2012考研英语高分必看

合集下载

考研英语二2012text4

考研英语二2012text4
（实用版）
目录
1.考研英语二的重要性
2.2012 年考研英语二真题解析
3.考研英语二写作技巧
4.如何准备考研英语二
正文
一、考研英语二的重要性
对于许多学生来说，考研英语二是一项重要的考试。

它不仅是研究生入学考试的必考科目，也是评估考生英语水平的重要标准。

因此，备考考研英语二不仅是为了通过考试，更是为了提高自己的英语水平，为今后的学术研究和职业发展打下坚实的基础。

二、2012 年考研英语二真题解析
2012 年考研英语二的真题主要包括听力、阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作等部分。

通过分析这些真题，我们可以了解到考试的题型、难度和评分标准。

针对真题进行练习，有助于我们熟悉考试内容，提高应试能力。

三、考研英语二写作技巧
考研英语二的写作部分主要考察考生的语言表达能力。

为了取得好成绩，考生需要关注以下几点：
1.认真审题，明确写作目的和要求。

2.逻辑清晰，结构完整。

3.注意语法和词汇，尽量使用高级词汇和复杂句型。

4.语言优美，表达流畅。

四、如何准备考研英语二
准备考研英语二需要从以下几个方面入手：
1.扎实掌握大纲词汇，提高词汇量。

2.多做真题，了解考试题型和难度。

3.提高阅读理解能力，多读英文文章。

4.锻炼写作能力，多写多练。

5.注意语法和发音，提高语言表达能力。

6.合理安排时间，制定有效的学习计划。

总之，考研英语二是一项重要的考试，需要我们认真备考。

2012考研英语一真题及答案解析(完整版)

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultCome on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.”Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought V ermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from V ermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens”to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks ofanyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CSince the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues considerthe evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingSome internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。

2012年考研英语(一)阅读 text 2 精读精讲

2012年考研英语(一)阅读 text 2 精读精讲Preparing for the 2012 Graduate Entrance Examination English (I) Reading Text 2: In-Depth AnalysisThe 2012 Graduate Entrance Examination (GEE) English (I) reading section has always been a crucial component for aspiring postgraduate students. Text 2 in particular has been known to challenge test-takers with its depth and complexity. In this comprehensive analysis, we will delve into the intricacies of the text, explore the key themes, and uncover the strategies necessary to excel in this crucial part of the exam.Firstly, it is essential to understand the overall context and purpose of the passage. The 2012 GEE English (I) reading section aimed to assess the candidates' ability to comprehend and analyze complex academic texts. Text 2, specifically, focused on a topic that is relevant to the modern educational landscape - the role of technology in the classroom. The passage explores the various perspectives and debates surrounding the integration of digital tools and resources in the learning environment.One of the primary challenges presented by this text is itssophisticated vocabulary and dense academic discourse. The author employs a wide range of subject-specific terminology, ranging from "interactive whiteboards" to "multi-modal learning experiences." Mastering the meaning and usage of these terms is crucial for effectively understanding and interpreting the text. Candidates must familiarize themselves with the relevant educational and technological concepts to navigate the passage with confidence.Another critical aspect of the text is its analytical depth. The author delves into the nuanced arguments and counterarguments surrounding the role of technology in education. They explore the potential benefits, such as enhanced student engagement and personalized learning opportunities, as well as the potential drawbacks, such as the risk of digital distractions and the widening of the digital divide. Candidates must be able to carefully dissect these competing perspectives, identify the key points, and formulate a comprehensive understanding of the complex issue at hand.Effective strategies for tackling this text include closely reading the passage multiple times, taking notes on the key ideas and supporting evidence, and actively engaging with the text by asking critical questions. Candidates should also be prepared to draw connections between the information presented in the passage and their own knowledge and experiences related to technology in education.Furthermore, the 2012 GEE English (I) reading section often requires candidates to demonstrate their ability to synthesize information from various sources. Text 2 may include references to other studies, reports, or scholarly articles. Candidates must be able to identify these external sources, understand their relevance to the primary text, and incorporate this supplementary information into their overall comprehension and analysis.In conclusion, the 2012 GEE English (I) reading Text 2 presents a significant challenge for aspiring postgraduate students. Its sophisticated vocabulary, analytical depth, and emphasis on critical thinking skills require a comprehensive and strategic approach to preparation. By mastering the key concepts, developing effective reading strategies, and cultivating a nuanced understanding of the complex issues at hand, candidates can optimize their performance in this crucial component of the exam. With dedication and perseverance, they can unlock the full potential of this text and enhance their chances of success in the 2012 Graduate Entrance Examination.。

2012年考研英语真题及答案解析

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Y et, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psyc hology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in V ermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of V ermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its V ermont Y ankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought V ermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in V ernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to V ermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both V ermont Y ankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the V ermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do havesome regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that V ermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in V ermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) review s the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from V ermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the V ermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] V ermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens”to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s c onceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionist s in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the pre sident of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. Y ou are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of whatthey are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Y et for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that itmight entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.Y ou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsY ou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)参考答案Section I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A18.C 19.D 20.DSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.GPart C46. 物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。

2012年考研英语高分必看经验：英语87分,免强过四级到考研高分

2012年考研英语高分必看经验：英语87分，免强过四级到考研高分09年研究生考试成绩下来了，在我意料之中也在我意料之外——87分！需要注明一点是，在研究生考试之前，我的英语水平和很多人一样，仅仅勉强过非英语专业四级。

我只想以下面的文字告诉后来的考生，不要悲观于你现在的英语成绩和水平，不要以为奇迹不会发生。

只要你想实现，一切皆有可能。

以下是我高分英语学习的经验：1、从早入手打基础无可置疑，英语学习需要一个长期的过程，成绩的获得不是一蹴而就的，而是日积月累。

如果英语基础薄弱，就请像我一样，提前着手准备。

所以我的经验之一就是复习要趁早入手。

单词是一切的基础，但是提醒大家切忌死记硬背！我们可以根据大纲和历年考查频率比较高的词汇开始记忆！每天不断翻新，并且让背记过程与巩固复习同时进行。

2、最大程度利用真题复习过程中，我印象最深刻的时期是看真题那个阶段。

万学海文的徐峰老师曾经给过我建议，让我认真研究历年的英语真题。

按照他的话，我对英语真题不敢怠慢，态度上确实也很重视。

但是问题依旧存在。

真题中阅读理解部分选文的内容，大多是关于国外尤其是美国的经济、科技、环境、就业以及社会问题的内容。

由于我缺乏相应的知识背景，所以，在最初接触这类文章时，很难一遍就看懂。

这就严重影响到了做题的速度。

于是，我开始留心搜集这方面内容的资料，尤以“英语沙龙”办的《英语文摘》为主，每期《The Economist》栏目中的文章属于我必看精读的内容。

虽然我在努力手机这些内容，但是一段时间以后，我发现收集的这些资料都是零散的。

一次偶然的机会，在图书馆学习时，看到旁座位上一个同学正在翻看一本书，趁他出去上厕所的时候，我拿起这本书翻了一翻，觉得不错。

一看书封皮署名，是张锦芯主编的《考研英语新教程》。

这本书中选文内容比较靠近真题阅读选文的范畴，例如它按经济、科技、环境、医疗以及社会问题为项目集中了一些不错的文章，且每类文章后面附了相关的单词和表达方式。

2012考研英语(一)阅读理解备考建议

2012考研英语(一)阅读理解备考建议2012考研英语(一)阅读理解备考建议2011年的考研已经落下了帷幕，而2012年的学子们也迈开了考研的步伐。

虽然道路艰辛，万学海文愿意一路陪同!在此为2012的考生提出一些备考建议。

众所周知，阅读理解在考研英语中占了60%的分值，正所谓“阅读理解高分才是王道”!很多考研的学子们都会问这个问题“怎么才能在阅读理解部分得高分呢?”，万学海文考研在此为2012的考生们提出几点阅读理解得高分的建议，主要从what 和how两点提出建议，即考研英语阅读理解考什么，怎么考;考生备考英语理解时，要备考什么，如何备考。

希望这些建议可以为2012的考生提供一些帮助。

一、知己知彼，百战百胜要想在考研英语阅读理解中得高分，首先需要“知彼”，所谓的“知彼”即指“考研英语大纲”。

2012的考生可首先参考2011年的考研英语大纲，估计2012年的大纲在阅读理解部分不会有太大变化。

2011年大纲中的阅读理解分为三部分：第一部分阅读理解A部分本部分主要考查对英语词汇、短语、句型等习惯表达方式，尤其是对出现篇章中的语言知识和语言技能的掌握情况。

从另一个方面说，它也包含了对英语国家和世界其他国家的政治、经济、文化、历史、社会等背景以及科技发展动态、热门话题乃至西方人的思维、交流方式等非语言性知识和学习能力方面的考查。

因此，本部分是一个综合性很强的能力测试试题。

1、《2011年考研英语大纲》对阅读理解A部分的评价目标：理解主旨要旨;理解文中的具体信息;理解文中的概念性含义;进行有关的判断、推理和引申;根据上下文推测生词的词义;理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;理解作者的意图、观点或态度;区分论点和论据。

2、阅读理解A部分命题的基本原则(1)试题应该严格按照考试大纲的要求进行命题，即按照考试大纲规定的评价目标和试卷结构进行命题。

(2)试题指向性必须清楚、准确、周密，易于理解，不出怪题、偏题。

2012 考研英语二阅读第四篇

2012 考研英语二阅读第四篇全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Amazing AnimalsHi everyone! Today I want to tell you about some amazing animals that I learned about in the 2012 English Exam Reading Passage 4. It was super cool to read about all the different kinds of animals in the world. Let's dive in and learn more about them together!First, let's talk about elephants. Did you know that elephants are the largest land animals in the world? They are super big and strong, and they have long trunks that they use to pick up food and water. Elephants are also really smart and they can remember things for a long time. It was so interesting to read about how elephants have different ways of communicating with each other using sounds and body language.Next, let's learn about dolphins. Dolphins are super cute and they are really good at swimming. They have fins that help them move through the water really fast. Dolphins are also really friendly animals and they like to play with each other. I wasamazed to read about how dolphins use sonar to find food and communicate with each other underwater.Last but not least, let's talk about cheetahs. Cheetahs are the fastest land animals in the world! They can run super fast, up to 60 miles per hour. Cheetahs have really cool spots on their fur that help them blend in with their surroundings when they are hunting. It was so fascinating to read about how cheetahs work together in groups to catch their prey.I had so much fun learning about all these amazing animals in the 2012 English Exam Reading Passage 4. I hope you enjoyed hearing about them too! Animals are so interesting and I can't wait to learn more about them in the future. Let's keep exploring and discovering new things together! Thanks for listening!篇2Title: The Story of a Brave KnightOnce upon a time, there was a brave knight named Sir George. He lived in a big castle and his job was to protect the kingdom from evil dragons and wicked witches.One day, a terrible dragon attacked the village and started burning down all the houses. Sir George quickly put on hisshining armor and rode out on his trusty steed to face the dragon.The dragon breathed fire and roared loudly, but Sir George was not afraid. He raised his sword and fought bravely, dodging the dragon's flames and slashing at its scales. After a long and fierce battle, the dragon finally fell to the ground defeated.The villagers cheered and thanked Sir George for saving them. They celebrated with a big feast and everyone hailed him as a hero.But the next day, a wicked witch appeared in the kingdom, casting spells and turning people into frogs. Sir George knew he had to act fast. He rode out once again, determined to defeat the witch and save his friends.The witch cackled and summoned dark magic, trying to overpower Sir George. But he was clever and quick, using his wits to outsmart the witch and break her spell.In the end, the witch was defeated and the kingdom was safe once more thanks to the bravery and courage of Sir George, the fearless knight.And so, Sir George continued to protect the kingdom, facing danger and standing up for what is right. He became a legend, known far and wide as the greatest knight in all the land.篇3Title: A Fun Little Kid’s Review of 2012 Postgraduate Entrance Exam Reading PassageHey everyone! Today, I want to tell you about the last reading passage from the 2012 postgraduate entrance exam. It was a bit long and kinda boring, but I’ll try to make it fun for you all!So, this passage was all about how the internet is changing the way we read and think. It talked about how people are reading more online and how it’s affecting our brains. It also mentioned something called "cognitive overload" which basically means our brains are getting too much information to process. Phew, that sounds intense!But you know what? I think reading online is cool! You can read about anything you want, like dinosaurs or astronauts or even unicorns! And you can talk to people from all over the world about what you read. It’s like a big, awesome library that never closes!The passage also mentioned something called "Deep Reading" which is when you really focus on a book or article and think deeply about it. I think that’s important too. Sometimes, I get so into a story that I forget about everything else around me. It’s like going on an adventure without even leaving your room!Overall, I think the internet is great for reading and learning new things. But we shouldn’t forget about books either. They’re our friends and can take us to magical places. So, let’s keep reading, online or offline, and keep exploring the world through words!That’s it for my review of the 2012 postgraduate entrance exam reading passage. I hope you had fun reading it with me. See you next time, friends!篇4Title: A Funny Encounter in the LibraryHey guys! Today I want to tell you about a hilarious experience I had in the library. So, I was studying for my English test and decided to go to the library to find some books.I was walking down the aisles, searching for books when I saw a girl sitting at a table with a huge stack of books in front ofher. She looked really serious, like she was studying for a super important test.I thought to myself, "Wow, she must be really smart!" So, I went up to her and said, "Hey, what are you reading? Is it for a test too?" She looked up at me with a confused expression and said, "Uh, I'm actually just trying to find a book on dinosaurs for my little brother."I burst out laughing and apologized, telling her I thought she was a genius studying for a big exam. We both ended up laughing so hard that we couldn't stop. It was so funny how I totally misjudged the situation. We ended up becoming friends and exchanged numbers, all because of that silly misunderstanding in the library.So, the lesson here is not to judge a book by its cover, or in this case, a student by their stack of books. You never know what funny and unexpected encounters you might have when you least expect it. Keep smiling and always be ready for a good laugh!Do you guys have any funny library stories? Share them with me in the comments below! Bye for now!篇5Hey there! Today, I'm going to talk about the fourth reading passage from the 2012 English second section of the postgraduate entrance exam.This passage is all about different types of power and how they affect people's behavior. It talks about how power can make people more self-focused and less empathetic towards others. Sounds pretty heavy, right?Well, the passage gives examples of how people in powerful positions tend to be less considerate of those around them. It also talks about how power can corrupt individuals and lead them to make unethical decisions.But don't worry, it's not all doom and gloom! The passage also discusses how power can be used positively to help others and make a positive impact on society. It emphasizes the importance of using power responsibly and treating others with kindness and respect.So, remember, power is a double-edged sword – it can either lift you up or bring you down. It's up to you to use your power wisely and make a difference in the world.That's all for today, folks! Stay tuned for more fun and interesting readings from the 2012 English second section. Bye-bye!篇62012。

2012考研英语阅读高分词汇必背(二)

阅读高分词汇必背（二）abundance 丰富，充裕access (to) 入口，通路，接触accessory 附件，附属品 accommodation 膳宿；和解，调解，适应acknowledgement 承认，感谢，致谢admiration 欣赏adolescence 青年期adolescent 青年，少年admission 许可，入门费，门票；承认，供认advocate提倡者，拥护者affection 亲爱，爱意 aggregate 合计，总数aisle 走廊，通道 allowance 津贴；考虑，体谅alloy 合金 ambition 野心，雄心ammunition 军火，弹药 analogy 相似，比喻，类比anticipation 预期，期望apparatus 仪器，装置；器官appendix 附加物，附录appraisal 估计，估价，评价appreciation 感谢，感激 array 陈列，一系列arena 比武场，竞技场，舞台 armo(u)r 盔甲，装甲array 阵式，服装；一大批，一系列 artery 动脉；干道，主流artillery大炮，炮兵 aspiration 愿望，希望；渴望assassination 暗杀，行刺 assurance 保证，自信，把握automation 自动化 aviation 航空，飞行axis 轴，轴心，政治联盟 ballet/ ballot 芭蕾，芭蕾舞剧bankrupt 破产；完全缺乏batch 一批，一捆bearing 举止，态度；关系，方面 belly 肚子，腹部bias 偏见，倾向，癖性bishop 主教blunder 错误，大错 budget 预算booth 棚子，摊位，亭 botany 植物学boycott 联合抵制 brace 链，曲柄bracket 托架，类别；分类breach 违犯，破坏，缺口breakdown 坏掉，出毛病；病倒，衰退brink （危险等）边缘brochure 小册子bruise 挫伤；碰伤，淤伤bust 半身像，胸部 buzz 嗡嗡声bypass 辅助道路 cannon 大炮，火炮canvas 帆布，油画 capsule 胶囊caption 标题，题目；说明文字 captive 俘虏，被捕获的（动物）capability 能力，才能 cash 现金casualty 灾祸；伤亡 catastrophe 大灾害，灾祸cathedral 总教堂，大教堂 caution 小心；谨慎，警告census 人口统计，人口调查 chorus 合唱团，异口同声chunk 一大块，一厚块 circulation (书报的)发行量，循环，流通circus 竞技场，马戏团 clan 宗族，大家族，氏族clarity 清楚，透明 clearance 清除；间隙，空间；结关手续climax 高潮，顶点cluster 团，族，小群coalition 联合，联盟 collaboration 合著，合作，勾结，通敌commitment 承诺，许诺commentary 实况报道，注释commonplace 习以为常的事情compartment 隔间，车室competence 称职，能力，权限compensation 补偿，赔偿complexion 肤色，面色，面貌；形式complication 复杂，困难；并发症compliment 恭维，表扬，问候，致意conception 构思，构想；怀孕configuration 形状，外貌，轮廓，排列 consideration 考虑constitution 组成，构成；体格，体质；宪法consultant 顾问contempt 轻视，蔑视，鄙视，不尊敬contention 争辩，争论，论点controversy 争论，辩论 conversion 转化，改变，转变corpse 尸体 counterpart 相对应的人或物；对方courtesy 礼貌，谦恭 coverage 新闻报导coward 胆小鬼，懦夫crumble 碎屑，细屑damage 损坏debate 争论，辩论decree 法令，判决 default 不负责，不到场，不还债defiance 反抗，不尊重 deficit 赤字denial 否认，否定，拒绝给与(正义，权利) descendant 后裔，后代descent 下来，下去；祖先，祖籍；突袭 destiny 命运，天命discrepancy 不同，不符合digest 摘要，简编dilemma 窘境，困境 distinction 区分，辨别disposition 排列,性情,气质;倾向;支配权,处理权disturbance 搅乱，动乱；不安，骚动diversion 转向，改道；消遣，娱乐；分散doctrine 教条，主义，学说domain 领土，领域；范围dome 圆屋顶drainage 排水，疏水drawback 缺陷，障碍，不利drought 干旱，旱灾edible 可食之物elite 杰出的人才或人物，精华 emergency 紧急情况empirical 经验的，全凭实验的 encouragement 鼓励enclosure 包围，函中信件 essence 本质estimate 估计esteem 尊敬，尊重excerpt 摘录，引述 expedition 远征，远征队expenditure 开支expertise 鉴定，评价；知识和技术exposition 解释，说明extinction .灭绝facet 平面，刻面，方面 fashion 方式，样子feast 盛宴；赏心悦目的东西 feat 技艺；伟绩federation 联邦制，联合会，联盟 ferry 渡船fitting 试衣，试穿；固定装置，家具，设备 flattery 奉承，阿谀之词fragrance 香味，香气 flaw 裂纹，瑕疵fortune 财产，大笔的钱fraction 小部分，一点friction 摩擦，不和，冲突fuse 保险丝，导火线fusion 融合，联合 galaxy 星系garment 衣服 glacier 冰河glamour 魅力，魔力，诱惑力gossip 闲话，闲谈，随笔，漫谈guarantee 保证，保证书，保修单guilt 犯罪，罪状handicap 障碍，阻碍harassment 烦恼，困苦，侵扰harmony 与…协调一致，和谐 heritage 遗产，继承物hierarchy 等级制度 hike 徒步旅行hinge 重点，关键，主旨 hospitality 友好款待，好客hostage 人质 humidity 潮湿，湿度hurricane 飓风 hypothesis 假设，假说ideology 思想方式，意识形态 idiot 白痴，傻瓜illusion 错觉，假象 impetus 动力，推动力，刺激incentive 刺激，动机，鼓励，诱因 inertia 迟钝，呆滞；惰性，惯性ingredient 成分 inlet 入口insight 理解，洞察力 inspection 检查，视察instinct 本能，直觉 integrity 正直，诚实intersection 交叉，交叉口intuition 直觉intuition 直觉 inventory 详细目录存货，盘存junction 连接，会合，交叉点junk 破烂物，垃圾lace 花边，饰带 atitude 纬度,地区;自由,自由的范围layman 外行人，门外汉 liability 责任，义务；易于，倾向于likelihood 可能性 locality 位置，地方；辨认地方的能力longitude 经度 lounge 休息室，休息处lease 租约，契约 legislation 立法，法律limitation 局限性，缺点 loyalty 忠诚，忠心luxury 奢侈，豪华 magistrate 地方官吏/法官magnitude 大小，光度 mansion 大厦，官邸manifestation 表现(形式) massacre 大屠杀meadow 草地，牧场 mechanism 机械装置，机构，结构方式melody 音律;歌曲,曲调;主调,旋律 menace 危险，威胁migrant 移居者，候鸟minority少数；未成年misfortune 不幸，灾难momentum 动量，动力，推动力monopoly 专利权，独占，垄断；专利品morality 道德，美德mortgage 抵押，抵押品notion 概念，观念，理解novelty 新鲜，奇特，新奇物oath 誓约，誓言obligation (法律上或道义上的)责任offset 印刷术offspring 后代，子孙，幼子optimum 最佳，最适宜，最有利orientation 定方向，定方位，朝向outfit 服装，装备，用具occasion 场合 opponent 敌人，对手ornament 装饰，装饰品 overpass 天桥，路桥，高架桥paradox 反论 parasite 寄生虫，食客participation 参加，加入partition 分割，分配，瓜分pastime 消遣，娱乐pasture 草原，牧场patent 专利权patrol 巡逻，巡查；巡逻者patron 赞助人，资助人pattern 模式penalty 制裁，惩罚 pension 养老金personality 人格，人性 plateau 高地，高原pledge 保证，誓言 plight 困境，苦境position位置，职位，职务posture 姿势；状态，情况；心境，态度predecessor 前任，原有的事物premise 前提，假设premium 保险费；报酬，奖金prescription 处方preservation 保护，防护 prestige 威信，威望pretext 借口，托辞prey 猎物priority 优先(权) proceeding 进行，举止，行为，处置prophet 先知，鼓吹者，提倡者，预言者proposition 主张；提议；问题，难题prospect 前景，可能性 proximity 接近，接近于pursuit 追逐，追求；职业，工作questionnaire 调查表，问卷racket 喧嚣，闹声，繁忙rate 速度ration 比率 recession (经济)衰退，不景气；撤退reconciliation 和解，调停，顺从，听从reflection 反映，表现refreshment 爽快，舒心；提神的东西refuge 躲避，避难，避难所refund 退还，退款regime 政体，制度regiment 团，多数，大量rehearsal 演习，排演，详述reign 主权，统治；朝代，王朝rein 缰绳rejoice 欢喜，快乐 relay 替换，替班，接力，转播reliance 依靠，信任，信赖relish 吸引力，热心，兴趣remainder 剩余物或人 remnant 残余，剩余repression 镇压，抑制，压抑 reputation 名声，声望resemblance 相似，类似 reservation 贮存，贮藏reservation 预订，保留 retention 保持，保留retrospect 回顾，回望 revelation 显示，泄露revenue 税收，岁入 rival 竞争对手routine 常规，惯例，例行公事rupture 破裂，绝交safeguard 安全设施或措施 salvation 拯救，救助savage 野人，野蛮人 scent 气味，香味；踪迹，痕迹scene 景色，景象 scorn 轻蔑，鄙视scrutiny 细察，详审，核算选票sensation 感觉，激动，轰动sentiment 感情,情绪,情操;伤感;意见,观点setback 阻碍，挫折shortage 短缺，不足 smash 打碎，粉碎stability 稳定(性)，稳固 stack 堆，一堆standard 标准 subsidy 补助金，资助金surface 表面 suspension 暂停，延缓，停职，吊销synthesis 综合，合成，合成物 temperament 气质，性格tempo 数率，进度，节奏 testimony 证言，证词；宣言，陈述threshold 开端，入口 tolerance 容忍，忍耐力transaction 处理，办理，交易transition 过渡，转变trend 倾向，趋势turnover 营业额，销售金额variation 变化，变动 vegetation 植物，草木vein 心情，心思，意向verdict 裁决，判决；决定，判断versus 相对，对抗vicinity 接近，附近；密切的关系void 空虚，空处 warehouse 货仓warfare 作战，交战 warrant 根据，权威，委任状。

2012年考研英语(一)阅读 text 4 精读精讲知乎

2012年考研英语(一)阅读text 4 精读精讲知乎全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Text 4 From the 2012 English Exam Was Really Hard!Hi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm in 5th grade. I love reading, especially really challenging books and articles. My parents are both professors and they always give me hard stuff to read to get me ready for the super difficult tests in college one day.Recently, my dad had me read this weird passage called "Text 4" that was on some old graduate school entrance exam from 2012 in China. He said it would be great practice for me to analyze a college-level reading passage. I thought it was going to be soooo boring, but it actually turned out to be really interesting!The passage was about the history of public parks in cities. It talked about how parks used to just be private gardens for rich people back in the 1600s and 1700s. Only fancy folks could go in them to stroll around and relax. But then the passage explainedhow public parks for everyone started becoming popular in the 1800s, especially in Britain.One of the main people it talked about was this guy named John Claudius Loudon. He was a Scottish botanist and horticulturist who lived in the early 1800s. The passage said Loudon was one of the first people to really promote the idea of public parks in cities that everyone could use and enjoy, not just aristocrats with private gardens.Loudon came up with this concept he called the "respiratory plants for town trees." Isn't that such a funny name? It basically meant that trees could serve as the "lungs of towns" by providing fresh oxygen. So Loudon thought filling cities with green spaces and parks with lots of trees was really good for people's health. That was a new idea back then that people didn't really think about before.The passage also discussed this other guy named Joseph Paxton who was a big public parks guy too. He helped design one of the most famous parks in London called Birkenhead Park in 1847. A bunch of copycat parks modeled after Birkenhead started popping up all over Britain after that because it was so popular and pretty.But then public parks soon spread way beyond Britain to other countries too. The passage mentioned that Frederick Law Olmsted, known as the "father of American landscape architecture," was really inspired by public parks he saw in Britain. So in 1858, he designed one of the first big public parks in the United States called Central Park in New York City. Just like the British parks were a hit, Central Park also became a huge success that made people in other American cities want amazing public parks too.I thought it was really fascinating how the passage traced the evolution of public parks from their origins as private household gardens, to their spread across Britain, and finally to becoming super popular in other countries like the United States too. The key figures it highlighted like Loudon, Paxton, and Olmsted made a lot of good points about why public parks are so great for cities and people's health. It makes total sense that having green spaces with trees surrounded by tons of tall buildings and crowds is relaxing and good for you.So that's the main idea I got from this Text 4 reading - that public parks used to be a totally radical concept until the 1800s when some innovative thinkers pushed for creating urban parks that everyone could enjoy, not just rich owners of privategardens. And those early public parks were so amazingly designed and refreshing that they sparked a huge worldwide movement to build parks in cities all over. Pretty cool history, right?Analyzing the passage was definitely a challenge with all the names, dates, details and new vocabulary words to remember. But I'm really glad my dad had me read it because I learned so much! For example, I had no clue what "respiratory," "horticulturist" or "aristocrat" meant before. And I didn't really know the origin of Central Park or other major city parks.Some parts were still pretty confusing though. Like why were private gardens so segregated way back then where only wealthy people could access them? That seems so unfair and sad that beautiful green spaces were off-limits to most people. The passage also didn't really explain why trees are so healthy for cities beyond providing fresh oxygen from the "respiratory plants" thing. Don't they also help absorb pollution, lower temperatures with shade, and give homes for animals too? More details on the actual benefits would have been helpful.Overall though, I had fun reading this old exam passage and learning the interesting history behind public parks that I just took for granted before. My friends and I love going to the parkby my house to run around, have picnics, and feed the ducks. But now I have a whole new appreciation for how those parks came to exist in the first place after reading Text 4!Let me know if you've had experience analyzing difficult reading passages like this one too. I'd love to hear your thoughts, especially if you're a college student who has taken hard tests like this. Reading primary sources from history is pretty dry sometimes, but uncovering forgotten stories can be fascinating once you get into it. I'm going to ask my dad for more challenging passages to read - maybe I'll become an expert on random historical topics before I even get to college!篇2Text 4 From the 2012 English Postgrad Exam – A Kid's GuideHey there, friends! Today, we're going to talk about a really interesting reading passage from the 2012 English postgraduate entrance exam. It's called Text 4, and it's all about a super cool topic – animal communication! Isn't that exciting? Let's dive right in!The passage starts by telling us that animals communicate with each other in all sorts of different ways. Some use sounds, like the chirping of birds or the roaring of lions. Others usemovements, like the wagging of a dog's tail or the flapping of a butterfly's wings. Isn't that neat? It's like they have their own secret language!Then, the passage talks about a scientist named Thomas Sebeok. He was really interested in how animals communicate and even started a whole field of study called "zoosemiotics." That's a big word, but it just means the study of how animals send and understand signals. Pretty cool, right?Now, here's where things get really interesting. The passage explains that animals don't just communicate with their own kind but also with different species! Can you believe that? It's like they all speak a universal language or something.For example, did you know that some birds can understand the alarm calls of other animals? That's right! If a bird hears a squirrel's warning cry, it knows danger is nearby and flies away. Isn't that amazing? It's like they're all part of one big animal neighborhood watch!The passage also talks about how animals can sometimes even communicate with plants! Yup, you read that right – plants! Apparently, some plants release chemicals into the air when they're being eaten by insects. These chemicals act as a distress signal, and nearby plants can pick up on them and startproducing their own defensive chemicals. It's like they're sending out an "SOS" message to their plant buddies!But that's not all! The passage mentions something called the "talking tree hypothesis." According to this idea, trees in a forest can communicate with each other through their roots and fungi in the soil. They can share information about things like nutrient levels, pests, and even warn each other about dangers like fires or disease. Can you imagine if trees could really talk? That would be so cool!So, what do you think? Do you believe that animals and plants can really talk to each other? Or is it all just a bunch of silly ideas? Either way, it's definitely an interesting topic to think about!Well, that's all for Text 4, my friends! I hope you found it as fascinating as I did. Who knew the animal kingdom could be so chatty? Maybe next time you see a bird or a squirrel, you can try to listen in on their conversation. Just don't be too disappointed if they don't say hi back!篇3Text 4 Time Travel - A Totally Cosmic Idea!Hey kids! Today we're going to talk about something really cool - time travel! You've probably seen movies about it, like Back to the Future. Well, get ready to have your mind blown because time travel isn't just for the movies. Scientists have actually been thinking about it for a long time!So what is time travel anyway? It's the idea of moving between different points in time - the past, present and future. Sounds crazy, right? But some super smart scientists think it might actually be possible based on some wild physics theories. Let me break it down for you.You know how sometimes when you're really tired, time feels like it's going slower than usual? Or when you're having a ton of fun, it feels like time is flying by? Well, according to a famous scientist named Einstein, that's because time is actually relative. It can change based on how fast you're moving and stuff like gravity. Whoa, mind=blown, right?Einstein came up with these ideas over a hundred years ago with his Theory of Relativity. It's some pretty heavy duty science, but the basic idea is that time isn't just a constant, straight line like we usually think. Instead, time and space are all mixed up together in what Einstein called the "space-time continuum." It'skind of like a big stretchy blanket that can get warped and distorted.And get this - according to Einstein's math, it's possible for something to warp the space-time continuum so much that it creates a "wormhole" - kind of like a shortcut through space and time! These wormholes are what could theoretically allow for time travel to the past or future.But wormholes are just theoretical right now. We've never actually seen one in real life. Scientists think they might exist in certain extreme environments, like around black holes or during the Big Bang when the universe started. But don't try punching a hole in space-time at home, kids!So if wormholes aren't an option yet, what about building an actual time machine? Well, some scientists think that using enormous amounts of energy and exotic matter, we might be able to warp space-time enough to take a little trip through the fourth dimension - time itself!The idea is that you'd use this massive energy to create a "closed timelike curve" in space-time that would loop back on itself, letting you revisit the past or future. Kind of like drawing a circle on that stretchy space-time blanket we talked about earlier.Like, what if you went back in time and accidentally stepped on a butterfly, and that little thing completely changed the future? That's called the "butterfly effect" and it shows how even tiny things can spiral out into massive changes in time. Woah, talk about high stakes!Or how about the "grandfather paradox?" What if you went back in time and accidentally...I don't know, distracted your grandpa or something so that he never met your grandma? Then you'd never have been born to go back in time in the first place! Paradoxes like that seem to violate all kinds of laws of physics and logic.That's why some scientists think true time travel might be impossible, even in theory. Or even if it is possible, maybe there are rules in place that prevent paradoxes like that from happening. Like maybe you can't actually change the past, you'd just be visiting it as an observer or something.But other scientists are like "Hold up, who says paradoxes are impossible? Maybe our limited human brains just can't comprehend them yet!" After all, a lot of the crazy modern physics we take for granted today, like quantum mechanics, seemed paradoxical at first too.So while we're still working on the details, actually being able to hop through time seems at least hypothetically plausible based on our current understanding of physics and the universe. Isn't that insane?!But who knows what the brilliant scientists of the future might achieve? With more studying and experimenting, time travel could eventually go from science fiction to science fact! Maybe one day, kids like you could take a field trip to the age of the dinosaurs. Or zip ahead to see what the 25th century is like. How cool would that be?For now though, we'll have to settle for exploring this wild idea through movies, books and our imaginations. But keep studying and working hard, and maybe YOU could be one of the scientists that finally cracks the code on time travel someday. Imagine getting to travel through all of history and the future! I don't know about you, but I'd go back and pet a woolly mammoth in a heartbeat. Just don't step on any butterflies, ok?篇4Text 4 is Super Hard but I Will Try to 'Splain ItHi friends! Today we are going to look at a very difficult reading passage from a big test in China. The test is called the2012 Engwish Test for Graduate 'Dmissions. That means it's a test that cowwege students have to take if they want to go to graduate school and get a master's degree or a doctowate. The reading passage is cawwed Text 4 and it's about marketing and business stuffs.The passage starts out by saying that marketing is about more than just adverrtising and sewwing things. It says marketing is awso about "developing, dewivering and communicating" vawue to customers. Vawue means making something that peopwe reawwy want and need. The passage tawks about the "marketing concept" which says that companies shouwd focus on meeting customers' needs instead of just trying to seww as much stuff as possibwe.Then it tawks about some changes that happened in marketing in the wast 60 years or so. It says that in the 1950s and 1960s, companies focused more on making wots of products instead of worrying about what custamers actuawwy wanted. This was cawwed the "production concept." Companies thought that if they made a wot of stuff, peopwe wouwd buy it aww.But then in the 1970s, there were too many products and not enough peopwe to buy them aww! So companies started using the "sewwing concept" instead. They tried reawwy reawwy hardto convince peopwe to buy aww their stuff with wots of ads and sawes tactics.After that didn't work very wewe, the passage says companies finawwy started using the "marketing concept" in the 1990s. Instead of just making a bunch of random stuff, they started asking customers what they actuawwy wanted and needed. Then they made products to meet those needs. So smart!The passage awso tawks about how marketers need to wook at the "Four Ps" - product, price, pwace and promotion. They need to make a good product that peopwe wiww buy at the right price. Then they need to put it in pwaces where customers can buy it easy, wike stores or onwine. And they need to teww peopwe about it with good ads and promotions.There's a whowe section about "rewationship marketing" too. This means companies shouwdn't just try to make one quick sawe. Instead, they shouwd buiwd good wong-term rewationships with their customers so they'ww keep buying from them over and over. Companies need to reawwy wisten to customers and give them good vawue.The passage says dat in today's gwobaw marketpwace, companies can't just seww the same owd junk anymore. Theyhave to come up with totawwy new and innovative products and business modews to stay ahead. Peopwe have wots of choices now from aww over the worwd, so companies have to work extra hard to keep deir customers happy and woyaw.There's a bit at the end about sustainabwe marketing too. It says companies need to be friendwy to de environment and society when dey make and seww stuff. They can't just powwute and expwoit peopwe to make money anymore. Sustainabwe companies are ones that are good for peopwe, pwanets and profits aww at de same time.Phew, dat was a reawwy tricky reading to understand! It used a bunch of compwicated marketing words wike "concept" and "sustainabwe" dat were pretty hard. But I worked reawwy hard and did my best to expwain aww the main ideas in pwain words dat are easy for wittwe kids wike me to get.Pwease wet me know if any part was too confusing or if you need me to 'spwain anyding better. I hope this hewped you understand Text 4 a wittwe bit more! Good wuck on your big test.篇5Title: Let Me Tell You All About This Crazy Reading Passage!Hey friends! Today I'm going to tell you all about this really wild reading passage I had to do for a big test. It was so confusing at first, but I think I finally figured it out. Get ready for an awesome story time!The passage is called "Text 4" which is a pretty boring name if you ask me. It's all about these tiny little creatures called "insects." Have you ever seen one of those? They're seriously small! Like smaller than your baby finger small. The passage says there are more species of insects than any other group of creatures on Earth. Whoa, that's a ton of bugs!Anyway, the reading talks about how insects have been around for over 400 million years. That's like...forever ago! It says they were the first creatures to grow wings and fly. Can you imagine a world with no birds or planes, just a bunch of giant bugs buzzing around? Crazy!So insects are super old and there are millions of types. The passage goes on to explain that even though they're small, insects are extremely important. It says they pollinate over 75% of the world's flowering plants! That's how we get fruits, veggies, and all sorts of yummy food. Who knew bugs played such a big role?But get this - the passage says insects are going extinct at a very fast rate. Scientists estimate that over 40% of all insect species could go extinct in the next few decades! That's so sad. The world needs those little guys.Why are all the bugs disappearing? Well, apparently humans are mostly to blame. We're destroying their homes and habitats by cutting down forests, growing cities, and using tons of chemicals and pesticides that poison insects. Oops, our bad!If all the insects die out, it would be an absolute disaster according to the reading. Food supplies would completely collapse since plants can't get pollinated properly. The passage warns it could trigger a "catastrophic collapse of nature's ecosystems." Yikes, that doesn't sound good at all!We definitely need to do something to protect insect species. The reading suggests some ideas like reducing pesticide use, preserving natural habitats, and creating insect-friendly environments. We should all build some cute little bug houses in our backyards!Okay,篇6Text 4 From the 2012 English Exam Was Really Hard!Hi friends! Today I want to tell you all about a really tough reading passage I had to do for a big test called the English entrance exam. It was called Text 4 and it was super long and had all these big words that made my brain hurt. But I tried my best to understand it, just like my teacher says I should always do. Let me break it down for you!The passage was all about these tiny little animals called seed bugs. I had never even heard of seed bugs before! It said they are only a few millimeters long and they live inside seeds from plants like orchids and bushes and trees. Can you imagine being that small and living inside a seed? I can't!Anyways, the passage said that even though seed bugs are really really tiny, they are actually super important. This is because they help spread the seeds from the plants they live in so new plants can grow in different places. Basically, the seed bugs eat the inside of the seed and then poop out the remains. Isn't that crazy? Their poop helps grow new plants!The passage talked a lot about how seed bugs do this spreading seeds thing. Apparently, after they're done eating the insides, they chew a hole and crawl out of the seed. Then they hitchhike on bigger bugs or animals and get carried far awaybefore jumping off somewhere new. That's when their seed poop comes out and can start growing into a plant if it lands somewhere good for that.There was also a lot of scientific words explaining the different types of seed bugs and plants they live in. Like there are "seed predators" that just eat and leave, versus "seed dispersers" that poop out the remains. And plants can be "self-dispersed" if they spread their own seeds through the air, or "dispersed" if animals like seed bugs help spread the seeds. It was a lot to remember!The hardest part was understanding all the different strategies the passage said seed bugs use. Some seed bugs are "gatekeepers" and only let certain seeds get spread based on if they're a good home for baby seed bugs. Others are "squatters" and just live in whatever seed until it falls apart. And some are "baby farmers" that leave part of the seed so their babies have a safe place to hatch! Wasn't that just mind-blowing?There were also sections explaining the life cycle of seed bugs, how they develop from eggs to larvae to adults over months or years depending on the species. And how their colors and patterns help camouflage them from predators trying to eat the seeds they live inside.Phew, I'm getting tired just thinking about all that crazy seed bug info again! The reading took me forever and I'm still not sure if I understood everything right. Like why would a plant even want an animal hanging out eating its seeds? Shouldn't it be trying to protect them instead? I guess that's just how nature works sometimes.Well, that's my extremely simplified summary of Text 4 and all its intense seed bug facts. Looking back, I can see why it was picked to stump us English students - it used lots of obscure scientific vocabulary in a really dense writing style. But now you know what I had to push my little brain through for that big important test. Do you feel smarter about seed bugs yet? I know I do! Thanks for listening to me ramble on and I'll talk to you all next time!。

2012考研英语历年真题写作必背范文

考研英语作文万能模板本人提供超强考研英语万能大作文模板，极适合英语基础差或对考研英语作文头疼的同学，本人今年考上的研究生，英语基础非常差，要是自己写可以说一个完整没错的句子都写不出，但使用此套模板考研作文答的非常好（可使您轻松16+(满分20)），而且节约了大量时间做其他的题目（考试时时间是非常紧的！），此套模板绝对是经实践检验的！大家知道考研单科受限绝大多数都是出在英语上，英语难是出了名的，尤其对英语基础稍差的更是头疼，害怕总分考得很高却挂在英语上实在可惜，平时花费大量时间在英语上效果却不理想。

本套模板的特点是量少，只有四篇，涵盖全部四个类型，同学们也清楚如果给你几十上百的模板或压题我感觉就跟没给一样，因为你根本就不可能把那么多文章都弄熟了，时间上也不允许，尤其对英语基础稍差的，记英语的东西本来就很困难，而本套模板量很少就能方便同学很快掌握，熟练运用。

而且本套模板功能十分强大！任何考研题目都能完美套用，保证了您打高分，最后一个特点是模板内所需根据题目填写的词极少，可以说95%的都已给出，大家知道市面上我们见到的所谓模板往往就一个骨架，净是些连接性语句，大多数语句都还要自己写，这对英语基础稍差的无疑是困难的，而本模板就不同了，只要你考前将模板背熟写熟，上考场就可快速写出了！我也是今年考上的研究生，本套模板是经本人和同学实践检验的，大作文都可打到16+。

简单的说使用此模板需要你写的只有两句话加一个短语：一句描写图画内容，一句点明图画的思想，还有一个词就是中心词，使用很方便。

买模板一并赠送详细使用方法说明。

2012考研英语20大必背范文及译文

Section A1.Dear Mr.Wang,I am much grateful to be employed by you two months ago as an editor for your magazine Design Fashions.I appreciate the opportunity of having worked here with you and other colleagues.The experiences w be unforgettable throughout my life.However,as a young man whose primary interest is in computer science rather than fashion designing,I fi my present job doesn't fall in with my previous training and strength.I therefore decide to quit this job f something else that may conform to my former preparation.Please accept my sincere apologies for any inconvenience my leaving may cause.Yours truly,Li Ming译文：亲爱的王先生，非常荣幸两个月前能够称为贵杂志Design&Fashions.的一名员工，我非常珍惜与您以及其他同事公事的机会，这将是我终身难忘的经历。

但是，作为一个兴趣在计算机科学而不是时尚设计的年轻人，我发现我的工作与我之前的培训和自身长处不一致。

因此我决定放弃目前的工作，转作其他与我兴趣一致的工作。

如果我的工作带来了任何不便，请接受我真诚的歉意。

2012年考研英语复习必备的资料书

2012年考研英语复习必备的资料书1．考纲（推荐）：读考纲旨在了解题型和分值，做到心里有数，为后面的学习指明方向。

至于单词部分，不用太拘泥于考纲，多记些单词只有好处没有坏处，处心积虑的看有多少单词被删了，多少新增了，有那个功夫，不如多记几个单词。

2．历年试题（必备）：历年试题是必须准备的。

可以挑一本有详尽讲解的，记住一定要有阅读的全文翻译，会对你后面的复习提供许多空间。

最好还有翻译题的全文翻译（注意是全文）和完型填空的全文翻译。

3．单词（必备）：买一本单词书。

选择的时候首先要注意不要太大，最好是那种小册型的，太大了每天背着去自习室，或者拿着晨读都不方便，小一点多过几遍就是。

再者，最好有例句或者是辨析，方便你对单词的深入理解，我们都知道考研英语的单词是考深入词义的，不像CET或者托福、雅思之类。

最后，建议你买一本带有单元分割的，就是说每多少个单词一个unit，总共30个或者多少个unit下来读完。

这样就强迫我们在一个特点的时间段内完成一个单元，没有理由偷懒了。

4．大纲解析（建议）：买一本讲解各个题型的一本全教材，从完型到阅读A,B,C，作文，都有一个全面的讲解。

看完这样的书的好处在于，你会对每个题型有个理论上的高度理解，然后你在做真题和模拟题就有章可循了。

如果你的英语基础比较差，或者英语要求考到70，80以上，建议你买一本，挑一本自己感觉不错的就行。

5．阅读（必备）：阅读理解是英语取得高分的关键，因此大家一定要买一本阅读理解的练习资料来做“透”。

但是，大家要记住是练手，做的成绩千万别当太真。

20个题错2个你也别得意，错12个你也别伤心。

他们的题目毕竟不是真题，培养语感和提高做题的感觉是最重要的。

6．模拟题（推荐）：考前买一套模拟找一下考试的感觉。

再提醒一次，不要介意分数，兴许你一篇阅读一个对的也没有。

所以大家要摆正心态，做题的方法和方式是做模拟的关键。

7．作文（推荐）：买一本作文模板书来看看别人怎么写的，好的句子背一背（不必要背全文的）。

2012年考研英语真题答案及解析

2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文摘自The New York Times（《纽约时报》）2011年6月30日一篇题为Ethics,Politics and the law(道德，政治与法律)的文章。

本文是一篇说明性的文章，介绍了法律、政治以及道德之间的关系。

第一、二段通过举例说明法官与政治活动紧密联系使法院作为法律守护者的公正性受到削弱。

第三段承上启下，提出法律和政治之间是否还存在界限。

第四、五段阐明政治和法律之间的紧密联系。

第六段提出维护法院公正性所要遵循的行为规范，从而使法院的裁决更具有信服力。

二、试题解析1．[A]emphasize重视[B]maintain维持[C]modify修改[D]recognize认出【答案】B【考点】动词辨析+上下文语境【解析】本句句意是：法官表现得像政客一样时，法院便不能_____其作为法律守护者的合法性。

由此可知，所选动词要与后面的its legitimacy构成动宾关系，根据具体语境判断应该是“法院便不能维持其作为法律守护者的合法性”。

因此，选项[B]是正确答案。

2．[A]when当……时候[B]lest以免[C]before在……之前[D]unless除非【答案】A【考点】句内逻辑+上下文语境【解析】本句主要考查空格前后两个分句的逻辑关系。

本句意思是：_____法官表现得像政客一样时，法院便不能_____其作为法律守护者的合法性。

根据本段最后一句和随后两段信息可知，作者主要对法官涉及政治事件这一问题展开讨论和批评。

由此可以判断，前一分句是后一分句的前提或条件。

因此，选项[A]是正确答案。

3．[A]restored恢复[B]weakened削弱，损害[C]established建立[D]eliminated剔除，淘汰【答案】B【考点】动词辨析+上下文语境【解析】本句句意是：然而，在一些情况下，法官所采取的这些行为方式_____法院独立、公正的声誉。

2012年考研英语(95分达人英语笔记)对于做阅读有极大的帮助!!!我通过对此笔记的学习,阅读已经满分啦

英语阅读~一．考研阅读的基本解题思路：（四步走）第一，扫描提干，划关键项。

第二，通读全文，抓住中心。

1. 通读全文，抓两个重点：①首段（中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题）；②其他各段的段首和段尾句。

（其他部分略读，有重点的读）2. 抓住中心，用一分半时间思考3个问题：①文章叙述的主要内容是什么？②文章中有无提到核心概念？③作者的大致态度是什么？第三，仔细审题，返回原文。

（仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩）定位原则：①通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。

（关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等）②自然段定位原则。

出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。

★要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。

第四，重叠选项，得出答案。

（重叠原文=对照原文）1. 通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，重叠选项，选出答案。

2.作题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由二．阅读理解的解题技巧1. 例证题：①例证题的标记。

当题干中出现example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 时。

②返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。

③搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。

例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。

注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。

举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题？不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。

④找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。

⑤例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。

? 即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。

（╳）要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。

2. 指代题：①返回原文，找出出题的指代词。

②向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子（先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不会离得太远）。

2012考研英语85分经验贴(阅读50分满分)

具体做题技巧讲述刚开始做考研试题，大家如果错的比较多的话，一定要调整战略，使用逆向思维。

我10年真题分成了两部分走：前面6套我做题时主要不是去找正解，而是去找错解！！！也就是大家所常用的排除法。

这个方法非常有用，主要是大家使用的程度不深。

我刚开始做真题时，一定要知道其他解具体错在什么地方，属于那种错误，并在解旁边写好错误原因，然后再看留下的lord那个解是否正确，并把正解在文章中出现先的位置画出来。

这样做题刚开始会很花时间，但是一段时间后，速度就会加快。

并且练出识别错解的火眼精金。

最后再慢慢把重点调整到寻找正解上来，进一步提高自己的速度。

寻找错解的好处是，你知道老师往往在什么地方设下陷阱，设下什么样的陷阱！！！你对这些非常熟了后，做题时基本上就能一看一个准！下面说具体方法（按照前面的说的题型来讲解）：做真题一定是读一两段，做一道题，读一两段，做一道题。

绝对不要读完整个文章，再做题。

出题出的题一定是按照文章顺序来的，比如：第二题在文章的答案的位置一定在第三题前面。

细节题：细节题总的来说只有一个原则：等价替换原则！！！掌握了这个原则，你能解决一切细节题，并且快速。

等价代换原则：是指阅读的每一个正确选项都是对文章某一具体的话进行的改写！就是把一句话换一个说法。

出题人在改写时会非常有技巧，往往改写程度越大，越是正解。

有时甚至可以这样说：如果选项中的词一个都没有在文章中出现过，那就很有可能是正解。

如果是完全从文章中超过来的句子，那肯定是错误的解！下面举几个例子：2008年Text1这是篇典型的Change类的文章注：这篇文章是我随便翻的，绝不是选个特例。

大家需要其他文章的选项的替换，我也可以一一告诉大家！21题：正解A: Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.这个选项是对文章第二段的该句话的改写：causing females under stress to produce more of t rigger chemicals than do males under the same condition。

2012研究生考试英语真题及参考答案（解析）

Section I Use of English 1.【答案】B 【解析】从空后的句⼦“他们解放的⼈们”可以看出，空前的句⼦表⽰的应该是参加了第⼆次⼤战的男⼈和⼥⼈。

只有serve有“服兵役”的意思，所以选B。

其他都不符合题意。

2.【答案】B 【解析】空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对，后⾯的分句说他背井离乡，经历了很多苦难，显然这⾥应该是说由普通⼈平凡⼈(common man)成长为英雄，所以选B。

3.【答案】A 【解析】本题考查的是词语的搭配关系，承担战争带来的负担，应该⽤动词bear或shoulder，所以这⾥选A，bore。

4.【答案】A 【解析】necessities表⽰“⽣活必需品”，空外信息food和shelter(⾷物和住宿)这些就是维持⽣存最起码的条件。

Facilities 是设备设施，commodities商品，properties财产，均不符合题意。

5.【答案】C 【解析】not…but，“不是，⽽是”表转折，不是⾃愿兵，也没有⾼的报酬，⽽是⼀个普通⼈。

所以选C。

6.【答案】D 【解析】这道题主要考查介词的搭配。

根据up______(the best trained, bestequipped, fiercest, most brutal).enemies可以知道是起来反抗敌⼈，所以选D选项against。

7.【答案】C 【解析】GI。

在军事上是Government Issue 的缩略语，所以，GL。

这个符号就是象征着这个全称Government Issue。

选C。

8.【答案】A 【解析】该句意思为，GI。

这个符号出现在给⼠兵分发的所有物品上，hand out “分发，发放”符合题意。

Turn over “移交”，bring back“带回”，pass down“传承，⼀代⼀代传下来”在句意上都说不通。

9.【答案】C 【解析】空所在句⼦的语境为：Joe是个普通名词，⼀个从未爬到社会顶层的⼈的名字。

2012考研英语作文高级

2012考研英语作文高级The Importance of Critical Thinking in the 21st Century。

In the 21st century, critical thinking has become an essential skill for success in both academic andprofessional settings. With the rapid development of technology and the increasing complexity of global issues, individuals who possess the ability to think critically are better equipped to navigate the challenges of the modern world. Therefore, it is crucial for educationalinstitutions to prioritize the cultivation of critical thinking skills in their curriculum.Critical thinking enables individuals to analyze and evaluate information in a systematic and logical manner. In today's information age, where we are bombarded with an overwhelming amount of data from various sources, theability to discern the validity and reliability of information is paramount. Critical thinkers are able to distinguish between fact and opinion, identify bias, andrecognize logical fallacies. This skill is invaluable in academic research, professional decision-making, and everyday problem-solving.Furthermore, critical thinking fosters creativity and innovation. By questioning assumptions, challenging conventional wisdom, and exploring alternative perspectives, individuals can develop new ideas and solutions to complex problems. In a rapidly changing world, where innovation drives progress, the ability to think critically and creatively is a valuable asset.Moreover, critical thinking promotes intellectual independence and autonomy. Instead of passively accepting information at face value, critical thinkers engage inactive inquiry and analysis. They are not swayed by popular opinion or authority, but rather rely on evidence andreason to form their own conclusions. This independence of thought is essential for informed citizenship and ethical decision-making.In conclusion, critical thinking is a vital skill forsuccess in the 21st century. Educational institutions should prioritize the cultivation of critical thinking skills in their curriculum, as it is essential for navigating the complexities of the modern world. By fostering critical thinking, we can empower individuals to analyze information effectively, think creatively, and make informed decisions. As the challenges of the 21st century continue to evolve, critical thinking will remain a cornerstone of intellectual and professional development.。

2012年考研英语作文上24分必背句型总结

1.There be结构1) There are other techniques that might help you with you studying.2) There is more entertainment in a good book than is a month of typical TV programming.3) Most curious of all, there was no quality control whatsoever.4) There were no breaks in the day to relieve the boring work.5) In the past 50 years there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the brain.6) There are so many of thee paths and so many metal particles that it is impossible to land a flying saucer without is being smashed by one.7) There is much that we can learn from him today.8) There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and act on it with effect, those who take the other side will of course resent your actions.9) There is no sense(道理)in leaving important decisions to inexperienced people.10) There is little sense in treating the child so severely. After all he is too young to know that he was doing wrong.11) There is no surgical patient I cannot treat competently, treat just as well as or better than any other surgeon.12) There were still situations in which I couldn’t be certain my decision had been the right one.13) There’s no right or wrong in the situation. There’s just luck.14) There’s no way to prepare for the next time—no intelligent response to a gun.15) There is no way to stop the process of aging. In fact, wecan only delay it.16) There are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise (还有一些迹象表明……)17) There is some evidence that dishonesty may ebb and flow(起伏波动)18) Today there is evidence that the time between each of the steps in this cycle has been shortened.19) There can be on doubt that he is the right person for the job.20) There is no doubt that their support will make a difference in out cause .21) There is no doubt that these measures will contribute to the solution of the problem.22) There is no doubt that Jim had more talent than anybody who ever played football.23) There’s no substitute(替代物) for practical experience.24) There is urgent need to debate this issue openly25) There are tow ways in which one can own a book.26) There have been some small fluctuation(波动) in the past year, but by and large prices have remained stable.2.It 结构1) It is advisable to exercise(拥有) patience in dealing with such complicated situations.2) It is advisable to place important telephone numbers nest to the phone in case of an emergency.3) It is biologically reasonable for deer to reduce their cost of living to increase their chances of surviving in winter.4) It is essential that the increase in production should be geared to (适应) the increase in public demand.5) It is necessary that young and old people shouldcommunicate more with each other.6) It is thoughtless of some parents to allow their children to watch whatever program is on television.7) It is incredible(不可思议) that he ate the big cake just in tow bites.8) It was obvious to everyone that the marriage would sooner or later end in separation if not diverce.9) It was clear that Dad could do no more than he was doing already.10) It is certain that fresh air and exercises are more valuable than medicine.11) It is certain that with determination and hard work you will succeed eventually.12) It was quite apparent that both sides were making a great effort to win the prize.13) It was almost impossible for an Indian to gain even a fair education an extremely difficult, as a result, for an Indian to rese high in life.14) It is easy to fall into bad habits but very difficult to break away form them.15) It’s not easy to size up (估计) the situation right now. For we are not well informed on recent developments.16) It is not easy to say exactly what each part of the brain does.17) It is not wise to change you money into U . S. currency.18) It was not until about 1600B.C. when the chariot (马拉战车) was invented that the maximum speed was raised to roughly twenty miles per hour.19) It is only recently that science has begun to give us some idea of how the brain really works20) It was not until the century that man realized that the whole of the brain was involved in the working of the mind.21) It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive.22) It was in times of crisis that I finally found out what he was really like.23) It took the human race millions of years to attain that record.24) It took a mere twenty-year flick(一瞬) of time to double the limit again.25) It takes (took) sb. some time to do sth.26) If it takes less time to bring a new idea to the marketplace, it also takes less time for it to sweep through the society.27) It will take the council a few weeks to judge the situation before it takes any further action.28) It is well known that many of our problems are caused at least in part by failure to communicate.29) It is fairly well known that wild animals survive form year to year by eating as much as they can during times of plenty.30) It is probably less well known that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter than in summer.31) It remains unknown whether there are intelligent beings outside the solar system.32) It has been pointed out that in 6000B. C. the fastest transportation available to man over33) It is now thought that the more work we give our brains, the more w** able to do.34) It can be argued that such a response may not mean much (有人认为……)35) It is reported that the electronic industry is going on rapidly in recent year.36) It is reported that there has been a decrease in the annual birth rate over the last two decades.37) It is estimated that the total expenses in the trial manufacture of the new products will come to 30,000 yuan.38) Once it was thought that nighttime dreams interfered with our needed rest.39) It has been observed that unemployment brings enormous psychological troubles.40) Even so, it seemed to him that he was part of the whole event.41) It seems to me that the Americans are a highly mobile people. Most of them like to travel whenever they get the chance.42) It seemed to me that the only thing that mattered was to get her husband back to her.43) But it is only because it is my work to do so.44) It is an encouraging sign that people’s purchasing power(购买力)is on the rise.45) It is common knowledge that chalk absorbs moisture (湿气) from the air.46) It might be a way to avoid the indignity of having to ask for money all the time.47) It used to be a popular belief the we could foretell a person’s future on the basis of the date and time of his birth.48) It pays in the long run (从长远的角度看……) to introduce new technique49) It is time for out symbols of technology to change — to catch up with the quickening changes in technology itself.50) It has been only twenty-five years since television cameto one of people’s pastimes.51) It may well come as a surprise to learn that not only psychologists but other behavioral scientists have come to accept the positive contribution of work to the individ ual’s happiness and sense of personal achievement.3.动名词或分词结构1) Improving your study habits will improve your grades.2) Teachin g g i v e s m e p a c e , a n d v a r i e t y , a n d c ha l l e n g e , a n d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o k e e p o n l e a r n i n g . / p > pb d s f i d = " 1 6 7 " > 0 0 3 ) B e i n g v e r y s h o r t o f m o n e y a n d w a n t i n g t o d o s o m e t h i n g u s e f u l , I a p p l i e d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 8 " > 0 0 4 ) H a v i n g l i t t l e i nc o m m o n i s a f r e q u e n t c a u s e o fd i v o r ce . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 6 9 " > 0 0 5 ) O w i ng s e t s o f b o o k s i s u s e l e s s u n l e s s y o u r e a d th e m . / p > p b d s fi d = " 1 7 0 " > 0 0 6 ) D r i n k i n g , e a t i n g , a n d s m o k i n g e x c e s s i v e l y c a n d o s e v e r e h a r m t o e v e n a y o u n g p e r s o n s h e a l t h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > 0 0 7 ) T h e a r t o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n r e q u i r e s l e a r n i n g t h e l a n g u a g e a n d c u l t u r e o f t h e a u d i e n c e . / p >。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

2012考研英语高分必看：37组同义词高频词汇，记完会有升级的感觉
1 优势：Advantage, merit(功勋，长处）, virtue（美德，贞操，优点）, benefit, upside, strength，ascendancy（优势优越）, ascendant（幸运星，优势）, dominance（支配地位，优势）, predominance（主导地位，优势）, preponderance(数量上的优势）, superiority （优越性，盛气凌人的行为）.
2 缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness, defect, fault, flaw, imperfection, blemish ，shortcoming.
3 解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle
4 损害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize
6 培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster, nurture.
7 使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle，confuse
8 重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative
9 认为：Consider, reckon, think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced,
be firmly convinced, be fully convinced，
10 保护：Protect, conserve, preserve, safeguard.
11 确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge
12 有害的：Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental, deleterious(传说这个单词经验最高）14 消除：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away,
smooth away，eradicate
15 导致：Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate
16 因此：Wherefore , so, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this
17 增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to
18 降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to，slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to, level to
19 保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，rel，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out
20 急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，normously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably
21 平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly
22 宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim
23 发生：Happen, occur, take place
24 原因：Reason, factor, cause
25 发展：Development, advance, progress
26 有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous
27 影响：Affect, influence, impact, effect,
28 明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear，transparent。

29 占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose, provide
30 与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison to，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to
31 对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely
32 展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe, unfold, indicate, exhibit
33 大约：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly, some
34 波动：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation, wave , unstable.
35 事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that
36 换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it another way，to put it from another angle.
37 美丽：beauty, comeliness, fairness, goodliness, loveliness, pulchritude, pretty, finery, preventability, swanky, magnificent, floweriness, bright.。