2005-2010,2012医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷section A-B
05年10月考博英语A卷
05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。
医学博士外语-试卷13
医学博士外语-试卷13(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：（分数：10.00）B.addressC.receipt √D.phone number解析：解析：从“the invoice address，the pickup address if that’s different，and a contact phonenumber．”可知receipt不在包裹快递所需材料之列。
A.purposefully √B.accidentallyC.occasionallyD.all of a sudden解析：解析：deliberately意为“故意地；从容地”，与选项A同义。
A.Italy.B.Africa. √C.The Mediterranean region.D.Places unknown.解析：解析：Somalia(索马里)是非洲国家。
A.France.A.C.Spain. √D.Italy.解析：解析：从“followed by Spain，USA，and Italy．”可知。
A.adviserputer programmer √C.product designerputer designer解析：解析：从writing programs可知B正确。
（分数：10.00）A.At the platform 7.B.At the platform 8.C.At the platform 9. √D.At the platform 13.解析：解析：从“The train now standing at platform 9 is the 10：48 train．calling at all stations toWashington．”可知。
2005医学博士英语真题及答案
Part II vocabulary
section A
31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.
A.dilemma B.denying C.alternative D.doubt
50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.
A.accomplishment B.recognition C.apprehension mitment
Part III Close
A.abolish B.address C.extinguish D.encounter
48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.
A.intelligent prehensive petent prehensible
Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.
2012全国医学考博英语真题+答案详解
20201212年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题试卷一(Paper one)Part l Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The questionwill be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET。
Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.The woman's condition is critical.B.The woman has been picking up quite well.C.The woman's illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D.The woman won't see the doctor any more.2. A.A broken finger. B.A terrible cough.C.Frontal headaches.D.Eye problem.3. A.She needs a physical examination. B.She is in good health.C.It's good to have a doctor friend.D.It's good to visit the doctor.4. A.He prefers to take pills to get antioxidants.B.He prefers to get antioxidants from food.C.He doesn't mind eating a lot every day.D.He is overcautious sometimes.5. A.The blouse is a bargain. B.The blouse is too expensive.C.The blouse is colorful.D.The blouse is so fashionable.6. A.To queue for a ticket. B.To take man's offer.C.To buy a ticket online.D.To try an agency.17. A.She disagrees with the man.B.She couldn't agree with the man more.C.It's hard for them to fulfill their plans.D.It's impossible to get money from the Gates Foundation.8. A.One minute. B.Fifteen minutes.C.Half an hour.D.Five minutes.9. A.She is freezing cold. B.She is crazy about ice cream.C.She has a headache.D.She has brain fever.10. A.She can't wait for the man. B.She is very eager to see the man.C.She will go to the USA with the man.D.She expects the man to stay.11. A.A cold. B.A headache.C.A hoarse voice.D.Insomnia.12. A.To go to Susan for advice. B.To try to think like Susan.C.To break up with Susan.D.To have a date with Susan.13. A.She will become a famous singer soon. B.She will become an American idol.C.She will sign up for a talent show.D.She will surely stand out from the crowd.14. A.To take a month off work. B.To rest in bed as much as possible.C.To take some herbal medicine.D.To put on plaster.15. A.The Chinese face cream. B.The American face cream.C.The French perfume.D.The medication.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16. A.White blood cell count. B.Red blood cell count.C.X-ray.D.ECG.17. A.Too much work to do. B.A heavy load of studying.C.Her daughter's sickness.D.Her insufficient income.18. A.Leukemia. B.Gastric ulcer.C.Immune disease.D.Gastric influenza.19. A.Take the white tablets three times a day. B.Take the charcoal tablets three times a day.C.Take one or two white tablets at a time.D.Take two charcoal tablets a day.20. A.Stay off work. B.Drink plenty of liquids.C.Eat a lot of vegetables and fruit.D.Postpone your exercise when sick.Passage Two21. A.35million. B.34million. C.25million. D.20million.22. A.Author,professor and dreamer B.Writer,professor and insomniac.C.Author,psychologist and insomniac.D.Dramatist,psychologist and scientist.23. A.Sleeping in8-hour consolidated blocks.B.Sleeping during day time.C.Going to bed soon after dark.2D.Two blocks of4-hour sleep with a waking break.24. A.Because they have unnoticeable sleeping patterns.B.Because they sleep very little.C.Because they are insensitive.D.Because they can't complain.25. A.Sleep is highly variable,and wears out with age.B.Falling asleep is a gradual process.C.Sleeping less will help you lose weight.D.People need to sleep eight hours a day.Passage Three26. A.Eight-year-olds. B.Twelve-year-olds.C.Seventeen-year-olds.D.Adults.27. A.The use off MRI. B.The use of computer tasks.C.The three-way division of the subjects.D.The instructions given to the subjects.28. A.12-year-olds respond strongly to negative feedback.B.12-year-olds function the same as8-year-olds.C.8-year-olds function almost the same as adults.D.12-year-olds function almost the same as adults.29. A.Not bad. B.Excellent.C.Not so good.D.Got it wrong this time.30. A.Scientists. B.The general public.C.Teachers at the kindergarten.D.Children with Attention Deficit Disorder Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the statements are incomplete,beneath each of which there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Her dietician suggested that_____diet and moderate exercise would help her recover soon.A.temperateB.temporaryC.tentativeD.tempting32.His health compels him to______in his early30s.e offB.knock offC.drop offD.pull off33.Two days later he regained his consciousness,forgetful of what had happened in the______A.transparencyB.transiencyC.tranceD.trace34.Despite financial belt-tightening this year,Christmas still represents a great time for_____A.arroganceB.surveillanceC.indulgenceD.turbulence35.A succession of______visits by the two countries'leaders have taken their relations out ofthe cooler over the past20months.A.reciprocalB.receptiveC.repulsiveD.Redundant36.The prime minister,beset by______support rate,made the decision to resign over theweekend to avoid a political vacuum.A.spontaneousB.strenuousC.soaringD.sluggish,337.Beijing Tourism Bureau has released a list of translations for2,753dishes and drinksto______public opinions.A.solicitB.perceiveC.conceiveD.investigate38.The greatest risk for rickets is in______breastfed infants who are not supplemented with400 IU of Vitamin D a day.A.exceptionallyB.practicallyC.exclusivelyD.proportionately39.The government is spending hundreds of billions extending the electricity_______to every remote village for the improvement of farmers'livelihoods.A.gridB.grantC.groveD.grandeur40.Social scientists believe that societies with a_______of young men without hope of marriage suffer from instability,violence and surges in crime.A.swarmageB.hatchC.gangD.surplusSection BDirections:In this section you each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word orphrase which are best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted forthe underlined part.Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She,a crazy fan,felt a tingle of excitement at the sight of Michael Jackson.A.glimpseB.gustC.panicD.pack42.She could never transcend her resentments against her mother's partiality for her brother.A.disciplineplainC.conquerD.defy43.One could neither trifle with a terror of this kind,nor compromise with it.A.belittleB.exaggerateC.ponderD.eliminate44.In light of his good record,the police accepted defense.A.In place ofB.In view ofC.In spite ofD.In search of45.City officials stated that workers who lied on their employment applications may be terminated.A.accusedB.punishedC.dismissedD.suspended46.An outbreak of swine flu outside of Mexico City was blamed for the deaths of more than a hundred people in April2009.A.attached toB.ascribed toposed ofD.related to47.When a forest goes ablaze,it discharges hundreds of chemical compounds,including carbon monoxide.A.puts outB.passes offC.pulls outD.sends out48.Unfortunately,the bridge under construction clasped in the earthquake,so they had to do thewhole thing again from scratch.A.from the beginningB.from now onC.from time to timeD.from the bottom49.Identical twin sisters have led British scientists to a breakthrough in leukemia research thatpromises more effective therapies with fewer harmful side-effects.A.administersB.nurturesC.inspiresD.ensures50.Radical environmentalists have blamed pollutants and synthetic chemicals in pesticides forthe disruption of human hormones.A.disturbanceB.distractionC.intersectionD.interpretation4Part III C l oze(10%)Directions:In this section there is passage with ten numbered blanked.For each blank,there are choices marked A,B,C and D listed below the passage.Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dear Dr.Benjamin,Congratulations on your nomination as United States Surgeon General.Based on your extraordinary career and your commitment to51health disparities among underserved populations,no doubt your tenure will be marked by great progress toward the goal of improved health for all Americans.Each United States Surgeon General has the unique opportunity to create his or her own lasting legacy.Dr.Koop focused on smoking prevention.Dr.Satcher one of52mentors, released the first comprehensive report on mental health.We encourage you to build your own legacy53concept of prevention through healthy lifestyles--a legacy that is both sustainable and cost-effective.This also is an important issue for Members of Congress,many of whom believe that54prevention and wellness initiatives will bring down costs and help people lead healthier lives.The American College of Sports Medicine(ACSM)would be honored to partner with you on such an initiative.ACSM,the largest sports medicine and exercise science organization in the world,55 ready to work with you to increase healthy behaviors-especially physical activity--throughout the life span.During this crucial period of health system reform,we've been advocating for strategies that support preventive medicine not just through diagnostic testing,56promoting healthy, active behaviors that all Americans can achieve at little or no cost.In fact,ACSM already has a working agreement with the Surgeon General's office,focused on a series of healthy-lifestyle public service announcements for our Exercise Is Medicine TM program,a program that57calls on doctors to encourage their patients to incorporate physical activity and exercise into their daily routine.As you are58aware,physical activity can prevent and treat a host of chronic conditions--such as heart disease,type II diabetes,and obesity–that currently plague our country.Your example as59whose family has suffered from preventable disease and who demonstrates healthy lifestyles can be powerful indeed.Anytime either before or after your appointment is confirmed,we would60the opportunity to meet with you and your staff to discuss how we,along with other leading health organizations,can enhance the prevention paradigm through physical activity.Again,Dr,Benjamin,I extend our deepest congratulations and best wishes.Sincerely,James Pivarnik,Ph.D.,FACSMPresident,American College of Sports Medicine51. A.handle B.eliminate C.achieving D.addressing52. A.his own B.our own C.your own D.her own53. A.around B.above C.at D.across54. A.promoted B.promoting C.having been promoting D.having been promoted55. A.put B.got C.sits D.stands56. A.but for B.but that C.but by D.but also57. A.arguably B.excessively C.specifically D.exceptionally558. A.well B.better C.the very D.the most59. A.those B.one C.this D.it60. A.greet B.welcome C.deserve D.celebratePart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneAs the defining epidemic of a modem age notable for overconsumption and excess,obesity is hard to beat.The increased availability of high-fat,high-sugar foods,along with more sedentary lifestyles,has helped push the number of obese people worldwide to beyond400million,and the number of overweight to more than1.6billion.By2015,those figures are likely to grow to700 million and2.3billion respectively,according to the World Health Organization.Given the health implications--increased risk of heart disease,stroke,diabetes and some cancers--anything that helps people avoid piling on the pounds must be a good thing,right?Those who agree will no doubt welcome the growing success of researchers striving to develop"diet pills"that provide a technical fix for those incapable of losing weight any other way. Last week a study published in The Lancet showed that tesofensine,which works by inducing a sense of fullness,is twice as effective as any other drug at enabling patients to lose weight.There is no question that advances such as this are good news for those with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity.But for the rest of us it is dangerous to see treatment as a more effective solution than prevention.There are several reasons for this.For a start,the traditional ways of maintaining a safe weight,such as limiting what you eat,increase consumption of fruit and vegetables and taking more exercise,are beneficial for our health in many ways.Second,overindulgence in fatty foods has implications for the entire planet.Consider the deleterious environmental effects of the rising demand for meat.As demonstrated in our special issue on economic growth,technological fixes will not compensate for excessive consumption. Third,interfering with the brain circuits that control the desire for food can have an impact on other aspects of a person's personality and their mental and physical health.We need two approaches:more research into the genetics of obesity to understand why some people are more susceptible,and greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death.Cynics will say we've tried education and it hasn't worked.That is defeatist:getting people to change their behavior takes time and effort,held back as we are by our biological tendency to eat more than we need,and by the food industry's ruthless opportunism in exploiting that.Drugs will be the saving of a few--as a last resort.But the global obesity problem is one of lifestyle,and the solution must be too.61.In the first paragraph all the figures surrounding obesity reflect________A.a close link between growing obese and developing diseaseB.the inevitable diseases of modem civilizationC.the war against the epidemic we have lostD.the urgency of the global phenomenon62.When it comes to the recently reported diet pills,the author would say that________6A.drags are no replacement of preventionB.the technical advance is not necessarily good newsC.the technical fix does help reverse the obesity epidemicD.the mechanism of tesofensine still remains to be verified63.Which of the following can be referred to as the environmental perspective of the author'sargument?A.Belittling good health behavior.B.Imposing a heavy burden on our planet.C.Making trouble for our social environment.D.Having implications for mental and physical health.64.The author argues that we make greater efforts to help people fight against_________A.their biological overeating tendency and aggressively marketed foodsB.the development of diet pills as a technical fix for obesityC.their excuses for their genetic susceptibility to obesityD.the defeatism prevailing in the general populations65.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.No Quick FixB.Disease of CivilizationC.Pursuing a Technical FixD.A War on Global ObesityPassage TwoAn abandoned airfield near a former Nazi concentration tramp may soon feature pagodas and Tai Chi parks.A$700million project aims to give Germany its own Chinatown22miles north of Berlin in the town of Oranienburg,housing2,000residents by2010.The investor group behind the scheme hopes the new Chinatown will attract tourists and business to rival the famed Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York by delivering an "authentic Chinese experience.""You'll be able to experience China,go out for a Chinese meal, and buy Chinese goods,"says Stefan Kunigam,managing director of Bandenburg-China -Project-Management GmbH.The project has attracted investors in both Germany and China,reports Christoph Lang of Berlin's Trade and Industry promotion Office."Chinese investors have already asked if we have a Chinatown here."He says."The cultural environment is very important for them.You cannot build a synthetic Chinatown."Germany is home to about72,000Chinese migrants(2002Federal Statistical Office figures), but the country has not had a Chinatown since the early1930s in Hamburg,when most of the city's2,000Chinese residents fled or were arrested by the Nazis.German's more-recent history with anti-foreigner extremism remains a problem even within the government,reports Deutsche Welle(DW),Germany's international broadcaster.DW notes that National Democratic Party lawmaker Holger Apfel's xenophobic(恐外的)comments about "state-subsidized Oriental mega-families"at first went largely uncriticized."Every fourth German harbors anti-foreigner sentiments,"DW quotes Miriam Gruss,a Free Democratic Party parliamentarian."Right-wing extremism is clearly rooted in the middle of society.It's not a minor phenomenon."The German government initiated a special youth for Democracy andTolerance program in January2007as part of its tolerance-building efforts.7While it is not clear how many Chinese migrants will ultimately settle in the new German Chinatown,developers hope the project will increase Germans'understanding for China and Chinese culture.66.If set up,according to the passage,the new German Chinatown will probably be_______A.a rival to the Chinatowns of San Francisco and New YorkB.mainly made of pagodas and Tai Chi parksC.located in the north suburbs of BerlinD.the biggest one in Germany67.When he says that you cannot build a synthetic Chinatown,Lang means_______A.the real imported goods made in ChinaB.the authoritative permission for the projectC.the importance of the location for a ChinatownD.the authentic environment to experience Chinese culture68.By mentioning the population of Chinese migrants in Germany,the author most probablymeans that_________A.it is too late to build a ChinatownB.it is their desire to save a ChinatownC.it is important to create jobs for themD.it is necessary to have a Chinatown there69.According to the passage,German anti-foreigner extremismA.can seed the new community with hatredB.could be an obstacle to the projectC.will absolutely kill the planD.is growing for the scheme70.The message from the plan is clear:A.to build a new communityB.to fight against right-wing extremismC.to promote more cultural understandingD.to increase Chinese's understanding of GermanyPassage ThreeThe American research university is a remarkable institution,long a source of admiration and wonder.The idyllic(田园诗的),wooded campuses,the diversity and energy of the student populations,and,most of all,the sheer volume of public and private resources available to nm them,have made them the envy of the world.Seen from the inside,however,everything is not quite so rosy.Setting aside the habitual complexity of medical schools,which have separate healthcare and finance issues,the structure of these institutions is straightforward and consistent.The bedrock of each university is a system of discipline-specific departments.The strength of these departments determines the success and prestige of the institution as a whole.This structure raises a few obvious questions.One is the relevance of the department-based structure to the way scientific research is done.Many argue that in a host of areas--ranging from computational biology and materials science to pharmacology and climate science--much of the most important research is now interdisciplinary in nature.And there is a sense that,notwithstanding years of efforts to adapt to this change by encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration,the department-based structure of the university is essentially at odds with such collaboration.8A second set of issues surrounds the almost static nature of the departmental system.In a country where most things are highly fluid,the fields covered by departments,as well as the pecking order(权势等级)between them,have remained largely unchanged for many years.Aspeople and money have flowed,particularly over the past twenty years,to the south and the southwest,the strongest US universities and departments remain embedded in the northeast and in California.League tables drawn up by the National Academy of Sciences and others show little movement in this pecking order,even over several decades.Another,perhaps more contentious,issue concerns the relevance of the modem research university to the community it serves.The established model,whatever else its strengths and weaknesses,reflects the desire of the middle classes for undergraduate training that prepares their offspring for a stable career.But how does it serve a society in which people may have to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?71.The passage begins with the presentation of the American research university_______A.in a unique wayB.in a jealous toneC.in the eyes of outsidersD.out of personal admiration72.The traditional model of the US research university________A.determines the complexity of the single-discipline departmentB.is well established with competition among its departmentsC.ensures the success and prestige of each single departmentD.is characterized by the department-based structure73.The structure of the US research university,the author contends,needs to be stretched_____A.to change the way scientific research is done along the disciplineB.to promote individuality and creativity in doing scienceC.to address the current interdisciplinary challengesD.to advance the discipline-based department74.In addition to the department-based structure,the pecking order_______A.remains unchallenged as the name of the gameB.fosters unfair competition at the American institutionC.contributes to insufficient interdisciplinary collaborationD.makes uneven allocations of financial resource among the US universities75.What can be inferred from the question:But how does it serve a society in which people mayhave to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?A.The American societal structure has an impact on that of the research university.B.College students need to be trained to be dedicated to the social value of science.C.The modem research university ought to change the way it serves the middle class.D.The established model serves as an obstacle to the best service of the society.Passage FourScience and politics make uncomfortable bedfellows.Rarely is this more true than in the case of climate change,where it is now time for emergency counseling.One point repeatedly made at last week's climate change congress in Copenhagen was that formulating an action plan to curb climate change is not a job of scientists.Politicians may be left scratching their heads over what to do,but at this stage climatescientists cannot provide more guidance than they did in the2007report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,for two reasons.9First,models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. As one Copenhagen delegate put it:"Tell me what the stock market will do in100years and I will tell you what the climate will do."Second as most climate scientists will agree,their role is not toformulate policy.They can provide more or less apocalyptic(大灾预测的)scenarios of what will happen if emissions hit certain thresholds,from burning forests to disappearing islands.But when politicians ask what is the absolute maximum amount of carbon dioxide we should allow to be pumped out,the answer is,invariably,how much risk do you want to take?There are ways out of the deadlock.As the major climate negotiations in December approach,scientists need to be able to take off their labcoats sometimes and speak as concerned citizens.Some may feel uncomfortable with blurting the line between science and activism,but they should be aware that no one understands the risks better than they do and no one is better placed to give informed opinions.Politicians,for their part,should stop begging climatologists for easy answers.What they need instead is a new breed of advisers to descend from the ivory towers of academia and join the climate fray–people who are willing and able to weight up the risks,costs and benefits of various degrees of action.If all else fails,there may still be the safety net of geoengineering.As we have said on several occasions,this option can no longer be dismissed as fantasy.Reputable scientists are discussing options among themselves and with policy-makers,but the fact that we are even considering it should spur governments to cut emissions,cut them deeply and cut them fast. Geoengineering is no get-out-of-jail-free card;it has dangers of its own.The military are already taking an interest,raising the spectre of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing we want.76.In the case global warning,scientists_______A.tend to be more conservative than politiciansB.are in no position to offer a definite answerC.never trust politicians as in other casesD.feel incapable more than ever before77.Speaking of climate change,politicians______A.don't like it when scientists are indirectB.never see eye to eye with scientists thereC.seldom want to play the game with scientistsD.are left puzzled over the formulation of policy78.To bridge the gap between the two sides,according to the passage,scientists are supposedto_______A.act with more concern and enthusiasmB.discard their prejudice towards politiciansC.be definite enough to offer informed opinionsD.do as concerned citizens do in protecting environment79.For their part,politicians ought to be reasonable and_______A.pick up the right scientists for informed opinionsB.place policy and decision in the hands of scientistsC.receive reeducation in the ivory towers of academia10D.choose those who can provide a straightforward prediction80.The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of________A.the other alternatives in the matterB.the climate weapon as a double-edged swordC.the dangers of the fantasy among the reputable scientistsD.the urgency of emission reduction on the part of governmentsPassage FiveYou are what you eat notwithstanding,it is only recently that most consumers have become interested in the technical details of their food's composition,production and transport.With obesity and climate change now major concerns,and"localvore"and"food miles"entering the lexicon,shoppers are clamoring for information.And many food companies are happy to supply it, resulting in a dizzying array of multicolored labels and claims.But not everyone is happy.A proposed law in Indiana is the latest attempt in the United States to ban milk labels proclaiming that the cows from whence the milk came were not treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone(rBGH,also called recombinant bovine somatotropin or rbST).This hormone,produced by engineered bacteria,is virtually identical to the cow's own and can increase milk production by10-15%.There are two bad arguments for banning such labels.The f~t--that it is impossible to determine from the milk whether the cow was injected with rBGH--is the reason cited in the bill language.The second--that proliferation of"no rBGH"labels will train consumers to distrust the product--is the real motivation.The first argument can be disposed of easily:it is already illegal to make false claims about a product.The second argument may seem more convincing.There is no firm scientific evidence that injecting cows with rBGH affects human health in any way,but prevalent labeling touting the absence of rBGH would suggest to consumers that there are some differences.The mandating(颁布)of an additional phrase such as that agreed last month in Pennsylvania--"No significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rbST-treated and non-rbST-treated cows" ---ameliorates(减轻)this problem.There are good reasons not to ban accurate labels.More information means that consumers can be more discerning,and not just about their own health.They can vote with their purchases for farming practices they prefer.And if a company wants to use a technology with a bad reputation,it is the firm's responsibility to educate the consumer about why it is beneficial.If consumers choose irrationally to reject it,that is their prerogative(特权).Capitalism thrives on the irrationality of consumers,from their noted fear of smelling bad,to their preference for redness in apples,farmed salmon and fast-food signage(标记).Indeed,if consumers were suddenly to become rational,an economic cataclysm(大灾难) would result,as households in all the rich nations would cut their consumption to only what they really needed.Such a crash would no doubt make the current economic doldrums(萧条)look like the mildest hiccup(打嗝)。
2010年医学博士英语真题及答案
2010 医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let's begin with question Number 1.1. A. She's looking for a girl.B. She needs a new purse.C. She's going to give a birthday party.Sample AnswerA B C DD. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She bears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He'll go to see Mr. White at 10:30.B. He'd like to make an earlier appointmentC. He'd like to cancel the appointment.D. He'd like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B. To work one more day as chairman.C. To think twice before he makes the decision.D. To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn't do anything in particular.B. She send a wounded person to the ER.C. She had to work in the ER.D. She went t skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man's mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B. It feels like a kind of unsteadinessC. It feels as if she is falling down.D. It feels as if she is goingaround.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B. John himself should be blamedC. John has a dog that barks a lot.D. John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult,B. The chemistry homework is fun.C. The math homework is difficult.D. The math homework is fun.I2. A. His backache.B. His broken leg,C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B. Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C. Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles14. A. Saturday morning, B. Saturday night.C. Sunday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He's lost his notebook.B. His handwriting is messy.C. He'll miss class later this week.D. He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B. He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D. He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B. He had his gallbladder inflamed.C. He was suffering from influenza.D. He had developed a big kidney stone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn't be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B. To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C. To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D. To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D. From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B. The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C. The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D. The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080,D. More than 60,008.23. A. Seven-hour sleeper gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B. Five-hour sleepers gained mote weight over t/me than 7-hour ones.C. Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D. Short-sleepers consume fewer calories than long sleepers:24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B. Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C. Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D. Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep,25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B. She asks too many questions.C. She is always considerate of my feelings.D. She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor B. A teaching assistant.C. A Ph.D. student. D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no. B. They usually say yes.C. They usually wait and see.D. They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident. B. Their brains grow too fast.C. They are psychologically dependent.D. Their brains are still immature in some areas .30. A. Be easy on your teen. B. Try to be mean to your teen.C. Say no to your teen when necessary.D. Don't care about your teen's feelings.Part II. Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can best complete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. inoculatedD. intoxicated33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don't have definite proof.A. suspend B: supervene C. supervise D. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer besatisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protect the properly rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent D, intelligible38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the general public.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following statements has a word or. phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Then mark. the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET,41. The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42. It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43. He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44. The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitment C; honesty D. talent45. He left immediately on the pretext that hah ad to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. circumstance46. The nurse was filled with remorse for not believing her.A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47. The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48. Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49. The doctor ruled out Friday's surgery for the patient's unexpected complications.A, confirmed B. facilitated C. postponed D. cancelled50. It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.' A. cautious B. motionless C: calm D. alertPart IlI Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D listed below the passage, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at least 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or {he disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only 6l pounds.A person with anorexia first develop joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in theblood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman's breathing, heartbeat,, and. blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, sometimes causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may suffer from fearfulness or continued deep sadness. Called depression. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 . lf it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A, specifically B. purposely C. particularly D .passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54, A. When B. While C . As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A, good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C motion D. action :60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this section there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, 13, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emitThe independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don't fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have sort ofbiological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation andResearch Agency's site at Portan Down, agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. "If you have a developing nervous system, it's known to be more susceptible to environmental insults," he says. "So if phones did prove to be hazardous -- which they haven't yet -- it would be sensible."In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain. "What we've found is an effect, but we don't know if it's hazardous," he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children's exposure would be greater. "There's a lot less tissue in the way, and the skull is thinner, so children's heads are considerably closer," he says.Stewart's report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. "The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary," says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. "But we accept that it's difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body."61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, it does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in term ofA. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UKA. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stewart's planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones' energy emissions65. Which of the following can be the best candidate for the title of the passage?A. Brain Wave.B. For Adults Only.C. Catch Them Young.D. The Answer in the Air.Passage TwoAdvances in cosmetics dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and mom openly today than even in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile's ascent may be seen in famous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs, voluptuous nudes, or middle-classfamily members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains (like the torturers inmartyrdom and crucifixion scenes) may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator of Yale University's Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples of Leonardo's Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the "Smiley Face" logo perfected (though not invented) in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R. Ball.In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarilyindicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to be openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public. "Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the 'true' smile," and .therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, body piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow's beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These corner-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one's favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except "Have a nice day"?66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A. people would not have been as happy as they are today .B. the rate of facial birth defects would not have declinedC. there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile et not in the portraits or pictures is decidedbyA. one's internal sense of the external worldB. one's identity or social positionC. one's times of existenceD. all of the above68. Trumble's study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB. the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB. further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70. At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB. an identical smile for everybodyC. future changes in life styleD. the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the help of penicillin made by theAllies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from- bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffiel , a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Thee Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler's desk, Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recenttranslation of Morrell's own diary .I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillinjumped out at me," he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got thedrug. At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies; German and Czechoslovakian: teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. "It's generally accepted that it was no good," says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectious if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. "My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy position as Hitler's doctor, would only have used pure stuff." And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?Wainwright's investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such as Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children."I have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries," says Wainwright. 'I'm saying thiswould have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler's doctor and the higher echelons of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.""We can never be certain it saved Hitler's life," says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler's henchmen, Reinhard Heydrich, otherwise known as the "Butcher of Prague died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt. "Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicaemia," says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf HitlerA. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an injection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, Hitler's personal doctorA. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third ReichA. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain penicillin75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?B. Morrel Loyal to His German Premier?C. Hitler Saved by Allied Drugs?D. Penicillin Abused in German?Passage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn't involve huffing andpuffing as you burn off calories, Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while themachine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body's effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on its own, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. "The smart thing is that we've put them in one machine."And it is not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition aschildren develop, while patients remover from injury, or during pregnancy, And since it uses radiowaves rather than X-rays, Tapp's device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that is not fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body's volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject's volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body's resistance. But this method does not take body shape into account -- so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That is because skinny legs -- with a lower cross-sectional area -- will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower -- rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp's method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designedA. to picture the body's hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is thatA. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78. Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to spare?A. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C, A water tank.D. All of the above.79. In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scannerA. quickens the pace of the patient's rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80. For scanning, all the subject has to do isA. take up a form of workout in the gymB. mm round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. stand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula atuniversities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare time to read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today lies at the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject.Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint yon see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract from the totality of the figure.So it is with science, Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminish the value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as "nerd" or "technocrats", generalists are often criticized for being too "soft" or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous accusations that deny a part of the reality of environmental science. Let us not be divided by our passion for depth or breadth. The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle, too wonderful to diminish by bickering.81. From a broad education to interdisciplinary study, we can see。
2010年全国医学博士统一考试英语听力录音文本
Transcript of Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let's begin with question Number 1.I. M: You said that you wanted to go shopping this evening. What do you want to get?W: I think I Want to get my mom a new purse for her birthday.'Q: What does the woman mean?2. W: My ears are always ringing. Day and night I can't sleep.M: Which is your bad ear?W: My right ear hurts.Q: Why does the woman have trouble sleeping?3. M: My tooth is bothering me. When can I see Dr. White?W: How about tomorrow? Is 10:30 OK?M: Isn't there anything earlier?.W: No. but I will call you if there is a cancellation before then.Q: What does the man mean?4. W: Are we going to be late?M: We will be unless we hurry.W: When does the show start?M: At 8:30. We've got 15 minutes to get there.Q: What time is it now?5. M: I can't find the instant soup.W: Did you look next to the canned soup?M: I looked there. But there isn't anything on the shelf.W: Why don't you try the spice section? It ought to be there.Q: Where does the conversation probably take place?6. M: I've a headache. I am resigning from the job of chairman right now. I can't stand it another day.W: Do you really mean that you want to quit?M: Well, maybe, I'll give it a second thought.Q: What is the man going to do?7. W: Did you do anything over the weekend?M: Not much. What did you do?W: I had planned to go skiing. But I wound up working in the ER.Q: What did the woman do over the weekend?8. W: We understand that you are not attending school.M: I've been attending, but, I've been sick recently.W: You've attended only three days since last July.M: Three days? No. it's been mom than that.W: We are going to have to take away your visa.Q: What is the woman?9. M: Does the dizziness feel like spinning or is it just a kind of unsteadiness?W: It feels like spinning.M: How would you describe it? Is it as if the room is going around or do you feel as if it is you that is going around?W: I feel the latter.Q: How does the woman describe her dizziness?10. W: Did you know that John failed in the math exam?M: Yes. And he blamed it on bad luck. But I really think he is barking up the wrong tree.Q: What docs the man imply?11. M: Catherine, how is the math homework coming?W: That's a piece of cake. But the chemistry homework is really a hard nut to crack.Q: What does the woman mean?12. W: What's the problem?M: I've had an itching rash on my body, and arms and legs for the last two months.W: Can you describe it?M: It's pink with red oval spots.Q: What has brought the man here?13. M: I'd like to ask you about your past medical history. Can you tell me if you had any childhooddiseases?W: When I was small, I had measles, chickenpox and whooping cough. But I don't think I ever had German measles.Q: What diseases did the woman have when she was small?14. W: If you go to the football game on Saturday night and concur or play on Sunday, you won't havemuch time to study.M: Oh, well, I can do that the weekend after this one.Q: When does the man plan to study?15. M: I need to he absent from class on Friday morning because I have a doctor's appointment. And I needto borrow someone's notes.W: Well, you can certainly borrow mine, if you don't mind my messy handwriting.Q: What is the man's problem?Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.ConversationW: HelloM: Hello.W: So, did you have a comfortable night?M: No, not really.W: Sorry to hear that. And how are you feeling at the moment?M: A bit better.W: You don't feel sick at ail?M: No, I'm okay.W: That's good. Are you having sips of water.M: No.W: Would you like some?M: Well, I don't really feel like.W: Ah, you can't drink anything at the moment.M: The nurses have been giving me mouth washes.W: Yes, I think you will begin to pick up as the day goes on. And we'll carry on giving you something to ease the discomfort. Does it hurt much?M: Well, it does when I move about.W: Right, but the sooner we have you on the move, the quicker you'll start to heal. So, we'll have you sitting in the chair this afternoon. Enjoy the sunshine.M: OK, I can't say that I am really looking forward to that.W: Mm, you have a pretty big gall stone,, the gallbladder is quite inflamed. There was a lot of infection around it and inside it. Well it's out now. So no need to worry about it. It won't cause you any more trouble.M: Mm.W: Any more questions? Or anything we can do for you?M: No, I think I'm okay. I'm feeling a bit weak at the moment. Oh, when will my wife be able to come and see me? The nurses told me before, but I can't remember.W: The visiting hours are from 6 to 8 in the evening.M: Okay, thank you. She'll be here tonight in that case.W: Fine, well, I'll be stopping to see you tomorrow.M: Thank you.Questions:16. What is true about the man in the conversation?17. What was wrong with the man?18. How is the man feeling now?19. What is the man supposed to do according to the doctor's orders?20. What are the hospital's visiting hours?Passage OneHere's a dreamy weight-loss plan: take a nap. That's the message from work by Sanjay Patel at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. His study of more than 68,000 women has found that those who sleep less than 5 hours a night gain more weight over time than those who sleep 7 hours a night.Controlling for other differences between the groups, Patel found that women who sleep 5 hours or less gained 0.7 kilograms more on average over 10 years than 7-hour sleepers. The short-sleeping group was also 32 per cent more likely to have gained 15 kilograms or more, and 15 per cent more likely to have become obese.Significantly, the short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than those who slept ? hours, says Patel, who presented his results this week at the American Thoracic Society International Conference in San Diego, California. This finding overturns the common view that overeating among the sleep-deprived explains such weight differences.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep may he the reason behind the weight gain, Patel suggests. "It obviously also suggests that getting people to sleep more might he a relatively easy way to help people lose weight,” he says.Questions:21. What did Patel's study indicate?22. How many subjects did Patel have in his study?23. According to Patel's study, which of the following is not tree?24. According to patel, what might be the reasons behind the weight differences725. What suggestion would Patel give to those who want to lose weight?Passage TwoI am the meanest mother in the neighborhood. I'm too strict. I ask too many questions. No one else's parentsare as different as I am, Don't I know that all the cool kids are out until 2:00 or 3:00 in the morning and can go wherever they want? This is the point of view of my 16-year-old daughter. Although she is frequently annoyed when I try to gather what I consider basic information – about where she's going, who's driving, and what the plan is for getting home — I know she is also relieved that someone is watching out for her. Discipline-- or, to use today's more popular phrase, setting limits takes on a whole new meaning when your child hits adolescence. "When kids are young and do something unsafe, parents have no trouble saying no," says Daniel Kindlon, Ph.D., assistant professor of child psychology at the Harvard School of Public Health, who bas two daughters, 15 and 12. "You don't care that your two-year-old cries if you don't let him put the fork in the toaster. But saying yes to your teen can almost become a reflex, because you so desperately want to avoid conflict." New research confirms what parents have known all along: Adolescents simply lack the ability to make smart decisions consistently. For example, peer relationships -- which are so important to teenagers can easily overwhelm the need to be safe. Scientists have discovered that this has to do with the way the human brain grows. During the teen years, the brain develops rapidly, but some areas mature much earlier than others. But you have to hold the line. Your teen is secretly counting on you to do so. And too much is at stake if you don't.Questions:26. What would the speaker's daughter least likely say about her mother?.27. What does Daniel Kindlon do?28. According to Kindlon, how do parents usually respond to their teen's requests?29. Why are adolescents unable to make smart decisions consistently according to scientists?30, What would the speaker advice parents to do?。
2012医博统考听力题及原文
2012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷试卷一(Paper One)Part ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. Aider you hear the question, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I fell faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B ● DNow let’s begin with question number 1.1. A. The woman’s condition is critical.B. The woman has been picking up quite well.C. The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D. The woman won’t see the doctor any more.2. A. A broken finger. B. A terrible cough.C. Frontal headaches.D. Eye problem.3. A. She needs a physical examination. B. She is in good health.C. It’s good to have a doctor friend.D. It’s good to visit the doctor.4. A. He prefers to take pills to get antioxidants.B. He prefers to get antioxidants from food.C. He doesn’t mind eating a lot every day.D. He is overcautious sometimes.5. A. The blouse is a bargain. B. The blouse is too expensive.C. The blouse is colorful.D. The blouse is so fashionable.6. A. To queue for a ticket. B. To take man’s offer.C. To buy a ticket online.D. To try an agency.7. A. She disagrees with the man.B. She couldn’t agree with the man more.C. It’s hard for them to fulfill thei r plans.D. It’s impossible to get money from the Gates Foundation.8. A. One minute. B. Fifteen minutes.C. Half an hour.D. Five minutes.9. A. She is freezing cold. B. She is crazy about ice cream.C. She has a headache.D. She has brain fever.10. A. She can’t wait for the man. B. She is very eager to see the man.C. She will go to the USA with the man.D. She expects the man to stay.11. A. A cold. B. A headache.C. A hoarse voice.D. Insomnia.12. A. To go to Susan for advice. B. To try to think like Susan.C. To break up with Susan.D. To have a date with Susan.13. A. She will become a famous singer soon. B. She will become an American idol.C. She will sign up for a talent show.D. She will surely stand out from the crowd.14. A. To take a month off work. B. To rest in bed as much as possible.C. To take some herbal medicine.D. To put on plaster.15. A. The Chinese face cream. B. The American face cream.C. The French perfume.D. The medication.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. White blood cell count. B. Red blood cell count.C. X-ray.D. ECG17. A. Too much work to do. B. A heavy load of studying.C. Her daughter’s sickness.D. Her insufficient income.18. A. Leukemia. B. Gastric ulcer.C. Immune disease.D. Gastric influenza.19. A. Take the white tablets three times a day. B. Take the charcoal tablets three times a day.C. Take one or two white tablets at a time.D. Take two charcoal tablets a day.20. A. Stay off work. B. Drink plenty of liquids.C. Eat a lot of vegetables and fruit.D. Postpone your exercise when sick.Passage Two21. A. 35million. B. 34million. C. 25million. D. 20million.22. A. Author, professor and dreamer. B. Writer, professor and insomniac.C. Author, psychologist and insomniac.D. Dramatist, psychologist and scientist.23. A. Sleeping in 8-hour consolidated blocks. B. Sleeping during day time.C. Going to bed soon after dark.D. Two blocks of 4-hour sleep with a waking break.24. A. Because they have unnoticeable sleeping patterns.B. Because they sleep very little.C. Because they are insensitive.D. Because they can’t complain.25. A. Sleep is highly variable, and wears out with age. B. Falling asleep is a gradual process.C. Sleeping less will help you lose weight.D. People need to sleep eight hours a day.Passage Three26. A. Eight-year-olds. B. Twelve-year-olds.C. Seventeen-year-olds.D. Adults.27. A. The use of f MRI. B. The use of computer tasks.C. The three-way division of the subjects.D. The instructions given to the subjects.28. A. 12-year-olds respond strongly to negative feedback.B. 12-year-olds function the same as 8-year-olds.C. 8-year-olds function almost the same as adults.D. 12-year-olds function almost the same as adults.29. A. Not bad. B. Excellent.C. Not so good.D. Got it wrong this time.30. A. Scientists. B. The general public.C. Teachers at the kindergarten.D. Children with Attention Deficit Disorder. 2012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案与解析Pan ⅠListening ComprehensionSection A1. 【B】此题考点为细节信息再现。
全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
最新版--全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4. 标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood.PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did notseem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine. A. negative B. confusing C. eloquent D. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancercells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In along-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards thenew method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London.What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered , according to a report on the findings published in the WallStreet Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJreports. At the very, least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amidthe cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. Theyused the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodiesScientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies," which knock out many H IV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together--in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, theythink most people could produce then , the WSJ says.81 We can learn from the beginning ofthe passage that_A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the H IV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection82. What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?。
全国医学博士英语统考真题试卷2005
2005Part II vocabularysection A31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apartB.fell awayC.fell outD.fall back33.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get bettermedicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.looking up toD.taking hold of34.In front of the platform,the students were talking with theprofessor over the quizzes of their_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant35.The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire____ina foreign language through more practice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand37.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper witha reward for the finder. A.advertise rm C.announceD.publish38.The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ___adultgrowth. A.degenerate B.deteriorate C.boost D.retard39.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some ofits employees for three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement ofeconomical and military union in Ottawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation43 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in itsbase.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazingly B.astonishingly C.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with theregulations laid down by the authorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his openingspeech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leaders are making every effort to tacklethe problem of poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems tobe mo problem for them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work forthe company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III CloseIn Mr.Allen’s high school class,all students have to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married oftenbegin to giggle.The teacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before peoplemarry.Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,both students and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 theschool to offer the course again,51. A.duplications B.imitations C.assumptionD.fantasies52. A.noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53. A.might B.would C.must D.need54. A.issues B.adjustments C.mattersD.expectancies55. A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56. A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphsD.verdicts57. rms B.concerns C. triumphsD.associates58. A.Until B.Before C.After D.As.59. A.taken B.suggested C.endorsedD.reproched60. A.confined B.convinced promisedD.conceivedpassage oneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cultural universal”. A researcher in Manchester thingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that. Hesays it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told the BA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people dance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.He reckoned there might be a moredirect,biological,explanation for the disre to dance,so he started tolook at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so thatorgans for balance,for insance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibular system,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise,above70 decibel.“There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will be stimulated.”says Todd.The average rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to 140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to extremely loud music is a form of “vestibular self-stimulation”:it gives a heightened sensation of motion. “We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go to extraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us get up and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear which may prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance music is around the rate of locomotion.”he says,“It’s quite possible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”61.The passage begins with______A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universalquestionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into humanphysical movenents62.What intrigued Todd was ______A.human instinct reflexesB.people’s biological heritagesC.people’s compulsion about loud musicD.the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing63.Todd’s biological explanation for the desire to dance refersto_____A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated,according toTodd_____A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibel will shoot upD.hearing will occur65.What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expcted.B.Dancing is capable of heighten the sensation of hearingC.Loud music stimulates the inner ear and generates the urge to danceD.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintainbalance.passage 2Have you switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not just pressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.It does’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little redlights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Some electronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your video player spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soon adds up.In the US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around ＄1 billion a year.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away with desinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the public imagination ,reducing waste has attractedmuch less attention.But “source reduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount of packaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look forultra-light package.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable inan ultra-light package.There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—fillingup,naturally,your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There are limits to sourcecorrectness.66. Fron the first two paragraphs,the author implies that______A.hitch has made life easy everywhereB.nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC.recycling can potentially control environmental deteriorationD.everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in oneway or another67.The waste caused by household and office electrical applianceson stand-by mode seems to_____A.be a long-standing indoor problemB.cause nothing buttroubleC.get exaggeratedD.go unnoticed68.By idle electronic devices,the author means those appliances_____A.left on stand-by modeB.filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideed by those who are mot energy-conscioused by those whose words spesk louder than actions69.Ultra-light packaging______A.is expected to reduce American waste bu one-thirdB.is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C.can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD.is a villain of what the garnage experts call “source reduction”70.The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that______A.one person cannot win the battle against pollutionB.anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC.noybody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmentalprotectionD.anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is notneededpassage 3You can have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itself and replace neural connections destroyed by a clotin the brain.But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are not aware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.In some trials,stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlier intervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramaticimprovements.To test this theory,Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The size of the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage,and the casts did not cause adramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury.The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the release of glutamate,a neurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxiceffects.Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise.Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at the University of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.71. Schallert issued a warning to those who____A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB.are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.Which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for hisinvestigation.?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramaticimprovements.B.The critical period for braim damage is one week after injury.C.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.Physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery.73.The results from Schallert’s research____A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppsiteD.verified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that____A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthy nerve cellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD. all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians____A.to administer drugs to blick the effects of glutamateB.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke vivtims one week afterinjuryD.to reconsider the significance of phusiotherapy to brain damagePssage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observations of their spatial form and structure atsome point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent －ly ,after years away. Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We ,according to the passage,tend to observe citiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally77.we think about a city as____A.a spatial eventB.a symbolica worldC.a social environmentD.an intertelated system78.Cross-sectional studies show that cities ____A.are structured in three dimensiosB.are transformed rapidly inany aspectC.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy timeD.change slowly in spatial and social structrues79.The author is drawing our attention to ____A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB.the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD.all of the above80.The conventional notion,the aurhor contends,____A.presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD.hinders the physical change of urban structurePassane fiveWhen it is sunny in June,my father gets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which are flat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from my medical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.The heft of a bale through my leather gloves is familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave of the bale,the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hot as the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take a break and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think about how old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what mighthappen.This is not my usual work,of course.My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,and am glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all the painful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if my patients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do I put their stories?The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness? These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to find healthier meanings,I spent the weekbefore vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized.Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice water,and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales snd maybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciative customers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by the simplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of the fields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in its wake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stacked against the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81.Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A.The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on thenarrator.B.The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C.It is the first time for the narroator to do hayingD.The narrator is as physician82.In retrospection ,the narrator___A.feels guilty before his father and brotherB.defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC.hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD.is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83.As a physician,the narrator is ___A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile84.His associations punctuate_____A.the similarities between medicine and agricultureB.the simplicity of muscular workC.the hardship of life everywhereD.the nature of medical practice85.The narrator would say that____A.it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB.everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC.he is a shame to his fatherD.his trip is worth itPassage SixEveryone has seen it happen,A colleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pull back,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her former self.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy ,lack of commitmentand involvement,and continual frustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claims and performance problem.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening.An organization’s most valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,and creativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energyavailable.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes to work,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences little satisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work and co-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary…………….some of the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Are these people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.86.The passage begins with____A.a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC.a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustionB.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishmentD.All of the above88.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,which will result in ___A.a personal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countryD.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89.Burnout can be ___A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-out,according to the passage,are potentiallyable___A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD.to challenge their organizationA.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.。
[医学类试卷]医学博士外语模拟试卷27.doc
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[医学类试卷]医学博士外语模拟试卷27 一、Section A（A）They haven't seen any.（B）They have seen enough.（C）They need plenty of space.（D）They have an apartment.（A）To find a house which is about 20 miles away from work. （B）To drive about 20 miles to work everyday.（C）Buy a farm.（D）Rent an apartment in the suburbs.（A）In a kitchen.（B）In an orchard.（C）In a garden.（D）At a picnic.（A）A traffic guard.（B）A sociologist.（C）A student.（D）A salesperson.（A）Disconnect his telephone.（B）Blow a whistle into the receiver.（C）Keep a record of incoming annoyance calls. （D）Report his problem to the police.（A）Betty told him.（B）Peter told him.（C）Paul told him.（D）Nobody told him.（A）Over the phone.（B）At a garage.（C）In a store.（D）At home.（A）It's filled with lies.（B）It doesn't describe all her.（C）It is too long.（D）It contains one lie.（A）She eats an egg, a toasted muffin, and coffee.（B）She eats at the school cafeteria.（C）She eats at home when she gets a ride and leaves the house early.（D）She has breakfast in the kitchen.（A）She decided to buy a gold necklace.（B）She decided to buy a pair of gold earrings and a gold necklace to match them.（C）She decided to buy a pair of gold earrings to match a gold necklace that she already had.（D）She decided to buy a pair of silver earrings because they were cheaper than the gold ones.（A）He is quite easy to recognize.（B）he is an outstanding speaker.（C）he looks like a movie star.（D）he looks young for his age.（A）consult her dancing teacher.（B）take a more interesting class.（C）continue her dancing class.（D）improve her dancing skills.（A）the man did not believe what the woman said.（B）the man accompanied the woman to the hospital.（C）the woman may be suffering from repetitive strain injury. （D）the woman may not follow the doctor's instructions. （A）they are not in style any more.（B）they have cost him far too much.（C）they no longer suit his eyesight.（D）they should be cleaned regularly.（A）he spilled his drink onto the floor.（B）he has just finished wiping the floor.（C）he was caught in a shower on his way home.（D）he rushed out of the bath to answer the phone.二、Section B（A）At a country school in Mexico.（B）In a mountain valley of Spain.（C）At a small American college.（D）In a small village in Chile.（A）By expanding their minds and horizons.（B）By financing their elementary education.（C）By setting up a small primary school.（D）By setting them an inspiring example.（A）She wrote poetry that broke through national barriers. （B）She was a talented designer of original school curriculums. （C）She proved herself to be an active and capable stateswoman. （D）She made outstanding contributions to children's education. （A）She won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Literature.（B）She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize.（C）She translated her books into many languages.（D）She advised many statesmen on international affairs.（A）She was invited to help organize the rural school system.（B）Some of her books have been translated into several languages.（C）She was the first American to win the Nobel Prize.（D）she gained worldwide recognition by winning the Nobel Prize in literature. （A）17.6 million.（B）Several million.（C）Two thirds of Americans.（D）Not mentioned.（A）More than two drinks for men per day.（B）Binge drink and heavy dinking at time.（C）Binge drink and heavy drinking everyday.（D）More than one drink for women per day.（A）Skin cancer.（B）Lung cancer.（C）Breast Cancer.（D）Liver cancer.（A）Craving.（B）Tolerance.（C）Loss of control.（D）Withdrawal symptom.（A）Genetics.（B）Environment.（C）Pressure form life.（D）All of the above.（A）She engaged in field research on environmental pollution. （B）She helped families move away from industrial polluters. （C）She taught chemistry and microbiology courses in a college. （D）She gave lectures on how to become a public speaker. （A）The job restricted her from revealing her findings.（B）She was offered a better job in a minority community. （C）The job posed a potential threat to her health.（D）She found the working conditions frustrating.（A）More branches of her company have been set up.（B）Many toxic sites in America have been cleaned up. （C）More environmental organizations have appeared. （D）Some giant industrial polluters have gone out of business. （A）Her rigorous training in delivering eloquent speeches. （B）Her lifelong commitment to domestic and global issues. （C）He widespread influence among members of Congress. （D）Her ability to communicate through public speaking. （A）Japan.（B）Mexico.（C）China.（D）Canada.三、Section A31 The thieves fled with the local police close on their ______. （A）backs（B）necks（C）toes（D）heels32 A friendship may be deep, lasting, or ______ , casual and situational.（A）critical（B）identical（C）superficial（D）original33 The head of the Museum was ______ and let us actually examine the ancient manuscripts.（A）promising（B）agreeing（C）pleasing（D）obliging34 It is believed that children of two or three years old are able to learn any language if they are_____ it（A）involved in（B）indulged in（C）disposed to（D）exposed to35 Tim has failed three courses this semester, so he will have to ______ them next semester.（A）remake（B）repeat（C）reapply（D）revise36 The tone of the article ______ the writer's mood at the time.（A）reproduced（B）reflected（C）imagined（D）imitated37 The scientists have made an ______ study of the viruses that cause the disease. （A）exhausted（B）exhausting（C）exhaustive（D）exhaustion38 In the face of unexpected difficulties, he demonstrated a talent for quick, ______ action.（A）determining（B）defensive（C）demanding（D）decisive39 Last Sunday she came to visit us out of the blue. The italicized phrase means ______.（A）unexpectedly（B）unhappily（C）untidily（D）unofficially40 The teacher told the students to stay in the classroom and they did ______.（A）absolutely（B）accidentally（C）accordingly（D）accurately四、Section B41 If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird initiates a set of actions to protect its offspring.（A）hastens（B）triggers（C）devises（D）releases42 Panic swept through the swimmers as they caught sight of a huge shark approaching menacingly.（A）Tension（B）Excitement（C）Fear（D）Nervousness43 Lighting levels are carefully controlled to fall within an acceptable level for optimal reading convenience.（A）ideal（B）required（C）optional（D）standard44 In the latter case the outcome can be serious indeed.（A）result（B）judgment（C）decision（D）event45 The policeman wrote down all the particulars of the accident.（A）secrets（B）details（C）benefits（D）words46 Today black children in South Africa are still reluctant to study subjects from which they were effectively barred for so long.（A）anxious（B）curious（C）opposed（D）unwilling47 The exhibition is designed to facilitate further cooperation between Chinese TV industry and overseas TV industries.（A）establish（B）maximize（C）guarantee（D）promote48 You have to pay a(n)premium for express delivery.（A）extra charge（B）extra price（C）extra tip（D）extra bonus49 The workers in that factory manufacture furniture.（A）promote（B）paint（C）produce（D）polish50 We're happy to report that business is booming this year.（A）failing（B）open（C）successful（D）risky五、PartⅢ Cloze50 Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, after heart disease. In the past, it was often considered a death sentence. But many patients now live longer 【C1】______of improvements in discovery and treatment.Researchers say death【C2】______in the United States from all cancers combined have fallen for thirty years. Survival rates have increased for most of the top fifteen cancers in both men and women, and for cancers in【C3】______.The National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studied the number of cancer survivors. A cancer survivor is defined【C4】______anyone who has been found to have cancer. This would include current patients. The study covered the period from 1971 to 2001. The researchers found there are three 【C5】______as many cancer survivors today as there were thirty years ago. In 1971, the United States had about threemillion cancer survivors. Today there are about tenmillion.The study also found that 64% of adults with cancer can expect to still be【C6】______in five years. Thirty years ago, the five-year survival rate was 50%. The government wants to【C7】______the five-year survival rate to 70% by 2010.The risk of cancer increases with age. The report says the majority of survivors are 65 years and older.But it says medical improvements have also helped children with cancer live【C8】______longer. Researchers say 80% of children with cancer will survive at least five years after the discovery. About 75% will survive at【C9】______ten years. In the 1970s, the five-year survival rate for children was about 50%. In the 1960s, most children did not survive cancer. Researchers say they expect more improvements in cancertreatment in the future. In fact, they say traditional cancer-prevention programs are not enough anymore. They say public health programs should also aim to support the【C10】______numbers of cancer survivors and their families.51 【C1】（A）owing（B）because（C）regardless（D）due52 【C2】（A）opportunities（B）results（C）orders（D）rates53 【C3】（A）men（B）women（C）children（D）people 54 【C4】（A）as （B）by （C）at （D）for55 【C5】（A）numbers （B）periods （C）times （D）rounds 56 【C6】（A）strong （B）alive （C）healthy （D）happy（A）fix （B）lower （C）study （D）increase 58 【C8】（A）very （B）fairly （C）much （D）more 59 【C9】（A）little （B）least （C）less （D）better 60 【C10】（B）growing（C）fixed（D）mixed六、PartⅣ Reading Comprehension60 In the 1962 movie Lawrence of Arabia, one scene shows an American newspaper reporter eagerly snapping photos of men looting a sabotaged train. One of the looters, Chief Auda abu Tayi of the Howeitat clan, suddenly notices the camera and snatches it. "Am I in this?" he asks, before smashing it open. To the dismayed reporter, Lawrence explains, "He thinks these things will steal his virtue. He thinks you're a kind of thief."As soon as colonizers and explorers began taking cameras into distant lands, stories began circulating about how indigenous peoples saw them as tools for black magic. The "ignorant natives" may have had a point. When photography first became available, scientists welcomed it as a more objective way of recording faraway societies than early travelers' exaggerated accounts. But in some ways, anthropological photographs reveal more about the culture that holds the camera than the one that stares back. Up into the 1950s and 1960s, many ethnographers sought "pure" pictures of "primitive" cultures, routinely deleting modern accoutrements such as clocks and Western dress. They paid men and women to re-enact rituals or to pose as members of war or hunting parties, often with little regard for veracity. Edward Curtis, the legendary photographer of North American Indians, for example, got one Makah man to pose as a whaler with a spear in 1915 — even though the Makah had not hunted whales in a generation.These photographs reinforced widely accepted stereotypes that indigenous cultures were isolated, primitive, and unchanging. For instance, National Geographic magazine's photographs have taught millions of Americans about other cultures. As Catherine Lutz and Jane Collins point out in their 1993 book Reading National Geographic, the magazine since its founding in 1888 has kept a tradition of presenting beautiful photos that don't challenge white, middle-class American conventions. While dark-skinned women can be shown without tops, for example, white women's breasts are taboo. Photos that could unsettle or disturb, such as areas of the world torn asunder by war or famine, are discarded in favor of those that reassure to conform with the society's stated pledge topresent only "kindly" visions of foreign societies. The result, Lutz and Collins say, is the depiction of "an idealized and exotic world relatively free of pain or class conflict."Lutz actually likes National Geographic a lot. She read the magazine as a child, and its lush imagery influenced her eventual choice off anthropology as a career. She just thinks that as people look at the photographs of other cultures, they should be alert to the choice of composition and images.61 What's the main idea of the passage?（A）Photographs taken by Western explorers reflect more Westerners' perception of the indigenous cultures and the Western values.（B）There is a complicated relationship between the Western explorers and the primitive peoples.（C）Popular magazines such as National Geographic should show pictures of the exotic and idealized worlds to maintain high sales.（D）Anthropologists ask the natives to pose for their pictures, compromising the truthfulness of their pictures.62 We can infer from the passage that early travelers to the native lands often______.（A）took pictures with the natives（B）gave exaggerated accounts of the native lands（C）ask for pictures from the natives（D）gave the natives clocks and Western dresses63 The author mentions the movie Lawrence of Arabia to______.（A）show how people in the indigenous societies are portrayed by Westerners.（B）illustrate how people from primitive societies see cameras as tools of black magic that steal their virtues.（C）show how anthropologists portray untruthful pictures of native people.（D）show the cruel and barbarian side of the native people.64 "But in some ways, anthropological photographs reveal more about the culture that holds the camera than the one that stares back." In this sentence, the "one culture that stares back" refers to______.（A）the indigenous culture（B）the Western culture（C）the academic culture（D）the news business culture65 With which of the following statements would Catherine Lutz most probably agree?（A）Reporters from the Western societies should routinely delete modern elements in pictures taken of the indigenous societies.（B）The primitive cultures are inferior to the more advanced Western culture.（C）The western media are not presenting a realistic picture of the faraway societies.（D）People in the Western news business should try not to challenge the well-established white middle-class values.65 Having a few too many drinks can mean more than just a blackout or a bad hangover. People who engage in binge drinking are courting danger, experts warn.Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drinking to excess as a rite of passage. A 1997 study from the Harvard School of Public Health reports that 42.7% of all college students engage in binge drinking. The well-publicized deaths of several college students from binge drinking in 1997 highlights the risks.An 18-year-old freshman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology drank himself into a coma and died. A 20-year-old fraternity pledge at Louisiana State University died from alcohol poisoning."Alcohol is always toxic. It's really a poison," said Steven Schandler, professor of psychology at Chapman University and chief of addiction research at the Long Beach Veterans Affairs Health Care System, who added that binge drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning. "Because it's a poison, like any other poison, if you take in a little bit, you might tolerate it, but if you take in a lot, you might die."Administrators and doctors say that college freshmen are especially at risk for alcohol poisoning, in part because they often lack the maturity to refrain or stop. And for some who may be new to drinking, their bodies have a relatively low tolerance for alcohol.But problems with alcohol aren't limited to teenagers and young adults. A 39-year-old Buena Park man recently recalled that two days of steady imbibing on a trip to Las Vegas several years ago left him in bad shape.Doctors say blood alcohol levels of about 4%— five times the legal intoxication limit of 0.8%—can induce potentially lethal side effects in most people. Alcoholics have higher limits. Although not well understood, enzymes that break down and expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys do so more effectively in seasoned drinkers, allowing them to tolerate more, Schandler said.Regardless of a person's tolerance, alcohol exerts its influence when the amount of alcohol taken in exceeds the amount that the body can digest. At that point, alcohol passes from the bloodstream into the brain and begins its attack. Alcohol first affects the brain's cortex, which controls more sophisticated thought processes. That's why people generally become less inhibited under the influence of alcohol, and some are more willing to try things that could be dangerous to themselves or others.Coordination, mainly controlled by the cerebellum, is the next to go, leading to slurred speech and difficulty walking in a straight line. As excessive drinking continues, alcohol moves deeper into the brain until "it gets to the very basic structure of the brain stem that affects things like respiration and heart beat," said Dr. Bret Ginther, an assistant clinical professor of emergency medicine at UC Irvine.At that point, people may pass out or fall into a coma. Their vital signs may weaken. "The most common cause of death from alcohol poisoning is respiratory arrest," said Ginther. Eventually, the heart simply stops. Getting to that point is fairly unusual. But Ginther said that at least once or twice a month, patients are brought into the emergency room at UCI Medical Center in Orange suffering from alcohol poisoning.College officials say they are always on the lookout for alcohol abuse but say there is no fail-safe method to keep students from drinking. Many colleges try to educate students, especially those caught drinking illegally or causing disruptions. The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention in Newton, Mass, advocates a community-based approach that includes administrators, faculty, police and businesses in the fight to curb binge drinking, in part by being on alert for people abusing alcohol. The center also stresses the importance of parental guidance and urges parents to have frank discussions with their children about excessive drinking.66 From the passage, we can learn that "binge drinking" is ______.（A）an excessive consumption of alcohol（B）drinking oneself into a coma（C）drinking poisonous alcohol（D）a kind of illegal drinking67 Why are college freshmen especially at risk for alcohol poisoning according to administrators and doctors?（A）Their bodies are not used to alcohol.（B）They can not refrain themselves.（C）They are under greater pressure.（D）Both A and B68 What can enzymes do when one is drunk?（A）They help drunken people survive when they take in more alcohol than tolerable. （B）They help people in coma regain consciousness.（C）They expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys.（D）They can make people stay conscious.69 Which of the following is TRUE?（A）College officials are aware of the seriousness of students' binge drinking but can not do anything.（B）College officials are taking measures to prevent binge drinking though without much success.（C）College officials think that they do not have any methods to stop students from drinking.（D）College officials just stand by without doing anything to the problem.70 Binge drinking may most seriously lead to ______.（A）death（B）craziness（C）disability（D）unconsciousness70 In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140years ago, today's people especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations-apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren't likely to get any taller. "In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level,we've pretty much gone as far as we can go," says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients-notably, protein-to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height-5'9" for men, 5'4" for women-hasn't really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. "There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism," says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, "you could use today's data and feel fairly confident."71 Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to______.（A）illustrate the change of height of NBA players（B）show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.（C）compare different generations of NBA players（D）assess the achievements of famous NBA players72 Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text? （A）Genetic modification.（B）Natural environment.（C）Living standards.（D）Daily exercise.73 On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree? （A）Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.（B）Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.（C）Americans are the tallest on average in the world.（D）Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.74 We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future______.（A）the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size（B）the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged（C）genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen（D）the existing data of human height will still be applicable75 The text intends to tell us that______.（A）the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern（B）human height is becoming even more predictable（C）Americans have reached their genetic growth limit（D）the genetic pattern of Americans has altered75 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report "Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of "paralysis by analysis". To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research but research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.76 An argument made by supporters of smoking was that______.（A）there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death （B）the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant （C）people had the freedom to choose their own way of life（D）antismoking people were usually talking nonsense77 According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as______.（A）a protector（B）a judge（C）a critic（D）a guide78 What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis"(Last line, paragraph 4)? （A）Endless studies kill action.（B）Careful investigation reveals truth.（C）prudent planning hinders.（D）Extensive research helps decision-making.79 According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?。
医学博士外语-试卷7
医学博士外语-试卷7(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：（分数：10.00）A.10 years ago. √B.3 years ago.C.In 1999.D.In 2001.解析：解析：从“This is be the forum’s tenth year”可知全球财富论坛至今已有十年；每年一届来计算，第一届应在10年前举行。
A.He knows how to calculate from one to five.B.He does well in math.C.Jack loves hitchhiking which is popular throughout the west.D.Jack is smart enough to travel safety. √解析：解析：由“how many beans make five．”可知杰克很聪明，旅行的安全没有问题。
know howmany beans make five指“精明，聪明机智”。
A.She should move the desk back.B.She should go to the doctor. √C.She should have had someone help him.D.She should have known the desk was heavy.解析：解析：“y ou should have it looked at．”是建议女士看医生。
A.Ask the professor if the course will be given again.B.Postpone talking the course.C.Request permission to take the courses together. √D.Take the course from a different professor.解析：解析：男士建议女士两门课一起修，但估计教授不同意。
2005医博统考听力题解析原文
2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30 %)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day,Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample 3answerA DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. He was waiting in the wrong place.B. He won’t have to wait any longer.C. The woman was mistaken.D. The woman should ask somebody else for help.2. A. The results might be ready tomorrow afternoon.B. The results might be ready tomorrow morning,C. The results will be ready this afternoon.D. The results were back this morning.3. A. Buy a purse. B. Buy the AIDS patients medicine.C. Make a donation.D. Lend the man some money.4. A. He failed to defend his paper. B. He had got a bleeding finger.C. He cut his finger with a knife.D. He had a paper cut.5. A. He can’t afford a digital camera now.B. He’s not sure how much a digital camera costs.C. He’ll buy a digital camera that fits his pocket.D. He’s lost the money he saved.6. A. Join the student Union.B. Persuade the other members of the Student Union not to quit.C. Keep an eye on the other members of the Student Union.D. Help the man find someone to fill the vacancy.7. A. The dentist will be back this afternoon.B. The dentist will have a full schedule this afternoon.C. He’s already had the dentist check his teeth.D. He plans to see the dentist this afternoon.8. A. Large and bulky. B. Lightweight and compact.C. Fancy and sophisticated.D. Appealing and amazing.9. A Use less shampoo, B. Stop using shampoo.C. Switch to the man’s brand.D. Rinse off the shampoo thoroughly.10. A. The fitness center doesn’t open until tomorrow.B. She is too busy to go to the fitness center.C. The fitness center is not for kids.D. The project of the fitness center will be finished tomorrow.11. A. Look in the library catalogue.B. Borrow the man’s computer.C. Seek the information from the Internet.D. Seek the information from Drama Society.12. A. He has changed his schedule. B. He was sick last Monday.C. He works less than he used to.D. He started his vacation last Monday.13. A. Because she has to pay a home visit to an emergency case.B. Because she dislikes teaching and wants to quit.C. Because her father has just been sent to the hospital and needs her care.D. Because her father is leaving the hospital and needs her help.14. A. Discontinue all the medications.B. Try new medicine and then have a CT scan.C. Take a CT scan before medication.D. Have a CT scan right away.15. A. Annoyed. B. Scared. C. Puzzled. D. Anxious.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passages One16. A. Common insomnia. B. Sleep-including activities.C. Foods to help people sleep better.D. Causes of insomnia and ways to deal with it.17. A. Asthma. B. Aches. C. Ulcer. D. Anemia.18. A. Go to bed earlier the next night. B. Go to bed as usual the next night.C. Take a nap the next day.D. Sleep late the next few days.19. A. Because tryptophan can balance their diet.B. Because tryptophan is an amino acid found in certain foods.C. Because tryptophan is crucial to the sleep process.D. Because tryptophan can cure insomnia altogether.20. A. Pessimistic. B. Optimistic. C. Doubtful. D. Indifferent.Passage Two21. A. The difference between the couple in their view of time.B. The difference between the couple in their view of religion.C. The difference between the couple in their view of loyalty.D. The difference between the couple in their view of responsibility.22. A. He likes to be late. B. He likes to be early.C. He likes to be just on time.D. He likes to be just in time.23. A. 2 pm. B. 1:40 pm. C. 2:03 pm. D. 2:30 pm.24. A. Cancel the wedding immediately. B. Find a substitute immediately.C. Wait patiently till the groom to come finally.D. Find a lawyer to sue the groom.25. A. Cultural difference. B. Gender-related difference.C. Ethnical difference.D. Social rank.Passage Three26. A. She is a dentist. B. She is an orthopedist.C. She is a physiotherapist.D. She is a pharmacist.27. A. She is examining the man.B. She is taking a history.C. She is explaining the man’s condition.D. She is discussing a case with her colleague.28. A. Sliding over the stairs. B. Straightening his spine.C. Bending his knee too hard.D. Lifting heavy loads in the wrong way.29. A. In the lower part of his back. B. In the upper part of his back.C. In the middle part of his back.D. Not mentioned.30. A. Stay in bed to let the disc rest. B. Take some drugs to relieve the pain.C. Have some physiotherapy.D. Undergo an operation right away.2005全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 通过男士的话You must be thinking of someone else可知女士是认错人了。
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析
2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 根据男士的话Fewer people came than we had expected，可知募捐仪式来的人比预料的少。
2. C 根据男士的话allowing acid content to flow into the esophagus( 让酸性物质流进食道)可知这是关于胃的疾病。
3. A 根据女士的话I understand that this office helps students with housing ，i s that fight 可知这是校园内公寓管理办公室。
4. C 根据文中we've acted for hours ，Let's get something to eat，We'd be able to feel better with a little nutrition( 我们吃点东西就会好子)可知他们是筋疲力尽了。
5. C 根据文中you and some friends are organizing a cruise to Maldives 以及Alone if I have to 可知即使是没有朋友，他也会自己一个人去航行。
6. C 根据男士的话I'm afraid to have the runs( 恐怕我拉肚子了) 以及女士的话Are you going to the toilet often( 你经常上厕所吗) 可知男士的病是腹泻。
diarrhea腹泻。
revert返祖现象。
nausea恶心。
a running nose流鼻涕。
7. A 根据对话，女士已检查过男士的伤口，并清除了玻璃片，给伤口消过毒，根据女士的话The next thingI should do is to stitch you up 可知下一件事是缝合男士的伤口。
医学博士外语-试卷5
医学博士外语-试卷5(总分：186.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：（分数：10.00）A.Customer and elevator.B.Boss and secretary.C.Customer and clerk.D.Clerk and lift operator. √解析：解析：对话中两人一个是职员，另一个是电梯工。
lift operator／elevator runner电梯工；elevator 电梯。
A.Jack"s car was accidentally lost.B.Jack was run over in a car accident.C.Jack survived a car accident. √D.Jack fell out of a car.解析：解析：从“It’s a mir acle that Jack came out of the accident alive．”可知杰克在车祸中幸存。
A.Speaker.B.Lecturer.C.Player.D.Dramatis personae. √解析：解析：dramatic personae剧中人；从对话中的“embarrassed，audience left in the middle of the performance．”和不能欣赏live drama可知答案为D。
A.The man feels so tired that he couldn"t contribute his attention at all.B.The lecture TA gave is so boring that their hearts go out to game.C.They have different opinions about the lecture. √D.The lecture is beyond their understanding.解析：解析：男士认为讲座很boring，而女士认为“it see ms that his lecture suits my taste．”可知C符合题意。
医学博士外语-试卷20
医学博士外语-试卷20(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：（分数：10.00）A.They haven"t seen any.B.They have seen enough.C.They need plenty of space. √D.They have an apartment.解析：解析：从“We need such a large amount of space”可知他们需要大的空间。
A.To find a house which is about 20 miles away from work.B.To drive about 20 miles to work everyday. √C.Buy a farm.D.Rent an apartment in the suburbs.解析：解析：从“about 20 miles．I don’t mind the distance as long as I can live in the country…．”可推知女士每天要开车大约20英里。
A.In a kitchen.B.In an orchard.C.In a garden. √D.At a picnic.解析：解析：从他们谈论西红柿，浇水，采摘等可推知出他们在菜园里。
A.A traffic guard.B.A sociologist.C.A student. √D.A salesperson.解析：解析：从“I’m looking for a textbook for my sociology course．．”找社会学课程的书可知买书人为学生。
医学博士外语-试卷21
医学博士外语-试卷21(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：（分数：10.00）A.He has hurt his uncle severely.B.He benefits a lot from doing exercises.C.He is very happy to have a better figure now.D.He is in good health now. √解析：解析：文中指出Bill脚踝受伤了，但现在已经in good shape即“处于良好的健康状况”，故D项正确。
A.His only son is dying.B.His mother died some years ago.C.He didn" t look after his sick wife.D.He hasn" t taken good care of his son. √解析：解析：从男子的话“I didn’t even know he was ill”可以看出他为没有照看好儿子而自责，故D项正确。
A.He isn" t aware of the consequences of smoking.B.He" s afraid that he could not keep his slender figure if he quits smoking. √C.He" s afraid of losing weight if he quits smoking.D.He thinks smoking can make him strong.解析：解析：Tim虽然意识到了吸烟的后果，但怕增加体重，仍然没有戒烟，故B项正确。
全国医学考博英语试题
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚,并按“考场指令”要求,将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好;2.试卷一Paper One答案和试卷二Paper Two答案都作答在标准答题卡上,不要做在试卷上;3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔,将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正,先用橡皮擦干净;书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域;4.标准答题卡不可折叠,同时答题卡须保持平整干净,以利评分;5.听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间;国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension30%Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear aquestion about what is said, The question will be read only once,After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals. Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After eachquestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D,Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he hasdepression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has afood allergy problem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the IndianOcean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary 10%Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. Youare to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying,produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico leftmy mind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD.relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower endof the table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, eventhough the concept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD.endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time mayweaken the immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous,_______ people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi hasa strong ________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early thaneven a fraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence,Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of theoriginal sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part,Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation,in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD.requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks receptionat Buckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growingchildren in the form of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distanceshas been applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD.averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate theoriginal composition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD.compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored theconstruction program of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of maritalfidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD.stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving hima full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze 10%Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D onthe right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up.However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains”__55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension 30%Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are fourpossible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory makingmedical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. Asignificant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paidThis is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be doneA knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to thepassage, ________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy thetools of their trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/ Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraphA. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats – much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specializeddecision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “ifa student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer –looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene 人类世–an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment –a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topicBecause there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency:。
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2005-2010，2012医学博士英语入学考试试卷section A-B section A1.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemma dilemma [dɪ'lemə; daɪ-]n. 困境；进退两难；两刀论法B.denying denying [diˈnaiŋ]n. 表达否认v. 否认（deny的现在分词）C.alternative alternative [ɔːl'tɜːnətɪv; ɒl-]n. 二中择一；供替代的选择adj. 供选择的；选择性的；交替的D.doubt2.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apart fall apart 崩溃；土崩瓦解；破碎B.fell away fall away vt. 消失；背离，离开；疏失；抛弃；消瘦；倾斜C.fell out fell out 争吵| 发生| 吵架D.fall back fall back 退却，后退；回落3.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get better medicine.A.taking advantage of take advantage of:利用| 占便宜| 欺负B.standing up for stand up for 支持，坚持；拥护C.looking up to look up to:尊敬| 敬仰| 仰望D.taking hold of take hold of:抓住| 握住| 捉住4.In front of the platform,platform ['plætfɔːm]n. 平台；月台，站台；坛；讲台the students were talking with the professor over the quizzes of their_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant predominant[prɪ'dɒmɪnənt]adj.主要的；卓越的；支配的；有力的；有影响的=remarkable / excellent / primary / major / prominent5.The tutor tells the undergraduates undergraduatesn. 本科生，大学生that one can acquire acquire [ə'kwaɪə]vt. 获得；取得；学到；捕获____in a foreign language through more practice.A.proficiency proficiency [prə'fɪʃ(ə)nsɪ]n. 精通，熟练B.efficiency efficiency [ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nsɪ] n. 效率；效能；功效C.efficacy efficacy ['efɪkəsɪ n. 功效，效力D.frequency frequency ['friːkw(ə)nsɪ] n. 频率；频繁6.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at random at random 胡乱地；随便地；任意地B.at a loss at a loss 亏本地；困惑不解C.at length at length 最后，终于；详细地D.at hand at hand adv. 在手边；即将到来7.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper with a reward for the finder.A.advertise ['ædvətaɪz] vt. 通知；为…做广告；使突出vi. 做广告，登广告；作宣传rm inform [ɪn'fɔːm] vt. 通知；告诉；报告vi. 告发；告密C.announce announce [ə'naʊns] vt. 宣布；述说；预示；播报vi. 宣布参加竞选；当播音员D.publish publish ['pʌblɪʃ] vt. 出版；发表；公布vi. 出版；发行；刊印8.The poor nutrition nutrition [njʊ'trɪʃ(ə)n] n. 营养，营养学；营养品in the early stages of infancy can ___adult growth.A.degenerate degenerate vt. 使退化；恶化n. 堕落的人adj. 退化的；堕落的vi. 退化；堕落B.deteriorate deteriorate [dɪ'tɪərɪəreɪt]vt. 恶化vi. 恶化，变坏C.boost boost [buːst]vt. 促进；增加；支援n. 推动；帮助；宣扬vi. 宣扬；偷窃n. (Boost)D.retard ['rɪtɑːd]vt. 延迟；阻止；妨碍；使减速n. 延迟；阻止vi. 减慢；受到阻滞9.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all events at all events adv. 不管怎样| 无论如何| 不论怎么B.in the long run in the long run:从长远来看| 最终| 终究C.at large at large 详尽的；未被捕的，整个的，一般| 大多数| 普通D.in vain in vain 徒劳| 无益地| 空费力10.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predicts predict [prɪ'dɪkt]vt. 预报，预言；预知vi. 作出预言；作预料，作预报B.preoccupies preoccupy [priː'ɒkjʊpaɪ]vt. 迷住；使全神贯注C.prevails prevails:流行| 盛行| 获胜D.predisposes predispose [,priːdɪ'spəʊz]vt. 预先处置；使…偏向于11.He ___ the check and deposited it in his account.A.cancelled cancelled v. 取消；作废；解约（cancel的过去分词）adj.取消的conceal [kən'siːl]vt. 隐藏；隐瞒B.endorsed endorse [ɪn'dɔːs; en-]vt. 背书；认可；签署；赞同；在背面签名C.cashed cash [kæʃ]vt. 将…兑现；支付现款n. 现款，现金n. 现款D.endowed endow [ɪn'daʊ; en-]vt. 赋予；捐赠；天生具有12.She claimed that she was denied deny [dɪ'naɪ]vi. 否认；拒绝vt. 否定，否认；拒绝给予；拒绝…的要求admission to admission to:准许| 进入| 允许进入the school ___ her raceA.by virtue of 由于，凭借B.in accordance with 依照；与…一致C.with respect to 关于；至于D.on account of 由于；因为；为了…的缘故13.The present is ill.so the secretary will be ___ for him as chairman at the meeting.A.standing up 站着；起立ing up 走近；发生；开始；上升；发芽；被提出C.sitting in 列席，旁听；参加；代理D.filling in 填写；填充；替代14.The witness was___ by the judge for failing to 未能answer the questionA.sentenced n. [语][计] 句子，命题；宣判，判决vt. 判决，宣判B.threatenedC.admonished vt. 告诫；劝告D.jailed n. 监狱；监牢；拘留所vt. 监禁；下狱15.Publicly,they are trying to ___ this latest failure,but in private 私下地；秘密地they are very worried.A..put off 推迟；扔掉；阻止ugh off 用笑摆脱C.pay off 付清；取得成功；贿赂；报复y off 解雇, 停止工作, 休息, 划出16.It is sheer adj. 绝对的；透明的；峻峭的；纯粹的adv. 完全；陡峭地___ to be home again and be able to relax.A.prestige n.声望, 威望, 威信B.paradise 天堂C.pride n. 自豪；骄傲；自尊心vt. 使得意，以…自豪D.privacy n. 隐私；秘密；隐居；隐居处17.During rush hour.Downtown streets are ___ with commuters. commuter n.通勤者,经常往返者A.scattered vi. 分散，散开；散射vt. 使散射；使散开，使分散；使散播，使撒播n. 分散；散播，撒播B.condensed vi. 浓缩；凝结vt. 使浓缩；使压缩C.clogged v. 阻塞；障碍n. 障碍；木底鞋D.dotted adj. 星罗棋布的；有点的v. 点缀（dot的过去分词）；布满；打点于dart dart [dɑːt]vt. 投掷，投射；使迅速突然移动vi. 向前冲，飞奔n. 飞镖，标枪；急驰，飞奔；（虫的）螯；飞快的移动18.Someone who is in ___ confinement监禁,拘留is kept alone in a room in prison. condine n. 界限，边界;约束；限制vt. 限制；禁闭A. precise adj. 精确的；明确的；严格的B.solitary adj. 孤独的；独居的n. 独居者；隐士solitary confinement 单独拘禁C.remote adj. 遥远的；偏僻的；疏远的n. 远程D.confidential adj. 机密的；表示信任的；获信任的confidentiality n. 机密，[计] 机密性confidence n. 信心；信任；秘密confident adj. 自信的；确信的19.She is very ___ , and will be able to perpform all require vt. 需要；要求；命令tasks well.A.productive adj. 能生产的；生产的，生产性的；多产的；富有成效的B.flexible adj. 灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的C.sophisticated adj. 复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的v. 使变得世故；使迷惑；篡改（sophisticate的过去分词形式）D.versatile adj. 多才多艺的；通用的，万能的；多面手的\versatile talent 多才多艺; 复合型专业人才; 复合型人才20.Various adj. 各种各样的；多方面的books and papers are ___ up togethir on her desk.A.jumbled n. 混乱；杂乱的一堆东西vi. 混杂；搀杂vt. 使混乱；搞乱B.tumbled vi. 摔倒；倒塌；滚动；打滚；仓惶地行动vt. 使摔倒；使滚翻；弄乱n. 跌倒；C.bumbled vi. 犯错误；踉跄；结结巴巴地说话vt. 弄糟；搞坏n. 错误D.humbled adj. 谦逊的；简陋的；（级别或地位）低下的；不大的vt.使谦恭；轻松打败（尤指强大的对手）；低声下气21. The doctor gave him an injection in order to _______the pain.A.alleviate vt. 减轻，缓和B. aggregate vi. 集合；聚集；合计vt. 集合；聚集；合计n. 合计；集合体；总计adj. 聚合的；集合的；合计的C. abolish vt. 废除，废止；取消，革除D. allocate vt. 分配；拨出；使坐落于vi. 分配；指定= distribute22. His broken arm healed well, but she died of the pneumonia n. 肺炎which followed as a______.A. complement n. 补语；余角；补足物vt. 补足，补助B. compliment n. 恭维；称赞；问候；致意；道贺vt. 恭维；称赞C. complexion n. 肤色；面色；情况；局面vt. 使增添色彩D. complication n. 并发症；复杂；复杂化；混乱23. Unfortunately, our vacation plans_______on account of由于；因为；为了…的缘故transportstrikes.vi. 打，打击；罢工；敲，敲击；抓；打动；穿透vt. 打，击；罢工；撞击，冲击；侵袭；打动；到达n. 罢工；打击；殴打A fell back 后退B. fell though 落空泡汤C. fell upon 开始行动，进攻D. fell to 开始；开始吃24. The ________climate of Hawaii attracts visitors from all over the world every year.A. genial adj. 亲切的，友好的；和蔼的；适宜的B. frigid adj. 寒冷的，严寒的；冷淡的C. genuine adj. 真实的，真正的；诚恳的D. foul adj. 犯规的；邪恶的；污秽的；淤塞的vt. 犯规；弄脏；淤塞；缠住，妨害25. This is the_______in which the organism n. 有机体；生物体；微生物lives most effectively.A. optimum adj. 最适宜的n. 最佳效果；最适宜条件B. option n. [计] 选项；选择权；买卖的特权C. ordeal n. 折磨；严酷的考验；痛苦的经验D. orbit n. 轨道；眼眶；势力范围；生活常规vi. 盘旋；绕轨道运行26.The doctor suggests that a good holiday in the country should _____him____nicely after hisoperation.A. set ou出发；开始；陈述；陈列outset n. 开始；开端outcome n. 结果，结局；成果come out.出现；出版；结果是B. set up v. 建立；装配；开业；竖立C. set off v. 出发；引起；动身；使爆炸；抵销；分开offset n. 抵消，补偿；平版印刷；支管vt. 抵消；弥补；用平版印刷术印刷vi. 装支管D. set aside 留出；驳回，撤销；不顾27. His behavior was so _____ that even the merciful adj. 仁慈的；慈悲的；宽容的people could not forgive him.A. unique adj. 独特的，稀罕的；[数] 唯一的，独一无二的n. 独一无二的人或物B. unconventional adj. 非常规的；非传统的；不依惯例的C. brutal adj. 残忍的；野蛮的，不讲理的D. brilliant adj. 灿烂的，闪耀的；杰出的；有才气的；精彩的，绝妙的28.__________to your present job until you can get a better one.A. Hang about 徘徊，闲荡B. Hang back 犹豫；畏缩不前C. Hang behind vi. 落后D. Hang on 坚持下去；不挂断；握住不放29. Suffering from his leg illness, Tom is very _____nowadays.A. emaciated adj. 瘦弱的；憔悴的v. 憔悴；消瘦下去（emaciate的过去分词）B. eligible adj. 合格的，合适的；符合条件的；有资格当选的n. 合格者；适任者；有资格者C. elastic adj. 有弹性的；灵活的；易伸缩的n. 松紧带；橡皮圈D. exceptional adj. 异常的，例外的n. 超常的学生exception n. 例外；异议30. He saved some money for artistic adj. 艺术的；风雅的；有美感的________such as fine paintings.A. donations n. 捐款，捐赠物；捐赠B. profits n. [会计] 收益，红利；盈利（profit的复数）C. luxuries n. 奢侈，奢华；奢侈品；享受adj. 奢侈的D. lures n. 诱惑；饵；诱惑物vt. 诱惑；引诱31. I’m afraid that you’ll have to ___________ the deterioration n. 恶化；退化；堕落of the condition.A. account for 对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因；导致；（比例）占B. call for 要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为…叫喊C. look for 寻找D. make for 导致；有助于；走向32. Twelve hours a week seemed a generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的；有雅量的___________ of your time to the nursing home.A. affliction n. 苦难；苦恼；折磨B. alternative adj. 供选择的；选择性的；交替的n. 二中择一；供替代的选择C. allocation n. 分配，配置；安置（location n. 位置（形容词locational）；地点；外景拍摄场地）distributeD. alliance n. 联盟，联合；联姻33. Every product is _________ tested before being put into market.A. expensivelyB. exceptionally adv. 异常地；特殊地；例外地C. exhaustively adv. 耗尽一切地D. exclusively adv. 唯一地；专有地；排外地34. Having clean hands is one of the ___________ rules when preparing food.A. potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的B. conditional adj. 有条件的；假定的n. 条件句；条件语C. inseparable adj. [数] 不可分割的；不能分离的n. 不可分离的事物；形影不离的朋友D. cardinal n. 红衣主教；枢机主教；鲜红色；【鸟类】(北美)主红雀adj. 主要的，基本的；深红色的35. The educators should try hard to develop the ________ abilities of children.A. cohesive adj. 有结合力的；紧密结合的；有粘着力的B. cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的C. collective adj. 集体的；共同的；集合的；集体主义的n. 集团；集合体；集合名词D. comic adj. 喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的n. 连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物36. Mortgage vt. 抵押n. 抵押房屋抵押贷款___________ had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.A. defects n. 缺点，缺陷；不足之处vi. 变节；叛变B. deficits n. 赤字；不足额C. defaults vi. 拖欠；不履行；不到场n. 违约；缺席；缺乏；系统默认值vt. 不履行；不参加（比赛等）；对…处以缺席裁判（fault n. 故障；[地质] 断层；错误；缺点；毛病；（网球等）发球失误vi. 弄错；产生断层）D. deceptions n. 欺骗，欺诈；骗术37. The symptoms n. [临床] 症状；症候；病徵may be __________ by certain drugs.A. exaggerated adj. 夸张的，言过其实的v. 夸张，夸大B. exacerbated vt. 使加剧；使恶化；激怒= aggravateC. exceeded adj. 非常的；过度的；溢出的v. 超过（exceed的过去分词）；越出D. exhibited adj. 展出的v. 展出；表现出（exhibit的过去分词）38. Her story was a complete adj. 完整的；完全的；彻底的vt. 完成_________ from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.A. facility n. 设施；设备；容易；灵巧B. fascination n. 魅力；魔力；入迷（adj.fascinating 迷人的；吸引人的；使人神魂颠倒的fascinated 着迷的；被深深吸引的）C.fabrication n.制造，建造；装配；伪造物（n.fabric 织物；布；组织；构造；fabricator 制作者；杜撰者v.fabricated 制造，组装；伪造，捏造（fabricate的过去分词）vt .fabricate 制造；伪造；装配）D. faculty n. 科，系；能力；全体教员39. The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out 排除；取消；划去；反对；阻止_________.A. salvage n. 打捞；海上救助；抢救财货；救难的奖金vt. 抢救；海上救助B. safeguard n. [安全] 保护；保卫；保护措施vt. [安全] 保护，护卫C. sabotage vt. 妨害；对…采取破坏行动vi. 从事破坏活动n. 破坏；破坏活动；怠工D. sacrifice n. 牺牲；祭品；供奉vt. 牺牲；献祭；亏本出售vi. 献祭；奉献40. The government always _________ on the background n. 背景；隐蔽的位置vt. 作…的背景adj. 背景的；发布背景材料的of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.A. takes up 拿起；开始从事；占据(时间,地方)B. checks up 检查；核对（check out 检验；结账离开；通过考核；盖章，结账后离开，结帐后离开，办理退房、出院手续）C. works out 解决；算出；实现；制定出；消耗完；弄懂；锻炼D. looks into 调查；观察；窥视；浏览；看41. The ________ conditions and places are likely to cause diseases.A. Unsanitary sanitary ['sænɪt(ə)rɪ] adj. 卫生的，清洁的n. 公共厕所B. insidious[ɪn'sɪdɪəs]adj. 阴险的；隐伏的；暗中为害的；狡猾的C. Insane [ɪn'seɪn] adj. 疯狂的；精神病的；极愚蠢的D. Inefficacious [ɪnefɪ'keɪʃəs]adj. 无用的；无效果的42. The witness was ________ by the judge for failing to answer the question.A. abstained [əb'steɪn] vi. 自制；放弃；避免B. acquitted v. 释放（acquit的过去分词）adj. 无罪；无罪开释C. admonished admonish [əd'mɒnɪʃ] vt. 告诫；劝告D. adduced adduce [ə'djuːs] vt. 举出；引证43. He has ________ two cars this year because of traffic accidents.A. pulled off 赢得；脱下；努力实现B. worn out 破旧/疲惫/精疲力尽的/疲乏{worn [wɔːn]v. 穿；磨损（wear的过去分词）；佩戴adj. 疲倦的；用旧的}C. passed out pass out昏倒，失去知觉；分发D. written off 勾销；取消；很快地写好44. People are much better informed since the ________ of the Internet.A. Convenient convenient [kən'viːnɪənt]adj. 方便的；[废语]适当的；[口语]近便的；实用的B. Advent ['ædvənt]n. 到来；出现；基督降临；基督降临节(adventure n.冒险；冒险精神；投机活动vt. 冒险；vi.冒险)C. Interface n. 界面；<计>接口；交界面v. （使通过界面或接口）接合，连接；[计算机]使联系vi. 相互作用（或影响）；交流，交谈D. aftermath aftermath ['ɑːftəmæθ]n. 巨变之后| 结果| 后果45. All instruments that come into contact with the patient must be ________ before being used by others.A. Sterilized ['sterəlaiz]vt. 消毒，杀菌；使成不毛；使绝育；使不起作用B. Labeled ['leibld]adj. 有标签的；示踪的v. 示踪（label的过去分词）；贴标签于…；把…称为C. quarantined ['kwɒrəntiːn]n. 检疫；隔离；检疫期；封锁vt. 检疫；隔离；使隔离vi. 实行隔离D. retained retain [rɪ'teɪn]vt. 保持；雇；记住46. By adopting this cunning ['kʌnɪŋ]adj. 狡猾的；巧妙的；可爱的n. 狡猾policy, the clinic risks ________ many of its patients.A. acquitting v. 释放（acquit的过去分词）adj. 无罪；无罪开释B. allocating allocate ['æləkeɪt]vt. 分配；拨出；使坐落于vi. 分配；指定C. alleviating alleviate [ə'liːvɪeɪt]vt. 减轻，缓和D. alienating alienate ['eɪlɪəneɪt]vt. 使疏远，离间；让与47. Humor can also be a powerful ________ against stress and misfortune.A. Bravery bravery ['breɪv(ə)rɪ]n. 勇敢；勇气B. Blossom ['blɒs(ə)m]n. 花；开花期；兴旺期；花开的状态vi. 开花；兴旺；发展成C. Buffer buffer ['bʌfə]vt. 缓冲n. [计] 缓冲区；缓冲器，[车辆] 减震器(baffle ['bæf(ə)l]n. 挡板；困惑vt. 使…困惑；使…受挫折；用挡板控制vi. 做徒劳挣扎)D. buffet ['bʊfeɪ; 'bʌfeɪ]vt. 与…搏斗；连续猛击n. 自助餐；小卖部；打击；冲击adj. 自助的；自助餐的vi. 斗争；奋勇前进48. Diabetes upsets the ________ of sugar, fat and protein.A. metastasis metastasis [mɪ'tæstəsɪs]n. 远端转移| 转移| 远处转移B. metabolism metabolism [mɪ'tæbəlɪz(ə)m]n. [生理] 新陈代谢C. malaise malaise [mæ'leɪz]n. 不舒服；心神不安D. maintenance maintenance ['meɪnt(ə)nəns; -tɪn-]n. 维护，维修；保持；生活费用49. The muscular ________ can affect the way we feel mentally. mentally ['ment(ə)lɪ]adv. 精神上，智力上；心理上A. Potency ['pəʊtnsɪ]n. 效能；力量；潜力；权势(potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的)B. Fiber fiber ['faibə]n. 纤维；光纤（等于fibre）C. Lethargy lethargy ['leθədʒɪ]n. 昏睡；死气沉沉；嗜眠（症）D. synthesis synthesis ['sɪnθɪsɪs]n. 综合，[化学] 合成；综合体50. Evidence is widespread widespread [ˈwʌɪdsprɛd]adj. 普遍的，广泛的；分布广的that HIV-infected persons show to ________ their unsafe behaviorA. respond toB. reflect on仔细考虑，思考；反省；回顾；怀疑(reflect vt. 反映；反射，照出；表达；显示;反省vi. 反射，映现；深思)C. wipe out wipe out 消灭，彻底摧毁；垮台；（滑雪等时的）翻倒；封闭D. put off put off推迟；扔掉；阻止51. A number of black youths have complained of being--------------- by the police.A. harassed ['hærəs; hə'ræs]vt. 使困扰；使烦恼；反复袭击;骚扰;侵扰;烦恼harassed ['hærəst; hə'ræst]adj. 疲倦的；厌烦的B. distracted distract [dɪ'strækt]vt. 转移；分心C. sentenced sentence ['sent(ə)ns]vt. 判决，宣判n. [语][计] 句子，命题；宣判，判决D. released52. He rapidly rapidly ['ræpɪdlɪ]adv. 迅速地；很快地；立即became __ with his own power in theteam.A. irrigatedB. irradiated irradiate [ɪ'reɪdɪeɪt]adj. 发光的vt. 照耀；使灿烂；启发；放射；使某物生辉C. inoculated inoculate [ɪ'nɒkjʊleɪt]vt. [医] 接种；嫁接；灌输D. intoxicated intoxicate [ɪn'tɒksɪkeɪt]vt. 使陶醉；使喝醉；使中毒vi. 醉53. Throughout his political career he has always been in the--------- .A. twilight dj. 黎明，黄昏；薄暮；衰退期；朦胧状态n. 黄昏；薄暮；衰退期；朦胧状态/网络释义Twilight:暮光之城| 曙暮光| 暮光之城系列B. spotlight ['spɒtlaɪt]n. 聚光灯；反光灯；公众注意的中心vt. 聚光照明；使公众注意C. Streetlight streetlight ['strit,laɪt]n. 街灯，路灯D. torchlight torchlight ['tɔːtʃlaɪt]n. 火炬之光；手电筒的光54. We __ that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don't have definite proof.A. suspend suspend [sə'spend]vt. 延缓，推迟；使暂停；使悬浮vi. 悬浮；禁赛B: supervene supervene [,suːpə'viːn; ,sjuː-]vt. 随后发生；取代vi. 随后发生；接着发生C. supervise supervise ['suːpəvaɪz; 'sjuː-]vt. 监督，管理；指导vi. 监督，管理；指导D. suspect55. A patient who is dying of incurable incurable [ɪn'kjʊərəb(ə)l]n. 患不治之症者，不能治愈的人adj. 不能治愈的；无可救药的cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily__ .A. alleviated alleviate [ə'liːvɪeɪt]vt. 减轻，缓和B. abolished abolish [ə'bɒlɪʃ]vt. 废除，废止；取消，革除C. demolished demolish [dɪ'mɒlɪʃ]vt. 拆除；破坏；毁坏；推翻；驳倒D. diminished [dɪ'mɪnɪʃt]v. 减少；削弱（diminish的过去分词）adj. 减弱的；减退了的56. The television station is supported by __ from foundations foundation [faʊn'deɪʃ(ə)n]n. 基础；地基；基金会；根据；创立and other sources.A. donations donation [də(ʊ)'neɪʃ(ə)n]n. 捐款，捐赠物；捐赠B. pensions pension ['penʃ(ə)n]n. 退休金，抚恤金；津贴；膳宿费vt. 发给养老金或抚恤金C. advertisements advertise vt. 通知；为…做广告；使突出vi. 做广告，登广告；作宣传D. accounts [ə'kaʊnt]n. 账户；解释；账目，账单；理由；描述vt. 认为；把…视为vi. 解释；导致；报账57. More legislation is needed to protect the -------properly rights of the patent.A. integrative ['ɪntɪɡreɪtɪv]adj. 综合的/网络释义integrative:综合的| 整合| 中西医结合B. intellectual [,ɪntə'lektʃʊəl; -tjʊəl]n. 知识分子；凭理智做事者adj. 智力的；聪明的；理智的C. intelligent intelligent [ɪn'telɪdʒ(ə)nt]adj. 智能的；聪明的；理解力强的D, intelligible intelligible [ɪn'telɪdʒɪb(ə)l]adj. 可理解的；明了的；仅能用智力了解的58. Officials are supposed to be supposed to应该| 被期望| 被期望或被要求(suppose [sə'pəʊz]conj. 假使…结果会怎样vt. 假设；认为；让（虚拟语气）；推想vi. 猜想；料想)-------themselves to the welfare and health of the general public.A. adapt adapt [ə'dæpt]vt. 使适应；改编vi. 适应adopt [ə'dɒpt]vi. 采取；过继vt. 采取；接受；收养；正式通过adept [ə'dept; 'ædept]n. 内行；能手adj. 熟练的；擅长…的/adept at 擅长; 擅于; 熟练于; 精于B. confine [kən'faɪn]n. 界限，边界;约束；限制vt. 限制；禁闭confine to 限制; 边界C. commit commit [kə'mɪt]vt. 犯罪，做错事；把...交托给；指派…作战；使…承担义务commit oneself to 致力于；使自己承担…D. assess =(estimate/evaluate/appraise/reckon)59. You should stop --------your condition and do something about it.A. drawing on draw on利用；吸收；戴上；临近B. touching on touch on 提及；谈及C. leaning on lean on依赖；靠在…上D. dwelling on dwell on 详述；细想(dwell [dwel]vi. 居住；存在于；细想某事)60. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen keen [kiːn]n. 痛哭，挽歌adj. 敏锐的，敏捷的；渴望的；强烈的；热心的；锐利的-------into human nature.A. perspective perspective [pə'spektɪv]n. 观点；远景；透视图adj. 透视的( perceive[pə'siːv] vt. 察觉，感觉；理解；认知vi. 感到，感知；认识到)B. dimension [dɪ'menʃ(ə)n; daɪ-] n. 方面;[数] 维；尺寸；次元；容积vt. 标出尺寸adj. 规格的C. insight insight ['ɪnsaɪt]n. 洞察力；洞悉n. (Insight)人名；(英)因赛特D. reflection reflection [rɪ'flekʃ(ə)n]n. 反射；沉思；映象61. Her dietician dieticiann. 营养学家；膳食学家（等于dietitian）n. 营养师（专业人员，须获得证书）suggestedthat _____diet and moderate exercise would help her recover soon.A. temperate temperate ['temp(ə)rət]adj. 温和的；适度的；有节制的B. temporary temporary ['temp(ə)rərɪ]n. 临时工，临时雇员adj. 暂时的，临时的C. tentative tentative ['tentətɪv]n. 假设，试验adj. 试验性的，暂定的；踌躇的D. Tempting tempting ['tem(p)tɪŋ]v. 引诱（tempt的ing形式）adj. 吸引人的；诱惑人的62. His health compels compels [kəm'pelz]v. 强迫him to______ in his early 30s.A. come off come off举行，成功；表现；脱离B. knock off knock off击倒；停工；中断C. drop off drop off减少；让……下车；睡着D. pull off pull off赢得；脱下；努力实现63. Two days later he regained his consciousness, forgetful of what had happenedin the______A. transparency transparency [træn'spær(ə)nsɪ; trɑːn-; -'speə-]n. 透明，透明度；幻灯片；有图案的玻璃B. transiency transiency ['trænʃənsi] n. 无常；稍纵即逝C. trance trance [trɑːns] n. 恍惚；出神；着迷，入迷vt. 使恍惚；使发呆D. Trace trace [treɪs] vt. 追踪，查探；描绘；回溯n. 痕迹，踪迹；微量；[仪] 迹线；缰绳. 追溯；沿路走64. Despite financial belt-tightening this year, Christmas still represents a greattime for_____A. arrogance arrogance ['ærəg(ə)ns]n. 自大；傲慢态度B. surveillance surveillance [sə'veɪl(ə)ns; -'veɪəns]n. 监督；监视C. indulgence indulgence [ɪn'dʌldʒ(ə)ns]n. 嗜好；放纵；纵容；沉溺D. turbulence turbulence ['tɜːbjʊl(ə)ns]n. 骚乱，动荡；[流] 湍流；狂暴65. A succession succession [sək'seʃ(ə)n]n. 连续；继位；继承权；[生态] 演替of ______visits by the two countries' leaders have taken their relations out of the cooler over the past 20 months.A.reciprocal reciprocal [rɪ'sɪprək(ə)l]n. [数] 倒数；互相起作用的事物B.receptive receptive [rɪ'septɪv]adj. 善于接受的；能容纳的C.repulsive repulsive [rɪ'pʌlsɪv]adj. 排斥的；令人厌恶的；击退的；冷淡的D.redundant redundant [rɪ'dʌnd(ə)nt]adj. 多余的，过剩的；被解雇的，失业的；冗长的，累赘的66. The prime minister, beset by beset by为…困扰；被包围______ support rate, made the decision to resign over the weekend to avoid a political vacuum.vacuum ['vækjʊəm]n. 真空；空间；真空吸尘器adj. 真空的；利用真空的；产生真空的vt. 用真空吸尘器清扫A.spontaneous spontaneous [spɒn'teɪnɪəs]adj. 自发的；自然的；无意识的B.strenuous strenuous ['strenjʊəs]adj. 紧张的；费力的；奋发的；艰苦的；热烈的C.soaring soaring [ˈsɔːrɪŋ]v. 高耸（soar的现在分词形式）；高飞；猛增adj. 翱翔的；高耸的；猛增的D.sluggish sluggish ['slʌgɪʃ]n. 市况呆滞；市势疲弱adj. 萧条的；迟钝的；行动迟缓的；懒惰的67. Beijing Tourism Bureau has released a list of translations for 2, 753 dishes and drinks to______ public opinions.A.solicit solicit [sə'lɪsɪt]vt. 征求；招揽；请求；乞求vi. 征求；招揽；恳求；请求B.perceive perceive [pə'siːv]vt. 察觉，感觉；理解；认知vi. 感到，感知；认识到C.conceive conceive [kən'siːv]vi. 怀孕；设想；考虑vt. 怀孕；构思；以为；持有D.investigate68. The greatest risk for rickets rickets ['rɪkɪts]n. [内科] 佝偻病is in______ breastfed infants who are not supplemented with 400IU of Vitamin D a day.A.exceptionally exceptionally [ɪk'sepʃ(ə)nəlɪ]adv. 异常地；特殊地；例外地B.practically practically ['præktɪk(ə)lɪ]adv. 实际地；几乎；事实上C.exclusively exclusively [ɪk'skluːsɪvlɪ]adv. 唯一地；专有地；排外地D.proportionately proportionate [prə'pɔːʃ(ə)nət]adj. 成比例的；相称的；适当的vt. 使成比例；使相称69. The government is spending hundreds of billions extending the electricity _______to every remote village for the improvement of farmers' livelihoods.A.grid grid [grɪd]n. 网格；格子，栅格；输电网B.grant grant [grɑːnt]vt. 授予；允许；承认n. 拨款；[法] 授予物vi. 同意C.grove grove [grəʊv]n. 小树林；果园D.grandeur grandeur ['grændjə; -(d)ʒə]n. 壮丽；庄严；宏伟70. Social scientists believe that societies with a_______ of young men without hope of marriage suffer from instability, violence and surges in crime.A. swarmage 一大群,多指乌合之众B. hatch hatch [hætʃ]n. 孵化；舱口vt. 孵；策划vi. 孵化C. gang gang [gæŋ]vt. 使成群结队；结伙伤害或恐吓某人n. 群；一伙；一组vi. 成群结队D. Surplus surplus ['sɜːpləs]n. 剩余；[贸易] 顺差；盈余；过剩adj. 剩余的；过剩的Section B1.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some of its employees for three months.A.owe owe [əʊ]vt. 欠；感激；应给予；应该把……归功于vi. 欠钱B.dismiss dismiss [dɪs'mɪs]vt. 解散；解雇；开除；让...离开；不予理会、不予考虑vi. 解散，开除C.recruit[rɪ'kruːt]vt. 补充；聘用；征募；使…恢复健康n. 招聘；新兵；新成员vi. 复原；征募新兵；得到补充；恢复健康D.summon summon ['sʌmən]vt. 召唤；召集；鼓起；振作2.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement agreement [ə'griːm(ə)nt]n. 协议；同意，一致of economical and military union in Ottawa.A.convention [kən'venʃ(ə)n]n. 大会；[法] 惯例；[计] 约定；[法] 协定；习俗.大会| 公约| 习俗B.conviction conviction [kən'vɪkʃ(ə)n]n. 定罪；确信；证明有罪；确信，坚定的信仰C.contradiction contradiction [kɒntrə'dɪkʃ(ə)n]n. 矛盾；否认；反驳D.confrontation confrontation [,kɒnfrʌn'teɪʃn] n. 对抗；面对；对质3 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in its base.A.faults faults n. 故障（fault的复数）；[地质] 断层；错误v. 出差错；犯错误B.weaknessesC.flaws flaws n. [材] 缺陷；[力] 裂缝v. 有裂纹；使有裂缝（flaw的单三形式）D.errors4.When he finally emerged from emerge from 自…出现；从…显露出来the cave cave [keɪv] n. 洞穴，窑洞vi. 凹陷，塌落；投降vt. 使凹陷，使塌落；在…挖洞穴after thirty days.John was startlingly startlingly ['sta:tliŋli]adv. 惊人地；使人惊奇地pale.pale [peɪl]n. 前哨；栅栏；范围adj. 苍白的；无力的；暗淡的vi. 失色；变苍白；变得暗淡vt. 使失色；使变苍白；用栅栏围A.amazingly amazingly [ə'meiziŋli] adv. 令人惊讶地；惊奇地B.astonishingly astonishingly [ə'stɔniʃiŋli] adv. 令人惊讶地C.uniquely uniquely [ju:'ni:kli] adv. 独特地；珍奇地D.dramatically dramatically [drə'mætɪkəlɪ] adv. 戏剧地；引人注目地5.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with comply with 照做，遵守the regulations laid down by the authorities.A.abide by abide by遵守；信守；承担…的后果B.work out work out 解决；算出；实现；制定出；消耗完；弄懂；锻炼C.check out check out 检验；结账离开；通过考核；盖章D.succumb to /succumb to :屈服于| 死于| 屈从succumb [sə'kʌm] vi. 屈服；死；被压垮6.The school master applauded applaud [ə'plɔːd]vt. 赞同；称赞；向…喝彩vi. 喝彩；鼓掌欢迎the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.praise praise [preɪz] n. 赞扬；称赞；荣耀；崇拜vt. 赞美，歌颂；表扬vi. 赞美；赞扬B.appraised appraised v. 评估（appraise的过去式形式）；估价C.cheered [tʃɪə] n. 欢呼；愉快；心情；令人愉快的事vt. 欢呼；使高兴；为…加油vi. 欢呼；感到高兴D.clapped clap [klæp] n. 鼓掌；拍手声vt. 拍手，鼓掌；轻轻拍打某人vi. 鼓掌，拍手；啪地关上7.The local government leaders are making every effort to tackle tackle ['tæk(ə)l] vi. 扭倒；拦截抢球vt. 处理；抓住；固定；与…交涉n. 滑车；装备；用具；扭倒the problem of poverty.A.abolish abolish [ə'bɒlɪʃ] vt. 废除，废止；取消，革除B.address address [ə'dres] vt. 演说；从事；忙于；写姓名地址；向…致辞；与…说话；提出；处理n. 地址；演讲；致辞；C.extinguish extinguish [ɪk'stɪŋgwɪʃ; ek-] vt. 熄灭；压制；偿清D.encounter [ɪn'kaʊntə; en-] vt. 遭遇，邂逅；遇到n. 遭遇，偶然碰见vi. 遭遇；偶然相遇take account of 考虑到；顾及；体谅8.This report would be intelligible intelligible [ɪn'telɪdʒɪb(ə)l] adj. 可理解的；明了的；仅能用智力了解的only to an expert in computing.A.intelligent intelligent [ɪn'telɪdʒ(ə)nt] adj. 智能的；聪明的；理解力强的prehensive [kɒmprɪ'hensɪv] n. 综合学校；专业综合测验adj. 综合的；广泛的；有理解力的petent competent ['kɒmpɪt(ə)nt] adj. 胜任的；有能力的；能干的；足够的prehensible comprehensible [kɒmprɪ'hensɪb(ə)l] adj. 可理解的| 可以理解的| 能懂的9.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously simultaneously [,sɪml'teɪnɪəslɪ] adv. 同时地seems to be mo problem for them.A.intermittently intermittently [intə'mitəntli] adv. 间歇地| 断断续续| 间歇的B.constantly constantly ['kɒnst(ə)ntlɪ] adv. 不断地；时常地C.concurrently concurrently [kən'kʌrəntli] adv. 兼；同时发生地D.continuously continuously [kən'tinjuəsli] adv. 连续不断地10.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement acknowledgement [ək'nɒlɪdʒm(ə)nt] n. 承认；确认；感谢of his work for the company. acknowledge [ək'nɒlɪdʒ] vt. 承认；答谢；报偿；告知已收到A.accomplishment [ə'kʌmplɪʃm(ə)nt; ə'kɒm-] n. 成就；完成；技艺，技能B.recognition recognition [rekəg'nɪʃ(ə)n] n. 识别；承认，认出；重视；赞誉；公认C.apprehension apprehension [æprɪ'henʃ(ə)n] n. 理解；恐惧；逮捕；忧惧mitment commitment [kə'mɪtm(ə)nt] n. 承诺，保证；委托；承担义务；献身11. oblivious adj. 遗忘的；健忘的；不注意的；不知道的12.Sunny periods will be interspersed with occasional adj. 偶然的；临时的；特殊场合的shower.n. 淋浴；（倾泻般出现的）一阵，一大批；阵雨intersperse with.点缀着intersperse vt. 点缀；散布vi. 点缀；散布A.interruptedB.blockedC.blended vt. 混合vi. 混合；协调n. 混合；掺合物D.intersected intersect vi. 相交，交叉vt. 横断，横切；贯穿13.thrombus n. [病理] 血栓clot vi. 凝结n. [生理] 凝块vt. 使凝结成块14.___ A..B.C.D.15.encumber encumber [ɪn'kʌmbə; en-] vt. 阻塞；妨害；拖累hamper ['hæmpə] n. 食盒，食篮；阻碍物vt. 妨碍；束缚；使困累Applaud applaud [ə'plɔːd]vt. 赞同；称赞；向…喝彩vi. 喝彩；鼓掌欢迎Commend commend [kə'mend]vt. 推荐；称赞；把…委托vi. 称赞；表扬阻碍block\hinder\impede\rejection\stunting\hold-up阻碍物incumbrance、hamper、impedient、Obstructions16.She kept to her point tenaciously and would not give away. tenacious adj.顽强的,坚持地A.persistently 坚持的, 百折不挠的; 固执的B.constantly 稳定的，不变的;忠实的，忠贞不渝的C.perpetually 永恒地, 终身地=permanentD.vigorously 精神旺盛地17.wit n. 智慧；才智；智力endowment endowment [ɪn'daʊm(ə)nt; en-]n. 捐赠；捐助；捐款；天资18. I am just fed up with his excuse for not getting his work done.fed up with受够了...A.anguished at 使痛苦[苦恼, 悲痛]/anguish n. 痛苦；苦恼vt. 使极度痛苦vi. 感到极度的痛苦B.annoyed at be annoyed with sb. at sth.对(某人)为(某事)而生气C.agonized by 烦恼的, 极度痛苦的D.afflicted by 使苦恼, 痛苦, 折磨be afflicted with gout害痛风病19. Let’s get out the dictionary and settle this dispute once and for all. 一劳永逸地；彻底地；最后一次A.at the moment 此刻；当时B.at any time 在任何时候C.for a while 暂时D.for the last time 最后一次20.I was so absorbed in my work that I completely forgot the time.absorbed in 全神贯注于……A.engraved 雕刻B.engrossed 全神贯注的engross in 专注于C.enforced 强迫, 执行, 坚持, 加强D.enveloped vt. 包围；包封；遮盖n. 信封；包裹21. It has been proved that the chemical is lethal adj. 致命的，致死的n. 致死因to rats but safe for cattle.A. fatal adj. 致命的；重大的；毁灭性的；命中注定的B. reactive adj. 反应的；电抗的；反动的C. unique adj. 独特的，稀罕的；[数] 唯一的，独一无二的n. 独一无二的人或物D. vital adj. 至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的22. To their surprise, she has been nominated vt. 推荐；提名；任命；指定as candidate for the Presidency.A. recognized adj. 公认的；经过验证的v. 认识；意识到（recognize的过去分词）B. defined adj. 有定义的，确定的；清晰的，轮廓分明的v. 使明确；给...下定义；使...的轮廓分明（define的过去分词）C. appointed adj. 约定的，指定的v. 任命；指定；约定时间，地点（appoint 的过去分词形式）D. promoted adj. 晋升的n. 升迁v. 促进（promote的过去式）；提升23. We cannot look down upon看不起our opponent n. 对手；反对者；敌手adj. 对立的；敌对的, who is an experienced adj. 老练的，熟练的；富有经验的swimmer.A. playerB. competitor n. 竞争者，对手C. referee n. 裁判员；调解人；介绍人vi. 仲裁；担任裁判vt. 为…当裁判；调停D. partner n. 伙伴；合伙人；配偶vi. 合伙；合股；成为搭档vt. 使合作；与…合伙24. She is regarded as 被认为是；被当做是a good nurse in that she attends to 注意；照料；致力于patients without any complaint.A. sees through 识破，看穿B. looks over 检查，察看；从…上面看；原谅C. takes in 吸收；领会；欺骗；接待;接受；理解；拘留；欺骗；让…进入；改短D. cares for 关心，照顾；喜欢25. It is well known that the minimum penalty for 罚金；对…的处罚(penaltyn.罚款，罚金；处罚)this crime is 2 years’ imprisonment.n. 监禁，关押；坐牢；下狱A. conviction n. 定罪；确信；证明有罪；确信，坚定的信仰B. span n. 跨度，跨距；范围vt. 跨越；持续；以手指测量C. mercy n. 仁慈，宽容；怜悯；幸运；善行D. punishment n. 惩罚；严厉对待，虐待26. The whole area of the national and local governments tried to wipe out 消灭，彻底摧毁；垮台；（滑雪等时的）翻倒；封闭rats to prevent the spread of disease.A. exterminate vt. 消灭；根除B. dominate vt. 控制；支配；占优势；在…中占主要地位vi. 占优势；处于支配地位C. determinate adj. 确定的；决定的vt. 确定；弄清楚。