unit16languagestudy
胡壮麟语言学名词解释
胡壮麟语言学名词解释第一篇：胡壮麟语言学名词解释1.design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7.prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,ying down rules for language use.9.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are justdescribed.10.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.13.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.14.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15.macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics，anthropological linguistics,et petence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17.performance: the actual use of language in concrete ngue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20．Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.21．Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22． Voicing: pronouncing a sound(usually a vowel or a voiced consonant)by vibrating the vocal cords.23．Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols intranscription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24．Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25．Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26．Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.is an allophone of /t/in English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated.Bothand are allophones of the phoneme/t/.27．Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.28． Manner of articulation;in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.29． Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.30．Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.31． Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.32．IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employingsymbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.33．Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone，and intonation.34．Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.35.morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or pound oly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.37.inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.38.affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).39.derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.40.root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.41.allomorph:;any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.42.Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.43.boundmorpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g.the plural morpheme in ―dog’s‖.44.free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.45.lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.‖dog in the manger‖)46.lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47.grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.48.lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.49.open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.50.blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.51.loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52.loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53.leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.54.acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.55.loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56.back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57.assimilation: the change of a sound as a resultof the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.‖contact‖or‖contiguous‖assimilation.58.dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.59.folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous 60.category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.61.concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.62.syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.63.paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent.64.immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65.endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.66.exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of itsconstituents.67.deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.68.surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.69.c-command: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for ernment and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting point,of the municative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72.ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world,including the inner world of his own consciousness.73.interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another..74.textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.75.conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.76.denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world.77.connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78.reference: the use of language to express apropostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79.reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e.to talk about things in context.80.sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context.81.synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness plentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.83.gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.84.converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.85.relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other.The shorter,better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.86.hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)87.superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc, 88.semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g positionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.90.selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take,e.g.regret requires a human subject.91.prepositional logic: also known as prepositionalcalculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92.proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93.predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.94.assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95.cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes a ―recognition lexicon‖in which each word is represented by a full and independent‖recognistion element‖.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.96.context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.97.frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.98.inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from something someone has said,and so on.It includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense,e.g.in a specific context.99.immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in nguage perception:language awareness of things through the physical senses,esp,nguage comprehension: one of the threestrand of psycholinguistic research,which studies the understanding of nguage production: a goal-directed activety,in the sense that people speak and write in orde to make friends,influence people,convey information and so nguage production: a goal-directed activity,in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends,influence people,concey information and so on.104.lexical ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings:e.g.that of I saw a bat,where a bat might refer to an animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.105.macroproposition:general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.106.modular:which a assumes that the mind is structuied into separate modules or components,each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.107.parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents,traditionally e.g.to pupils learning lat in grammar.108.propositions:whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement.It is a property of propositions that they have truth values.109.psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).110.psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar,etc.as a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a speaker.Often opposed,in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars,to criteria of simplicity,elegance,and internalconsistency.111.schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.112.story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.113.writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing municative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules,conventions,erning the skilled use of language in a society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept of competence,in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.115.gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is‖genden difference‖ 116.linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,nguage determines thought.117.linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to the structural diversity of languages.118.linguistic sexism:many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.119.sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.120.sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.121.variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers’social starts and phonological variations.122.performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or false.123.constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses aproposition which may be true or false.124.locutionary act: the act of saying something;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and ly.,the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.125.illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.126.perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.127.conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.128.entailment:relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other:e.g.‖Mary is running‖entails,among other things,‖Mary is not sta nding still‖.129.ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is municative principle of relevance:every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.131.relevance: a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it communicates,must,in the nature of communication,necessarily have.132.Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale,i.e.Make your contribution necessary(G.Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).133.division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unmarkeda(simpler,less‖effortful‖)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would notor could not have conveyed).134.constraints on Horn scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to..135.third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world,he or she is usually called a third –person narrator.136.I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story,relating the story after the event.137.direct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.138.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.139.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.140.narrator’s repreaentation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of passage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of discourse,and therefore even more backgruonded than indirect speech representation would be.141.narrator‖srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts.For example，she considered his unpunctuality.142.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he woule be late.143.fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.144.narrator’s representation of thought acts:a kind of the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of therir characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.145.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of theircharacters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he would be late.146.fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.147.narrator‖s representation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.148.free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech,e.g.He was bound to be late.149.direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a puter system: the machine itself together with a keyboard,printer,screen,disk drives,programs,puter literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer puter linguistics: a branch of applied liguistics,dealing with computer processing of human language.153.Call: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.154.programnded instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress,to direct students into appropriate lessons,material,etc.155.local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom,lab,or building.They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience with target language.156.CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one disk with quich access to the information.Students and teachers can access information quickly and efficiently foruse in and out of the classroom.157.machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one language to another.158.concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word,sequence of words.or perhaps even a part of speech in a text.The computer can also receive all examples of a particular word,usually in a context,which is a further aid to the linguist.It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered.159.annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information, 160.annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated—it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic rmational retrieval: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately,applied to the type of actrvity discussed in this volume.An information retrieval system does not infor(i.e.change the knowledge of)the user on the subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his request.162.document representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships,between documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retrieval strategies.It covers specifically a logical organization of information,such as document representatives,for the purpose of information retrieval.163.precision: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.164.recall: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.165.applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching,and other areas such astranslation,the compiling of dictionaries,etc municative competence: as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to communicative use.167.syllabus:the planning of course of instruction.It is a description of the cousr content,teaching procedures and learning experiences.168.interlanguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language,i.e.the language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.169.transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language.When structures of the two languages are similar,we can get positive transfer of facilitation;when the two languages are different in structures,negative transfer of inference occurs and result in errors.170.validity: the degree to which a test meansures what it is meant to measure.There are four kinds of validity,i.e.content validity,construct validity,empirical valiodity,and face validity.171.rebiability: can be defined as consistency.There are two kinds of reliability,i.e.stability reliability,and equiralence reliability.172.hypercorrection: overuse of a standard linguistic features,in terms of both frequency,i.e.overpassing the speakers of higher social status,and overshooting the target,i.e.extending the use of a form inalinguistic environment where it is not expected to occur,For example,pronouncing ideas as[ai’dier],extending pronouncing post-vocalic/r/ in an envorienment where it’s not sup posed to occur.173.discrete point test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.174.integrative test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of。
新视野大学英语第3版读写教程第2册-Unit2-SectionAppt课件
12. Some reform advocates ignore the impact of class size on student achievement, and they are _____ what they call as a priority: teacher effectiveness. A. in opposition to B. in reliance with C. in favor of D. in partnership with
A. misery B. dilemma C. flavor D. mystery
33
4.To live with a family whose native language is English is the ideal way to further improve one’s English and to gain ________ into its culture.
35
6.Einstein said his scientific discoveries grew from his imagination rather than from ________, reason and language.
A. analysis B. creation C. identity D. inflation
44
14. Indeed, if teachers want to ___ how far students might get in life, a better measurement than grades might be how hard the students try. A. go about B. speculate about C. talk about D. wander about
高考英语一轮复习UnitStories课件北师大版选修
2．①There was a burst of laughter in the next room.
Ⅲ.选词填空 1．suffer/suffer from
Farmers would ① suffer great hunger when they ② suffer from the heavy flood. 2．preserve/reserve ①My friend here helped me reserve a double room and a single room the day before last weekend. ②In summer, large crops of fruit may be preserved by freezing or bottling. 3．burst in/burst into ①Suddenly the door opened and a group of children burst in . ②He was just about to leave when someone burst into his room.
Ⅳ.写出加蓝部分在语境中的词性及含义
1．①As we all know, Wolong is the largest nature preserve for pandas.
n.自然保护区
②We have taken effective measures to preserve our natural resources. vt.保护
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)Now that they were poison-free, 背佳句
we were told we could enjoy some newly-picked ones.
语言学考试文献
1linguistics：is generally defined as the sentific study of language2Language： A system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.3phonetic：is a branch of linguistics which comprise the study of the sounds of human speech ,it is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds and their physiological production, auditory perception and neurophysiological states4pjonology：is the study of sound patterns and sound systems of language.5morpheme：is the smallest unit of language is regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning , a unit that can nnot be divided into further smallest units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.6syntax：is the study of rules governing the ways different constituent are combined to form sentences in a language ,or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.7semantics：the study of meaning in language is called semantics8pragmantics：is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized or encoded in the structure of a language 9morphology:the systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called morphology.10competence：Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’sknowledge of the rules of his language.11perfomance：is the actual relational of the knowledge of the rule in linguistics communication.12psycholinguistics：the study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycholinguistics13sociolinguuistics：the study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.14interlanguage:refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language.municative competence :refers to the competence incorporating the knowledge of grammarand the pragmatic ability of language use.16componential analysis: is the approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its semantic features ,it shows the semantic features of a word.17compositionality: the idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meaning of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually knows as the principle of compositionality.18argument:is a term which refers to some entity about which a statement is being made.19free variation: if two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, the two sounds can be see as free variation.大题What makes language unique to human beings?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication, it is the design features that make in unique to human beings. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the differences between human language and any system of animal communication, they are:①Arbitrariness: refer to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning .For example ,a dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of person had used it for a pig②Duality :the structural organization of language into two abstract levels :meaningful units and meaningless segments. For example , we have dictionaries of words ,but no dictionary of sentences③creativity :Language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In another sense ,that is its potential to create endless sentences.④Displacement :Language can be used to refer to context removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. For example, we can ask a friend, “where did you go last night?” “Did you meet Tom yesterday afternoon”and so on.⑤Cultural transmission :It means that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning ,rather than by instinct.。
新视野大学英语第三版第三册 unit 1 Section A
Tips
Young men, never give up. Never give up! Never give up! Never, never, never, never!
1. He was not a good student, and had he not been from a famous family, he probably would have been removed from the school for deviating from the rules. (Para. 1)
要不是他帮忙，我永远也不会完成这个项目。
Language focus
Practical phrases
偏离，背离…… 短语逆译 deviate from …
短语应用 有人生目标的人是永远不会偏离正确航向的。 意群提示 (life compass/correct course)
Those who have a life compass in their mind will never deviate from the correct course.
Main idea & structure
Main ideas of the parts
Part I — Paras. 1 – _2_
By using Winston Churchill’s story and his speech at Harrow as an introduction to the topic, the text makes clear its statement: the secret of success is “_N_e_v_e_r_g_i_v_e_u_p_”.
with the bricks others have thrown at him.
高中英语(人教大纲)第三册：Unit16 Finding jobs第一课时 教案
Unit 16 Finding jobsⅠ.Brief Statements Based on the UnitA person has to have a job in order to support himself and his family.Experts believe that there are about 40 000 different types of jobs in the world.Then how can we choose a suitable job?Choosing the right job is a difficult job in itself.This unit shows us a few steps which help us think about jobs which we might enjoy doing after school or university.It also tells us how to apply for a job,how to fill in a job application and how to conduct an interview.They are very important and helpful for the students to choose a career in the future.So students should learn this unit carefully.Ⅱ.Teaching Goals1.Discuss job and career plans.2.Talk about likes and dislikes,wishes and expectations.3.Integrative language practice.4.Write a personal statement.Ⅲ.Background InformationChoosing a CareerTo begin with we should remember,I think,that most people cannot choose their careers.They simply have their jobs forced upon them.This may be because they lack the training necessary for any other work (another job),or because of economic circumstances(情况),or because they live in a place where there is a limited choice of occupations,or because their fathers and grandfathers have always followed a certain profession.The Indian born of peasant parents in a country village has,for example,few opportunities of being anything but a peasant.But if one is lucky enough to be able to choose the work one is going to do,how should one make one’s choice,and at what age?One’s choice clearly depends on what one wants to get out of one’s work.Does one want to bee famous?Should money be considered the most important thing?Is success the chief aim in life?Or should one aim at a career which gives one happiness orselfrespect?Should one only do a job that benefits the munity or mankind as a whole,and for which one has some talent,no matter whether one likes it or not?Or is anything one does worth doing as long as one is good at it and enjoys it?Perhaps it is better to be a happy and efficient dustman than a dissatisfied bank-clerk.Some people believe that nobody can do a job well if they don’t enjoy it.But this is probably true only of certain types of work.And there are those who have a capacity (ability) for turning their jobs into something,which is an enjoyable way of earning their living,but who do not really do their work well?Some doctors,for instance,who became rich and emient(著名的) men,are in fact lacking in the humanity(美德) necessary in their career,and may even not be especially skilled at their job.The same applies to some lawyers.Perhaps many of the best doctors,lawyers,and teachers spend their lives working so hard for others that they do not have time to bee rich and famous.Fundamentally(十分重要地) one must decide,when choosing a career,whether he wants to do a job for its own sake or for the rewards it offers.Ⅳ.Teaching Time:Four periodsThe First PeriodTeaching Aims:1.Learn and master the following words and phrases:barber,chef,accountant,adviser,typist,receptionist,greengrocer,astronaut,the total number of,be suitable for2.Encourage the students to talk about choosing a career.3.Help the students to know how to choose a job.Teaching Important Point:Help the students know more about different jobs in the world.Teaching Difficult Point:How to improve the students’ speaking ability.Teaching Methods:1.Discussion to make the students know more about different jobs,and improve the students’speaking ability.2.Pair work or individual work to make every student work in class.Teaching Aids:1.the blackboard2.the multimediaTeaching Procedures:Step Ⅰ GreetingsGreet the whole class as usual.Step Ⅱ Free-talk and Lead-inT:Today we’’ve learnt something about jobs before.Now try to think of the names of jobs that we have learnt,and then I’ll ask one of you to say their names.S1:Writer,doctor,teacher,editor,worker,....(Teacher writes them on the blackboard.)T:Good.Wang Wei,what does your father do?S2:He works in a government office.T:Did he find or choose his job?S2:Yes,I think he found it.T:Do you think the job is suited to him?S2:I don’t think so.T:Can you tell us why?S2:Because he once said he didn’t enjoy it.T:What does he enjoy?S2:He enjoys writing.T:Thank you.Please sit down.Zhao Jie,may I ask you some questions?S3:Of course.T:When it is time for you to start work,how will you get a job?Do you think you can choose ajob?Will your parents help you find a job?S3:I think I can’t choose a job by myself.My parents will help me to find a job.T:What kind of job would you like to do?S3:I’d like to be a doctor.T:Why?S3:Because I want to save the hopeless cases.T:Do you think you can be a good doctor?S3’ll try my best.T:Thank you.Please sit down.Now we’re going to learn Unit 16Finding jobs.(Bb:Unit 16 Finding jobs The First Period)Step Ⅲ Warming up’s look at the four pictures.Who can answer the following 5 questions according to the pictures?S4’re shaving and cutting men’s hair.Their duty and responsibility are to shave and cut men’s hair.S5:People in Picture 2 are serving the customers.Their duty and responsibility are to wait at a table in a restaurant or hotel,dining-room etc.S6:In Picture 3 the chef is cooking.His duty and responsibility are to manage other cooks and tell them what to do.S7:They are doing accounts in Picture 4.Their duty and responsibility are to keep and examine business accounts.T:Now let’s go on with the last three questions.S:...Suggested answers:3.I know other careers,such as writers,doctors,teachers,editors,workers,engineers,etc.4.I would like to be a teacher.Because I like children and I like teaching too.I’d like to be an engineer.Because I want to constribute to the construction of our country.5.About 40 000.Step Ⅳ ListeningT:Well,let’s do some listening.You are going to hear three students talking about choosing a career.Look at the two pictures and all the questions.What do you expect they will discuss?S8:I expect they will discuss what types of jobs they want to do,what jobs their parents want them to do,and what characteristics different jobs have.T:One of the students get in touch with a careers adviser.What do you think a careers adviser does?S9:I think a careers adviser is a person who gives advice,especially one who is habitually consulted.T:OK.Now I’ll give you a few seconds to look at the pictures and then read the following questions and underline the key words.At last I’ll check the answers with the whole class.Is that clear?Ss:Yes.T:All right,Let’s begin.(Teacher plays the tape for the students.)Step Ⅴ SpeakingT:As we all know,there are many jobs for us to do.But different people have different opinions.Now answer the questions on the screen.(Teacher shows the following on the screen.)1.What five things are you good at doing?Why are you good at doing them?2.What five things are you not very good at?Why not?3.What do you most enjoy doing?Why do you enjoy it?4.What do you expect to be doing in five years’ time?5.Is it easy to choose a right job?6.How can you find a job that is suited?(After the students discuss for a few minutes,teacher begins to ask them to talk about the questions one by one)T:OK.Stop!Who’d like to talk about the first one?S10:1.①I’m good at writing,and I want to be a writer.Because I enjoy reading novels,articles and newspapers,making notes,and learning more.②I wish to be an interpreter,because I’m good at English,and I want to improve my oral English.S11:2.①I’m not good at singing,because I have no good voice,and I can’t sing well.②I’m not good at serving customers,because I don’t have skills with people.S12:1.③I want to bee a policeman.The police’s uniform is a symbol of bravery.As a policeman,I will keep order and the peace of society,and defend national honor.④I’d like to be a teacher.Because I love children and like teaching,too.I will devote myself to educational careers.’m healthy and strong.I have skills with information,and I think my English will be very helpful.S13:2.③I’m not good at counting money,so I don’t want to be a bank clerk.④I don’t do well in managing a business,so I hate to bee a manager.⑤I don’t want to be a greengrocer,for I ‘’m tired of this kind of work.S14:3.I enjoy being a travel guide most,because I like the brilliant culture and long history of our country,and I like nature,too.I want more people to understand China better.S15:4.I expect to be travelling in space like Yang Liwei,and I will know more about space.S16:5.No.6.Recognize what kind of person you are,which special qualities you have and what you are interested in,examine your skills and abilities.T:Well done!I think everyone will find a satisfying job in the future.Personally,it is important to follow your interests and abilities.Trust yourself and your own thinking and your choice.Now let’s e to the second question.Li Ping,please have a try.S17:In order to find a good job,I must study hard from now on.Try to acquire much knowledge,and have special qualities,skills and abilities.Step Ⅵ Discussion and ConsolidationT:Now you’ve been familiar with some jobs.Please look at the pictures on the screen.(Show the pictures on the screen.)T:Discuss the following questions on the blackboard.(Teacher write the questions on the blackboard.)1.What jobs can your partner suggest that might be suitable for you?2.Are you interested in doing any of the jobs on the screen?Step Ⅶ Summary and HomeworkT:In this class,we’ve mainly learned something about choosing a career by speaking and listening,so we’’s all for today.Step Ⅷ The Design of the Writing on theBlackboardUnit 16Finding jobsThe First PeriodJobs:writer,doctor,teacher,editor,worker,engineer...1.What jobs can your partner suggest that might be suitable for you?2.Are you interested in doing any of the jobs on the screen?Step Ⅸ Record after Teaching_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________。
2018_2019学年高中英语Unit16Stories课时跟踪练(四)Lesson2Lesson3_LanguagePoints(含解析北师大版选修6
课时跟踪练(四) Lesson 2 & Lesson 3 — Language Points一、全练语言点，基稳才能楼高Ⅰ.单词拼写1．The company has expanded (扩大) its operations in Scotland by building a new factory there.2．A silent tongue and true heart are the most admirable (令人钦佩的) things on earth.3．He would want you to remember him as he was in former (以前的) years.4．My parents thought it was abnormal (不正常的) for a boy to be interested in dressing.5．As we all know, there are many theories about the origin (起源) of life.6．It is apparent (明显的) to everyone that the earth is becoming warmer and warmer.7．Girls are sometimes discouraged (感到泄气的) from studying subjects like engineering and physics.8．The storm caused severe (严重的) damage to the coastal areas.9．Don't take what she said seriously; she was only teasing (逗笑)．10．There is no sense (in) trying to argue with a stubborn (固执的) woman.Ⅱ.单句语法填空1．The bridge was named after the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.2．We were eager that the project (should)_be_started (start) early.3．I came across several mistakes while I was looking through your paper.4．The train he took was held up for over two hours.5．As I was no longer able to put up with my toothache, I went to consult a dentist.6．It's of great significance (significant) for China to build an aircraft carrier.7．If asked (ask) to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.8．In class I will divide the students into small groups and lead them to_practise (practise) speaking English in an interesting way.9．He won the first prize in the composition, so he must have_prepared (prepare) well.10．Now that the fog is clearing, you can see the mountain in the distance.Ⅲ.完成句子1．The whole meal was good but the wine particularly/especially/in_particular_excellent.整顿饭很好，尤其是葡萄酒更好。
【英语教学法课件】Unit1Languageandlanguagelearning
4. Howatt, A.P.R. A History of English Language Teaching第十.五页(，共《78页。 英语语言教学(jiāo
Audiolingualism
第二十五页，共78页。
听说法 (shuōf ǎ)
Audio-Lingual Method
❖ ‘Listen and repeat’ drilling activities are the most important classroom activities.
❖ Mistakes are immediately corrected and correct utterances are immediately praised.
❖ Functional view– communicative categories, communicative ability (to be able to communicate)
❖ Interactional view– to communicate appropriately (communicative strategies, cultural awareness, etc.)
❖ Language is a rule-based system and with a knowledge of the finite rules (language competence), infinite sentences can be produced
《英语语言学概论》精选试题学生版
《英语语言学概论》精选试题11.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?nguage is a systemnguage is symbolicC.Animals also have l anguagenguage is arbitrary2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?A. SymbolicB. DualityC. ProductiveD. Arbitrary3.What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A. SaussureB. C homskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue6.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .A.the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB.the perception of soundsC.the combination of soundsD.the production of sounds8.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A.the place of articulationB.the obstruction of airstreamC.the position of the tongueD.the shape of the lips9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics11.Minimal pairs are used to .A.find the distinctive features of a languageB.find the phonemes of a languagepare two wordsD.find the allophones of languageually, suprasegmental features include ,length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable?A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak三、判断1.The analyst collects samples of the language as it is used, not according to some views of how it should be used. This is called the prescriptive approach. F2.B road transcription is normally used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. F台州学院考试题1.Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.2.English is a typical intonation language.3.Phones in complementary distribution should be assigned to the same phoneme.4.Linguistic c is a native speaker’s linguistic knowledge of his language.1.The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is a .2.P refers to the realization of langue in actual u se.3.Linguistics is generally defined as t he s study of language.1.Which of the following branch of linguistics takes the inner structure of word as its main object of study?A. Phonetics.B. Semantics.C. M orphology.D. Sociolinguistics.3. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [w].B. [m].C. [b].D. [p].6. What phonetic feature distinguishes the [p] in please and the [p] in speak?A.VoicingB. AspirationC. RoundnessD. Nasality11.Conventionally a is put in slashes.A. a llophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morphemenguage is tool of communication. The symbol “highway closed ”serves .A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function14.Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pair?A. but/pubB. wet/whichC. cool/curlD. fail/find16.What are the dual structures of language?A. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and m eaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.19.Which of the following is one of the core branches of linguistics?A.Phonology.B.Psycho-linguistics.C.Sociolinguistics.D.Anthropology.IV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)A. From English to ChineseB. From Chinese to English1.acoustic phonetics6. 應用語言學2. closed class words4. distinctive featuresVI.Answer the following questions briefly. (20 points)1.Define phoneme. (4 points)2.Explain complementary distribution with an example.(5 points)3.What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels. (4 points)问答答案1. A contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable by rules. (4 points)(or: A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.)2.The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment.（4 points）e.g. [p] and [p h] never occur in the same position. （1 point）3.the position of the tongue in the mouth(1 point), the openness of the mouth(1 point), the shape of the lips(1 point), and the length of the vowels. (1 point)Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI.Choose the best answer. (20%)nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humanA. contactB. communicationC. relationD. Community2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. Bang3.The function of the sentence ―Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.‖ is.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. Performative4.In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say―碎碎（岁岁）平安‖as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feelmight affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place , due to this feature of language, speakers of a language arefree to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6.Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—Anice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7.________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8.When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone thatexists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicat design feature of .A.cultural transmissionB.productivityC.displacementD. Duality9.answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A.PsycholinguisticsB.A nthropological linguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Applied linguistics10.deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A.Linguistic theoryB.Practical linguisticsC.Applied linguisticsparative linguisticsII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. F13.Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.nguage is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F15.We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details language system can be genetically transmitted. F16.Only human beings are able to communicate. F17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. F18. A study of the features of the English used in Shake e s a p re’s time is an example of the diachronic 历时study of language. F19.Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.F20. III.All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.Fill in the blanks. (10%)Fnguage, broadly speaking, is a means of verbal_ communication.22.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed creativity_ .nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This funct is .24.Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavywork has been c alled the yo-he-ho ________ theory.25.Linguistics is the systematic study of language.26.Modern linguistics is __ ________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27.One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of over writing.28.The description of a language as it changes through time is a study.29.Saussure put forward two important concepts. refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s.I V.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Design feature32.Displacementpetence34.Synchronic linguisticsV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language?Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004 ）35.Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out o a small number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combineto form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational systemwhich will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.Pitch variation is k nown as when its patterns are imposed on s entences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2.Conventionally a is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as .A. g lottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula6.A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A.Acoustic phoneticsB.Articulatory phoneticsC.Auditory phoneticsD.None of the above8.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. V oicedC. G lottal s topD. ConsonantII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger thanthe segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12.The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire thequality of a speech sound.14.[p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17.W hen pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18.According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into vs. lax or long vs. short.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be e ither ______ __ or _______ _, while all vowel sounds are .23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the and the lips.25.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without .26.In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating .27.In English there are a number of _________ , which are produced by moving f rom one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28.refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29.is the smallest linguistic unit.IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Sound assimilation32.Suprasegmental featureplementary distribution34.Distinctive featuresV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.What is a coustic phonetics? （中国人民大学，2003 ）36.What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation? （南开大学，2004 ）VI.Analyze the f ollowing situation. (20%)37.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999 ）(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2)low front vowel(3)lateral liquid(4)velar nasal(5)voiced interdental fricative32.Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.plementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34.Distinctive featureIst: refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a d istinctive feature.V. 35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speechsound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are usedto measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds pr in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.11。
现代大学英语 Unit 1 Half a Day
IntroductionElementary English is one of the required courses for English majors. Traditionally it is called intensive reading. Intensive means “which gives a lot of attention or action to a small amount of sth/ in a small amount of time.” It is contrasted to extensive reading. Extensive means “large in amount”. In intensive reading, you need to make sure the correct pronunciation of each word, the appropriate meanings of each word, phrase and sentences, not only the literal meaning, but the deeper and implied meaning. To achieve this , you need to know some background infromation and knowledge.This is only one part of intensive reading. It is an integrated English course. The aims of this course is to development students language skills, that is, listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating；to broaden their knowledge and devlope their ciritical way of thinking as well. Class hours are far from being sufficient. You need spend more hours to study before class and after class.Unit 1 Half a DayTeaching Procedure1. Warm-up Activities2. Background Information3. Text Appreciation4. Language Study5. ExerciseⅠ. Warm-up ActivitiesDiscussion:1. On “First Day at School”Was it hard for you to leave home for the first time in your life? Who saw you off at the railway st ation? Who came to school with you?What did he/she say to you on the way?What do you think is the business of university? What do you expect to learn here? Did you feel y ou were a stranger the first day you arrived?Did you find the university just as you had imagined? In what way was it as you imagined, and in what way wasn’t it?Were you disappointed when you found it wasn’t as good as you had expected?2. On the Change of a CityDoes your hometown look like how it used to when you were in primary school? How much does your hometown change? How do you see these changes?II. Background InformationNotes on the text 1 p4Ⅲ. Text Appreciation1. General UnderstandingPlot: a little boy’s first time to go to schoolSetting: on the way to schoolat schoolon the way homeProtagonists: ―I‖–the boy in the storyTheme :Writing devices:2. Thematic AnalysisEverything is changing!1. All my clothes are new.2. School makes useful men out of boys.3. My misgivings had had no basis.4. Our path was not totally sweet and unclouded.5. The lady would sometimes smile, but yell and scold often.6. The streets lined with the gardens disappeared.7. I turned out to be a grandpa.What changes are conveyed?changes on my part: clothes’ my view on school; my outer appearancechanges on other people’s part: the lady’s attitude toward uschanges in the society : the street crowded with cars, high buildings, rubbish and childrenThe following are a few possible understandings of the message the story conveys. Which one do you agree with? Argue with your group partners.Time and tide wait for no man.Life is a tragedy. There is nothing permanent in life but change. Education can never keep up wit h changes in society. Life is short and time is precious.Life is a dream. Do not take anything seriously.Time goes by quickly and many things can take place in your lifetime. Before you know it, a new society is born.3. Text StructurePart 1 (paras.1-7 ) : The boy’s misgivings about school. Questions for Part 1:①What does this part tell us about the boy’s relations with his parents?A: It seems that the boy was closer to his mother. Probably his mother was gentle while his father was strict.②How did the boy see school?A: A punishment (P 4); a prison (P6); a dreadful place③Read the following suggestions made by the father. Which ones do you agree with and which ones not? Have you ever been given some suggestions by your parents when entering the university? L ist them out.School is a place that makes useful men out of boys.Don’t you want to be useful like your brothers?Put a smile on your face and be a good example to others. Be a man.Today you truly begin life. A: Open.Part 2 (paras.8-16 ) :How the boy felt about schoolQuestions for Part 2: ① Did the boy change his attitude towards school after entering it? A: P 13.② How many experiences did the boy tell us about the school life? A: P14.Part 3 (paras.17-20 ):Walking out of the school, he found time had changed everything. Questions for Part 3:① What did he see on his way home?A: P17. ② How do you understand the ending? What is the effect of this writing strategy? Do you know any other novels/stories written with the same strategy?A: The protagonist returns after being absent for a short time to find everything changed beyond re cognition.Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle. Rip was a simple good-natured man. One fine day he went with his dog to the mountains to hunt squirrels. He drank something a queer old man offered him, and fell fast asleep. When he woke up he found himself an old man and that great changes had occ urred in his village during his absence. In the village inn the portrait of King George 3 had been re placed by one of General Washington. This technique is often used to emphasize rapid changes in society.《贾奉雉》from《聊斋》贾奉雉才名冠世，考试却屡战屡败。
北师大版高二英语必修6_Unit16_复习方略精品课件
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话题之十六——人际关系 三年9考
请你根据以下提示，结合生活中的一个事例，用英语写一 篇短文，谈谈微笑的作用。
The best example of universally understood body language may be the smile. A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers. A smile can open doors and tear down walls. 注意：词数为100左右。
In the morning class the next day, the English teacher came to me while I was reading the text as loud as other students. After listening to me for a while, she gave me a big smile and said she liked my voice very much. The smile shone on the whole day and the following days. A week later, I volunteered to take charge of English study in my class.
21. _a_b_n_o_r_m__a_l (adj. ) 反常的，不正常的→ _n_o_r_m_a_l_(adj. ) 正常的， 通常的
22. _o_r_ig_i_n_(n. ) 起源，开端；出身→ _o_r_ig_i_n_a_l_(adj. )最初的，起 先的；独创的
浙江地区高二英语下学期Unit16 The United States of America 人教版
某某地区高二英语下学期Unit16 The United States of America 一. 教材分析㈠. 教学内容本单元的中心话题是“美国” ,课文围绕“美国南部”及“美洲平原上的野牛”展开, 让人感受美国的变迁过程. 本单元有助于培养学生跨文化交际意识,进一步拓宽视野,为终身学习奠定良好的基础.“热身”(Warming up)部分, 给我们提供了三幅画面,有利于我们从宏观上和微观上把握美国地理特征.练习题引导学生从美国的历史渊源,经济等方面认识美国,有利于学生的探究学习.“听力”(Listening) 部分设置了三个练习,由浅到深,层层深入. 练习1不仅有利于我们了解纽约市,而且有利于培养学生在听力中快速捕捉信息的能力. 练习2 和3有助于学生了解美国的背景知识,丰富学生的文化内涵.“口语”(Speaking)部分要求学生根据提示描述一个场所.题目设置贴近学生生活. 教师除了课本所提示的说明处,还可以引导学生描述自己的学校.“读前”(Pre-reading) 部分设计了两个练习.练习1要求学生列一份自己家乡的年表,并列出重要的事件以及变化过程,讨论其前因后果. 练习 2 要求学生在年表上填写美国历史上发生的五件大事, 这有利于训练学生的逻辑思维能力,为阅读有关美国历史的课文做准备.“阅读”(Reading)部分“美国南部” (The American South), 介绍了南部------一部充满灾难的历史, 同时也是一部充满成功与希望的历史.文章重点介绍了美国南部佐治亚亚特兰大市自内战以来的发展和变化. 着重阐述了反对种族隔离制度斗争的美国运动, 及其杰出的领袖马丁.路德.金的斗争精神. 通过阅读这篇文章可以了解,美国是个多民族的多元文化国家. 由于文章涉及美国历史的变化, 城市的发展, 需要对比的手法描写, 本篇文章可称得上是一篇对比性写作的X文.“读后”(Post-reading)部分练习1有利于学生通过实例来阐明观点. 练习2 要求学生进行两人小组讨论或者多人小组讨论, 题目强调了语篇意识,设置层次性强,有利于培养学生的思辨能力.“语言学习”(Language Study)部分包含词汇和语法两部份. 词汇学习涉及构词法知识,设计新颖,看似简单,其实灵活, 有助于学生留意某些词加后缀时意义的变化, 有利于避免负迁移. 语法练习2考察学生在语篇中使用非限定动词的能力, 注重学生综合素质的提高. “综合技能”(Integrating Skills)部分包含阅读和写作. 通过阅读“美洲平原上的野牛” , 人们了解了美国历史上大规模屠宰野牛,破坏美洲草原生物链的教训. 写作部分要求学生写一封电子, 帮助美国学生了解中国.这就需要学生在理解教材的基础上,从面积,人口,语言,民族,重要城市等方面比较美国于中国的区别.这项任务有利于提高学生的语言运用能力.特别是语言概括能力.“学习建议”(Tips)部分指导要求学生开展写对比分析文章,以及学生写作时要注意的相关事项.“复习要点”(Check points) 通过练习引导学生对非限定动词作一次小结,并对要求学生对描述处所的词汇进行一次小结,有利于培养学生的自学能力.㈡. 教学目标1．语言知识词汇：e ntry mental physical suffering greedy trader unemployment unrest sacrifice reconstruction former funeral dawn overeinsist plain resist chief afterwards widespread rot wildlifesupply chain willing in vain take a chance leave alone insist onput on on sale in turn语法：复习非限定动词I don’t mind his being invited.He hate being laughing atShe enjoys being interviewed.It is important for lost time to be made up.功能：描绘场所What does your hometown look like ?What does the landscape look like ?Are there ? There is in the north.How long/wide/high/tall is the….?It’s .. metres / feet long /wide/high/tall.It looks like …….2．语言技能听：听两段有关NY的短文，捕捉信息，改正错说：用恰当的语言描述一个地方读：掌握skimming scanning generalization taking notes 等微阅读技能。
人教版高中英语必修一教学课件：unit+3+Period+2
短语快记:
1.prefer to 2.think about 3.fill in 4.make use of
5.flow through 6.ever since 7.dream about 8.be fond of
9.care about 10.change one’s mind 11.make up one’s mind
the next meeting.
Some people prefer sitting up to going to bed early.
(
)
【答案】动词。更喜欢
prefer to do sth rather than (1)
sth 宁愿做某事
而不愿做某事
prefer sb to do sth 宁愿某人做某事
贵的山地自行车,然后还说服我买了一辆(山地车)。
(2015·安徽)Advertisements persuade us that newer is better
and that we will be happier with the latest products.
It will be difficult to persuade them that there’s no other
阅读教材例句,写出黑体部分单词的词性和意思。
(P18)Now she is planning our schedule for the trip.现在
她正在为我们的旅行制订计划。
(1)The new bridge has been finished two years ahead of
)
(
schedule.
11.shortcoming 12.stubborn anize 14.determined
英语语言学练习(含答案)
Chapter 11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language .(√)2.What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the rules used in language .(×)[What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the sounds used in language .]3The major branches of linguistics are phonetics ,phonedogy ,psycholinguistics ,morphology ,syntax ,semantics ,pragmat ic ,sociolinguistics ,and applied linguistics .(√)4.As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonetics .(×)[As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonology .]5.Linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use ,it is said to be descriptive and modern linguistics is mostly descriptive .(√)6.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a diachronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a synchronic .(×)[The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a diachronic .]ngue and parole are relatively stable ,it does not change frequently .(×) [Langue and parole varies from person to person ,from situation to situation .]8.Chomsky define competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language ,and performance the actual realization of this language in linguistic communication .(√)9.Modern linguistics regards the written as primary .(×)[Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary .]nguage is a s ystem of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .(√)nguage is arbitrary ,this means that there is logical connection between meanings and sounds .(×)[Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is not logical connection between meanings and sounds .]nguage feature are arbitrariness ,productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cultural transmission .(√) nguage is arbitrary by nature ,and it is entirely arbitrary .(×) [Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is not entirely arbitrary .]14.Productivity is unique to human language .(√)nguage is a system ,which consists of three sets of structures ,or three levels .(×)[Language is a system ,which consists of two sets of structures ,or three levels .]16.Three main functions of language are :the descriptive function ,the expressive,and the social function.(√)nguage cannot beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .(×)[Language can beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .]18."what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the expressive function of language .(×)["what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the social function of language .]19.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language ,but are not mutually intelligible . This indicates cultural transmission feature of language .(√)20The ideational function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships be tween people .(×)[The interpersonal function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .]Chapter 21.Speech and writing are the two media order substances used by natural language as vehicle for communication .(√)2.Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with a part of the sounds that occur in the world's language .(×)[Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language .]3.The branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and acoustics phonetics .(√)4.Phonetic similarly ,phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operatein the phonolgical analysis of langua ge .(×)[Phonetic similarly ,not phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .]5.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in suc h a condition are voiceless. (√)6.The speech organ located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula，the soft palate （the velum）， the hard palate，the teeth ridge（the alveolus），the teeth and the lips.(√)7.Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.（×）[Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.]8.In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.（×）[In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated.]9.English consonants can be classified in two ways：one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.（√）10.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and bilabial. （×）[In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and glides . ]11.In terms of place of articulation，the English consonants can be classified into seven types：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、and glottal. （√）12.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held lowest.(×)[Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest .]13、We classify the vowels into four groups：close vowels，semi-close vowels，semi-open vowels， and open vowels. （√）14、In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.(×)[In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels without the [a:]，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.]15.The main supranational features include stress ,intonation ,and tone .Stressc ontains word stress and sentence stress.(√)16.There are four tones .The first tone is level ,the second rise ,the third fall -rise ,and the fourth fall .(√)17."He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,car ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.(×)["He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,my ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.]18.The location of stress in English distinguishes me aning .(√)19When spoken in different intonation ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.(×)[When spoken in different tones ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.]20.A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an concrete unit . (×)[A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an abstract unit .]Chapter 31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" and "functional" words. (√)2. Linguisis use the term morphlolgy to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word and word structure.(√)3.Linguisis define the word as the smallest free form found in language. (√)4. The plural marking -s is a free form. (×) [The plural marking -s is not a free form]5. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. (√)6. The word READER consists of two morphemes:read and -er. (√)7. The English plural and possessive morphems may be said to share a single morph,the suffix /-s/. (√)8. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a bound morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a free morpheme. (×)[A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.]9. STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. (√)10. AFFIX is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). (√)11. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. (√)12. Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always free morphemes. (×)[Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes.]13. A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning. (√)14. -en,-ate,and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes. (√)15.The morpheme BOY is free morpheme since it can be used as a word on its own;the plural -s ,on the other hand,is bound. (√)16. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes. (√)17. Compounding is a very common and frequently process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language. (√)18. Morphemes m ay have different forms. (√)19. The plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation and cannot be separated from the noun to which it belongs. (√)20.It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of s ound joined together. (√)Chapter 41.Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the different functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order averb .(×)[Category refers to a group of linguistic items which f ullfill the same or similar functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .]2.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences .(√)3.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head and specifier .(×)[Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head,specifier and complement .]4.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule .(√)5.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called sentences .(×)[Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases .]6.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase structure rule .(√)7.The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . (×) [The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . ]8.Major lexical categories are Non ,verb ,Adjevtive and Preposition .(√)9.The XP rules =(specifier )×(complement).(√)10.Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence . (×) [Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation .]11.The most central categories to the synthetic study are the word-level categories .(√)12.According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the tail of a sentence which takesa vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the left .(×)[According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the head of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the right .]13.The words around which a phrase is formed is termed head .(√)14.Words which include the sentence complement are termed complementizers . (√)15.The construction in which the phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .(×)[T he construction in which the complement phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .]16.This classification reflects a variety of factors ,including the type of meaning that words express ,the type of affixes that they take ,and the type of structures in which they can occur .(√)Chapter 51.In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct，and it is mediated by concept. (√)2.The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. (√)3. A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things. (√)4.Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.(√)5.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship6. “I bought some roses” entails “I bought some flowers”. (√)7. The naming theory was proposed by the Greek scholar Plato. (√)8.According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the languag e of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. (√)9.The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context.(√)10.The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning;words that are opposite in meaning are antonymy. (√)11.Semantics can be defined as the study of naming.(×)[Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.]12.Once the notion of meaning was taken into consideration， semantics spilled into pragmatics.(×)[Once the notion of context was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.]13.According to semantic triangle， there is a direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.(×)[According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.]14.Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(×) [Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,complementary.]16.The meaning of the word black consists in the two collocational of black hair and black coffee. (×)17.Words are identical in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.(×)[Words are different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.]18.Hyponyms is helpless in both receptive and productive processing of language.(×) [Hyponyms is helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language.]19.”Can I borrow your bike？"is synonymous with "You have a bike."(×)[”Can I borrow your bike？" presupposes "You have a bike."]ponential analysis can help explain the sense relations of words.(×) [Componential analysis cannot help explain the sense relations of words.]（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
2023年中考英语人教版教材梳理——话题十六 语言学习(原卷板+答案版)
2023年中考英语人教版教材梳理——话题十六语言学习9Unit 1How can we become good learners?一、高频单词1．化学n. 2.物理n.3．笔记；记录；指出n.&v. 4.能力；才能n.5．知识；学问n. 6.秘密；秘诀；秘密的n.&adj.7．语法n. 8.谈话；交谈n.9．有耐心的；病人adj.&n. 10.句子n.11．回顾；复习n.&v. 12.速度n.13．大脑n. 14.关注；注意n.15．发音n. 16.创造；创建v.17．重复；重做v. 18.增加；增长v.19．发音v. 20.发现；发觉v.21．(使)连接；与……有联系v. 22.出生；天生的v.&adj.23．大声地adv. 24.活跃的；积极的adj.二、重点短语1．注意；关注 2.把……和……连接或联系起来三、重点语法( )1.Chen Hao solved his problem by his friends for help.A．ask B．asked C．asking D．to ask( )2.—How did Tom become a good learner?—practicing and learning from mistakes.A．By B．On C．At D．In备考演练一、语法选择I started learning English at the age of 22.It is kind of 1. to start studying a language.However, age is never a problem 2. you really want to learn something.I was preparing myself to study engineering in the USA.To enter 3. dream university, I had to get a TOEFL(托福) score of 90 or higher.After careful thought, I signed up for (报名参加) a six－month program 4. English.It was difficult to get 90 in six months for someone 5. started learning English from the very beginning, but I decided to have a try.In order to join the program, I moved to a different city and rented (租用) a house 6.a friend.We were in 7. same program.We did not have any distractions(使人分心的事物) in our house, such as televisions, computers or smartphones.We 8. classes every day from 8：30 a．m.to 4：30 p．m.with a lunch break only.After the classes, we had 9. for dinner and started reviewing what we had learned and doing homework.We would study until we became sleepy and usually we would finish it by midnight.My friend and I encouraged each other and we did our best.10. ，we both got perfect TOEFL scores and went to the USA at last.( )te B．later C．latest( )2.A.because B．if C．whether( )3.A.I B．me C．my( )4.A.study B．studied C．to study( )5.A.what B．which C．who( )6.A.with B．at C．of( )7.A.a B．an C．the( )8.A.have B．had C．were having( )9.A.something B．nothing C．anything( )10.A.Luck B．Lucky C．Luckily二、短文填空Arturo and Miguel are brothers.They moved from Mexico to the United States several years 1. ．Arturo's English is 2. than Miguel's because he took English classes for two years.“Why do you always shows in English？” asked Miguel.“You know I don't understand them very well.”“It helps me 4.my English，” said Arturo.“Besides, I like American TV shows.”“I don't like 5.，” said Miguel.“I don't understand 6. the people on TV are saying.They speak too fast.”“That's because you didn't take English classes.I told you to go to English classes 7. me，” said Arturo. “I speak English very well.That's why I'm talking to you in 8. ，” said Miguel.“I don't need classes.”“If your English is good enough, why can't you understand the people on TV？” asked Arturo.“9.they speak too fast.I already told you that.Didn't you listen？” said Miguel.“I heard you.Your English is very good, but it would be better if you took English classes，” said Arturo.“10.school I went to also has job －training classes.You should go.”“I'll think about it，” said Miguel.三、话题写作三年的初中生活里，你一定积累下了自己的英语学习经验。
信息技术英语unit16
Unit 16High-level Programming LanguagesChapter Four&Part4 Extensive Reading @Part 1 Notes to Text@Part5Notes to Passage & Part 2 Word Study@Part3 Practice on Text @Part6 Practice on Passage@Part 1 Notes to TextHigh-level Programming Languages1) Instructions written in a high-level language must betranslated into the machine language used by thecomputer system. 用高级语所编写的指令，必须被翻译成计算机系统中所采用的机器语言。
注释：在此句中written in a high-level language是过去分词短语做定语，修饰主语Instructions；过去分词短语used bythe computer system也是定语,修饰the machinelanguage。
2) This means that program written in a high-levellanguage such as COBOL should run on any computersystem with COBOL compiler．那就意味着以某种高级语言，例如COBOL编写的程序，应在带有COBOL编译程序的计算机系统中运行。
注释：此句的主语This指代上文；that引导的是宾语从句；过去分词短语written in a high-level language修饰thatprogram；介词短语with COBOL compiler修饰anycomputer system。
新标准大学英语综合教程4(unit1-6完整版)课后答案及课文翻译
综合4unit1-6答案Unit 1Active reading (1)Looking for a job after university? First, get off the sofaReading and understandingDealing with unfamiliar words3 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 to make progress by moving to the next stage in a series of actions or events (proceed)2 the process of changing from one situation, form or state to another (transition)3 not feeling involved with someone or something in a close or emotional way (detached)4 referring to something which will happen soon (upcoming)5 to be sitting still in a position that is not upright (slump)6 to return to a previous state or way of behaving (revert)7 to say what happened (recount)4 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 3.It is n‘t easy to make the (1) transition from a busy university student to an unemployed young adult (2) slumped on a bar stool or half watching a mindless television show, wondering if and how their career is going to (3) proceed. Many people who have experienced a long period of inactivity like this, when (4) recounting how they felt at the time, refer to the same strange psychological effect. As the days pass, they begin to feel (5) detached from any sense of pressure to go and look for a job, and tend to regard (6) upcoming interviews as if they were not very important. Typically, back at home after three or four years away, they (7) revert to old habits, start seeing old friends, and, in many cases, become dependent again on their parents.5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 I went to a mixed-ability secondary school just outside London. (comprehensive)2 I got stopped by a policeman who asked to see my driving licence. (cop)3 Have you seen this beautiful from the air view of Oxford? (aerial)4 Isabel tightly her bag as she walked down the corridor towards the office. (clutched)5 You should speak to Toby; he‘s an supporter of flexible working hours. (advocate)6 I hurt my leg ba dly a couple of months ago, and it still hasn‘t got better completely. (healed)6 Answer the questions about the words.1 Is a dead-end job one with (a) exciting prospects, or (b) no future?2 Is a tricky problem (a) difficult, or (b) easy to solve?3 If an activity saps all your energy, do you feel (a) tired, or (b) more active than usual?4 Does a pushy person try to (a) persuade you to do something you don‘t want to, or (b) help you by listening to what you have to say?5 If you feel apathy, do you want to (a) change the world, or (b) stay at home and do nothing?7 Answer the questions about the phrases.1 Is fork out (a) a formal, or (b) an informal way of saying to pay for something?2 If you are in the same boat as another person, are you (a) making the same journey together, or (b) in the same difficult or unpleasant situation?3 If you feel you have come full circle, do you (a) feel you are back where you started, or (b) feel a sense of satisfaction because you have completed something?4 If someone takes a soft line, do they deal with a person (a) in a kind and sympathetic way, or (b) in a lazy way without making a decision?5 If you strike the right note about something, are you expressing yourself (a) well, or (b) badly?6 If you do something by all means, do you (a) try your best to do it, or (b) not care about it?7 If you nudge someone back into the saddle, are you encouraging them to (a) take responsibility again, or (b) take it easy?8 If you talk through a problem with someone, do you (a) examine it carefully and sensitively, or (b) refer to it quickly and then change the subject?Active reading (2)If you ask meDealing with unfamiliar words4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 funny or entertaining (amusing)2 used for emphasizing that something good has happened, especially because of good luck (fortunately)3 an amount of money that a person, business or country borrows, usually from a bank (loan)4 to take an amount or number from a total (deduct)5 the most exciting, impressive, or interesting part of an event (highlight)6 to show that you understand someone‘s problems (sympathize)7 needing a lot of time, ability, and energy (demanding)5 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.A A fter three years at university, I‘m now quite heavily in debt.B I (1) sympathize with you, I know what it‘s like to have financial problems. But (2) fortunately I didn‘t need to take out a student (3) loan when I was at university, because I had a part-time job.A What did you do?B I worked in a restaurant at weekends.A That must have been very (4) demanding.B Yes, it was. I had to get the right balance between work and study. But the other people who worked there were good fun to be with, so it was quite (5) amusing too. The (6) highlight of the weekend was always Saturday night when we worked overtime.A But I don‘t expect you made a lot of money?B No, there wasn‘t much after they‘d (7) deducted tax and pension contributions. But it was enough to keep me going.6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 When I was at college I kept all my personal things in an old cupboard.2 A lot of people who leave university before getting a degree end up in good jobs.3 I think she‘ll get a good degree, but I wouldn‘t risk my money on the exact result.4 The money I spent at college was more than what I earned in my part-time job.5 The chances of my being offered a job after that interview must be quite remote.6 Our business has done very well since we changed our advertising.7 I think telling the truth and not cheating is always the best policy.Key:(1) belongings (2) dropouts (3) gamble (4) exceeded (5) odds(6) has thrived (7) honesty7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.1 If something is not all it’s cracked up to be, is it (a) valid and interesting, or (b) just a little bit disappointing?2 If someone keeps banging on about something, are you likely to be (a) interested in, or (b) bored by what they say?3 If there is a lot of hassle in your life, are you likely to feel (a) stressed, or (b) relaxed?4 If something happens out of the blue, is it (a) unexpected, or (b) part of your plan?5 If you say you ended up in a particular job, do you suggest that (a) you have fulfilled your ambition, or (b) it happened almost by chance?6 Are the regulars in a pub (a) the customers who come very often, or (b) the food the pub offers most often?7 If something is dead easy, is it (a) very easy, or (b) not easy at all?8 If you treat someone to something, do you (a) buy something nice for them, or (b) behave badly to them?9 If you cheer a place up, do you (a) make the place look brighter, or (b) make the people in the place happier?Reading and interpreting8 Look at the sentences from the passage and identify the style features.1 Twelve years at school and three years at university, teachers banging on about opportunities in the big wide world beyond our sheltered life as students, and what do I find?This shows the informality of an incomplete sentence in the first part, the use of an informal expression (banging on) and a rhetorical question to the reader (What do I find?)2 Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, sometimes with people (especially boys, god, when will they grow up?) …This has the use of an informal word (hassle), an informal exclamation (god) and a question to the reader (When will they grow up?)3 Actually, I had my eye on the course at the London School of Economics (LSE).Here there is a discourse marker typical of speech (Actually) and an informal phrase (had my eye on).4 I kind of understand it, and not just because my degree is in economics.Here ―kind of‖ is a sort of discourse marker of informal speech (showing something is general, vague or not definite).5 I wanted something in finance and investments, because you know, maybe with a job like that, Icould use my degree.This has a discourse marker of informal speech (you know).6 ... it‘s true, he really did seem to have three hands.Again here is a discourse marker of informal speech (it‘s true).7 I talked to him about ... well, about pretty well everything …This has another discourse marker of informal speech (well) and an informal phrase (pretty well). Language in useword formation: compound nouns1 Write the compound nouns which mean:1 a degree which is awarded a first class (a first-class degree)2 work in a hospital (hospital work)3 a ticket for a plane journey (a plane ticket)4 a discount for students (a student discount)5 a pass which allows you to travel on buses (a bus pass)6 a room where an interview is held (an interview room)7 a period spent in training (a training period)word formation: noun phrases2 Write the noun phrases which mean:1 a career which is rewarding from the financial point of view (a financially rewarding career)2 legislation which has been introduced recently (recently introduced legislation)3 instructions which are more complex than usual (unusually complex instructions)4 an institution which is orientated towards academic (academically orientated work)5 work which makes physical demands on you (physically demanding work)6 information which has the potential to be important (potentially important information)7 candidates who have been selected after a careful procedure (carefully selected candidates)8 a coursebook in which everything has been planned beautifully (a beautifully planned textbook)try as … might3 Rewrite the sentences us ing try as … might .1 I‘m trying to fill this last page, but I just can‘t think of anything.Try as I might to fill this last page, I just can‘t think of anything.2 I try to be friendly with Marta, but she doesn‘t seem to respond.Try as I might to be fr iendly with Marta, she doesn‘t seem to respond.3 I try hard to get to sleep, but I can‘t help thinking about my family.Try as I might to get to sleep, I can‘t help thinking about my family.4 He just doesn‘t seem to get the promotion he deserves, even th ough he keeps trying.Try as he might, he just doesn‘t seem to get the promotion he deserves. / Try as he might to get the promotion he deserves, he just doesn‘t seem to get it.5 I keep trying to remember her name, but my mind is a blank.Try as I might to remember her name, my mind is a blank.given that …4 Rewrite the sentences using given that …1 Since I know several languages, I thought I would look for work abroad.Given that I know several languages, I thought I would look for work abroad.2 Xiao Li has the best qualifications, so she should get the job.Given that Xiao Li has the best qualifications, she should get the job.3 Since we‘re all here, I think it would be a good idea to get down to some work.Given that we‘re all here, I think it would be a good idea to get down to some work.4 Since it‘s rather late, I think we should leave this last task until tomorrow.Given that it‘s rather late, I think we should leave this last task until tomorrow.clauses introduced by than5 Rewrite the sentences using clauses introduced by than .1 She‘s experienced at giving advice. I‘m more experienced.She‘s less experienced at giving advice than I am. / I‘m more experienced at giving advice than she is.2 You eat too much chocolate. It isn‘t good for you.You eat too much chocolate than is good for you.3 She worked very hard. Most part-timers don‘t work so hard.She worked harder than most part-timers do.4 You have arrived late too many times. That isn‘t acceptable.You have arrived late more times than is acceptable.5 I don‘t think you should have given so much personal information. It isn‘t wise.I think you have given more personal information than is wise.collocations6 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions.1 highlight A highlight is the most exciting, impressive, or interesting part of an event.(a) What would you like to be the highlight of your career?I would like the highlight of my student career to be to receive a national award for the best student research project.(b) How can you highlight an important sentence in a text?You can underline it in pencil or pen or you can use coloured pens or highlighters.(c) What are the edited highlights of a football match?The highlights are when someone scores a goal or prevents one from being scored.2 loan A loan is an amount of money someone borrows from someone else.(a) Have you ever taken out a loan?No, I haven‘t. But my parents have taken out several loans to buy kitchen equipment.(b) What is the best way to pay off a loan?It is best to pay a loan off quickly, although you will still have to pay some interest.(c) If you have a library book on loan, what do you have to do with it?You have to return it before the date it is due, otherwise you may have to pay a fine.3 thrive To thrive means to be very successful, happy or healthy.(a) What sort of business thrives best in your part of the country?In my part of the country, light industries and electronics companies thrive.(b) Which sort of plants thrive in a hot climate?In a hot climate you can see tropical fruit and vegetables thrive and also tropical plants and trees. (c) Why do you think some couples thrive on conflict?It is difficult to understand why some couples thrive on conflict. Maybe each one wants to compete with the other or maybe they enjoy ―kissing and making up‖ after the conflict.7 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.If you ask me, real life is not all it‘s cracked up to be. Twelve years at school and three years at university, teachers banging on about opportunities in the big wide world beyond our sheltered life as students, and what do I find?Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, sometimes with people (especially boys, god, when will they grow up?), but mostly with money. It‘s just so expensive out here! Everyone wants a slice off you. The Inland Revenue wants to deduct income tax, the bank manager wants repayments on my student loan, the landlord wants the rent, gas, water, electricity and my mobile bills keep coming in, and all th at‘s before I‘ve had anything to eat. And then some bright spark calls me out of the blue, asking if I‘m interested in buying a pension. At this rate, I won‘t even last till the end of the year, let alone till I‘m 60.（☞翻译时可以根据上下文增译，即增加原文暗含了但没有直接表达出来的意思。
2019_2020学年高中英语Unit16StoriesPeriodTwo教案(含解析)北师大版选修6
PeriodTwo Warm-up&Lesson1StoriesfromHistory—LanguagePointsⅠ.写出下列单词的汉语意思(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)1.biography n.传记2.fantasy n.想象(幻想)物3.victim n.受害者4.criteria n.(评判的)标准5.novelist n.(长篇)小说家6.capsule n.胶囊；太空舱7.awesome adj.令人敬畏的8.architecture n.建筑9.authentic adj.原作的；真正的10.monument n.纪念碑，纪念堂Ⅱ.写出下列汉语对应的英语单词(共13小题；每小题2分，满分26分)1.放弃，遗弃vt.abandon→被抛弃的adj.abandoned2.保护，保存vt.preserve→保护，保存n.preservation3.目击v.witness4.发生vi.occur5.颤抖，发抖vi.tremble6.特别地；特定地adv.particularly→特别的adj.particular7.遗失，丢失n.loss→丢失vt.lose8.倒回vi.&vt.rewind9.典型的adj.characteristic→特征n.character10.聚集vi.&vt.gather11.悲伤，难过n.sorrow→悲伤的adj.sorrowful12.同情n.sympathy13.爆炸；冲，闯vi.burstⅢ.写出下列短语或短语对应的汉语意思(共12小题；每小题2分，满分24分)eintoview出现2.撞倒某人knocksb.over3.onceuponatime从前4.堵住blockout5.从某种程度上说inaway6.侧身onone’sside7.splitup(使)解散；决裂8.onthewayto在去……的路上9.增加工资payrise10.leaveadeepimpressionon给……留下深刻印象11.digout挖掘12.becaughtin被困在……Ⅳ.完成句子(共5小题；每小题7分，满分35分)1.AroundtheendofthefirstcenturyAD，aRomanwritercalledPlinywroteaboutaterriblevolcaniceruptionthathehadwitnessedasay oungman.大约公元一世纪末，一位名叫普利尼的罗马作家描述了他年轻时目睹的一场可怕的火山爆发的情景。
语言学题目有答案
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence“Water boils at100degrees Centigrade.”is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC.informative D. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎(岁岁)平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC.Performative D. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC.Displacement D. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day,isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC.Performative D. Interpersonal7. __________refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC.Langue D. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or l ost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC.displacement D. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example ofthe diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? (南开大学，2004)36. Why is it difficult to define language? (北京第二外国语大学， 2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? (青岛海洋大学， 1999)1~5BACCC 11~15 FFTFF 6~10BACAC 16~20 FFFFF31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. Competence:It is an essential part of performance.It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.35. Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements –for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.36. It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus,definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.37. It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis –collect data –check against the observable facts –come to a conclusion.1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C.[ b ] D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C.[e] D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottalstop D. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast,namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense x or long vs.short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.35. What is acoustic phonetics? (中国人民大学， 2003)36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation? (南开大学， 2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions;then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. (青岛海洋大学， 1999)(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABB11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFF31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without,this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.Chapter 3 Lexicon1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. functionwords D. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC.bound D. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC.five D. six4. In English ise and tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC.infix D. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing wordsby subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of__________.A. acronymyB. clippingC.initialism D. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC.back-formation D. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC.disagree D. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC.morpheme D. allomorph11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?2003)36. What are the main features of the English compounds?37.Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II2004)I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculation1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADB11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFF31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch) 32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.37.(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) bChapter 4 Syntax1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical 2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase“the city Rome”is__________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city R o m e9. The phrase“on the shelf”belongs to__________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD.coordinateA. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.2004)2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letteryesterday.3. 1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBA11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTT4. 31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to formsentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to theanalysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structuralconstituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a traceleft in thewe have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowers5. 1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2.C. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B.Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4.C. entailsD. presupposes5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.19. -place predication because it contains no argument.20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.6. 1~5 ABDDB 6~10 CACDAII.11~15 FFTFT 16~20 TFTTT1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. General linguistics2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.A. Geographical barriersB.Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechC. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD. Social barriers5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer6. _________in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. Variation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; maleB. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the“polite”society from general use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. tabooII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.13. From the sociolinguistic perspective,the term“speech variety”can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.8. 1~5 BCAAC 6~10 DACAD11~15 FTFFF 16~20 TFTFF1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive4. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.5. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A.in the late50’s of the20the centuryB.in the early1950’sC.in the late1960’sD. in the early 21st century6. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act7. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB.to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs8. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about9. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle10. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)。
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depression [C] 萧条期，不景气；n. 沮丧 the Great Depression of the 1930’s
20世纪30年代的大萧条 economic depression 经济萧条
A holiday will help his depression. 度假会帮助他改善抑郁情绪。 • depress vt. 使沮丧 • depressed adj. 忧郁的 • depressing adj. 令人沮丧的
suffering n. [u] 痛苦，苦难
physical adj. 1. 身体的； physical examination身体检查 physical education 体育(PE) 2. 物理的；
This change of state is a physical change and not a chemical one.
种种痛苦，苦难 （常用复数） adj. 受苦的，受难 I hope this wou的ld end my suffering.
Please have pity for other’s sufferings.
The world is full of suffering people.
suffer v. 痛苦；折磨（常与from连用）
自负的，虚荣的
She’s very vain about her beauty. 她为她的美丽而自负。 All our efforts were vain. 我们一切的努力都是徒劳。 in vain 徒然；枉然 We tried in vain to change his mind. 我们竭力使他改变主意，但是没有用。 try in vain to do sth. 枉费心机地做某事
I won’t sacrifice my health in pursuit of wealth. 我不会为了追求财富而牺牲健康。 2. [C] & [U] 牺牲；祭品。 He made sacrifices for these children. 他为这些孩子做出了种种牺牲。 • fall a sacrifice to 成为……的牺牲品 • make sacrifices for 为……牺牲 • offer a sacrifice to 向……献供祭品
be greedy of/for gain
贪得无厌
be greedy for knowledge
渴求知识
greed [U] 贪心；贪婪；贪食
greedily adv. 贪心地；失业率。
unemployment problem 失业问题 unemployment insurance 失业保险
the former 视为复数 If I had to choose between fish and chicken I ‘d prefer
the former. 如果让我在鱼和鸡之间选择其一，我选择前者。 反义词 ： latter 较后的，后者的
economical adj. 经济的；节约的
economic adj. 经济学的
eventually adv. (=at last) 最后，终究，结果 You will find someone eventually. 你最后会找到一个人的。 Eventually we all must die. 最后我们都会死。 dawn n. 开端，黎明 (＝daybreak) The darkest hour is before the dawn. It is almost dawn. The book is about the dawn of civilization.
economics n. 经济学
economy
n. 节约 经济
adj. 廉价的 cheap
segregation [U] 隔离，种族隔离；分离 segregate vt. 使隔离 segregated adj. 隔离的
injustice n. 不公平；非正义 justice 公平；正义
vain adj. 徒劳的，徒然的
unrest n. [U] 动荡；不安 social unrest 社会的不安 civil unrest 国内动乱 political unrest 政治动乱 rest n. 安静；安宁
sacrifice 1. vt. 牺牲；奉献；把……作祭品； She sacrificed her life to save her child. 她为了救孩子而牺牲了自己的生命。
former adj.
1. ) 以前的，原先的（常做前置定语）
former days 往日
He is my former classmate.
他是我以前的同学。 2. ) 前者的，前面的 （指前述两者中先提到的） Of the two books, I prefer the former. 这两本书中我喜欢前者。 3. ) the former 前者，相当于代词，若指代复数，则
greedy adj. 贪婪的；渴望的；贪吃的（可与for 或动词不定式连用）
He’s not hungry; he’s just greedy. 他不饿，只是贪吃而已。
He is greedy for fame. 他渴望成名。
We are greedy to get more information. 我们渴望获得更多的信息。
A lot of workers were thrown into unemployment. 很多工人陷入失业状态。
Unemployment is on the rise. 失业人数正在增加。 employ v. 雇佣 employer n. 雇主 employee n. 雇员 employment n. 雇佣