华中科技大学放射诊断学(影像医学与核医学专业)2017年考博真题试卷
华中科技大学2017年博士研究生入学考试(生理)真题
华中科技大学2017年博士研究生入学考试（生理）真题
一、选择题（30分，每题1分）
二、名词解释（每题2分，共10分）
1、负反馈调节
2、电紧张电位
3、通气/血流比值
4、牵涉痛
5、回返性抑制
三、简答题（每题5分共30分）
1、简述动作电位特点
2、简述影响气道阻力的重要因素
3、简述交感缩血管神经纤维兴奋后的效应
4、简述心室肌细胞动作电位分期及形成机制
5、胃酸缺乏病人消化不良的机制
6、简述腱反射的发生过程
四、论述题（每题10分，共30分）
1、家兔颈总动脉放血20%后，体液系统如何调节血压？
2、试述神经-肌肉接头处的兴奋传递过程
3、当吸入空气中CO2分压增高时，对呼吸运动有何影响，试述机制。
华中科技大学外科学总论2012,2017年考博初试真题
file:///D|/1医学考博+++++/华中科技大学_同济医学院（热门）/外科学总论2012,2017/华中科49:41]
２０１７华中科技大学考博 外科学总论试题 外科总论４０分 一、名词解释（２．５分ｘ４） １、高渗性缺水 ２、急性峰窝织炎 ３、二期愈合 ４、心肺复苏 二、简答题 １、简述糖皮质激素在休克治疗中的作用６分 ２、简述自体输血的禁忌症，自体输血的三种方法。６分 ３、论述严重创伤引起心功能不全的机制。９分 ４、论述肠外营养的并发症。９分
file:///D|/1医学考博+++++/华中科技大学_同济医学院（热门）/外科学总论2012,2017/华中科技大学_外科总论2017.txt[2020/1/8 星期三 18:49:44]
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理 1
同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。
2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。
3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。
4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。
5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。
2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。
请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。
简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。
并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。
注：名解是用英文出的。
3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。
医学影像诊断学(影像)
医学影像诊断学一、课程概述（一）课程性质、地位1．课程性质：《医学影像诊断学》主要介绍人体各系统正常、基本病变的影像表现、疾病的影像表现、影像诊断和鉴别诊断等，是医学影像专业本科生必修的专业课程。
本课程主要培养学生的医学影像诊断能力。
2．课程地位：医学影像诊断学是研究疾病的发生、发展和转归过程中机体的形态和功能变化的一门临床科学。
医学影像诊断学侧重从形态学角度研究疾病，阐明其大体形态学的影像变化，从而为认识和掌握疾病发生发展的规律，为防治疾病，提供诊断与治疗依据。
因此，医学影像诊断学与基础医学中的解剖学、医学物理学、组织学、临床医学中的内科学、外科学等多门学科均有密切的联系，是临床医学的重要学科之一，是联系临床医学之间的桥梁。
（二）课程基本理念1．课程教学指导思想：本课程教学应以新医学模式、21世纪科技发展和社会健康需求对高等医学人才培养规格的新要求为依据，以全面体现和落实素质教育为目标，坚持“以学员为本”，实现教员主导与学员主体的有机统一；坚持理论联系实际，坚持本课程形象化教学特点，培养发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力。
2．课程教学的基本原则：本课程遵循理论与实践相结合的原则，应用辩证唯物主义的世界观和方法论，采用直观形象教学，使学员建立正确的影像学思维方法。
在实施教学中把握以下原则：一是精选、整合教学内容，注意学科发展的新技术、新理论，根据前沿发展技术进行内容修订。
二是充分发挥医学影像形象化教学特色，引导学生由浅入深观察影像资料，从基本病理改变到疾病诊断，逐步提高学员影像诊断能力。
三是增加学员报告书写机会，即时改正反馈，让学员达到学以致用。
（三）课程设计思路1．框架设计：《医学影像诊断学》在前期临床器官系统教学影像基础内容上对于影像专业学员开设的一门以培养学员影像诊断能力的一门课程，课程有理论课、见习课、专题研讨和自学等形式。
理论课按照呼吸、循环、消化、泌尿生殖、骨关节、中枢、头颈、乳腺内容共八个板块70学时进行讲授，另为培养学员自主学习和分析问题能力，从循环系统和消化系统拿出4个课时安排学员自修。
医学影像诊断学试题及答案
医学影像诊断学试题及答案一、选择题1.以下哪项是医学影像诊断学的主要目的？A. 观察病变的特点B. 识别病变的类型C. 判断病变的程度D. 找出病变的病因答案：B2.医学影像诊断学主要使用下列哪种技术？A. X射线B. 核磁共振C. 超声波D. 电子显微镜答案：B3.医学影像学中的DICOM是指什么？A. Digitally Integrated Computed Omnipotent MachineB. Digital Imaging and Communications in MedicineC. Diagnostic Imaging for Computerized Optical MonitoringD. Displaying Images with Constructive Optical Measures答案：B二、判断题1. CT扫描能够产生3D立体图像。
A. 是B. 否答案：B2. MRI扫描对人体没有辐射。
A. 是B. 否答案：A三、问答题1.简述医学影像诊断学的基本原理。
医学影像诊断学的基本原理是通过对人体进行各种影像学检查，如X射线、CT扫描、MRI等，获取图像信息，通过解读图像信息来诊断病变。
各种影像学技术利用不同的物理原理，如X射线是利用射线的穿透性；CT扫描是通过多次扫描获得断层图像；MRI利用核磁共振现象等。
医学影像诊断学的核心是对图像进行解读和分析，判断病变的类型、位置和程度，从而为临床提供准确的诊断依据。
2.简述CT扫描和MRI的异同。
CT扫描和MRI都是常用的医学影像学技术，用于获取人体内部的图像信息。
它们的主要区别在于使用的原理和适应病症不同。
CT扫描是利用X射线的穿透性和不同组织对X射线的吸收程度不同来生成图像。
CT扫描适用于检查骨骼结构和软组织，如肺部、头部等。
CT扫描的优点是速度快、分辨率高，可以提供较为清晰的骨骼和软组织图像。
MRI利用核磁共振现象来生成图像，主要适用于检查软组织，如肌肉、脑部等。
华中科技大学放射诊断学(影像专业)2018年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入射诊断学(影像专业) 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、选择题有 15 个 30 分，难度适中 二、名词解释 25 分： t2 shine-through effect ostiomeatal OMC 胡椒盐征 coldman 三角 勾边效应 三、简答题 30 分： 急性硬膜下血肿的病理和 CT 表现； MRI 在心血管成像上的优势； 咽旁间隙感染的 CT 表现。 四、病例分析，1 题 2 问， 第一问考的是强直性脊柱炎的首先累及部位和它的 x 线表现 5 分， 第二问写卷子上病例的主要影像表现和诊断结论 10 分……图片有点模糊，感觉像椎体结核。
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华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.同济医科大学 2001年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(15*21 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题(每人必选一题,但是不能选本专业试题,否则没有分数10分 /题1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病?如何诊治?4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求二、专业题(一名词解释 (4分 /题1 尿失禁2 肾积脓3 石街4 精索静脉曲张5 鞘膜积液(二问答题1 试述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗(15分2 试述上尿路结石的诊断及治疗新进展(12分3 试述肾盂癌的诊断和处理原则(13分同济医科大学 2002年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(3分 /题1 脑再灌注损伤2 中厚皮片(二问答题(12分 /题1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题一、名词解释(3分 /题1 尿频2 PSA3 少尿 /无尿4 肾积水5 皮质醇症二、问答题1简述尿失禁的分类及常见原因(10分2 男性前尿道损伤的治疗原则(15分3 膀胱移行细胞癌的临床分期?表浅膀胱癌的治疗原则(15分4 良性前列腺增生的诊断和鉴别诊断(15分同济医科大学 2003年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(5*21 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS2全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡(二问答题(5*61 灭菌与消毒有何区别?2 高钾血症的原因有哪些?如何诊断和处理?3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症?如何处理?4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?二、专业题(一名词解释(4*31 膀胱破裂的导尿实验2 K抗原3 前列腺痛4 肾皮质结核(二问答题(8*61 什么叫尿频,引起尿频的原因有哪些?2 叙述多囊肾的病因及分类3 叙述分段尿及前列腺培养检查方法4 叙述双侧上尿路结石的手术原则5 叙述膀胱镜下各期膀胱肿瘤的肉眼特征6 叙述肾积水的常见原因7 原发性醛固酮增多症有那些临床表现?8 叙述精索静脉曲张的发病机理同济医科大学 2005年泌尿外科(博士公共部分:一、名解SIADH SIRS二、问答:1、成分输血的种类及适应症2、肠源性感染的发病机制3、代酸的分型及常见原因泌外:一、名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二、问答1、简述 BPH 的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2、上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3、前列腺癌的治疗4、肾结核的鉴别诊断同济医科大学 2006年泌尿外科(博士外科公共部分名词解释 :基因诊断条件性感染CARS问答 :1、肠内营养的适应症2、自体输血的适应症及禁忌症泌尿外科部分名词解释 :肾后性肾功衰微创泌尿外科充盈性尿失禁尿崩症问答 :1、输尿管反流的原因危害及处理2、泌尿系感染与妇科生理变化的关系3、 KUB 的作用4、膀胱造瘘的并发症及预防27. 同济医科大学分子生物学(博士[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:57同济医科大学 2001年分子生物学(博士一、英汉互译下列名词,并加以解释 (30分1、 transposable element2、 restriction enzyme3、 derepression4、 gene therapy5、 calmo dulin6、操纵子7、反式作用因子8、基因组9、原癌基因10、多克隆位点二、试述反式作用因子的结构特征及作用方式 (20分三、试述 2型限制酶的功能与特性 (20分四、试述影响原核基因转录的因素 (20分五、试述病毒核酸的结构特点 (10分华中科技大学同济医学院 2002年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:分子生物学(基础课科目代码:811一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 假基因4. 微卫星序列5. 回文结构6. 启动子7. 癌基因 8. 多克隆位点 9. 增强子 10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共 3小题,每小题 10分,共 30分1. 若要获得 IL-2的基因工程产品,你应该怎么做?2. 真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么?根据它们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型?它们和 DNA 相互识别的原理是什么?3. 简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式?三选答题(任选 2小题,每小题 10分,共 20分1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划(HGMP 完成的意义(蒲А⒕ ? 济和社会的??BR>3.分子生物学实验中所涉及的引物有哪几种,各有什么用途和特点?4. 简述 3~4种 PCR 衍生技术及其应用同济医科大学 2003年分子生物学(博士一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 断裂基因4. 双脱氧核苷酸(简单5. 多克隆位点6. 启动子7. 癌基因8. 核糖体结合位点(简单9. 增强子10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共3小题,每小题10分,共30分1. 什么是分子克隆技术?它的主要步骤是什么?2. 真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。
放射医学技师(专业知识)历年真题汇编及答案解析(2)
D.小角度激发，快速成像
E.固有信噪比较高
上一题下一题
(38/83)A1/A2型题
第38题
关于数字影像处理内容的描述，错误的是
A.图像二维处理
B.图像边缘锐化处理
C.兴趣区处理
D.可提高影像的空间分辨率
E.图像的融合
上一题下一题
(39/83)A1/A2型题
第39题
用于四肢动脉DSA检查的最佳技术是
A.双能减影DSA
B.分段步进DSA
C.连续步进DSA
D.岁差运动DSA
E.旋转DSA
上一题下一题
(40/83)A1/A2型题
第40题
关于乳腺X线摄影的描述，正确的是
A.管电压越高，透过肌肉与脂肪后的X线对比度越小，随着管电压的降低，X线对比度明显降低
B.管电压越低，透过肌肉与脂肪后的X线对比度越小，随着管电压的升高，X线对比度明品升高
第6题
可减少CT影像部分容积效应的方法是
A.缩短扫描时间
B.提高扫描的千伏值和毫安
C.选择适当的窗宽和窗位
D.改变重建算法
E.减小扫描层厚
上一题下一题
(7/83)A1/A2型题
第7题
控制激光打印机激光束强度的是
A.激光调节器
B.激光发射器
C.模数转换器
D.控制板
E.驱动电机
上一题下一题
(8/83)A1/A2型题
B.非激光、非银盐、直接热敏打印
C.非激光、含银盐、直接热敏打印
D.黑白热升华打印
E.激光热敏打印
上一题下一题
(3/83)A1/A2型题
第3题
基于排序统计理论的数字图像处理算法是
首都医科大学影像医学与核医学2017年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
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首都医科大学
2017 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：影像医学与核医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（5 个） 1、moyamoya disease 2、半月综合征 3、curve planar reformation 4、椒盐征 5、骨性强直 二、25 个单选 难 三、简答题 1、肝周围型胆管细胞癌的影像表现。 2、视神经胶质瘤与视神经鞘脑膜瘤的区别。 四、论述题（5 选 3） 1、胰腺囊性病变的诊断及鉴别诊断。 2、脑水肿的分型、病生基础及 MRI 表现。 3、眼球突出的诊断思路。 4、股骨头坏死的 MRI 分期及表现。 5、一个儿科呼吸系统的病例分析题。
2017年华中科技大学学博士英语真题
Passage 4 (4/63)The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were—reptiles or birds—are among the questions scientists have puzzled over. Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a wing-like membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V-shape along each side of the animal’s body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’ hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.It can be inferred from the passage that scientists now generally agree that the(A) enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances(B) structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats(C) fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight(D) pterosaurs were reptiles(E) pterosaurs walked on all fours2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as(A) revolutionary(B) unlikely(C) unassailable(D) probable(E) outdated3. According to the passage, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the(A) size of its wingspan(B) presence of hollow spaces in its bones(C) anatomic origin of its wing strut(D) presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet(E) location of the shoulder joint joining the wing to its body4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the passage suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?(A) An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.(B) An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.(C) Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.(D) The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.(E) The pterosaurs should be classified as birds, not reptiles.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage?(A) New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.(B) Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented, and each is disputed by means of specific information.(C) Three hypotheses are outlined, and evidence supporting each is given.(D) Recent discoveries are described, and their implications for future study are projected.LSAT第27套 SECTION IMost office workers assume that the messages they send to each other via electronic mail are as private as a telephone call or a face-to-face meeting. That assumption is wrong. Although it is illegal in many areas for an employer to eavesdrop on private conversations or telephone calls—even if they take place on a company-owned telephone—there are no clear rules governing electronic mail. In fact, the question of how private electronic mail transmissions should be has emerged as one of the more complicated legal issues of the electronic age.People’s opinions about the degree of privacy that electronic mail should have vary depending on whose electronic mail system is being used and who is reading themessages. Does a government office, for example, have the right to destroy electronic messages created in the course of running the government, thereby denying public access to such documents? Some hold that government offices should issue guidelines that allow their staff to delete such electronic records, and defend this practice by claiming that the messages thus deleted already exist in paper versions whose destruction is forbidden. Opponents of such practices argue that the paper versions often omit such information as who received the messages and when they received them, information commonly carried on electronic mail systems. Government officials, opponents maintain, are civil servants; the public should thus have the right to review any documents created during the conducting of government business. Questions about electronic mail privacy have also arisen in the private sector. Recently, two employees of an automotive company were discovered to have been communicating disparaging information about their supervisor via electronic mail. The supervisor, who had been monitoring the communication, threatened to fire the employees. When the employees filed a grievance complaining that their privacy had been violated, they were let go. Later, their court case for unlawful termination was dismissed; the company’s lawyers successfully argued that because the company owned the computer system, its supervisors had the right to read anything created on it.In some areas, laws prohibit outside interception of electronic mail by a third party without proper authorization such as a search warrant. However, these laws do not cover “inside” interception such as occurred at the automotive company. In the past, courts have ruled that interoffice communications may be considered private only if employees have a “reasonable expectation” of privacy when they send the messages. The fact is that no absolute guarantee of privacy exists in any computer system. The only solution may be for users to scramble their own messages with encryption codes; unfortunately, such complex codes are likely to undermine the principal virtue of electronic mail: its convenience.1. Which one of the following statements most accurately summarizes the main point of the passage?(A) Until the legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in both the public and private sectors have been resolved, office workers will need to scramble their electronic mail messages with encryption codes.(B) The legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the work place can best be resolved by treating such communications as if they were as private as telephone conversations or face-to-face meetings.(C) Any attempt to resolve the legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the workplace must take into account the essential difference between public-sector and private sector business.(D) At present, in both the public and private sectors, there seem to be no clear general answers to the legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the workplace.(E) The legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the workplace of electronic mail in the workplace can best be resolved by allowing supervisorsin public-sector but not private-sector offices to monitor their employees’communications.2. According to the passage, which one of the following best expresses the reason some people use to oppose the deletion of electronic mail records at government offices?(A) Such deletion reveals the extent of government’s unhealthy obsession with secrecy.(B) Such deletion runs counter to the notion of government’s accountability to its constituency.(C) Such deletion clearly violates the legal requirement that government offices keep duplicate copies of all their transactions.(D) Such deletion violates the government’s own guidelines against destruction of electronic records.(E) Such deletion harms relations between government employees and their supervisors.3. Which one of the following most accurately states the organization of the passage?(A) A problem is introduced, followed by specific examples illustrating the problem: a possible solution is suggested, followed by an acknowledgment of its shortcomings.(B) A problem is introduced, followed by explications of two possible solutions to the problem: the first solution is preferred to the second, and reasons are given for why it is the better alternative.(C) A problem is introduced, followed by analysis of the historical circumstances that helped bring the problem about a possible solution is offered and rejected as being only a partial remedy.(D) A problem is introduced, followed by enumeration of various questions that need to be answered before a solution can be found: one possible solution is proposed and argued for.(E) A problem is introduced, followed by descriptions of two contrasting approaches to thinking about the problem: the second approach is preferred to the first, and reasons are given for why it is more likely to yield a successful solution.4. Based on the passage, the author’s attitude towards interception of electronic mail can most accurately be described as:(A) outright disapproval of the practice(B) support for employers who engage in it(C) support for employees who lose their jobs because of it(D) intellectual interest in its legal issues(E) cynicism about the motives behind the practice5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely hold which one of the following opinions about an encryption system that could encodes and decode electronic mail messages with a single keystroke?(A) It would be an unreasonable burden on a company’s ability to monitor electronic mail created by its employees.(B) It would significantly reduce the difficulty of attempting to safeguard theprivacy of electronic mail.(C) It would create substantial legal complications for companies trying to prevent employees from revealing trade secrets to competitors.(D) It would guarantee only a minimal level of employee privacy, and so would not be worth the cost involved in installing such a system.(E) It would require a change in the legal definition of “reasonable expectation of privacy” as it applies to employer-employee relations.SECTION BSome recent historians have argued that life in the British colonies in America from approximately 1763 to 1789 was marked by internal conflicts among colonists. Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation.The kind of conflict most emphasized by these historians is class conflict. Yet with the Revolutionary War dominating these years, how does one distinguish class conflict within that larger conflict? Certainly not by the side a person supported. Although many of these historians have accepted the earlier assumption that Loyalists represented an upper class, new evidence indicates that Loyalists, like rebels, were drawn from all socioeconomic classes. (It is nonetheless probably true that a larger percentage of the well-to-do joined the Loyalists than joined the rebels.) Looking at the rebel side, we find little evidence for the contention that lower-class rebels were in conflict with upper-class rebels. Indeed, the war effort against Britain tended to suppress class conflicts. Where it did not, the disputing rebels of one or another class usually became Loyalists. Loyalism thus operated as a safety valve to remove socioeconomic discontent that existed among the rebels. Disputes occurred, of course, among those who remained on the rebel side, but the extraordinary social mobility of eighteenth-century American society (with the obvious exception of slaves) usually prevented such disputes from hardening along class lines. Social structure was in fact so fluid—though recent statistics suggest a narrowing of economic opportunity as the latter half of the century progressed —that to talk about social classes at all requires the use of loose economic categories such as rich, poor, and middle class, or eighteenth-century designations like “the better sort.” Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. Outside of New York, however, there were very few instances of openly expressed class antagonism.Having said this, however, one must add that there is much evidence to support the further claim of recent historians that sectional conflicts were common between 1763 and 1789. The “Paxton Boys” incident and the Regulator movement are representative examples of the widespread, and justified, discontent of western settlers against colonial or state governments dominated by eastern interests. Although undertones of class conflict existed beneath such hostility, the opposition was primarily geographical. Sectional conflict—which also existed between North and South—deserves further investigation.In summary, historians must be careful about the kind of conflict they emphasize in eighteenth-century America. Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.17. The author considers the contentions made by the recent historians discussed in the passage to be(A) potentially verifiable(B) partially justified(C) logically contradictory(D) ingenious but flawed(E) capricious and unsupported19. According to the passage, Loyalism during the American Revolutionary War servedthe function of(A) eliminating the disputes that existed among those colonists who supportedthe rebel cause(B) drawing upper, as opposed to lower, socioeconomic classes away from the rebelcause(C) tolerating the kinds of socioeconomic discontent that were not allowed toexist on the rebel side(D) channeling conflict that existed within a socioeconomic class into the wareffort against the rebel cause(E) absorbing members of socioeconomic groups on the rebel side who feltthemselves in contention with members of other socioeconomic groups The passage suggests that the author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements about the social structure of eighteenth-century American society?I. It allowed greater economic opportunity than it did social mobility.II. It permitted greater economic opportunity prior to 1750 than after 1750. III. It did not contain rigidly defined socioeconomic divisions.IV. It prevented economic disputes from arising among members of the society.(A) I and IV only(B) II and III only(C) III and IV only(D) I, II, and III only(E) I, II, III, and IV21. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?(A) Identifying a person’s socioeconomic class is the least accurate method of ascertaining which side that person supported.(B) Identifying a person as a member of the rebel or of the Loyalist side does notnecessarily reveal that person’s particular socioeconomic class.(C) Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although there were fewer disputes among socioeconomic classes on the Loyalist side.(D) Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although the Loyalist side was made up primarily of members of the upper classes.According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about sectional conflicts in America between 1763 and 1789?(A) These conflicts were instigated by eastern interests against western settlers.(B) These conflicts were the most serious kind of conflict in America.(C) The conflicts eventually led to openly expressed class antagonism.(D) These conflicts contained an element of class hostility.(E) These conflicts were motivated by class conflicts.The recent, apparently successful, prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of El Nino—the warm ocean current that periodically develops along the Pacific coast of South America—has excited researchers. Jacob Bjerknes pointed out over 20 years ago how winds might create either abnormally warm or abnormally cold water in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Nonetheless, until the development of the models no one could explain why conditions should regularly shift from one to the other, as happens in the periodic oscillations between appearances of the warm El Nino and the cold so-called anti-El Nino. The answer, at least if the current model that links the behavior of the ocean to that of the atmosphere is correct, is to be found in the ocean.It has long been known that during an El Nino, two conditions exist: (1) unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific, principally along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and (2) winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by driving the warmer surface water into a “pile” that blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus strengthening the wind still more. The contribution of the model is to show that the winds of an El Nino, which raise sea level in the east, simultaneously send a signal to the west lowering sea level. According to the model, that signal is generated as a negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative, sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at 25 to 85 kilometers per day. Taking months to traverse the Pacific, Rossby waves march to the western boundary of the Pacific basin, which is modeled as a smooth wall but in reality consists of quite irregular island chains, such as the Philippines and Indonesia.When the waves meet the western boundary, they are reflected, and the model predicts that Rossby waves will be broken into numerous coastal Kelvin waves carrying thesame negative sea-level signal. These eventually shoot toward the equator, and then head eastward along the equator propelled by the rotation of the Earth at a speed of about 250 kilometers per day. When enough Kelvin waves of sufficient amplitude arrive from the western Pacific, their negative sea-level signal overcomes the feedback mechanism tending to raise the sea level, and they begin to drive the system into the opposite cold mode. This produces a gradual shift in winds, one that will eventually send positive sea-level Rossby waves westward, waves that will eventually return as cold cycle-ending positive Kelvin waves, beginning another warming cycle.21. The primary function of the passage as a whole is to(A) introduce a new explanation of a physical phenomenon(B) explain the difference between two related physical phenomena(C) illustrate the limitations of applying mathematics to complicated physical phenomena(D) indicate the direction that research into a particular physical phenomenon should take(E) clarify the differences between an old explanation of a physical phenomenon anda new model of it22. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph?(A) A theory is presented and criticized.(B) A model is described and evaluated.(C) A result is reported and its importance explained.(D) A phenomenon is noted and its significance debated.(E) A hypothesis is introduced and contrary evidence presented.24. According to the model presented in the passage, which of the following normally signals the disappearance of an El Nino?(A) The arrival in the eastern Pacific of negative sea-level Kelvin waves.(B) A shift in the direction of the winds produced by the start of an anti-El Nino elsewhere in the Pacific.(C) The reflection of Kelvin waves after they reach the eastern boundary of the Pacific, along Ecuador and Peru.(D) An increase in the speed at which negative Rossby waves cross the Pacific.(E) The creation of a reservoir of colder, deep ocean water trapped under the pile of warmer, surface ocean water.25. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would result fairly immediately from the cessation of the winds of an El Nino?I. Negative Rossby waves would cease to be generated in the eastern Pacific. II. The sea level in the eastern Pacific would fall.III. The surface water in the eastern Pacific would again be cooled by being mixed with deep water.(A) I only(B) II only(C) I and II only(D) I and III only(E) I, II, and III26. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the validity of the model of El Nino that is presented in the passage?(A) During some years El Nino extends significantly farther along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru than during other years.(B) During periods of unusually cool temperatures along the eastern Pacific, an El Nino is much colder than normal.(C) The normal upwelling of cold water in the eastern Pacific depends much more on the local characteristics of the ocean than on atmospheric conditions.(D) The variations in the time it takes Rossby waves to cross the Pacific depend on the power of the winds that the waves encounter.(E) The western boundary of the Pacific basin is so irregular that it impedes most coastal Kelvin waves from heading eastward.汉译英：1有些人认为多次短时间充电，会对电池造成伤害。
华中科技大学硕士培养方案影像医学与核医学(B超)
影像医学与核医学(超声医学)硕士研究生培养方案（专业学位）一、培养目标：具体参见《华中科技大学临床医学专业学位研究生培养方案总则》二、学习年限：具体参见《华中科技大学临床医学专业学位研究生培养方案总则》三、培养方式：具体参见《华中科技大学临床医学专业学位培养工作实施细则》四、学分要求与分配一览表：具体参见《华中科技大学临床医学专业学位研究生培养方案总则》五、课程学习要求：（二）参考书目1. 王新房主编。
超声心动图学，第4版，人民卫生出版社。
2. 邓又斌，谢明星，张青萍主编。
中华影像医学，超声诊断学卷，第2版，人民卫生出版社。
3. 李治安主编。
经食管超声心动图学。
第1版，人民卫生出版社。
4. 刘吉斌主编。
现代介入性超声诊断与治疗，第1版，科学技术文献出版社。
5. 李治安主编。
临床超声影像学，第1版，人民卫生出版社。
6. William F. and ThomasRyan. Feigenbaum’s Echocardiagraphy，Seventh edition.7. Carol M. Rumack, Stephanie R. Wilson and J.William Charbonean.Diagnostic Ultrasound，Third edition.8. William J.Zwieebel JohnS.Pellerito，温朝阳主译. 血管超声经典教程，第5版，人民军医出版社。
9. 李泉水主编。
浅表器官超声医学，第1版，人民军医出版社。
10. 谢红宁主编。
妇产科超声诊断学，第1版，人民卫生出版社。
六、培养环节具体要求：（一）培训目标：能够掌握正确的超声医学的临床工作方法，掌握超声医学领域各种常见病、多发病的诊断和鉴别诊断，掌握最基本的临床急救技能和方法。
熟练操作超声仪器，并掌握正确的检查手法。
了解超声医学的现状和发展前景，熟悉相关影像学知识，包括其适应证、检查方法及主要临床价值。
培训期间，住院医师应通过执业医师资格考试，应获得良好的职业道德和人际沟通能力。
2017年湖北省放射医学技术专业考试试卷
2017年湖北省放射医学技术专业考试试卷一、单项选择题（共29题，每题的备选项中，只有 1 个事最符合题意）1、X线胶片经曝光、洗片处理，形成影像后简称A．胶片B．照片C．热敏片D．正色片E．色盲片2、颈椎侧位像不能显示的是A．骨折B．颈椎曲度C．椎间孔狭窄D．喉室肿物E．后纵韧带骨化3、第3—7颈椎前后位摄影时，中心线应A．向头侧倾斜20°B．向头侧倾斜10°C．垂直入射胶片D．向足侧倾斜10°E．向足侧倾斜20°4、下述骨折断端移位类型中，哪种属于对线不良A．横向移位B．成角移位C．分离移位D．重叠移位E．旋转移位5、X线影像增强器的开发年份是A：1921年B：1929年C：1930年D：1942年E：1948年6、乳腺摄影用X线管靶物质常见的是A：钼B：钨C：铝D：铼E：铜7、关于ECT的叙述，错误的是A．以引入体内的放射性药物为放射源B．对于深部病灶分辨率和定位较好C．能获得脏器或组织的三维图像D．ECT分为SPECT和PET两类E．不能进行断层显像8、散射线的产生主要来自于A．光脱变B．光电效应C．康普顿效应D．电子对产生E．不变散射9、影像增强管的构成中不包括A．电源B．玻璃壳C．输入屏D．输出屏E．电子透镜10、肩关节前后位摄影，中心线应对准A．肱骨头B．喙突C．喙突下2cmD．喙突上5cmE．肩锁关节11、直接影响照片影像密度的是A．显影B．停显C．定影D．水洗E．干燥12、与普通CT相比，不属于单层螺旋CT优点的是A．纵向分辨率高B．检查速度提高C．对比剂利用率高D．可一次屏气下扫完一个器官E．可任意断面进行回顾性重建13、X线防护中，建立剂量限制体系是指A：屏蔽防护B：缩短照射时间C：增大照射距离D：个人剂量限值E：合理降低国民辐射检查频率14、气管、支气管正位体层摄影的叙述，错误的是A．采取区域体层方式B．背部垫高30°C．中心线对气管分叉处D．层间距0.5cmE．患者仰卧15、胶片按比例记录被照体密度范围的能力称为A．密度B．感光度C．感色性D．MTFE．宽容度16、下列疾病不能由腹部平片诊断的是A．慢性胰腺炎B．小儿先天性肛门闭锁C．胆囊阳性结石D．肠梗阻E．消化道穿孔17、具有关节盘的关节是A．髋关节B．肩关节C．颞下颌关节D．肘关节E．踝关节18、下列有关X线机的组合，错误的是A：软组织摄影—钼靶X线管B：电容充放电式—三极X线管C：X线管的连续负荷能力—千瓦D：X线管标称功率单位—千瓦E：CT设备—大容量X线管19、X线的波长长短与下列有关的量是A．管电流B．灯丝加热电压C．电源电压D．毫安秒E．管电压20、关于超声的叙述，错误的是A．频率＞20 000Hz的机械振动波B．传播方式为纵波C．在不同介质中具有相同的声速D．在不同介质中具有不同的衰减E．诊断常用的频率是2～10MHz21、下列适宜制成硬胶囊剂的药物是A．药物的水溶液B．遇热不稳定的药物C．刺激性较强的药物D．风化性药物E．吸湿性药物22、在显影液、定影液中均含有的化学试剂是A．C6H4(O2B．KBrC．Na2CO3D．Na2SO3E．KAl(SO4)2·12H2O23、人体组织CT值比较，错误的是A．骨＞钙质B．凝血＞血液C．脑灰质＞脑白质D．脂肪＞水E．血液＞水24、下列检查方法中，无创伤而有辐射损伤的检查是A：T管造影B：消化管造影C：选择性血管造影D：多普勒超声检查E：MR仿真内窥镜25、上呼吸道与下呼吸道的解剖分界是A．口咽部B．喉咽部C．主支气管D．环状软骨E．甲状软骨26、关于前组鼻窦，下列描述正确的是A．开口于上鼻道的筛窦后小房和蝶窦的合称B．开口于上鼻道的筛窦和蝶窦的合称C．开口于中鼻道的上颌窦、额窦和筛窦前、中小房合称D．开口于中鼻道的上颌窦、额窦的合称E．额窦、上颌窦、筛窦的合称27、逆行肾盂造影的术前准备，不包括A．碘过敏试验B．清洁肠道C．麻醉剂过敏试验D．检查当日禁食E．有关膀胱镜检查准备28、关于半价层的叙述，正确的是A．同束X线，不同物质的半价层相同B．反映X线束的穿透能力C．半价层缩写是HUD．半价层值大的X线质软E．半价层值小的X线质硬29、属于主观评价的方法是A：均方根值B：威纳频谱C：调制传递函数D：量子检出效率E：观测者操作曲线二、多项选择题（共29题，每题的备选项中，有 2 个或 2 个以上符合题意，至少有1 个错项。
医学影像学考博复习题（由网上能收集的资源整理而成）
医学影像学考博复习题（由⽹上能收集的资源整理⽽成）总论名词解释1.体素:CT图像实际上是⼈体某⼀部位有⼀定厚度的体层图像。
我们将成像的体层分成按矩阵排列的若⼲个⼩的基本单元。
⽽以⼀个CT值综合代表每个⼩单元内的物质密度。
这些⼩单元就称为体素。
同样，⼀幅CT图像是由很多按矩阵排列的⼩单元组成，这些组成图像的基本单元被称为像素。
体素是⼀个三维概念，像素是⼀个⼆维概念。
像素实际上是体素在成像时的表现。
像素越⼩，越能分辨图像的细节。
2.CR:计算机X线摄影(computed radiography，CR)，是⼀种数字化的X线成像技术。
是将透过⼈体的X线影像信息记录在影像板上，经过读取、处理和显⽰等步骤，显⽰出数字化图像。
数字化图像适合于图像的存储、传输、教学、远程医疗、三维重建处理和信息放射学的开发和临床应⽤。
3.DR:4.矩阵:表⽰⼀个横成⾏，纵成列的数字阵列，将受检层⾯分割成⽆数的⼩⽴⽅体，这些⼩⽴⽅体就是象素。
当图像⾯积为⼀个固定值时，象素尺⼨越⼩，组成的CT图像矩阵越⼤，图像越清晰。
反之依然。
5.空间分辨率：⼜成为⾼对⽐分辨率，是指在保证⼀定的密度差的前提下，显⽰待分辩组织⼏何形态的能⼒。
常⽤每cm内的线对数或⽤可分辩最⼩物体的直径来表⽰。
6.密度分辨率：⼜称为对⽐分辨率，是指在低对⽐情况下分辩组织密度细⼩差别的能⼒。
7.时间分辨率：为单位时间内可采集影像最多帧数，反映为单⼀层⾯的成像时间及可连续采集影像的能⼒。
8.Z轴分辨率：即纵向分辨率，它的含义是扫描床移动⽅向或⼈体长轴⽅向的图像分辩细节的能⼒，它表⽰肋CT机多平⾯核三维成像的能⼒。
扫描的最薄层厚决定Z轴⽅向的分辩能⼒。
9.CT值：X线穿过⼈体的过程中，计算出每个单位容积的X线吸收系数（亦称衰减系数ü值）。
将ü值转换就得到CT值，以作为表达组织密度的统⼀单位。
10.DSA：是80年代兴起的⼀项新的医学影像技术。
其主要特点是将⾎管造影时采集的X线荧光屏影像经影像增强器增强后形成视频影像，再经过对数增幅、模数转换、对⽐度增强和减影处理，产⽣数字减影⾎管造影图像，使所得的影像质量较常规⾎管造影⼤⼤提⾼。