , the crowd , the sexuality are pervasive in his poems .B. One of the most often-used methods in Whitman's poems is to make colors and images fleetpast the mind's eye of the reader .3. The Language:A. Another characteristic in Whitman's language is his strong tendency to use oral English .B. Whitman's vocabulary is amazing . He would use powerful , colorful , as well as rarely-used words , words of foreign origin and sometimes even wrong words .E.赫尔曼.麦尔维尔一. The literary creation :Melville's writings can be well divided into two groups .1.The early period :His early works were written after he was back from the sea.A. Among them are Typee , Omoo , and Mardi, which drew from his adventures .B. Redburn is semi-autobiographical novel .C. In White Jacket Melville relates his life on a United states man-of-war .D. Moby-Dick proves to be the best .2. The later period :With the publication of Pierre ,Melville's public fame was on the decline .A. Among them are "Bartleby , the Scrivener , " "Benito Cereno, " The Confidence -Man .B. Bill Budd again deals with the sea and sailors and the theme of a conflict between innocence and corruption .3.The themes respectively :A. In the early ones , Melville is more enthusiastic about setting out on a quest for the meaning of the universe , hence they are more metaphysical and the main characters are ardent and self-dramatizing "I", defying God , as best reflected in Moby-Dick .B. In the late works , Melville becomes more reconciled with the world of man .二. The Masterpiece ---Moby -Dick :1.The literary status :Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic .2. The features :It is difficult to read because much of the talk in the talk in the novel is sailor's talk and much of the language is purposely old-fashioned and Elizabethan .3. The outline :The story is not complicated , dealing with Ahab , a man with an overwhelming obsession to kill the whale which has crippled him , on board his ship Pequod in the chase of the whale .4.The symbolism :It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe , a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and psychology .三. The artistic features:1.The style of symbol and imageryA. Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups .B. Facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings .C. Pequod is the microcosm of human society , and the voyage becomes a search for truth .D. For author ,Moby-Dick is still a mystery , an ultimate mystery of the universe .2. The other stills :Melville's great gifts of language , invention , psychological analysis , speculative agility , and narrative power are fused to make Moby-Dick a world classic .美国文学讲义（２）chapter2 The Realistic period (现实主义文学时期)本章概述一. 十九世纪中期现实主义文学产生的历史、文化背景；二、美国现实主义文学创作的基本特征、基本主张；三、对同时代与后期美国文学的影响；四、主要作家作品。
American Literature 美国文学第2课汇总
genre. ❖ 6. His use of the gothic looks forward to Poe.
Washington Irving
❖ Irving was born in a wealthy merchant family and was well educated. He visited several European countries and stayed there for many years. His writings about the New World aroused European interest.
Rip Van Winkle
The Legend of Sleepy
Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving
❖ Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away in perfect contentment; but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.
美国文学课件二
Principal Romantic Themes in A.L.
Intuition is more trustworthy than reason
To express experiences
Individual
Nature
Ideal
The major writers belonging to A. R.
The Romantic Period, 1820-1860
The Romantic Period, 1820-1860
literature depicting emotional matter in an imaginative form －－The German poet Friedrich Schlegel liberalism in literature －－Victor Hugo
Major Works
Sea fiction: The Pilot Historical novel: The Spy Frontier tales: Leather-stocking Tales Social criticism: The Littlepage Manuscript
Leather-stocking Tales
The background 1. 2. 3.
The Romantic movement, which originated in Germany but quickly spread to England, France, and beyond, reached America around the year 1820, some 20 years after William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge had revolutionized English poetry by publishing Lyrical Ballads.
《美国文学》课件2
• John Smith as an important literary figure • John Smith remained in Virginia until fall of 1609, when he sailed back to England. Smith was instrumental in disseminating (spread widely) knowledge about Virginia, publishing such works as True Relation of Virginia in 1608, Map of Virginia in 1612, General Historie of Virginia beginning in 1624 (there were six editions in eight years), and True Travels in 1630. • While his writing contains important factual information about Virginia as it was when inhabited only by Indians, Smith is also noted for embellishing (beautify; adorn) his stories with boasts and conceit (far-fetched comparison).
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(3) Edward Taylor (16421729):
a great Puritan poet in colonial America; a meditative poet; metaphysical poems, reminiscent of John Donne, Richard Crashaw, and George Herbert in the early 17th century England; one of his highly religious poem is “Huswifery”; his poetry and that of Bradstreet rose to the professional level.
美国文学第二章浪漫主义PPT课件
2) Vivid and true characters 3) Finished and musical language 4) Strong sense of humor 5) Never shocking but a bit sentimental at
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>> Irving’s Writing style:
Vivid, memorable characters,
Detailed, insightful description of American scenery, traditions and cultures,
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To sum up:
As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. However, it was in essence the expression of “ a real new experience” and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “ the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.
>>At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England”.
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1 History of American Literature 美国文学史 英语简介
Brief Introduction of the American Literature History
1. The Colonial Period (1607-End of the 18th C) 2. The Romantic Period (19th C-1865) 3. The Age of Realism (1865-1918) 4. The Modern Period (1918-1945) 5. The Postwar Period (1945- )
regarded as one of the American authors writing in the Modernist tradition of the 1920s)
The Modern Period (19181945)
The 1920s African American literature (Harlem Renaissance) Langston Hughes The 1930s Left or socialist-oriented writers: John Dos Passos and John Steinbeck
Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville
The Age of Realism (18651918)
William Dean Howells Mark Twain (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn;
Frank Norris
Dreiser
(McTeagaue,
美国文学Lecture 2
4.The style of the Book It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The style is plain, the imagery is homely, and the diction, syntax, and expression are all very simple.
Franklin was spokesman for the 18th c. Enlightenment, who believed that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The book demonstrates Franklin’s confident belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work and wise management…. the fulfillment of the American dream.
4. Writers of this period: Thomas Paine: Common Sense Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. Franklin: Representative of the Enlightenment, Works: Poor Richards Almanac; Autobiography
美国文学课件2The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Ⅰ. Historical Overview
The establishment of independent nationhood and federation
– The War of Independence (1775-1783) – The Declaration of Independence; the treaty of
– Franklin’s a primary figure in the rise of American pragmatism
– Created the cult of self-reliance
– Pragmatism: a term describing a doctrine that determines values through the test of consequences or utility
A scientist
philanthropist
diplomat
1. Franklin’s Accomplishments
Franklin’s contributions to American institutions
– Pennsylvania Hospital; – America’s first circulating library in
alliance with France; the Treaty of Paris and the Constitution – In 1789 George Washington was elected the first president
American Enlightenment
英语专业美国文学第二课教案
II. American Romanticism: 1. General characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism, and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. 2. American Romanticism culminated around the 1840s in what has come to be known as “New England Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance”.
I. Biographical Introduction First distinguished American literary critic; the ancestor of the western decadent school; the father of the modern mystery and father of detective story in America. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle（1859-1930） the creator of Sherlock Holmes and the author of his adventures. II. His literary concept The Philosophy of Composition(1846) The Poetic Principle(1850): “Art for art’s sake” III. His works: Poetry; Gothic novels; detective stories IV. Gothic novel
美国文学 英文介绍 经典课件
Herman Melville
? Characters: The Captain Ahab, Ishmael, Moby Dick
An Introduction to British and American Culture
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
? The first version of Leaves of Grass was published in 1855.
An Introduction to British and American Culture
Mark Twain
? Mark Twain was the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens
? The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County made him nationally famous.
An Introduction to British and American Culture
Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
? Walden is a record of his reflections when he communicates ish and American Culture
Mark Twain
? The Adventures of Tom Sawyerwas an immediate success.
? The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn became his masterwork.
The Lost Generation
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) ? His first novel is This Side of Paradise. ? His second novel is The Beautiful and Damned. ? His masterpiece is The Great Gatsby. ? Characters: Gatsby， Daisy, Tom Buchanan
英美文学选读 教程大纲 lecture 2
Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (1660-1798)一、背景知识（Background knowledge）1、历史背景（Historical background）新古典主义时期的英国社会矛盾交织。
王室与议会、不同的教派之间、统治阶级与贫苦的劳动大众之间冲突不断，托利党与辉格党也为对议会和政府的控制而争斗不已。
概言之，那是一个充满了多种矛盾和多种价值观的时代。
18世纪的英国发展迅速，到世纪中叶，英国已成为世界上的头号资本主义强国。
随着经济的迅速发展，中产阶级也随之壮大了起来.2、文化背景（Cultural background）A 随着资本主义的发展，中产阶级的社会价值观和道德观占据了主宰地位。
中产阶级崇尚自制、自立和勤劳。
对他们而言，生活的意义就在于工作、节俭和积累财富。
B 这一时期，启蒙运动在英国全面展开。
该运动的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观启迪社会。
启蒙主义者们宣扬理性、平等与科学，宣称理性是人类的一切思想和行动唯一的、终极的目标。
C 启蒙者们相信当理性作为衡量一切人类行为和关系的标尺之时，一切迷信、压迫和不公正将让位于“终极真理”、“终极正义”和“终极平等”。
D 启蒙者们鼓吹全民教育。
他们认为，大众受到教育才更有可能建成民主社会。
3、新古典主义文学的特征（Features of the Neo-classic literature）A 新古义文学奉古希腊、罗马的经典作品和当代法国作品。
B新古典主义作家自觉地追求均衡、统一与和谐表达的优雅，从而形成了雍容、雅致、诙谐、睿智的文风。
C这一时期的文学说教意味浓厚，成为流行一时的大众教育的手段。
各种文学体裁均遵循某些固定的条律和规则。
D包括当时流行的模拟史诗、传奇、讽刺诗、讽刺短诗在内的各体诗歌结构工整，遣词雅致、语气庄严、注重说教。
小说则不同于传统的贵族传奇文学，以现实的笔触摹写普通人民的生活。
二Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福（1660～1731），英国小说家，英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被誉为“欧洲小说之父”。
Lecture 2-美国文学史
1. Historical introduction
A. American War for Independence B. The Enlightenment Movement
2. Major Writers
2. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country, which led to the colonies’ intense strain with England.
A. Benjamin Franklin B. Thomas Paine C. Philip Freneau D. torical Introduction
I. The American War for Independence (1775-1783)
II. Enlightenment
II. The Enlightenment Movement
A progressive intellectual movement
(1) Origin: in Europe in the 17th century (2) Purpose: to enlighten the whole world
political philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau(1712-1778), a
Swiss-born French writer
II. Enlightenment
3. The Influence of the Enlightenment (1) a decisive blow upon the Puritan
美国文学第二讲
• Background: As an approach in literary creation, romanticism is ever present in literature of all time. But as a literary trend or movement, it occurred and developed in Europe and America at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries under the historical background of the Industrial Revolution around 1760 and the French Revolution (1789---1799). The term “Romantic” as a designation for a school of literature opposed to the Classic was first used by the German critic Friedrich Schlegel . Romanticism marked the reaction in literature, philosophy, art, religion, and politics from the Neoclassicism and formal orthodox of the past.
The Style of Irving’s Work
• Graceful, refined, fluent, dignified, and beautiful, Irving’s style is greatly admired even at the present time. All writers in America read Irving. Some follow his style and his subject matter, and are influenced by his sentimentalism. This is of his romantic feeling. Besides, Irving had a particularly important theme, the theme of change, of mutability. This is a sorrow he had when he saw great changes going on in the country as he believed that changes upset the natural order of things. Some of his works remain sources not only of literary inspiration but also of popular culture in America. His contribution to American literature is unique in more ways than one. He did a number of things which have been regarded as the first of their kind in America. He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame. To say that he was the father of American literature is not much exaggeration. For example, the short story as a genre in American literature probably began with his The Sketch Book, which marked the beginning of American Romanticism. His career can be roughly divided into two important phrase, the first of which span from his first book up to 1832, the other stretching over the remaining years of his life. The first period was predominantly “English” and back in America, he found a whole new spirit of nationalism in American feeling, art and letters. The gentility, urbanity and pleasantness of the man all seem to have found adequate expression in his style. The adage, “The style is the man,” applies to no one else so well.
美国文学史第二讲--浪漫主义时期
• Harvard ostracized (排斥) him for many years, but his message attracted young disciples (信徒), who joined the informal Transcendental Club (established in 1836).
Biography
Born of a wealthy merchant in New York City as the youngest of 11 children. Early in his life Irving developed a passion for books. He studied law privately but practiced only briefly.
From 1804 to 1806 he travelled widely in Europe.
Irving's career as a writer started in journals and newspapers.
Major points
the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.
• The theme:
• The author, through this novel, reveals his conservative view about the bourgeois revolution (i.e. the independent war through which the emperor was overthrown), and criticized that the revolution didn’t bring benefits to American people. However, the figure of Winkle become an absurd remainder (er(1789-1851)
美国文学史及选读2复习笔记
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅡ)美国文学史及选读2PartⅣ The Literature Of Realism现实主义文学1.美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was,, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote.2.现实主义一词来源于法语realism, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。
Realism had originated in France asrealism, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. “现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William Dean Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American”, insisting that Americ an was truly a land of hope and of possibility that should be reflected in its literature.3.美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。
美国文学课件二
1. opposing the old colonial order and religious obscurantism（反启蒙，文盲政策）
2. disseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas
①代表作：“Poor Richard’s Almanac”----annual collection of proverbs It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin’s shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation.
⑥As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.
⑦“Autobiography”
自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
Franklin's Autobiography:
---- the first of its kind in American literature ---- simple yet very fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born
b. Politically, the British government forced dependence by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.
美国文学2
Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)
Masterpiece---Sister Carrie (1900)
Carrie—a country girl looking for a better life in Chicago. Drouet took her home as mistress. Hurstwood, Drouet’ s friend, deserted family and forced her to run away with him. Carrie became a famous actress; Hurstwood committed suicide. Dreiser’s naturalistic pursuit expounding the purposelessness of life attacking the conventional moral
Trilogy (三部曲) of desire The Financer (1912) The Titan (1914) The Stoic (1945) 《欲望三部曲》——《金融家》，《巨 人》，《斯多葛》
masterpiece—The American Tragedy (1925)
V. The Modern Period (19141939)
5.1 Lost Generation
5.2
Modern Poetry
5.1 What is the Lost Generation?
American writers caught in WWI and cut off from the old values; unable to come to terms with the new era.
美国文学概述Lecture2BenjaminFranklin
美国文学概述Lecture2BenjaminFranklinBenjamin Franklin (1706-1790)Social Background●freedom from restraint;●age of revolutions●experimentation in science;●the presence of the frontier;●growth in nationalism;●growth in materialism;●the age of the gifted amateur;●belief in progressivism.●His life:Born into a poor candle makers family; the 15th of his father’s 17childrenHad very little formal educationWas apprenticed to his older brother at 12Ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune at 17A printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, orator, statesman,philosopher, political economist, ambassadorThe only American to sign the four documents that created the USOne of the makers of the new nation●Poor Richard’s Almanac:containing witty maxims for achieving wealth as a result of hard work and thrift.●“Lost time is never found again.”“A penny saved is a penny earned.”“God help them that help themselves.”“Earl y to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.”The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin☆A record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity.☆The book demonstrates Franklin’s confident belief that the new world of American was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work and wise management.☆The book celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream.☆It is a Puritan document of self-examination and self-improvement.☆The spirit of self-reliance, originating from Puritan ethics, bloomed in the next century into Emerson’s Transcendentalism.●Franklin's Autobiography has received widespread praise, both for its historical value as arecord of American’s first self-made man and for its literary style.●It follows the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. (the plainness of itsstyle, the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression)●It is often considered the first American book to be taken seriously by Europeans asliterature.●William Dean Howells asserted that "Franklin's is one of the greatest autobiographies inliterature, and towers over other autobiographies as Franklin towered over other men."“To His So n”●The Autobiography opens with a sal utation to Ben Franklinson, William Franklin, who atthe time was the royal governor of New Jersey.●Franklin is writing in the summer of 1771 on vacation in a small town about 50 milessouth of London.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?●He assumes that his son might be interested in knowing the circumstances of his life.●He claims to write so that his own life may be an example for his son of how one can livewell and how one can get through hardships.●He has enjoyed his life and would lik e to repeat it. But since he cannot repeat life, he caninstead recollect it.●He admits that he wants to gratify his own vanity.●His motive for writing, as well as Franklin's mention of correcting some errors were he torelive his life, both indicate Franklin's constant interest in self-improvement. This is perhaps the most important theme in the Autobiography.A Summary of “T o His Son”:●Franklin says that he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to recordhis past for his son.●He s tates his motives for writing his autobiography.●He thanks God for allowing him to live a good life.“The Arrival in Philadelphia”Ben and his brother:●Ben and James, often fought over trifling matters.●When James was jailed for political reasons, Ben h ad thechance to take over thenewspaper briefly,●Ben held the job in name even after James was released under the stipulation that Jamescould no longer work on the paper.●After another fight with James, Ben suddenly broke his contract and quit his job.●James immediately instructed the other printers in Boston not to hire his brother, and as aresult, Ben realizes that he would have to travel to a different city if he wished to find work.One of His First Errata●Franklin mentions his "first errata," wh en he quits his job with his brother.●His mention of his errors blends in well with the overall theme of self-improvement.●He wants to make it clear that he has never acted perfectly in all situations, and he wishesto indicate that he recognizes the mistakes he has made during his life.●He also points them out as a means of showing humility.A Summary of “The Arrival in Philadelphia”●At age 17, he secretly leaves home and traveled to New York City. He finds no workthere , but learns that he could get a job in Philadelphia.●His journey to Philadelphia is eventful as he gets caught ina storm, during which hesaved the life of a drunken Dutchman.●The boat dropped him off near Burlington, about 18 miles from Philadelphia.●He finally arrived in the c ity in the Market Street Wharf witha ridiculous appearance.His List of Virtues1. Temperance2. Silence3. Order4. Resolution5. Frugality6. Industry7. Sincerity8. Justice9. Moderation10. Cleanliness11. Tranquility12. Chastity13. HumilityQuestions:●Please comment on Benjamin Franklin and his autobiography.●Why did he write his autobiography?●Why and how did he go to Philadelphia?。
lecture2美国文学
lecture2美国文学American Literature◆The literature of the Colonial Period 殖民地时期的文学1.narratives and journals are the major forms in this period2.Captain John SmithThe first American writerA True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened inVirginia Since the First Planting of That Colony—a letter《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》A Map of Virginia: With a Description of the Country3.William Bradford—The History of Plymouth Plantation4.John Winthrop—The History of New England5.Roger William—A Key into the Language of America; A Help to the Language of the Nativesin That Part of America Called New England6.Anne Bradstreet 威廉. 布拉德斯特里特—the first colonist poet.The Flesh and the Spirit 肉与灵As Weary Pilgrim 疲惫的朝圣者The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 第十位缪斯◆The Literature around the Revolution of Independence (1776)1.the two great revolutions of the 18th century –the American Revolution and theEnlightenment2.Deism自然神论—Four pointsonly one God was worth worshipping;man could keep making progress by making use of his own moral sense and of his own intelligence;man should love truth and do good;education and science were important means to create man’s happiness3.Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林To draft The Declaration of IndependencePoor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书；(God help them that help themselves; A penny saved is a penny earned; Lost time is never found again; Fish and visitors stink in threedays; Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise) The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传Regarded as an accomplished scientist, natural philosopher, statesman, and literary man4.Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺Poet of the American RevolutionFather of American Poetry 美国诗歌之父To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的忍冬；The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲5.Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利；The Age of Reason理性时代6.Thomas Jefferson 托马斯.杰斐逊The drafter of The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》The 3rd president of the U.S◆Romanticism (late 18th century – Mid 19th century)1.Romanticism—the feelings, intuitions and emotions important thatn reason and commonsense; emphasize individualism2.Transcendentalism 超验主义—appeared after 1830, marked the maturity of AmericamRomanticism and the first renaissance in the American literary history. The term is derived from Latin( to rise above or to pass beyond the limits); emphasis on spirit and individual and nature3.Free verse 自由诗体—no regular rhythm or line length; depend on natural rhythms and thecounterpoint <对照法> of stressed and unstressed syllables4.Writers and their works of Pre-Romanticism (1770s—1830s)1)Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文Father of American LiteratureThe author of the first American short stories; the first prose stylist of American RomanticismThe first American author to achieve international reputation His works:A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记–a collection of essaysThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Rip V an Winkle 《瑞普.凡.温克尔》German legend2)William Cullen Bryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特Known as the first American lyric poetThe Poems1821/1932诗选:To a Waterfow l致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗;Thanatopsis死亡随想---受墓园派影响; The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;AForest Hymn森林赋; The Y ellow Violet黄色的堇香花His poetic translation of Homer’s Iliad 《伊利亚特》and Odyssey《奥德赛》The Flood of Years似水流年The Fountain 泉3)James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales 皮袜子五步曲:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人; most distinguishedThe Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者5.Writers and their works of Post-Romanticism (1830-1860)1)Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Head of the Transcendental MovementNature & the Soul , spirit– his focusEssays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书the manifesto of American TranscendentalismThe American Scholar论美国学者—American Declaration of Intellectual IndependenceSelf-relianc e论自立2)Henry David Threau亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden,or Life in the Woods 瓦尔登湖;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从3)Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼The first great American poet to use free verseLeaves of Grass草叶集—regarded as ―Democratic Bible‖ and as Americna epic Song of Myself自我之歌—the most famous poem in the collectionWhen Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时4)Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑The Scarlet Letter红字Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romanc e福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像5)Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗—birth, death, and loveThe first American poet to write the narrative poemsThe Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;V oices of the Nigh t夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;A Psalm of Life 生命颂Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗6)Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）The Raven乌鸦; To Hellen致海伦Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;The Fall of the House of Ush er厄舍古屋的倒塌Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风格；(Gothic)Father of the American detective stories首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头7)Emily Dickinson埃米莉·迪金森—the only woman poet in the 19th centuryRegarded after her death as a chief poet, as great as WhitmanFocus on religion, life and death, love and marriageBecause I Could not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody. Who Are You?我是无名小卒！你是谁？My Life Close Twice before its CloseA narrow Fellow in the GrassDeath is a Dialogue between8)Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸Typee泰比◆American Realism (1865-1914) 美国现实主义文学—废奴小说为开端1.1865-1914—is also called ―The Gilded Age‖镀金年代called by Mark Twain2.three main writers of realism: William Dean Howells, Henry James, Mark Twain3.Realism’s major features—straightforward or matter-of-fact manner; focus on commonnessof the lives of the common people; objective rather than idealistic view of human nature;present moral visions; usually open ending.4.Naturalism自然主义—a term created by French novelist, Emile Zola: opinions andmorality were controlled by social, economic and psychological causes; they were pessimists; man was the productof social progresses and social evolution5.main writers and their works1)Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托Uncle Tom’s Cabi n汤姆叔叔的小屋; an accurate picture of southern plantation lifeLincoln praised her as ―the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war2)William Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;--example of realismA Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转A Modern Instance（一个现代的例证）现代婚姻3)Henry James享利·詹姆斯—the founder of psylogical realismDaisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗4)Mark Twain马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑The true father of the national literature—local color 乡土文学West of Mississippi, colloquialThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记; --the mostimportant, ―All modern American literature comes‖ (Hemingway)A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Traged y of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结5)Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹—the story of a poor country girl who goes to Chicago to pursue the American dream—most populous Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多葛);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（his greatest work）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗6)Jack London杰克·伦敦—one of the most articulate and militant spokesman of theworking classThe Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;Marti Eden马丁·伊登—自传体式7)Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩Maggie: A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；--a landmark in American literary naturalism8)Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯The Octopus章鱼9)Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊--poetThe Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The T own Down the River河上的城镇;10)Sherwood Anderson舍伍德·安德森—one of the finest ―psychological‖ fiction writersin AmericaWindy McPherson’s Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching Men前进中的人们;Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White穷苦的白人;Many Marriages多种婚姻;Dark Laughter阴沉的笑声11)O·Henry欧·享利（William Sidney Porter）The Man Higher Up黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上八下The Cop and the Anthem 警察与赞美诗The Gift of the Magi 麦琪的礼物◆American Modernism美国现实主义时期1.Modernism—the literary art processing outstanding characteristics in conception, feeling,form, and style after WWI; means cutting off history and a sense of despair and loss; refuse to accept the traditional concept of value and all traditional ideological influences.2.Key words: The Lost Generation (Gertrude Stein) , Jazz Age (1920s) （Fitzgerald）3.Fictions—novelists and their works1）Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特·海明威1899-1961（―迷惘的一代‖的代表人物） Spokesman for the Lost GenerationIn Our Time在我们的年代里;The T orrents of Spring春潮;The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起—it paints the image of a wholegeneration—the lost generationA Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣Short novels：Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing 胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇The Old Man and the Sea老人与海–in 1954，won the Nobel PrizeDeath in the Afternoon—the principle of iceberg2) F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代)The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsb y了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头Tales of the Jazz Age –the literay spokesman of the Jazz Age3)John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克The foremost writer of the Great Depression during the 1930sOf Mice and Men鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄;The Pearl4)Sinclair Lewis辛克莱·刘易斯1885-1951(美国第一个获诺贝尔奖)Babbitt巴比特—criticize bourgeois materialismThe Main Street5)William Faulkner威廉·福克纳Foremost Southern writerYoknawpatawpha countyStream of ConsciousnessThe Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣—a story of lost innocence;As I lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in Augus t八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）6)Harper Lee –To Kill a Mockingbird 杀死一只知更鸟7)Thomas Wolfe 托马斯. 沃尔夫—Look Homeward, Angel天使，望家乡8)Pearl S.Buck 赛珍珠The Good Earth（大地）The Nobel Prize in 19389)Richard Wright 理查德.赖特Native son土生子The Outsider局外人Black Power黑色权力10)Margaret Mitchell—Gone with the Wind飘4.Poetry—poets and their works1)Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德The father of modern American poetry.ImagismIn a Station of the Metro 在地铁站Pisan Cantos比萨诗章The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章Cathay华夏英译中国诗2)Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗罗斯特The best known and the most welcome of the New England poetsOn the landscape and people in New EnglandMending Wall修墙Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边停The Road Not Taken未选之路Desert Places 荒芜地带North Boston3)Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯·艾略特The Waste Land荒原名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;4) e. e. cummings 康明斯the founder of concrete poetry具象诗visual poetry 视觉诗歌Tulips and Chimneys郁金香与烟囱（collections）5)Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;6)Langston Hughes 兰斯顿.休斯Known as African Americans’ poet laureate in the Harlem RenaissanceThe Weary Blues疲惫的布鲁斯Shakespeare in Harlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚Montage of a Dream Deferred 耽搁了的梦想蒙太奇The Ways of White FolksThe Negro Speaks of Rivers5.Eugene Oneil尤金·奥尼尔—playwrightThe Hairy Ape毛猿T he Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了;The Long Days Journey Into Night进入黑夜的漫长旅程/长路漫漫路迢迢Beyond the Horizon天边外（其成名作）In 1936, he won the Nobel Prize◆American Literature since 19451.the ―Beat‖ writers were dominant in the 1950s—the Beat Generation was a generation whoaffected an alienation from general society because they rejected conventional social and moral values.2.The Black Humor featured the 1960s3.1970s: all kinds of literary art4.Southern & Female writers1)Eudora Welty 尤多拉. 韦尔蒂—The Ponder Heart庞德的心2)Carson McCullers 卡森. 麦卡勒斯The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter心是一个孤独的猎人3)Flannery O’Connor弗兰纳里·奥康纳A Good Man Is Hard to Find好人难寻（short novel）Wise Blood慧血5.William Carlos Williams威廉·卡罗斯·威廉斯—诗人Paterson佩特森Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车The Yachts 游艇6.Tennessee Williams田纳西·威廉斯—剧作家，诗人，小说家The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园;The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车;Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫;The Night of The Iguana鬣蜥之夜;Summer and Smoke夏与烟;The Rose Tattoo玫瑰纹;Sweet Bird of Yout可爱的青春鸟7.Arthur Miller阿瑟·米勒—playwrightThe Death of a Salesman推销员之死8.Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比The Zoo Story动物园故事Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫9. Beat Generation1)Jack Kerouac杰克·凯鲁亚克1922-1966(―垮掉的一代‖奠基者)On the Road在路上The T own and the City镇和城2) Allen Ginsberg 金斯堡Howl –the birth trauma of the Beat Generation嚎叫(America)(The Beat Generation 垮掉的一代的宣言书和代表作)3) J D Salinger杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格The Catcher in the Rye麦田守望者10. John Updike厄普代克The Rabbits seriesRabbit, Run兔子，跑吧;Rabbit Redux兔子回家;Rabbit Is Rich兔字发财;Rabbit at Rest 兔子安息了11. Black Humor 黑色幽默1）Joseph Heller约瑟夫·海勒Catch-22第二十二条军规the representative of black humor 2）Thomas Pynchon 托马斯. 品钦Gravity’s Rainbow万有引力之虹3）Kurt Vonnegut 库特. 冯尼特PostmodernismSlaughter-house Five五号屠宰场Player Piano自动钢琴（fictional）The Sirens of Titan泰坦族的海妖(fictional)Mother Night夜母亲（Black humor）12. John Hawkes 约翰. 霍克斯SurrealismThe Cannibal吃人的人13. Jewish writers1) Isaac Bashevis Singer艾萨克. 巴什维斯. 辛格1978，the Nobel PrizeThe Magician of Lublin鲁柏林的魔术师2）Saul Bellow索尔·贝娄Dangling Man晃来晃去/摇摆不定的人;The Adventure of Augie March奥基·马奇历险记;Herzog赫索格;Won the Nobel Prize in 19763）Bernard Malamud 伯纳德. 马拉默德The Assistant店员4）Philip Roth 菲利普. 罗思Good-bye, Columbus再见吧，哥伦布American Pastoral美国牧歌—his masterpiece14. Black writers1) Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫. 艾里森---Invisible Man看不见的人2）James Baldwin 詹姆斯. 鲍德温—Go Tell It On the the Mountain向苍天呼吁3）Toni Morrison 托尼. 莫里森1993，the Nobel PrizeThe Bluest Eye 最蓝的眼睛Song of Solomon所罗门之歌4）Alice Walker 爱丽斯.沃克（feminist）--The Color Purple紫色。
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2) European Romanticism vs. American Romanticism
A. The focus of European Romanticism a. Imagination b. Subjectivity c. Freedom of thought d. Idealization of nature e. Individualism
“Rip Van Winkle” 《瑞普· 温克》 凡· “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”《睡谷的传说》
2. Literary Place
The first American writer to gain an international fame “Father of the American short stories” “The American Goldsmith”
Harriet Beecher Stowe(1811-1896)
Major works:
Uncle Tom‘s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
2. Literary Contribution
Introduction the “Western Tradition” into American literature
Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)
1. Major Works
Walden《瓦尔登湖》 “Civil Disobedience” 《论公民的不服从》 “A Plea for John Brown”
Pre-Romanticism
1) Washington Irving 2) James Fenimore Cooper 3) William Cullen Bryant
Post-Romanticism
New England Transcendentalism
The major features: 1. Emphasize spirit, or the Oversoul 2. Stressed the importance of individual 3. Nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God
1) Reasons of American Romanticism A. Europeans came to the New world with Romantic ideas; B. Western Expansion encourages people to dream and to imagine the success of tomorrow.
Literary Figures
• • • • • • • • •
Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Edgar Allan Poe Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Harriet Beecher Stowe
2. Literary Place
Renowned New England Transcendentalist
Herman MelvWorks
Moby Dick《白鲸》 (Ishmael, Captain Ahab and Pequod) a. The first American prose epic b. One of the world’s greatest masterpiece
B. The focus of American Romanticism
a. Puritanism b. New Experience c. Equality and Democracy d. Transcendentalism(超验主义) --- any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive(直觉的) and spiritual above the empirical（经验的) and material.
The Romantic Period(1830-1865)
American Romanticism
Literary Form: Novels, Poetry and Prose. Literary Figures
Pre-Romanticism Post-Romanticism
1. American Romanticism
James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)
1. Major Works
“The Leatherstocking Series” 《皮袜子故事集》 The Pioneers ,The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder and The Deerslayer
Washington Irving(1783-1859)
1.Major Works:
A History of New York, from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, by Diedrich 《纽约外史》 The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon, Gent 《见闻札记》