华中科技大学2003年第二次博士研究生入学考试试题
华中科技大学外科学(骨外科)2001--2019年考博初试真题
股骨头血供特点及其对股骨颈骨折临床治疗预后指导意义。
2013华中科技大学同济医院 骨科试题
外科总论
1、自体输血的定义、类型及适应症与禁忌症。
2、SIRS，sepsis，MODS的定义与三者的联系。
3、外科手术预防使用抗生素的适应症及抗生素的使用原则。
4、IVN的并发症。
骨科部分
名解
1、孟氏骨折
2、死亡冠
3、脊髓空洞症
4、patrick征
简答
1、AO、BO原则
2、脊柱的三维结构理论及脊柱侧弯的治疗原则。
3、人工髋关节翻修术的适应症及禁忌症
问答
1、人工颈椎间盘置换术的定义，理论依据，颈椎前路手术的并发症
2、膝关节置换术的假体类型有哪些，膝关节置换的技术要点，计算机导航下的TKA与传统TKA相比优点及不足。
3.简述肩袖损伤原因，病理分期及临床表现。
4.试述骨肿瘤的临床分期，恶性骨肿瘤的外科治疗依据。
5.急性血源性骨髓炎的诊断与治疗。
6.腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗。
2016年华科骨外科（病理、外科、英语）
总论，四个简答题，共40分
1，外科术后常见并发症及原因 2.体液及酸碱平衡失调的临床治疗原则
3.多器官功能不全综合征的原因 4.创伤性休克的原因
（骨科）
一 名解
1 Monteggia骨折
2 Risse征
3 髌骨软骨软化症
4 Tinel征
二 问答
1 脊柱侧弯的8大病因
2 骨工程种子细胞的研究进展
3 股骨头坏死的X线分期及治疗
2010年华中科技大学骨科考博试题
一名词解释：1、高钾血症 2、胸外心脏按压 3、中心静脉压 4、非少尿性肾功能衰竭 5、jefferson fracture 6、bohler 角 7、骨筋膜室综合症 8、新月征 9、急性骨萎缩
华中科技大学生理学2001--2019(2001--2010,2012有答案)年考博真题
牵张反射的转入通路，肺扩张反射的生理作用被取消 ⑦电刺激迷走神经传入端呼吸停止肺牵张反射引起呼吸抑制，肺萎缩反射引起吸气增强， 两者的转入纤维都在迷走神经中上行。电刺激迷走神经传入端影响呼吸中枢，导致呼吸运 动改变；由于电刺激是持续存在的，故呼吸运动会停止。 四、刺激胃酸分泌的内源性物质有哪些？试述消化期间胃液分泌增加的调节及机制？（2 0分） [答案]刺激胃液分泌的内源性物质有：1乙酰胆碱2促胃液素3组胺；其中，乙酰胆碱和促 胃液素可以促进组胺的产生和释放。刺激胃酸分泌的其他因素有钙离子、低血糖、咖啡因 和酒精。 消化器胃液分泌的调节：进食后胃液分泌的调节，可按照食物机器相关感受器的所在部位 人为的分为以下三期： （1）.头期胃液分泌：此期胃液分泌包括条件反射和非条反射两种机制。传出神经是迷走 神经，迷走神经兴奋刺激胃液分泌可通过两种机制：一是直接刺激壁细胞；二是刺激G细 胞和ECL细胞（肠嗜铬样细胞），分别释放促胃液素和组胺，间接促进胃液分泌。支配壁 细胞的ECL细胞的迷走神经节后纤维释放的递质是Ach,其作用可被阿托品阻断；而支配G 细胞的迷走神经节后纤维的递质是促胃液素释放肽，其作用不能被阿托品所阻断。头期胃 液分泌受情绪和食欲的影响很大，其分泌量占整个消化期分泌量的约30%，胃液的酸度
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由峰值逐步下降且略低于主动脉压，但心室内血液因为受到心室肌收缩的作用而具有较高 的动能，依其惯性作用逆着压力梯度射入主动脉。⑶心室舒张期：①等容舒张期：心室开 始舒张后，室内压下降，主动脉内的血液逆流向心室，推动半月瓣关闭，这时室内压仍明 显高于心房压，房室瓣依然处于关闭状态，心室又成为封闭腔。此时，心室肌舒张，室内 压以极快的速度大幅度下降，但容积并不改变。②心室充盈期：当室内压降到低于心房压 时，房室瓣开启，血液顺着房— 室压力梯度由心房流向心室，血液流速较快，心室容积增大，称为快速充盈期。在此期间 进入心室内的血液约为总充盈量的2/3。之后，快速充盈期后，心室内已有相当的充盈血 量，大静脉、房室间的压力梯度逐渐减小，血液以较慢的速度继续流入心室，心室容积继 续增大，称减慢充盈期。 三、切断颈动脉体和主动脉体的传入神经前后，分别吸入5％的二氧化碳，对呼吸各有何 影响？并分析其影响机制？（20分） [答案] ①切断颈动脉体和主动脉体的传入神经前后，分别吸入5%的二氧化碳，均能使呼吸运动 加深加快。因为二氧化碳兴奋呼吸是通过刺激中枢化学感受器和外周化学感受器两条途径 而起作用的，并以刺激中枢化学感受器的作用为主：切断前吸入CO2，血中CO2浓度增 加→CO2进入脑内生成H2O3解离释放出H+，刺激延髓化学快。其次，血中CO2通过刺激主动脉体和颈动脉体外周化学 感受器，冲动分别沿窦神经和迷走神经传入延髓，反射性引起呼吸加深加快。切断颈动脉 体取消了二氧化碳刺激外周化学感受器的作用后，二氧化碳仍能通过刺激中枢化学感受器 而兴奋呼吸运动。 ②低氧或缺氧（吸入氮气），只能通过兴奋外周化学感受器，转而使呼吸运动增强，因此 在切断家兔颈动脉体前吸入氮气（缺氧）可使呼吸运动增强，切断后吸入氮气增强呼吸运 动的作用则不明显。 ③注射乳酸（增加H）加深加快作用机理与上相似，但由于H不易进入脑内，因此主要通 过刺激外周化学感受器而起作用。 ④吸入纯氮（缺氧），加深加快血中PO2氧分压下降刺激主动脉体和颈动脉体化学感受 器而起作用 ⑤长管呼吸（增大无效腔），呼吸加深， PCO2 增加，机制同①；PO2下降，机制同②；还有第三个原因：呼吸机本体感受器反射的影 响：由于气道加长→气道阻力增加→呼吸机肌梭的兴奋性增加→脊髓运动神经元兴奋性增 加→呼吸机运动增强。由于呼吸阻力增加，呼吸频率可能变慢。 ⑥切断双侧迷走神经，加深变慢肺牵张反射（肺扩张反射和肺萎缩反射）的肺扩张反射的 作用在于抑制呼吸过长过深，促使吸气及时转为呼气，切断了双侧迷走神经后，中断了肺
2003年春季华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2003年春季华中科技⼤学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】考试科⽬：英语适⽤专业：Part I. Listening comprehension (10%)Directions:In this part you will hear three long talks or passages. Each will be read only once. At the end of each talk or passage, there will be somequestions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.Question 1 to 4 are based on the talk you’ve just heard.1. A. She wants him to listen to the noise.B. She wants him to examine the machine.C. She wants him to wash the clothes.D. She wants him to repair the machine.2. A. He asks the woman to ignore the noise.B. He asks the woman to let him finish his reading.C. He asks the woman to ring the shop and ask them to repair it.D. He asks the woman to stop washing.3. A. The man from the shop overcharged then for his work.B. The man from the shop charged them two pounds.D. The man from the shop fixed the machine carelessly.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you’re just heard.4. A. Different businesses produce different products.B. Each worker plays a certain role in finishing a certain product.C. The workers are very specialized experts in their field.D. Each worker is only concerned with his own work.5. A. It is easy for the workers to become experts.B. It will reduce the labor.C. It will raise the productivity.D. It will make the workers satisfied with their work.6.A. The division of labor brings about mass production.B. Most workers have no idea how the production is operated on the whole.C. Workers seem to be unable to get a sense of satisfaction from working.D. Working on one small duty day after day is dull.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.7. A. We will not have enough food to eat.B. All the oil that drives our car will be used up.C. The earth will become ice crowded.D. There will be little water left on Earth.8. A. Venus is too hot.B. There is no water there.D. It is lacking in carbon dioxide.9. A. A large amount of carbon.B. Heavy rain.C. The proper temperature.D. Enough water.10. A. The way to ensure the survival of the human race on Venus.B. The way to breed organisms on Venus.C The way to reduce the population of the Earth.D. The way to conquer the universe.Part II. Cloze (15%)Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes thesentence.With the passage of time, the wave of change also spread to cities. The expression “one’s 11 on marriage” began to appear, as did the concept of “marriage as one of life’s many 12 ,”The 13 of men still unmarried in their thirties reached about twenty percent in the national 14 taken in 1985, and the advent (到来) of a “hard-to-get-married era” began to be 15 talked about. The figure apparently 16 30percent in 1995. 17 , the highest rate of male singles in their thirtieswas 18 in Tokyo, including that the 19 number of unmarried men was no longer a 20 rural problem.What about women? The proportion of unmarried women in the 25-59 age bracket（年龄段）has been increasing 21 about 5 percent every five years until it is now nearly 50 percent.What are the real reasons women 22 not to marry? Early on, two were cited: women are now better educated and more women are interested in working outside the home. A ministry of Education survey 23 in 1989 found that 35.8 percent of male high school graduates went on to college or university (including junior college) -less than the 36.8 percent for female graduates. This was the first time since the ministry started such surveys that women had outnumbered men in going 24 higher education. 25 , the proportion of women with jobs outside the home reached 49.5 percent in 1989.11. A. outlook B. lookout C. conception D. belief12. A. options B. alterations C. substitutes D. preferences13. A. ration B. ration C. proportion D. rates14. A. investigation B. census C. search D. approach15. A. very much B. fairly C. rather D. much16. A. transcended B. proceeded C. preceded D. exceeded17. A. Nonetheless B. Nevertheless C. Moreover D. Likewise18. A. recorded B. provided C. granted D. supplied19. A. growing B. grown C. advancing D. promoting20. A. primary B. prime C. primarily D. chief21. A. for B. at C. by D. with22. A. offer B. long C. choose D. expect23. A. sponsored B. conducted C. imposed D. enforced24. A. with B. in for C. about D. after25. A. Incidentally B. Virtually C. Meanwhile D. FurthermorePart III. Reading comprehension (40)Directions: In this part, there are 4 reading passages. Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions at the end of each passage. Choosethe best answer to each question and write your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.Passage 1The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keeper escapers is defined by attention—that aspect ofmind carrying consciousness forward from on moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subde signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animals, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and nor epinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is possibly aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead, perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly。
华工高分子考博试题荟萃
华中理工大学二00一年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题高分子化学部分一．名词解释（每题3分，共15分）1．自动加速现象2．理想衡比共聚3．凝胶点4．扩链5．化学计量聚合二．选择填空（每题1分，共7分）1．在阳离子聚合中，异丁烯以SnCL4作引发剂，下列物质为共引发剂，其聚合速率随引发剂增大的次序是。
a.硝基乙烷》丙烷》氯化氢b.丙酮》氯化氢》硝基乙烷c. 氯化氢》硝基乙烷》丙酮 2.作为α-烯烃的配位阴离子聚合的主引发剂，其价态不同的过度金属组合物的定向能力大小的次序是。
a. TiCL3(α,γ,δ)>TiCL2>TiCL4 b. TiCL2>TiCL4>TiCL3(α,γ,δ) c. TiCL4>TiCL3(α,γ,δ)>TiCL2 3. 既能进行阳离子聚合，又能进行阴离子聚合的单体，有和。
a. 异丁烯b.甲醛c.环氧乙烷d.丁二烯e.乙烯基醚4.在氯乙烯的自由基聚合中，聚氯乙烯的平均聚合度主要决定于向转移的速度常数。
a. 溶剂 b. 引发剂 c .聚合物d. 单体5．下列聚合物中和是热塑性弹性体。
a.ISI b.BS c.BSB d.SBS e.SIS 注：I表示聚异戊二烯链节B表示聚丁二烯链节S 表示聚苯乙烯链节三．写出下列反应的化学反应式（每题3分，共6分）1．氨氧化法制备聚丙烯腈2．以乙烯为原料制备聚氯乙烯四．填空（每空1分，共17分）1．在缩聚反应中聚合的聚合度稳步上升，延长聚合反应时间其主要目的在于提高，而不是提高。
2．配位聚合的概念最初是解释α-烯烃聚合（用Ziegler-Natta引发剂）极力时提出的，配位聚合是指单位分子首先在的空位上配位，形成某种形式的（常称）随后单体分子相继插入中进行增长。
3. 在进行自由基聚合反应动力学研究时作了，------------和三个假设。
4．悬浮聚合是单体以悬浮在中进行的聚合，悬浮聚合体系一般由，，和四个基本组分组成。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理 1
同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。
2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。
3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。
4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。
5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。
2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。
请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。
简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。
并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。
注：名解是用英文出的。
3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。
历年湖北省华中科技大学英语考博真题
以下是[⽆忧★考]为⼤家整理的《历年湖北省华中科技⼤学英语考博真题》的⽂章，供⼤家参考阅读！ 华中科技⼤学 2010年招收博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试试题 考试科⽬：英语 适合专业：各专业 Part I Cloze (0.5x20=10%) Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank inthe passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the .United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 1 en event takes place, newspapers are on the street 2 the details. 3 anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news. Newspapers have one basic 4 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to 5 it. Radio, telegraph, television, and 6 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. 7 , this competitionmerely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 8 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 9 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to 10 out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today's newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious 11 Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 12 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 13 Newspapers are sold at a price that 14 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 15 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 16 in selling advertising depends newspaper's value to advertisers. This 17 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 18 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment 19 in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information 20 the community, city, county, state, nation and world……and even outer space. 1. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D, Before 2. A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given 3. A. Wherever B. Whatever C. However D. Whichever 4. A. reason B. cause C. problem D. purpose 5. A. make B. publish C. know D. write 6. A. another B. other C. one another D. the other 7. A. HoweverB. AndC. ThereforeD. So 8. A. value B. ratio C. rate D. speed 9. A. spread B. passed C. printed D. completed10. A. provoke B. jump C. step D. branch 11. A. matters B. affairs C. things D. events 12. A. on B. through C. with D. of 13. A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose 14. A. tries to cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D. succeeds in 15. A. source B. origin C.course D. finance 16. A. way B. means C. chance D. success 17. A. measures B. measured C. is measured D. was measured 18. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something 19. A. offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered 20. A. by B. with C. at D. about Part II Reading comprehension (20x2=40%) Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Passage One Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by" induction". Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon's conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries …… such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the" force" of gravity …… could never have been made if Bacon's rules had prevailed. Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacon's own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most "obvious" of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a-fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain. What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances. 21. According to Bacon, facts 。
华中科技大学分子生物学2003年考博真题考博试卷
二、问答题（共 3 小题，每小题 10 分，共 30 分） 1.什么是分子克隆技术？它的主要步骤是什么？ 2.真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。 3.简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式？
三、选答题（任选 2 小题，每小题 10 分，共 20 分） 1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理 2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划（HGMP）完成的意义（科学、经济和社会的） 3. 就你所知 RNA 研究领域中，理论和技术方面的进展有哪些。 4. 简述 PCR 技术中引物设计的要点。
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华中科技大学
2003 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：分子生物学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释并写出对应的英文名词（共 10 小题，每小题 5 分，共 0 分） 1.克隆载体 2.表达载体 3.断裂基因 4.双脱氧核苷酸 5.多克隆位点 6.启动子 7.癌基因 8.核糖体结合位点 9.增强子 10.开放阅读框架
华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试
华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试
《马克思主义哲学原理》考试大纲
哲学与马克思主义哲学观
马克思主义哲学革命的起源、实质及其意义
马克思主义哲学的形态演变
马克思主义哲学与时代精神
马克思主义哲学的当代价值与当代形态
马克思主义哲学的中国化
实践性与马克思主义哲学本质
马克思主义唯物论及其当代意义
马克思主义辩证法及其当代发展
马克思主义认识论及其当代发展
马克思主义价值论及其当代发展
马克思主义社会历史观及其当代发展
马克思主义人学及其当代发展
马克思主义哲学与中国哲学对话
马克思主义哲学与当代西方哲学对话
马克思主义哲学与西方马克思主义
马克思主义哲学与当代科技发展
马克思主义哲学与当代社会实践进步
当前马克思主义哲学研究的前沿问题
马克思主义哲学的当代视野
全球化与马克思主义哲学的当代发展。
1999-2011华中科技大学西方经济学专业及发展经济学博士入学考试试题
华科技大学经济学院西方经济学专业入学考试试题华中科技大学1999年西方经济学博士试题：一、简答题（4×15＝60分）1、比较一般均衡与局部均衡的分析方法，并说明二者在微观经济学不同部分中的应用。
2、试述垄断竞争条件下产量与价格的决定。
3、简述AS-AD模型的内容和政策含义。
4、结合我国当前实际，简析刺激需求政策的理论基础、手段和作用。
二、论述题（40分）试述微宏观经济学产生和发展的梗概及其特点。
华中科技大学1999年发展经济学博士试题：一、何为工业化与现代化？在工业化进程中农业的地位和作用及其变动趋势如何？（30分）二、西方发展经济学为何陷入困难？怎样才能使发展经济学获得新生和发展？（30分）三、试述并评价刘易斯二元经济结构模型。
（20分）四、试论亚洲金融危机的起因及其消除和防范的途径。
（20分）――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――华中科技大学2000年西方经济学博士试题：一、试分别用基数效用论和序数效用论解释需求定律。
（15分）二、试述委托－代理理论及其对我国国企改革的意义。
（15分）三、试运用AS-AD模型解释失业与通货膨胀的各种关系。
（15分）四、试述蒙代尔－弗莱明模型的内容与含义。
（15分）五、试述不同市场形态（完全竞争、完全垄断和垄断竞争）下厂商产量与价格的决定及其意义。
（20分）六、试述凯恩斯主义与货币主义在货币理论与货币政策上的异同。
（20分）华中科技大学2000年发展经济学博士试题：一、试论农业对工业化的贡献以及工业化对农业发展的影响。
（30分）二、何为人力资本？其形成过程如何？它在工业化和现代化过程中有何作用？（20分）三、简述区位理论和区域理论的主要内容和特点，结合我国当前西部大开发战略谈谈你的看法。
（20分）四、简述发展经济学的产生和发展梗概，试论建立新型发展经济学的必要性和可行性。
（30分）――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――华中科技大学2001年西方经济学博士试题：一、简答题（6×10＝60分）1、怎样用序数效用论分析收入效应与替代效应（用图形说明）？吉芬商品的收入效应与替代效应有何特点？2、何谓价格歧视？实行价格歧视需要哪些条件？价格歧视有哪几种形式？其经济意义何在？3、什么是古诺模型？它与纳什均衡有何关系？4、如何理解GDP或GNP的两种方法？为何在国民收入核算时使用恒等式：C+S+T≡C+I+G+NX，而在宏观经济分析时使用等式：C+S+T=C+I+G+NX？二者的区别何在？5、AS曲线的斜率是如何决定的？有哪几种形式？各有何政策含义？6、什么是货币供给函数和货币需求函数？用图形表示货币市场均衡，并说明其政策含义？二、论述题（2×20＝40分）1、市场为什么会失灵？解决市场失灵的办法有哪些？2、从西方国家20世纪30年代的“大萧条”到70年代的“滞胀”，再到90年代的“新经济”，如何引起宏观经济学理论和政策上的变革？怎样评价这一演变过程？华中科技大学2001年发展经济学博士试题：1、简评纳克斯（R. Nurkse）的“贫困恶性循环”理论。
华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题
目录2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 (2)2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 (8)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(1) (15)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(2) (21)2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案 (28)2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案 (29)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案(1) (30)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案(2) (31)2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题Cloze (1x10=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Some kids have a hard time 1 to the new freedom that they acquire when they leave high school and come to college. Here you are able to choose 2 or not you want to go to class. However, this responsibility comes with a great price. If you do not go to class, you may miss an important lecture and these are very critical when it comes time for the test that is fifty percent of your grade. With this responsibility I have learned how to manage my time more 3 . 4 hating every minute of school, I value it 5 a time for me to prepare for the big test. This new schedule has also changed me in that now I 6 school is worth my time. I do not dread going to class. Yes, it is boring some of the time but since I only have two to four classes a day for only four days out of the week, it is not as 7__ as high school. Also many of my courses require more in depth thinking. As an alternative to doing worksheets and 8 simple questions, college courses call 9 _ analysis and thought. Almost all of my homework now is writing papers and reading books. These to this routine, I have been able to investigate and recognize meaning more 10 and it has helped me in my thought process.1. A) content B) to adopt C) finding D) adjusting2. A) where B) when C) whether D) if3. A) effective B) efficiently C) effort D) affect4. A) Instead of B) Rather than C) Instead D) Other than5. A) for B) upon C) as D) with6. A) should like B) feel like C) look like D) would like7. A) unpleasant B) pleasant C) enjoyable D) misfortune8. A) answered B) answer C) answering D) to answer9. A) in B) for C) up D) about10. A) likely B) prepared C) ready D) readilyII. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage 1Extremely refined behaviour, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on an a inferior form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. You can easily think of dozens of examples of customs and habits in your own daily life which come under this heading.Etiquette cultivated as an art of gracious living ______.has been typical of rich and leisured societiesadvocates that women are the same as menbegan in nineteenth-century Provencelooks down on extremely refined behaviourThe ideals of chivalry demanded that ______.a knight should never have physical relationships with womena knight should inspire his lady to valiant deedsa knight should dedicate his valiant deeds to a womanromantic people should influence literatureThe rules of etiquette in Renaissance Italy ______.were chiefly concerned with the correct use of one's sword or handkerchiefwere practiced by the majority of societydid not apply to a large section of societywere fairly simple to followThe average working man in fifteenth-century Italy ______.spent all his life outdoorsspent all his life in his own poor huthad better social manners than workers todaywas unlikely to have possessed a swordConsideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of giving unnecessary offence to others are ______.the essential basis of all systems of good mannersnot a universal feature of etiquettetaught to the lower classes by the upper classesoften neglected by polite societyPassage 2One day Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand in London, killing time, when his eye was caught by an enormous picture displayed upon the wall of a house. It represented a human figure covered with long, dark hair, with huge nails upon his hands and a most fearful expression. On coming nearer, he heard a man call out "Walk in, ladies and gentlemen, the most wonderful curiosity ever exhibited --only five pence the wild man from Africa -- he eats raw food, and many other pleasing and surprising performances." Mr kerry paid his money and was admitted. At first the crowd prevented his seeing anything, for the place was full to suffocation (窒息), and the noise awful. At last, Mr Kerry obtained, by means of squeezing and pushing, a place in the front, when to his horror, he saw a figure that was far worse than the portrait outside.It was a man, nearly naked, covered with long, shaggy hair, that grew even over his nose and cheekbones. He sprang about, sometimes on his feet, sometimes on all-fours, but always uttering the most fearful yells, and glaring upon the crowd in a manner that was really dangerous. Mr Kerry did not feel exactly happy at the whole proceeding, and began heartily to wish himself outside. Suddenly, the savage gave a more frightening scream than before and seized a piece of raw beef which a keeper extended to him on a long fork. This he tore to pieces eagerly, and ate in the most voracious (贪婪的) manner, among great clapping of hands and other evidence of satisfaction from the audience. "I'll go now," thought Mr Kerry, "for who knows whether, in his hungry moods, he might not fancy finishing his dinner with me." Just at this instant, some sounds struck his ear that surprised him.He listened more attentively and, to his amazement, found that among the most fearful cries and wild yells, the savage was talking Irish. Now, Mr Kerry had never heard of an African Irishman so he listened very closely, and by degrees, not only the words were known to him, but the very voice was familiar, so turning to the savage, he addressed him in Irish, at the same time fixing him with a severe look."Who are you " said Mr Kerry."Billy McCabe, sir.""And what do you mean by playing your tricks here, instead of earning your living like an honest man ""Well," said Billy, "I'm earning the rent to pay you. One must do many strange things to pay the kind of rent you charge."Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand because ______.he had nothing else to dohe was late for an appointmenthe was looking for something to dohe was reluctant to go homeInside the house, at first, Mr Kerry ______.was nearly suffocatedcould see nothingwas pushed aboutcouldn't hear anythingThe wild man gave the impression of being dangerous by ______.the way he movedthe way he dressedthe looks he gavethe cries he madeMr Kerry decided to leave the house because ______.he flt extremely frightenedhe was worried what might happenhe didn't wish to eat with the savagehe feared he might have a heart attackThe wild man surprised Mr Kerry by speaking Irish since ______.he was on show in Londonhe was a primitive savagehe previously spoke gibberishhe was thought to be AfricanPassage 3Having reached the highest point of our route according to plan, we discovered something the map had not told us. It was impossible to climb down into the Kingo valley. The river lay deep between mountain sides that were almost vertical. We couldn't find any animal tracks, which usually show the best way across country, and the slopes were covered so thickly with bushes that we could not see the nature of the ground. We had somehow to break through to the river which would give us our direction out of the mountains into the inhabited lowlands.Our guide cut a narrow path through the bushes with his long knife and we followed in single file. Progress was slow. Then, when we thought we had really reached the river, we found ourselves instead on the edge of a cliff with a straight drop of 1000 feet to the water below. We climbed back up the slope and began to look for another way down. We climbed, slipped, sweated and scratched our hands to pieces and finally arrived at the river. Happily we strode downhill along its bank without having to cut our way. However, after a few miles theriver entered a steep-sided gap between rocks and suddenly dropped thirty-five feet over a waterfall. There was no path alongside it and no way round it.Then one of the guides saw a way of overcoming the difficulty. There was a fallen tree lying upside down over the waterfall with its leafy top resting on the opposite bank below the falls. Without hesitation he climbed down the slippery trunk to show us how easy it was. Having got to the fork of the tree, he moved hand over hand along a branch for four or five feet with his legs hanging in space, then he dropped onto the flat bank on the other side, throwing his arms in the air like a footballer who has scored a goal, and cheerfully waving us on.Having reached the highest point on their route, the travelers expected to be able to ______.A. track animals to the riverB. put away the maps they had been usingC. approach the river from different directionD. get down to the river without much difficulty22.The travelers wanted to get to the river because ______.A. it would lead them to the waterfallB. it would show them which way to goC. it was the only possible route out of the mountainsD. it was a quicker route than going over the mountains23. One reason why the travelers took so long to get to the river was that ______.A. it was too hot to move quicklyB. there was no proper pathC. they all tried to go in different waysD. they could not follow the animal tracks24. The travelers were happy when they reached the river because ______.A. they had a sense of achievementB. the going was much easier thenC. they were eager to see the waterfallD. they knew they were near their destination25. To get past the waterfall the guide had to ______.A. use a fallen tree as a kind of bridgeB. cross the river above the waterfallC. slide down a steep river bankD. swing across the river from a high branchPassage 4Will you be watching 'Horizon' on Monday evening, or is that when you're down at the local HILARY MACASKILL suggests here that tuning in may be advisable.This week's Horizon: How Much Can You Drink Addresses itself to the practical issue of the dividing line between harmless normal drinking and the "serious drinking problem" that troubles an estimated 700 000 people in this country. Too much drinking can have terrible effects on health: in the next 12 months 10 000 people may die prematurely from the effects of drink. Advertisements can no longer characterize alcohol as beneficial. Guinness is not now projected as "good for you". Nevertheless, social drinkers cling hopefully to that scrap of half-remembered research that suggests that a little drink is good for you.Well, perhaps it is. Darts (a game) players can draw comfort from the evidence in the programme that hand shaking lessens after a few drinks. Though it must be added that next day's hand shaking was greater than normal. Moderate drinking, because of the effect of alcohol on the blood, may give some protection against heart disease.But people's bodies vary hugely in their reactions to alcohol. The less fortunate drinkers may get cirrhosis (a kind of disease) of the liver after a far smaller alcohol amount than another drinker.So how much can you drink The answer, if you are a woman, is less that a man. The reason is not another example of rough discrimination but that women, unfair though it may be, are more at risk from alcohol. Doctors recommend a daily limit of six units for a man, four units for a woman.That limit is the aim of those who attend Drink Watchers, formed 18 months ago, which works on similar lines to Weight Watchers. After an initial screening to ensure that they aren't physically damaged by alcohol, Drink Watchers meet weekly to analyze ant discuss the daily records they keep of their drinks. "The aim is to provide a social base as much as anything," says National co-ordinator Geraldine Wilson. "We replace the pub life with a different social life."Enjoying sensible drinking is the goal of Drink Watchers and Geraldine has some useful tips to help people stick to the limit: "Make the first drink a soft one to quench the thirst. Alternate alcohol with mineral water. Put the glass on the table between sips. Distance the glass so you have to make a conscious effort to reach it. Make one drink last 40 minutes. Most important, plan how much to drink in an evening, count the drinks and then stop."26. Based on what do you think this article is writtenA. A magazineB. A newspaperC. A medical journal.D. A TV program.27. Can alcohol ever be good for youA. Yes, in moderate amount.B. No, even in moderate amount.C. Maybe, in moderate amount.D. Never, even in moderate amount.28. How can Drink Watchers help youA. By checking your health.B. By providing social base.C. By helping you cut down on your drinking.D. All the above.29. What do you think the word "soft" in the third line of paragraph 7 meansA. gentleB. non-alcoholicC. mildD. calm30. Which of the following is NOT true according to the textA. 700 000 people in Britain are seriously affected by alcohol.B. 10 000 people are likely to die in the next year because of alcohol.C. Six units of beer for men and 4 units for women everyday is 'safe'.D. Different people react almost the same to alcohol.TranslationSection A From English into Chinese (15%)Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet.People could land on Mars in the next 20 to 30 years provided scientists can find water on the red planet, the head of NASA's (美国国家宇航局) surface exploration mission said on September 16.Two partially solar-powered "robot geologists" -- Mars Exploration Rovers, or MERs –(机器人地质学者——火星探测漫游者) have been trundling across 3 miles of the planet and into craters since January, beaming back data about the makeup of what scientists believe is Earth's sister planet.1. Asked how long it could be before astronauts land on Mars, Arthur Thompson, mission manager for MER surface operations said, "My best guess is 20 to 30 years, if that becomes our primary priority."The two MER robots, dubbed Spirit and Opportunity, have found ancient evidence that water was once plentiful -- important for scientists hoping to know if there was once -- or could still be -- life on Mars.Without water, the dream of sending astronauts to the often dusty planet, which has rust-colored rocks and where the sky is red and sunsets are blue, couldn't unravel."If we cannot find water,it really makes it difficult to send humans. Water is the key," said Thompson, who was attending a mining engineers' conference.2. Such a mission would take 11 to 12 months to get to Mars and it would be impossible to carry enough water for the astronauts, plus the water needed to make rocket fuel for the return journey, to cool the spacecraft and to generate energy.Thompson said scientists had found a canyon on Mars "that makes the Grand Canyon look like a small canyon," where water could still be present."There are indications that there is actually water that seeps out the side of the canyon, and going down the side it evaporates. We believe it's an ongoing process," he said.3. Three satellites now orbiting Mars are constantly gathering information, and Thompson said, "If there is water, we believe the chances of finding life are greatly increased."Section B From Chinese into English (15%)Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the answer sheet.自从1843年第一张圣诞贺卡在伦敦印刷,销售以来,公务贺卡已经成为政治家们节日活动中不可缺少的一部分.1. 德高望众的亚伯拉罕•林肯(Abraham Lincoln)是第一位发现圣诞贺卡中蕴藏着政治效力的美国总统,在此过程中,圣诞老人的形象永远留在了人们心中.美国内战期间,奴隶们控制的南方政权与北方的联邦政府相抗衡,当时林肯总统要求政治漫画家托马斯•纳斯特在圣诞老人的画像上配上联邦军队,旨在鼓舞士兵的士气.托马斯•纳斯特是第一个让胖胖的圣诞老人穿上现在看来传统的红色外套和宽大皮带的人.2. 据说看到这个活泼可爱的家伙站在北方联邦军队一边,南方军队的士气大大的受挫.没过多久,他们就战败了.二战期间,同盟国政府同样用圣诞祝词来鼓舞占领区的战士们,幽默的贺卡给战士们带来了充满希望的援助.3. 事实上,正是从这个阶段开始,圣诞节寄贺卡的传统在美国总统中流传起来——至今他们都是世界上最认真的寄卡人之一.Writing(20%)Directions: You are going to write about 200 words on the following topic "Learning is a life-long profession". You are required to write in three paragraphs. Write your essay on the answer sheet.2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题I. Cloze (0.5x20=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Today, the Tower of London is one of the most popular tourist (1) ___ and attracts over three million visitors a year. It was occasionally used as a Royal Palace for the Kings and Queens of England (2) ____ the time of James I who (3) ____ from 1603 to 1625, but is (4) ____ known as a prison and execution place. Within the walls of the Tower, princes have been murdered, traitors (5) ____, spies shot, and Queens of England beheaded. One of the most famous executions was that of Anne Boleyn in 1536. She was the second wife of Henry VIII. He wanted to (6) ____ her because she could not give him a son, so he accused her of adultery. She was tried and found guilty. She asked to be beheaded with a sword, (7) ____ the usual axe, which can still be seen in the Tower. The sword and executioner were (8) ____ over specially from France and with one (9) ____ the executioner cut off her head.The Tower was also the (10) ____ of one of London's most famous mysteries. King Edward IV died in 1843. His elder son, Edward, became king (11) ____ his father's death. Young Edward lived in the Tower, and the Duke of Gloucester, (12) ____ protector, persuaded Edward's brother, Richard, to come and live there so that they could play together. But then the Duke (13) ____ that he was the new king, and he was crowned instead of the twelve-year-old Edward, (14) ____ himself Richard III.After that, the boys were seen less and less and eventually disappeared. (15) ____ said that they were suffocated in bed by pillows being (16) ____ their mouths. It is believed that Richard ordered their deaths, (17) ____ it has never been proved. In 1674, workmen at the Tower discovered two (18) ____ which were taken away and buried in Westminster Abbey in 1678. The (19) ____ were examined in 1933 and were declared to be those of two children, (20) ____ the age of the Princes.1. A. seats B. scenes C. grounds D. sights2. B. until B. by C. to D. at3. A. reined B. reigned C. powered D. controlled4. A. hardly B. little C. best D. well5. A. ruined B. destroyed C. tortured D. wounded6. A. get the worst of B. get rid of C. get the best of D. get done with7. A. apart from B. besides C. together with D. rather than8. A. brought B. taken C. got D. won9. A. knock B. hit C. shot D. stroke10. A. spot B. scent C. place D. view11. A. on B. at C. with D. by12. A. their B. the C. his D. a13. A. announced B. published C. advertised D. revealed14. A. naming B. calling C. declaring D. giving15. A. That is B. This is C. They are D. It is16. A. forced into B. squeezed forth C. pressed over D. put on17. A. so that B. since C. as D. although18. A. skeletons B. boys C. remains D. dead bodies19. A. ashes B. bones C. corpses D. sketches20. A. definitely B. certainly C. roughly D. possiblyII. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneWe all know the situation----a good friend recommends you a restaurant and you are looking forward to a nice quiet dinner, but the meal turns out to be less peaceful than expected as you are joined, in sound, by a number of uninvited guests---- James Last, the Beatles, Mireille Mathieu, Mozart ---- depending on the landlord's fancy. You can count yourself lucky if you happen to like what you hear coming over the loudspeakers. But what about the customers who cannot stand James Last or simply want peace and quiet There is nothing they can do. Radio sets at home can be switched off, but not restaurant loudspeakers. Customers simply become the captive audience of sounds they do not want. Some wine bars in Austria, the home of café music, make a charge known as Schrammelmusik (music cover), which everyone has to pay. But the word is quite misleading ---- payment of the music toll gives no cover ---- quite the opposite.Music has become omnipresent. The selection in restaurants may still be a matter of chance, though it generally reflects nothing more than the doubtful taste of piped-music suppliers. However, in other areas music has long been a means of stepping up profits. An entire branch of industry thrives on this, assembling music by the most sophisticated methods with the customer in mind ---- department store music to produce a demonstrable increase in turnover; office music to improve the working atmosphere; airport and hotel music with its soothing effect; even cowshed music with its impact on milk production.These various forms of music, however different in function, have one thing in common ---- the way in which they are produced. The ancient, venerable concepts of composition and arrangement are naturally ruled out from the start. All musical extremes are deliberately debarred. The music issuing from department store loudspeakers must have a steady volume and avoid sudden effects, notes that are too high or too low and the human voice. With one exception ---- during the Christmas rush children's choirs may be heard encouraging sales by singing 'Silent Night', 'Jingle Bells' and so on.This music is more effective when turned low. The aim of this drizzle of canned sound is not conscious assimilation and it represents something quite new in the history of music. For thousands of years music was made to be listened to. But department store music is meant only to create a warm background. There is no contradiction in the fact that Mozart may sometimes find his way into department store music tapes, though his compositions were not meant as background jingles. But department store wallpaper music is not Mozart ---- it only appears to be. And anything unusual in classical composers, anything that lends character, is simply cut ---- development sections, accents, daring harmonies, provocative instrumentation. All we have left is a melody with no backbone which might just as well have come from a pop-song producer ---- plastic music as it were, whose components all sound exactly the same.The music is not meant to be listened to and that may explain the fact that, while we have associations and action groups against air pollution and the pollution of drinking water, so far no one has got up in arms about damage to our acoustic environment. And so our musical sensitivity will continue to be subtly and gently attacked by the piped music in department stores and offices ---- music which we hear without listening to. Its strategy takes advantage of one simple fact ---- you cannot just close your ears.21. Why does the author describe the customers as a 'captive audience'They usually like the music thrown at them.Because they can't escape the music.He wants to show how easy they are to please.Because they've paid a special charge called a 'music toll'.22. Piped music in restaurants is different from that heard in department stores because ____.it's usually very tastefulit's chosen very carefully by the ownerit tries to create a soothing atmosphereit doesn't aim to increase profits23. According to the writer, what does all piped music always avoidHappy songs.Certain instruments.Children's choirs.Any extremes.24. From what the writer says, it's reasonably clear that he or she ____.loves pop musiclikes music in public placesenjoys classical musicis keen on Christmas carols25. The writer of the passage would probably like to ____.join an 'air pollution action group'get rid of music just in restaurantsstart a movement against 'canned music'make people listen to the piped music in public placesPassage TwoThe teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, therefore, needs to determine what level of literacy is demanded by society, what role he or she should take in achieving the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context.The Unesco report presents a world view of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the relatively small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international context.The problems facing developing nations are also facing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is 'inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development (and) national development as a whole is bound up with the world context'. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development - it is a component of that development. Literacy can help people to function more effectively in a changing environment and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively.Literacy progammes instituted in different countries have taken and are taking different approaches to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which underlines the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation within society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as adequate 'literacy environment'.Who are the 'illiterates' and how do we define them At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins Robert Hillerich addresses these questions. An illiterate, he finds, 'may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to perform successfully in his social position.' Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: 'Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all degrees of development.'An educational definition - i.e. in terms of grades completed or skills mastered - is shown to be inadequate in that educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological / economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act with responsible participation.Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a 'reading-level type'; assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population.。
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华中科技大学生理学2003 + 答案年考博真题试卷
临床和实验均证明，当胰液分泌障碍时，即使其它消化腺的分泌都正常，食物中的脂肪和蛋白质仍不能完全消化，从而也影响吸收。
三、影响心输出量（分输出量）的因素有哪些？并分析影响机制。（20分）
心输出量是搏出量和心率的乘积，凡影响到搏出量或心率的因素都将影响心输出量。心肌收缩的前负荷、后负荷通过异长自身调节机制影响搏出量，而心肌收缩能力通过等长自身调节机制影响搏出量。
2.后负荷对搏出量的影响：心室射血过程中，大动脉血压起着后负荷的作用。后负荷增高时，心室射血所遇阻力增大，使心室等容收缩期延长，射血期缩短，每搏输出量减少。但随后将通过异长和等长调节机制，维持适当的心输出量。
3.心肌收缩能力对搏出量的影响：心肌收缩能力又称心肌变力状态，是一种不依赖于负荷而改变心肌力学活动的内在特性。通过改变心肌变力状态从而调节每搏输出量的方式称为等长自身调节。心肌收缩能力受多种因素影响，主要是由影响兴奋—收缩耦联的因素起作用，其中活化横桥数和肌凝蛋白ATP酶活性是控制心肌收缩力的重要因素。另外，神经、体液因素起一定调节作用，儿茶酚胺、强心药，Ca2+等加强心肌收缩力；乙酰胆碱、缺氧、酸中毒，心衰等降低心肌收缩力。
华中科技大学诊断学2003年考博真题试卷
4.脑脊液检查的适应症？禁忌症？脑脊液检查葡萄糖降低的临床意义？
医学考博真题试卷
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华中科技大学
2003年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：诊断学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（共5题，每题3分，共in Flint杂音
4.液波震颤
5.Bence-Jones蛋白
二、简答题（共8题，共55分）
1.简述心肌梗塞的心电图特点。（5分）
2.何谓Louis角？其有何临床意义？（5分）
3.简述正常呼吸音的种类及其各自特点。（5分）
4.简述营养状态的判断方法及其分级标准。（5分）
5.简述Cheyne-Stokes呼吸的特点及其临床意义。（5分）
6.简述第一心音和第二心音产生的机制及其临床特征。（10分）
7.简述左心衰竭发生呼吸困难的机制及左心衰竭的体征。（10分）
8.简述全身浅表淋巴结的组群分布及左、右锁骨上淋巴结群各收集哪些区域的淋巴液。（10分）
三、选答题（任选2题，每题15分，共30分）
1.试述肝脏病检查项目的选择原则及常见肝病的肝功能改变。
2.试述胸腔积液与肺炎在体征上有何区别？渗出液和漏出液如何鉴别？