论文60911253
表面活性剂在油墨中的运用
江西科技师范学院毕业设计（论文）题目（中文）：中性笔的发展及研究现状（外文）：The development and research of Gel ink pen 院（系）：化学化工学院专业：应用化学学生姓名：黄斌学号： 20072355指导教师：雷海峰丁海新2011年 03 月 10日目录引言 (3)1.中性笔的发展 (3)2.中性笔的研究现状 (5)2.1笔头对出墨量的影响 (5)2.1.1笔头的碗口与球珠的间隙 (5)2.1.2球座体环槽的体积 (5)2.1.3球座体油槽与小孔的面积 (5)2.1.4球珠的表面情况 (6)2.2墨水配方的研究 (6)2.2．1着色剂 (6)2.2．2润湿剂和分散剂 (7)2.2．3流变调节剂 (8)2.2．4消泡剂 (8)2.2．5润滑剂 (9)2.2．6缓蚀防绣剂 (9)3.中性笔发展展望 (9)参考文献 (11)中性笔的发展及研究现状江西科技师范学院化学化工学院07应化2班黄斌指导老师：丁海新摘要：本文介绍了中性笔的起源及国内发展状况，初步讨论了中性笔笔头对出墨量的影响和中性墨水体系中的各助剂——润湿剂、分散剂、流变调节剂、消泡剂、润滑剂、缓蚀防锈剂的作用和选择。
中性笔生产技术主要是笔头和墨水的研制，在于笔头与墨水的匹配和满足一定黏度表面张力PH值书写性能等要求且稳定的墨水体系的调配。
关键词：中性笔发展助剂引言中性笔(GELINK PEN，又称中性墨水笔)是属于圆珠笔一类的书写工具。
利用球珠滚动带出书写介质(墨水或油墨)的书写工具统称为圆珠笔。
其书写介质为油性的称为圆珠笔；其书写介质为水性的称为水性圆珠笔(水性墨水笔)亦称滚珠笔、宝珠笔；其书写介质的粘度介于水性和油性之间的称为中性笔。
中性笔是目前国际上流行的一种新颖书写笔，是综合应用胶体、表面活性剂、高分子化学等学科原理的高科技产品。
由于中性笔墨水中添加了触变剂，故在书写时墨水粘度降低，停止书写时墨水粘度显著加大所谓中性笔的“中性”之意是指它的墨水黏度介于油性圆珠笔油墨的黏度(1000-20000mpa.s.)与水性墨水黏度(<10mpa.s.)之间。
基于DDS和PLL的频率合成器的研制
(a)span=250KHz fb)span=10KHz
图4.14一波段70.955MHz频谱
Fi94.14the spectrum at70.955MHz in the fast band
(b)胛”2lO舭
(a)spa^:250KHz
图4.15一波段72.055Wlz频谱
Fi94.15the spectrum at72.055MI-tz in the first band
首先分析直接数字频率合成器(DDS)的基本结构、工作原理、杂散来源、输出频谱特性。然后介绍了锁相环(PLL)的基本结构、相位模型、频率响应、噪声及杂散性能。接着对DDS+PLL频率合成器常用组合方案进行了介绍,并对DDS+PLL系统的相位噪声、杂散、频率转换速度进行了分析。
DDS+PLL频率合成方法有很多优点。它可以将DDS的超高频率分辨率、高频率精确度、容易实现程控等优点与锁相环良好的窄带跟踪滤波特性相结合。利用这一理论并结合系统要求的技术指标,选用了性能优良的DDS和PLL芯片,最终实现方案采用了DDS+PLL+混频+倍频等综合频率合成技术,有效的减小了环路N值,实现了宽带低相位噪声高分辨率频率合成器。分析了电路的主要组成单元,对重要的技术和电路单元作了详细说明,最后对电路进行了测试。
展纱及展纱织物复合材料结构及性能的研究
学校代码：10255学号：2120035东华大学学士学位论文展纱及展纱织物复合材料结构及性能的研究RESEARCH ON THE STRUCTURES AND PROPERTES OF SPREAD TOW AND SPREAD TOWFBRIC COMPOSITES学科专业：纺织工程作者姓名：李蓓蓓指导教师：李炜教授答辩日期：2015-01-12万方数据万方数据东华大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：我恪守学术道德，崇尚严谨学风。
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学位论文作者签名：指导教师签名：日期：年月日日期：年月万方数据万方数据东华大学硕士学位论文摘要展纱及展纱织物复合材料结构及性能的研究摘要与传统碳纤维织物相比，展纱织物可以将纤维在织造前展开，使得纤维在织物中准直性好、屈曲少，改善其树脂浸润性，缩短浸润和烘干时间，有效地提升其物理性能和力学性能，符合先进复合材料轻质、高强、高模、易于成型的要求，成为新材料研究领域的关键技术之一。
本文以瑞典OXEON AB公司提供的展纱织物为背景，开展了展纱及展纱织物结构及性能的研究，主要完成了以下几个方面的工作：（1）对展纱前后纤维束进行了力学性能、浸润性能以及压缩特性测试。
多巴胺与表面活性剂之间的相互作用
扬州大学
硕士学位论文
多巴胺与表面活性剂之间的相互作用
姓名：姜世明
申请学位级别：硕士
专业：物理化学
指导教师：郭荣
20050501
扬卅ｆ大学硕士论文
（ａ）（ｂ）（ｃ）
图１．２微乳液结构示意图
（ａ）水包油型（Ｏ／Ｗ）；（ｂ）油水双连续型（ＢＩ）；（Ｃ）油包水型（Ｗ／Ｏ）
以微乳液为基础的工业产品较多，如微乳液型的化妆品不仅外观透明，还便于各个组分发挥作用；利用微乳液的超低界面张力进行三次采油，能增加原油利用率ｆ４６ｊ；利用微乳粒子尺寸的限定性可以制备纳米粒子１４７】；利用其具有均匀、热力学稳定、使用方便等优点制备微乳液型药品等娜啪】。
ｌ。
１．３溶致液晶
液晶（１ｉｑｕｉｄｃｒｙｓｔａｌ）是一种介于固态和液态之间的物质，其特点是在微观上长程有序而短程无序，即其分子排列存在位置上的无序性和取向上的一维或二维长程有序性，并不存在象晶体那样的空间晶格，在宏观上则表现为各向异性。
溶致液晶的形成主要依赖于双亲分子间的相互作用，极性基团间的静电力和疏水基团间的范德华力。
当双亲化合物的固体与水混合时，在水分子的作用下，水浸入固体晶格中，分布在亲水头基的双层之间，形成夹心结构。
溶剂的浸入，破坏了晶体的取向有序性，使其具有液体的流动性随着水的不断加入，可以转变为不同的液晶态。
常见的液晶相有三种：层状相、六方相和立方相，其中立方液晶较少见。
不同类型的液晶是由不同形状的胶束以不同的方式聚集而成的：层状液晶是由层状胶束缔合而成，其结构单元是双分予层；六方液晶是由长棒状胶束平行排列而成，。
南通大学硕士学位论文
南通大学
硕 士 学 位 论 文
※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※ ※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※
院（系、所） ： ××× 申 请 学 位 ： ×××学位 学 科 专 业 ： ××××（××××） 研 究 生 姓 名 ： 王某某 指 导 教 师 ： 刘某某教授 联合指导教师： 张某某教授 论文完成日期： 二〇〇九年 x 月 x 日 学号：20070000
南通大学硕士学位论文
目
录
南通大学学位论文原创性声明 学位论文使用授权声明 扉 页 摘 要 ................................................................................................................ i Abstract .......................................................................................................... ii 第一章 绪 论 ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 课题来源、研究的目的和意义........................................................ 1 1.2 国内外研究概况................................................................................ 1 1.2.1 国外研究概况.......................................................................... 1 1.2.2 国内研究概况.......................................................................... 1 1.3 论文的主要研究内容........................................................................ 1 第二章 材料与方法 ...................................................................................... 2 2.1 研究资料及仪器设备........................................................................ 2 2.1.1 研究对象.................................................................................. 2 2.1.2 主要仪器与试剂...................................................................... 2 2.2 实验流程与方法................................................................................ 2 2.2.1 标本制作.................................................................................. 2 2.2.2 获取数据.................................................................................. 2 2.2.3 分析数据.................................................................................. 2 2.2.4 测定数据.................................................................................. 2 2.2.5 统计学处理.............................................................................. 2 第三章 结 果 ............................................................................................... 3 3.1 ××××............................................................................................ 3 3.1.1 ××××.................................................................................. 3 第四章 讨 论 ............................................................................................... 6 4.1 ××××............................................................................................ 6 4.2 ×××................................................................................................ 6 第五章 结 论 ............................................................................................... 7 参考文献 ............................................................................................................ 8 英文缩写词表 .................................................................................................... 9 综 述 .............................................................................................................. 10 综述参考文献 ..................................................................................................11 在攻读硕士学位期间公开发表的论文与参加的项目 ............................ 12 A：在国内外刊物上发表的论文............................................................... 12 B：在国际学术会议上发表的论文........................................................... 12
外场下δ相沉淀早期机制的计算机模拟研究
k 有关的函数在倒空间中的形式。方程（1）中的自由能 F 可由平均场理论得到，其中包括原 子间有效作用能。 对铝理合金而言， 其基体为面心立方结构， 亚稳析出相 d?为 L12 有序结构。 为减小计算量， 将三维空间在二维平面上投影。经二维投影变换后， （2）式变为：
~ P( r , t ) d P ( k' , t ) C 0 (1 − C 0 ) ~ ~ ~ = L ( k' ) V ( k' ) P ( k' , t ) + K B T ln + ξ ( k' , t ) dt K BT 1 − P ( r , t ) k'
~ dP(k,t) C0( 1 − C0 ) ~ ∂F = L (k) + ?(k,t) dt K BT ∂P(r,t) k
k 为第一布里渊区定义的倒易格矢， P( k,t) ， L (k) ，
(2)
~
~
∂F ， ξ ( k , t ) 为与晶格位置坐标 ∂P(r,t)k
4
_______________________________________________________________________________ 中国科技论文在线
Al-12at%Li 合金在不同 W1 作用下的原子图像演化分别示于图 1 至图 3。溶质 Li 原子在 各格点处出现的几率由灰度表示，灰度越大表明 Li 原子出现的几率越大。图像中黑白相间的 形貌即为有序相， 灰度反差越大说明有序程度越大。 图 1 为 W1 取 64.70×10-18 J 时原子图像的 演化过程。在最初时刻，合金处于完全无序状态， Li 原子在各点的出现几率相同，因此图像 中各个格点的灰度相同。随着迭代步数的增加，从第 900 步时至 1500 步，观察到尺寸不等、 随机分布、相互独立的有序相核心，如图 1(a) 所示。此后先后形成的有序相晶核相继长大。图 像通过灰度变化显示， 尤其是在有序相附近区域， 无序基体中的 Li 原子浓度显著下降如图 1(c) 所示。 (a)
COFDM传输系统中信道均衡技术的研究
西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文COFDM传输系统中信道均衡技术的研究姓名：王勇申请学位级别：硕士专业：通信与信息系统指导教师：葛建华2002.1.1＿ｌ，ｊ摘要本文介绍了无线宽带多媒体通信的发展现状，阐述了编码正交频分复用（ＣＯＦＤＭ）的基本原理和数字高清晰度电视地面广播ＣＯＦＤＭ传输系统；通过对传输信道多径衰落的分析，阐明了信道估计和均衡的重要性，并在Ｍａｔｌａｂ软件仿真的基础上。
讨论了基于导频的信道估计、解映射和量化的方法，结合Ａｌｔｅｒａ公司Ｑｕａｒｔｕｓ仿真环境，采用ＦＰＧＡ电路实现了以上的电路方案。
关键字：无线宽带多媒体通信高清晰度电视编码正交频分复用信道估ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴＩｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ，Ｗｅｆｉｒｓｔｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｎｅｘｔｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗｉｒｅｌｅｓｓｂｒｏａｄｂａｎｄｍｕｌｔｉｍｅｄｉａｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ（ＷＢＭＣＳ）ａｎｄｔｈｅｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｏｆＣＯＦＤＭ（ＣｏｄｅｄＯｒｔｈｏｇｏｎａｌＦｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙＭｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｘ），ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｃｈｅｍｅｆｏｒｄｉｇｉｔａｌＨＤＴＶ．Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｍｕｌｔｉｐａｔｈｃｈａｎｎｅｌ，ｃｈａｎｎｅｌｅｓｔｉｍａｔｏｒａｎｄｅｑｕａｌｉｚｅｒａｒｅｎｅｅｄｅｄ．ＢａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈＭａｒｌａｂ。
ａｐｉｌｏｔ．ｂａｓｅｄｃｈａｎｎｅＩｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｉｓｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ．Ｄｅｍａｐｐｉｎｇａｎｄｑｕａｎｔｉｚｅｒａｌｅａｌｓｏｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｐａｐｅｒ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｅｎｄ，ＦＰＧＡｃｉｒｃｕｉｔｉｓｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄｉｎＱｕａｒｔｕｓ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ＷｉｒｅｌｅｓｓＢｒｏａｄｂａｎｄＭｕｌｔｉｍｅｄｉａＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ（ＷＢＭＣＳ）ＨｉｇｈＤｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎＴｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ（ＨＤＴＶ）ＣｏｄｅｄＯｒｔｈｏｇｏｎａｌＦｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎＭｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ（ＣＯＦＤＭ）ＣｈａｎｎｅｌＥｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＥｑｕａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ第一章绪论第一章绪论当前，随着Ｉｎｔｅｍｅｔ商用化所带动的视频、音频及数字通信技术的发展，人们同样对无线通信寄予了更高的希望。
北京大学博士学位论文评阅人
北京大学博士学位论文评阅人
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汉语副词“一起”歧义的识解机制研究
单位代码 10475学号 104753150433分类号H0硕士学位论文Construal Mechanism of the Ambiguity ofthe Chinese Adverb Yiqi汉语副词“一起”歧义的识解机制研究学科、专业：外国语言学及应用语言学研究方向：认知语言学申请学位类别：文学硕士申请人：王 星指导教师：杨朝军 教授二〇一八 年 六 月Construal Mechanism of the Ambiguity of the Chinese Adverb Yiqi汉语副词“一起”歧义的识解机制研究A Thesis Submitted tothe Graduate School of Henan Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree ofMaster of ArtsByWang XingSupervisor: Prof. Yang ChaojunJune, 2018AcknowledgementsI would like to express my sincere appreciation to those who gave me favor directly or indirectly with this thesis.Firstly, I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Professor Yang Chaojun for his insightful instructions, professional advice and generous help during this thesis writing. He was so patient and responsible that he spent so much time reading my manuscript carefully and he kindly corrected many errors in it and gave me suggestions for enriching the manuscript. Without his help, this thesis cannot have emerged. I have learned not only a deep understanding of linguistics but also a proper way to do linguistic researches.Secondly, I owe my sincere gratitude to professors and teachers in our Foreign Language School, including Liu Chendan, Niu Baoyi, Zhuang Huibin, Li Shujing, Ma Yingcong, etc. who gave me constructive advice and relieved me when I was anxious. I am thankful for their help, support and valuable suggestions. I am also very grateful to my schoolmates, Zhang Cuiying and Liu Fengmei, who have patiently listened to my puzzles, kindly offered suggestions and generously shared related materials during the research. Their supports and encouragements helped me solve the problems and finish the present thesis.Thirdly, I am also grateful to the scholars and authors whose works are cited in the bibliography for their instructive ideas.Last but not the least, my sincere thanks go to my family who have shared my worries, frustrations with me, and they wish me happy in eventually finishing this thesis.ABSTRACTAmbiguity is a widely existing phenomenon in language use. In the 1980s, Chinese grammar has already started the studies on the ambiguous phenomena of Chinese adverbs. Collaborative adverbs have not been studied much in the studies of modern Chinese adverbs, and the studies on ambiguity of them are even less. Thus, this thesis studies the ambiguity phenomena of the collaborative adverb yiqi. There are three common meanings of yiqi, including Meaning1 referring to “in the same place” which is a noun; Meaning2 referring to “at the same time” and Meaning3 referring to the “commonness” are adverbs. It is known from the linguistic data that Meaning2 and Meaning3 as adverbs are much more common and prominent. Therefore, this thesis mainly studies the ambiguity of yiqi when it is used as an adverb, sums up the rules of the ambiguity of it and discusses the construal mechanism behind these ambiguous phenomena.This thesis reviews previous studies on the ambiguity of adverbs at first. The author finds that most of studies are done in the semantic and pragmatic layers. While previous studies on the ambiguity from the cognitive perspective are less. Then, this thesis reviews the previous studies on the word yiqi which is done from the part of speech, subcategory of it, etc. This thesis takes the collaborative adverb yiqi as the research object to study the ambiguous phenomena of it and to figure out the construal mechanism of ambiguity of it. Based on that, the author proposes three research questions: What are the semantic characteristics of the collaborative adverb yiqi (一起)? What are the syntactic features of the collaborative adverb yiqi making ambiguity? What’s the construal mechanism of the ambiguity of the collaborative adverb yiqi?Cognitive Grammar is the most developed linguistic theoretical model and has thegreatest impact in the development of cognitive linguistics (Evans, 2009: 468). The analysis of cognitive grammar is based on construal, which is the cognitive ability to conceptualize the same scene with alternative method, including specificity, focusing, prominence and perspective. This thesis studies the ambiguity of the collaborative adverb yiqi from the perspective of cognitive grammar. It gets 98,574 sentences of yiqi in total from CCL and online corpus, selecting 2,000 sentences at random as linguistic data, and finds out ambiguous sentences with the semantic profile and syntactic features of yiqi. This thesis studies the ambiguity of yiqi with literature review method, data analysis method as well as qualitative analysis method. According to the types of sentences in which yiqi makes ambiguity, the author summarizes the following two syntactic features: N + V + N + yiqi + VP and N + yiqi + VP. It can be seen that the main reasons of ambiguity are the collaborative characteristics and the semantic profile of yiqi through analyzing its syntactic features, which can be construed that its semantic profile mainly refers to the nominal components which is plural (either in form or meaning) before it. When the components before yiqi are equal to or greater than two or the scope of N is uncertain, that is, from different observing perspectives, when the scope or the direction of the semantic profile of yiqi is unsure, ambiguity appears.There are two major contributions of this thesis: first, the thesis studies the ambiguity of the collaborative adverb yiqi from cognitive grammar perspective, which expands the research scope of cognitive linguistics; second, the thesis discusses the construal mechanism of the ambiguity generated by the collaborative adverb yiqi, which paves the way to the future studies on how to eliminate ambiguities of yiqi and plays a great role in teaching Chinese as a foreign language.KEY WORDS: Cognitive Grammar; collaboration adverb; yiqi; ambiguity; Construal摘要在语言使用过程中，歧义是一种普遍存在的现象。
新闻事件地名实体识别和地图链接技术研究
电子科技大学UNIVERSITY OF ELECTRONIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA 专业学位硕士学位论文MASTER THESIS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE论文题目新闻事件地名实体识别和地图链接技术研究专业学位类别工程硕士学号201722180232作者姓名李玉超指导教师许文波教授分类号密级UDC注1学位论文新闻事件地名实体识别和地图链接技术研究（题名和副题名）李玉超（作者姓名）指导教师许文波教授电子科技大学成都（姓名、职称、单位名称）申请学位级别硕士专业学位类别工程硕士工程领域名称电子与通信工程提交论文日期2020年4月论文答辩日期2020年5月21日学位授予单位和日期电子科技大学2020 年 6 月答辩委员会主席评阅人注1：注明《国际十进分类法UDC》的类号。
Research on the Identification of Geographical Names of News Events and the Technology of MapLinkingA Master Thesis Submitted toUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaDiscipline:Master of EngineeringAuthor:Yuchao LiSupervisor:Wenbo XuSchool:School of Resources and Environment独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得电子科技大学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。
与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。
低频脑信号的相位同步与认知活动的关系
电子科技大学UNIVERSITY OF ELECTRONIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA 专业学位硕士学位论文MASTER THESIS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE论文题目低频脑信号的相位同步与认知活动的关系专业学位类别工程硕士学号201622090310作者姓名杨学志指导教师陈华富教授分类号密级UDC注1学位论文低频脑信号的相位同步与认知活动的关系（题名和副题名）杨学志（作者姓名）指导教师陈华富教授电子科技大学成都（姓名、职称、单位名称）申请学位级别硕士学科专业工程硕士工程领域名称生物医学工程提交论文日期2019.5.15论文答辩日期2019.5.23学位授予单位和日期电子科技大学2019年6月答辩委员会主席评阅人注1：注明《国际十进分类法UDC》的类号The Relationship Between the Phase Synchronization of Low Frequency Brain Signal and CognitiveActivityA Master Thesis Submitted toUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaMaster of Engineering Discipline:Xuezhi YangAuthor:Prof. Huafu ChenSupervisor:School of Life Science and Technology School:摘要摘要认知活动依赖于大脑多个区域间的功能上有组织地信息通信。
相位同步作为大脑区域之间信息交流的重要机制，搭起了大脑各区域间协同通信的桥梁。
在低频范围内，区域间的相位同步对脑功能是极其重要的。
近年来，相位同步逐渐成为研究大脑各区域间协同作用及信息交流的重要工具。
但是，相位同步在认知加工过程中的具体作用还不清楚。
形貌可控超细磷酸盐及磷酸锂盐复合物的制备、表征及小试研究
分类号密级UDC硕士学位论文形貌可控超细磷酸盐及磷酸锂盐复合物的制备、表征及小试研究学科专业应用化学指导教师龚福忠论文答辩日期学位授予日期答辩委员会主席论文评阅人广西大学学位论文原创性和使用授权声明本人声明所呈交的论文，是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。
除已特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的研究成果，也不包含本人或他人为获得广西大学或其它单位的学位而使用过的材料。
与我一同工作的同事对本论文的研究工作所做的贡献均已在论文中作了明确说明。
本人在导师指导下所完成的学位论文及相关的职务作品，知识产权归属广西大学。
本人授权广西大学拥有学位论文的部分使用权，即：学校有权保存并向国家有关部门或机构送交学位论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅，可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索和传播，可以采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。
本学位论文属于：□保密，在年解密后适用授权。
□不保密。
(请在以上相应方框内打“√”)论文作者签名：日期：指导教师签名：日期作者联系电话：电子邮箱：形貌可控超细磷酸盐及磷酸锂盐复合物的制备、表征及小试研究摘要本文通过络合-均相沉淀法制备超细的磷酸铁和磷酸锰前驱物，再通过碳热还原法制备磷酸铁锂及磷酸锰锂材料，利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X-射线衍射（XRD）、热重/差热（TG/DTA）、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、激光粒度分布仪等手段对产物形貌和粒度进行表征，考察了表面活性剂浓度、反应温度、反应物浓度、溶液pH值及反应时间对磷酸铁及磷酸锰颗粒形貌和大小的影响，测试了磷酸铁锂及磷酸锰锂的电化学性能，并进行磷酸铁的小试工艺试验。
主要研究结果如下：1.采用络合-均相沉淀法，以乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）为络合剂，以表面活性剂作为形貌和粒度控制剂，制备了一次粒子为准纳米级的超细磷酸铁及磷酸锰。
SEM显示所制备的磷酸铁一次粒子粒径为100～200nm，二次粒子平均粒径为1.85μm。
文化差异与英汉互译的局限性
论文分类号 H313 单位代码10183密级内部研究生学号 9931005吉林大学硕士学位论文文化差异与英汉互译的局限性Cultural Differences and the Limitation of Translation between English and Chinese作者姓名：计琦专业：英语语言文学导师姓名赵文学及职称教授论文起止年月：2001年5月至2002年5月ContentsIntroduction (1)Chapter I Conceptualization: Culture, Its characteristics, Function and Diversity in Perception (7)1.1.Definition of culture (7)1.2.The characteristics of culture (9)1.3.The basic function of culture............................ (13)1.4.Perceptual diversity: different worldviews (15)Chapter II Relationship between Language and Culture (19)2.1. Demarcation of language (19)2.2. The relationship between language and culture (21)2.3 .Whorf hypothesis (22)2.4. Linguistic and cultural relativity (25)Chapter III Communication and Intercultural Communication. 27munication: definition and classification (27)3.2.The components of communication (28)3.3.Culture and communication (31)3.4. Intercultural communication (32)3.4.1. Basic concept (32)3.4.2.Intercultural communication: a model (33)Chapter IV Translation: Basic notions, Classification, Principles and Equivalent-effect Theory (41)4.1. The notions of translation (42)4.2. Functions of translation (44)4.3. Classification of translation (45)4.4. Principles, strategies of translation and functional equivalence theory (46)Chapter V Limitation of Translation between Chinese and English............................................... .. (54)5.1. Glyphomancy (56)5.2. Antithetical couplets (56)5.3. Lexical gap (58)5.4. Fauna and flora (60)5.5. Address terms (69)5.6. Puns (78)5.7. Social life (82)Conclusion (85)References (86)Abstract (English) (89)Abstract (Chinese) (96)IntroductionTranslation is a phenomenon that can be found in almost all the parts of the world. As a result of exchanges and interactions in various forms between peoples of different cultures, it appeared out of the need for communication between those who speak different mutually unintelligible languages. Consequently, translation enjoys a long history and carries a rich tradition. They can be traced far back to ancient times in China as well as in many other countries. Generally speaking, the 19th century was a period w hich marked the start and rapid development of translation between English and Chinese when China and the English-speaking countries, especially Britain and the United States, came into contact on large scale. It witnessed a dramatic increase of such activities in which many books were rendered from one language into another. To be more exact, however, to some extent, during this century and the following one, such activities were mainly of one direction. That is, far more works of different nature, such as literary classics, books of natural and social sciences, humanities found their way from English into Chinese than vice versa. They brought with them new ideas, advanced theories, different ways of thinking, exotic life styles, tradition, religion, etc. It is probably safe to say, without introduction of such ideas, theories, and ways of thinking into China by means of English-Chinese translation, there would be in China no natural and social sciences, humanities, technologies, etc. in modern sense.As time goes by, the world has now entered 21st century that is experiencing the advancement of science and technology at an even faster and unprecedented speed. Contemporary means of transportation, communication and information have made the world smaller and smaller, turningit into a "global village". All this made it possible for peoples of different cultures to have more frequent and much easier contacts, exchanges, and interactions with one another. To ensure the success of most of such encounters, translation is often required. It has taken on added and even greater importance than ever before. Therefore, its role can never be overestimated. To meet the ever increasing demand for translation services and good translators, many translation companies have appeared, translation departments have been established in many Chinese and foreign universities, some of which even offer Master and Doctor programs in the field.As an activity of multiple dimensions, translation performs many functions. It serves as a transmitter of culture, a means of communication, a bridge linking people of different nations with one another, one of the techniques of language learning, and a source of personal pleasure. Due to its important role in many areas of social life, it has become a well-established independent discipline. Consequently, it has received lots of attention from scholars in various fields such as linguists, writers, anthropologists, etc. There have been heated discussions and debates about the nature, function, criteria and other aspects of translation. Different ideas, opinions, theories have been advanced. The Italians hold the view of Traduttore traditore ("The translator is a traitor.") .Yan Fu firmly believed that good translation should be faithful to the original source text, intelligible to the readers of the target text, and elegant in style. His argument has influenced one generation after another of Chinese. Even today, he still has many followers in contemporary China. Fu Lei advocates the idea of placing more emphasis on the content than on the form while translating the source text into the target one. The past decade of 1990s witnessed a dramatic upsurge of cultural approach to the study of translation. As increasing number of translators and scholars embrace it, the cultural approach has gained greater momentum. Majority of them share the consensus that translation heavily involves not only two languages, i.e. the source language and the target one, but also their cultures. This is the case mainly b ecause the two, i.e., language and culture, are closely interrelated, interdependent and cannot be separated from each other. Each language is a way of seeing and reflecting the delicate nuances of cultural perceptions. It carries and mirrors the culture t o which it belongs. Culture provides the framework in which language operates and functions as a means of communication for those who speak it as mother tongue .The two are supposed to be in a constant process of interaction. In a word, language, especially its meaning system, is culturally loaded, bound and determined.In the process of translation, the message of the source text is rendered into the target language. When this is going on, the two systems of language and culture, i.e., the source one and the target one, come into play. On the one hand, what the two systems share in common make it possible for a translator to turn the source text into the target one. On the other hand, what they do not share, i.e. the differences between them, make translation a difficult, complicated and seemingly impossible task. As a result of such differences, one question arises," Is it possible to reproduce the message of the source text in the target language with a complete equivalence between the two and without any unintended alteration, extension, loss of the meaning of the original?" To put it in another way, "Is it possible for the target text to be exactly the same as or precisely equivalent to the original in all aspects?"In most cases, the answer to this q uestion is negative although some people tend to assume that text in one language can be accurately translated into another. As researches on the nature of translation deepen along cultural direction, majority of scholars agree that translation usually carries limitation and there are limits of translatability. Many papers discussing this issue haveappeared in the past few years. However, complete and systematic investigation of such limitation is rare in China.This thesis is intended as a tentative and systematic exploration of the limits of translatability from the perspective of the translation between English and Chinese. It holds that cultural differences are usually responsible for the limitation of translation. Such limitation manifests itself in many areas such as glyphomancy, antithetical couplets, lexical gap, fauna and flora, address terms, puns, social life, etc. It takes the forms of untranslatability, partial equivalence, non-correspondence, etc., often leads to the extension, partial or total loss, alteration of the meaning of the original. Misunderstanding, misrepresentation and false assumption often results. The present thesis is composed of five chapters in addition to an introduction and a conclusion. Chapter I conceptualizes the basic notion of culture first, then analyses its characteristics and function. It also probes into cultural diversity in perception. Relationship between language and culture forms the focus of attention of the second chapter which also covers a detailed discussion of Whorf hypothesis. Chapter III examines intercultural communication in terms of its definition, classification, and components. The fourth chapter provides an exploration of translation, its basic demarcation, categories, procedures, and principles. It also surveys Nida's theory of equivalence. Chapter V is the key part of the thesis. In this part, the author investigates the limitation of translation, especially translation between English and Chinese from cultural perspective, arguing with carefully analyzed examples in favor of the view that it is seldom possible for many original source texts to be exactly translated into the target language due to cultural differences. The discussion is developed in terms of the areas where such limitation presents itself. It has adopted the approach of cultural comparison.Chapter I Conceptualization: Culture, Its Characteristics, Function and Diversity in PerceptionHuman beings are "cultured animals". Consequently, much of the complex behaviors of the human beings should be and could be explained on the basis of culture. Since translation is a linguistic and cultural activity, a discussion of culture is necessary in order to clarify it and other relevant terms so as to provide a theoretical basis on which the study of translation can be developed. To meet this need, the first chapter mainly deals with the definition, characteristics, universals and individualities of culture.1.1. Definition of cultureCulture is a term that has been very fashionable in the academic circle. For a long time, it has engaged the attention of scholars in various fields. In the eyes of most of them, it is ubiquitous, multi-dimensional, complex and all pervasive. Different ideas about it have been proposed. It is estimated that there are about more than two hundred definitions of it so far. Edward Tylor, an anthropologist, first saw it as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society". Goodenough offered (1957) his well-known idea about culture as "whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members, and to do so in any role that they accept for any one of themselves." That knowledge is socially acquired: the necessary behaviors are learned and do not come from any kind of genetic endowment. Hoebel and Frost (1976:6) believed that culture is an "integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance." To them, as to Goodenough, culture is not genetically predetermined or instinctive. To New mark (1988), culture is "the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its main means of expression". Bates and Plog (1990:28) proposed a widely accepted descriptive definition of culture as " a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. This definition includes not only patterns of behavior but also patterns of thought (shared meanings that the members of a society attach to various phenomena, natural and intellectual, including religion and ideologies), artifacts (tools, pottery, houses, machines, works of art) and the culturally transmitted skills and techniques used to make the artifacts."This definition covers most of the major territory of culture on which scholars currently agree.With this as a point of reference, Samovar and Porter advanced their concept of culture as " the deposit of knowledge, experiences, values, actions, meanings, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving."From the above discussion, it can be seen that culture is so all-encompassing and inclusive that it permeates virtually every aspect of human life and determines or influences all of man's behaviors, including both verbal ones and non-verbal ones.1.2.Characteristics of cultureAs suggested previously, culture is a term and phenomenon of many facets. Its definitions vary when the proponents of the definitions differ. In spite of this, there still has been a lot of consensus among the scholars over the characteristics of culture. Generally speaking, they can be summed up as follows:A. Culture is learned. Humans are not born with the geneticimprint of a particular culture. From infancy on, members of a culture learn about their patterns of behavior and ways of thinking until such patterns and ways become internalized. People learn about their culture from a variety of sources and in many different ways such as interaction with others, observation and imitation. This learning occurs as conscious and unconsci ous conditioning which leads one toward competence in a particular culture. The term "enculturation" is often adopted to denote this total activity of learning one's culture. This process is also known as "socialization" in social psychology and sociology.B. Culture is transmissible from person to person, group to group and generation to generation. For a culture to exist and continue it has to make sure that its crucial messages and elements are passed on. They must be transmitted from generation to generation. It is mainly through communication that culture becomes a continuous process, for once cultural values, principles, habits, attitudes and the like are formulated, they are communicated to each member of the culture. Such communication depends heavily on different types of symbols such as spoken and written words, non-verbal actions, etc. The portability of symbols allows people to package, store and transmit them. The human mind, books, pictures, films, videos, and the like enable a culture to preserve what it deems to be important and worthy of transmission. Hence, each individual, regardless of his or her generation, is heir to a massive "library" of information that has been collected in anticipation of his or her entry into the culture. In this sense, culture is historical and preservable. Each new generation might write more, but the notes from the past usually represent what people may call culture. As Proust , a French novelist, once wrote，“The past remains present.”C. Culture is based on symbols. Human culture develops and employs different kinds of symbols. Such symbols usually take a variety of forms. Among them, language is one of the most important.A culture without language is unthinkable. The emergence of language was the giant step that made possible the remarkable and intricate system that is called culture. Human cerebral cortex and all the neurological structures associated with it have developed in a way that enables people to use symbols at a sophisticated level not shared by any other creature. By relying on such system of symbols, people do not only transmit knowledge from person to person, but also pass ideas from generation to generation. At their disposal are the speculations, observations, facts, experiments, and wisdom accumulated over thousands of years. Through language, it is possibleto learn from cumulative, shared experience.D. Culture is a set of shared perceptions. The meanings of symbols exist in the minds of individual members of a culture. When the symbolic ideas are shared with others, they formed the basis for culture. Not all of an individual's symbolic ideas are necessarily shared by others. Some symbols are shared only with a few. A culture can form only if symbolic ideas are shared with a relatively large group of people.E. Culture involves beliefs, values and norms. The shared symbol systems that formed the basis of culture represent ideas about beliefs, values, and norms. Beliefs refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is true or false. Values refer to what a group of people defines as good or bad or what it regards as important. Norms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of themselves.F. Culture is dynamic. Culture is a system that does not exist in vacuum and seldom remains constant. Instead, it is subject to change and fluctuations. There are many factors that bring them about. One is the constant exposure of a culture to ideas and information from outside sources. Another is the contact or face-to-face interaction of the members of a culture with "strangers " and "foreigners". Although culture changes through a number of mechanisms, the three most common ones are innovation, diffusion and acculturation. Innovation is the discovery of new practices, tools, or concepts that many members of the culture eventually accept and that may produce slight changes in social habits and behaviors. Diffusion refers to the borrowing by one culture from another. Acculturation occurs when a society undergoes drastic change under the influence of a more dominant culture and society with which it has come into contact. This happens usually in response to extended and intensive first-hand contact between two or more previously autonomous cultures or co-cultures. This type of change is common to international immigrants, who, for a variety of reasons, find themselves in another culture.G. Culture affects behavior. If culture was located solely in the minds of people, we could only speculate about what a culture is, since it is impossible for one person to see into the mind of another. However, these shared perceptions about beliefs, values, and norms affect the behaviors of large group of people. In other words, the shared perceptions that characterize a culture give people guidelines about what things mean, what is important, and what should or should not be done. Thus, culture establishes predictability in human interactions. Cultural differences are evident in the varying ways in which people conduct their everyday activities, as people "perform" their culture in their behavioral routines. Within a geographical area, people who interact with one another over time will form social bonds that help to stabilize their interactions and patterns of behavior. The stable patterns become the basis for making the predictions and forming the expectations about others.H. The various facets of culture are interrelated. Complex in nature, culture has many different aspects and e lements. All of them are organic components of one and the same system. They are interrelated to each other and function as an integrated whole. As Hall pointed out, "You touch a culture in one place and everything else is affected".I. Culture is ethnocentric. Keesing notes that ethnocentrism is "a universal tendency for any people to put its own culture and society in a central position of priority and worth". In other words, it becomes the perceptual prism through which a culture interprets and judges other groups. It is learned consciously and unconsciously. Scholars generally agree that ethnocentrism can befound in all cultures. Unless it is carried to an extreme, it can have positive effects. For example, it is often "a source of cultural and personal identity". Ethnocentrism takes on a negative condition and becomes "destructive when it is used to shut others out, provide the bases for derogatory evaluations, and rebuff change." The feeling that we are right and they are wrong pervades every aspect of a culture's existence. In more subtle ways, ethnocentrism can cause the alienation of co-cultures from the dominant one or one group from another.1.3. The basic function of cultureGenerally speaking, our ancestors evolved culture for much the same reason we have culture today. Both then and now, culture serves the basic need of laying out a predictable world in which an individual is firmly oriented. Culture enables us to make sense of our surroundings. As Thomas Fuller pointed out, culture makes all things easy. Although this view is slightly overstated, culture does ease the transition from the womb to this new life by giving meaning to events, objects, and people in the environment. In this way, culture makes the world a less mysterious and frightening place. From the instant of birth, a child is formally and informally taught how to behave. Common behaviors and definable settings allow for automatic responses that can be forecasted. Children, regardless of the culture, quickly learn how to behave in a manner that is acceptable to adults. Conversely, they are also told that if they are good, they will be rewarded. Within each culture, therefore, there is no need to expend energy to decide what each event means or how to respond to it. The assumption is that people who share a common culture can usually be counted on to behave "correctly" and predictably. Hence, culture reduces chances of surprises by shielding people from the unknown. It offers each of its members a common blueprint for all of life's activity. It is impossible for us to spend a single day without having access to the guidelines our culture provides. Without the " rules" that govern our actions, we would soon feel helpless. From how to greet strangers to how to spend our time, culture provides us with structure. To lack culture is to lack structure. Without both, we would be intellectually defenseless, floundering animals in an unfathomable realm. Culture teaches each of us how to make the most of what we have gained through millions of years of evolution.1.4. Perceptual diversity: different worldviewsPerception, in its simplest sense, refers to the way we make sense out of our physical and social world, or the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world. Our perception gives meaning to all those external forces. The physical mechanism of perception is pretty much the same in all people: sensory organs such as the eyes, the ears and nose permit us to sense our environment, and the sensations received by them are routed through our nervous system to our brains, where they are interpreted and accorded meaning in a two- stage sequence. The first stage is identification, in which a configuration of light or sound waves is identified. At the second stage, the interpretation and evaluation of what has been identified take place. The result of this stage, unlike the biological one, is not the same for all people because this process is learned and therefore influenced by all of our past experiences. This fact together with other factors make communication hard and problematic, for our culture provides us with an unique perceptive lens that exercise great influences on how we interpret and evaluate what we receive from the outside world. We behave as we do because of the ways we perceive the world. In short, the world looks, sounds, tastes, and feels the way it doesbecause our culture has given us the criteria of perception. Intercultural communication can bebest understood as cultural variance in the perception of physical and social world. A central tenetof this position is that minor problems in communication are often exaggerated by the perceptualdifferences. To understand the words and the actions of others, we have to understand theirperceptual frames of reference and learn to understand how they perceive the world. In the idealintercultural interactions, we would hope for many overlapping experiences and a commonality ofperceptions. The nature of culture, however, tends to introduce us to different experiences and tovaried perceptions of the external world. Such differences in experience and perception resultfrom differences among different cultures in history, ecology (including such physical forces asthe overall climate, the changing weather patterns, the prevailing land and water formation, andthe availability or unavailability of certain foods and other raw materials), technology (theinventions that a culture has created or borrowed), biology (the inherited characteristics culturalmembers share are the result of biology, a s people with a common ancestry have similar genetic compositions. These hereditary differences often arise as a adaptation to environmental forces andthey are evident in the biological attributes often referred to as race), institutional networks（theformal organizations in societies that structure activities for large numbers of people includinggovernment, education, religion, work, professional associations, and even social organizations）,belief(conviction in the truth of something, with or without proof, or a set of learnedinterpretations that form the basis for cultural members to decide what is and what is not logicaland correct), value (a enduring belief that a specific mode o f conduct or end-state of existence ispersonally or socially preferable to another), world view (human being's inside view of the waythings are colored, shaped and arranged according to personal cultural preconceptions),etc. Thesecultural elements heavily affect the meanings people of different cultures develop for theirpercepts. They greatly influence individual, subjective aspects of meaning system of each culture.Chapter II Relationship between Language and CultureAs a sociocultural phenomenon, language has engaged the attention of scholars in various fields of humanities and social sciences for a long time. Many of them focus their researches on its nature, its relationship with culture, and other aspects of it. There are both consensus and controversies over all these issues. Since this thesis is intended as a tentative study of how cultural differences affect the result of translation, one of the forms of intercultural communication, both of which depend heavily o n language, it deserves its share of attention from us. Without a discussion of language, esp. its relationship with culture, the present attempt to examine the limitation of translation between English and Chinese would be incomplete and far from satisfactory. Therefore, this chapter is devoted to the exploration of the definition of language, its relationship with culture, Whorf hypothesis, and linguistic and cultural relativity2.1. Demarcation of languagePeople frequently ask a question: What is language? The answer to it seems to vary from person to person and from the past to the present. In fact, the definition of language is not only affected by time, but also affected by the development of the study of the nature of language. It does not mean that the nature of language has changed. It simply suggests that as a result of the persistent efforts of scholars and researchers, people are getting closer and closer to the true nature of language. Generally speaking, in the past, language was mainly viewed from a static perspective. More attention was directed at its internal structure than at its social use. For example, language was regarded as "a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates".(Bloch and Trager 1942:4-5). As time goes by and linguistic as well as other relevant researches deepen, it is commonly accepted and generally agreed that language has both natural (internal) properties and social properties. They are two sides of one and the same coin. Both of them together form the defining features of language. To gain a better and correct understanding of what it really is, the two types of properties that are interrelated and interdependent have to be taken into consideration simultaneously. Therefore, the idea o f language as a dynamic as well as static system has become quite prevalent nowadays. Samovar pointed out in 1991 that language is “a set of symbols, with rules for combining the symbols ,that a large community uses and understands." He also regards language as a "medium of exchange for sharing internal states of being with one another". Besides, more and more current definitions of language carry an emphasis on the communicative aspect of the social properties of language. To Jandt, language is "a set of symbols shared by a community to communicate meanings and experiences". Encarta Encyclopedia defines it as "the principal means used by human beings to communicate with each other."。
缆索高强钢丝腐蚀疲劳性能研究
河海大学硕士学位论文缆索高强钢丝腐蚀疲劳性能研究姓名：温文峰申请学位级别：硕士专业：材料学指导教师：马爱斌;符冠华20080301第一章绪论界范围内半数以上的斜拉桥后，认为除非桥梁缆索腐蚀得以阻止，否则，许多斜拉桥有突然垮掉的危险（ＷａｔｓｏｎａｎｄＳｔａｆｆｏｒ１９８８）。
悬索桥的主缆由众多镀锌高强钢丝所构成，主缆钢丝受损或受腐蚀而断裂的问题严重。
美国的华盛顿桥和纽约威廉斯堡（Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓｂｕｒｇ）悬索桥等早期修建的悬索桥的主缆都在锚碇处发生严重的腐蚀疲劳而不得不进行大量的修复工作【２１捌。
１９６７年投入使用的法国阿坤廷（Ａｑｕｉｔａｉｎｅ）大桥由于发生腐蚀更换过主缆，日本的悬索桥修建的时间相对不长，然而，在几座悬索桥完工后不到ｌＯ年时间，也发现了主缆高强钢丝腐蚀的现象【２３】。
原联邦德国于１９７４年建成的科尔布兰特（Ｋｏｈｌｂｒａｎｄ）桥。
其在世界桥梁史技术上的重要意义在于首次在这样大的桥梁上采用了空间相互倾斜的索面和单索斜拉体系以及悬浮支承的主梁。
桥梁在交付运营约两年后，在定期巡查时，在下锚固区内的拉素上发现钢丝断裂。
随后的检测中发现的问题涉及８８根拉索及其锚头。
由于斜拉索腐蚀严重，在该桥建成的第三年就被迫更换了全部的斜拉索，耗资达６０００万美元，是原来造价的四倍。
图１．１为德国科尔布兰特（Ｋｏｈｌｂｒ柚ｄ）桥斜拉索的断裂形貌。
图１．１德国Ｋｏｈｌｂｒａｎｄ桥的拉索发生腐蚀疲劳而断裂Ｆｉｇ．１．１ＴｈｅｓｔｅｅｌｗｉｒｅｓｏｆＫｏｈｌｂｒａｎｄｂｒｉｄｇｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｄｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆＣＦ委内瑞拉的马拉开波（Ｍａｒａｃａｉｂｏ）桥建于１９６２年间，是世界上著名的预应力混凝土斜拉桥。
由于当时的技术水平，拉索没有进行镀锌，钢丝用亚麻油作为防锈剂，缠丝后表面涂上红丹底漆和云母甲板漆。
涂漆层经不住风雨的侵蚀，上横粱上锚头处的罩盖率先损坏，使得钢索在与上锚箱的接口处发生锈蚀，而总共的１９２根钢索中也有２５根严重锈蚀。
TGF-βRⅡ靶向并激活NK-92细胞的肿瘤免疫治疗作用
SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY 硕士学位论文论文题目TGF-β RⅡ靶向并激活NK-92细胞的肿瘤免疫治疗作用研究生姓名王仲娟指导教师姓名刘海燕专业名称免疫学研究方向肿瘤免疫论文提交日期2013年4月TGF-βRⅡ靶向并激活NK-92细胞的肿瘤免疫治疗作用中文摘要中文摘要目的：很多肿瘤可以通过分泌TGF-β抑制NK及T淋巴细胞的功能，促进肿瘤的发生与发展。
NK细胞有激活和抑制型两种受体，NK细胞是否有杀伤功能取决于它所接受的激活型信号和抑制型信号的强弱。
NKG2D是NK细胞的激活型受体，其信号可以介导NK细胞的杀伤功能。
因此我们首先克隆了TGF-βRⅡ的胞外段和跨膜区以及NKG2D的胞内段（TN）基因，用重叠延伸拼接PCR（SOE-PCR）的方法将两段基因拼接起来。
并采用了慢病毒感染的方法制备了携带TN的NK-92稳转细胞系。
表面TGF-βRⅡ的表达可以将NK细胞靶向到高表达TGF-β的肿瘤微环境，与TGF-β的结合可以激活NKG2D的活化信号，即激活NK细胞的杀伤功能；与微环境中TGF-β的结合还能够降低其对其它细胞的抑制及对调节性T细胞的诱导。
我们通过体外和体内实验研究了携带TN的NK-92细胞的肿瘤免疫治疗作用。
方法：（1）采用RT-PCR和重叠延伸PCR获得TN基因，构建含有重组TN基因的慢病毒穿梭质粒，并与其它包装质粒一起通过磷酸钙转染293T细胞，得到假病毒，用于感染NK-92细胞，获得携带TN基因的NK-92细胞系。
（2）通过Elisa方法检测肿瘤细胞分泌TGF-β1的分泌，获得高表达TGF-β1用于肿瘤杀伤和动物模型的肿瘤细胞系（3）通过Transwell实验，Cell Counting Kit- 8 （CCK8）表达检测NK-92-TN 细胞的迁移及存活能力。
（4）通过细胞毒实验，流式细胞术方法分析NK-92-TN的肿瘤细胞杀伤能力和激活程度。
（5）通过将脐血来源的CD4+T细胞在TGF-β1诱导下与NK-92-TN细胞共培养，检测其对调节性T细胞分化的影响。
二甲基乙酰胺废液的回收研究
ｒｅｃｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｔｏｗｅｒ，ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ ｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｒｅｆｌｕｘ ｒａｔｉｏ，ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ ａｎｄ ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｖｅ ｂａｔｃｈ ｄｉｓｔｉｌｌａｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄ．Ｄｕｒｉｎｇ
．Ⅳ．
论文摘要
Ｓｉｎｃｅ ｔｈｅ ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ＤＭＡＣ ａｓ ｓｏｌｖｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ ｍｅｄｉｕｍ
ｈａｓ ｂｅｅｎ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｉｎ ｔｅｘｔｉｌｅ ａｎｄ ｐａｐｅｒ ｍａｋｉｎｇ ｆｉｅｌｄｓ，ｔｈｅ ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ａｒｅ ｖｅｒｙ ｕｓｅｆｕｌ ｉ ｎ ｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｓｔ，ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｅｘｐｅｎｄｉｎｇ ａｎｄ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ．
ｉｎｔｏ ｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌａｍｉｎｅ ｏｎ ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ ｏｆ ｌｏｎｇ ｔｉｍｅ ｄｉｓｔｉｌｌａｔｉｏｎ．Ｗｅ ｔｈｉｎｋ ｔｈｅ
ｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｂｅｔｔｅｒ ｉｎ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｔｗｏ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｃｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｓ ｐｌｅｎｔｉｆｕｌ ｅｎｅｒｇｙ ｉｎ ｌｏｎｇ ｔｉｍｅ ｄｉｓｔｉｌｌａｔｉｏｎ．
ｓｕｌｆｏｎｅ ｈｏｌｌｏｗ ｆｉｂｅｒ ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ａ ｌｏｔ ｏｆ ＤＭＡＣ ｗａｓｔｅ ｌｉｑｕｉｄ
ｉｎｐｏｕｒ ｉｎｔｏ ｗａｔｅｒ ａｒｅａ ｄｕｒｉｎｇ ｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅ，ｕｓｅ ａｎｄ ｄｉｓｐｏｓａｌ ｅｖｅｒｙ ｙｅａｒ Ｌｏｓｓｅｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｔｏｘｉｃ ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｃｅｓ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ａｍｂｉｅｎｔ ｗａｔｅｒ ｍａｙ ｌｅａｄ ｔｏ ａｎ ａｄｖｅｒｓｅ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ ｉｍｐａｃｔ Ｏｉｌ ｔｈｅ ｗａｔｅｒ ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｔｈｕｓ ｅｎｄａｎｇｅｒ ｐｕｂｌｉｃ ｈｅａｌｔｈ ａｎｄ ｗｅｌｆａｒｅ．Ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅ ｆｅａｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ ａｎｄ
基于LDA的人脸识别技术研究
２
基于ＬＤＡ的人脸识别技术研究
后，这方面需求更加迫切。 （３）信息安全 人脸识别技术在信息安全领域也有着巨大的潜在应用价值。随着网络技术的 发展，网络的安全控制成为一个日益迫切的重要问题。例如，在计算机远程登录 控制、数据库的安全访问、程序的安全使用中，利用人脸识别技术可以加强局域 网和广域网的安全性，并且可以解除必须记录各复杂用户名、密码的烦恼。在电 子商务飞速发展的现代，利用人脸识别技术可以加强其网上交易的安全性。 （４）人机交互 利用人脸识别技术可以创建友好自然的人机交互方式，简化人与计算机的交 互方式，是智能计算机领域研究的重要内容之一。
பைடு நூலகம்
ｔｈｅｏｒｙ．１１１ｅ
ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓ
ｓｈｏｗ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ
ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ
ａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ ＮＤ—ＬＤＡ Ｃａｎ ａｃｈｉｅｖｅ ｍｕｃｈ
ｏｎ
ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ
ａｃｃｕｒａｃｙ
ｕｓｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｅｒ ｂａｓｅｄ
Ｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｅｄ Ｓｅｎｓｉｎｇ ｔｈｅｏｒｙ．
西安电子科技大学 硕士学位论文 基于LDA的人脸识别技术研究 姓名：王海珍 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：测试计量技术及仪器 指导教师：任获荣 20100101
摘
要
人脸识别是模式识别中极具挑战性的课题。在目前的人脸特征提取算法中， 基于Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ准则的线性判别分析（ＬＤＡ）算法是一种较成功的特征提取算法。 Ｄ．ＬＤＡ算法是为解决标准ＬＤＡ用于人脸特征提取时遇到的小样本问题而提 出的一种解决方法。针对Ｄ．ＬＤＡ实现过程中会间接丢失部分分类信息的问题，本 文提出了基于Ｄ．ＬＤＡ的改进算法一非参数直接线性判别分析（Ｎｏｎｐａｒａｍｅｔｒｉｃ Ｄ．ＬＤＡ，ＮＤ．ＬＤＡ）。该方法利用ＮＤＡ非参数化思想对Ｄ．ＬＤＡ中的类间离散度形 式进行了改进。从而使利用ＮＤ．ＬＤＡ方法计算出的最佳投影方向，不仅能利用训 练图像类内离散度矩阵的主空间和零空间的分类信息，而且具有ＮＤＡ算法的优点
分子烙印
中央民族大学《科技文献检索》论文中央民族大学 《科技文献检索》 论文分子烙印技术简介姓 名： 学 号： 院 系： 专 业：lsf 年 级：2011 年12 月 31 日1中央民族大学《科技文献检索》论文分子烙印技术简介摘要: 分子烙印技术是 20 世纪末出现的一种高选择性分离技术，因其模仿了生物界的锁匙作用原理， 使制备的材料具有较高的选择性， 受到了全球众多的科研工作者的重视。
分子烙印技术因其优越性被应 用到各种领域，如化学或生物传感器、临床药物分析、中草药提取分离等。
发展至今，分子烙印技术取 得了很多成就。
当然，分子烙印技术的研究过程中也遇到一些问题待解决，随着研究的深入和技术的进 步，分子烙印技术将会被应用得更加灵活，更加广泛。
关键词: 分子烙印;聚合物;应用Introduction of molecular imprinting technologyAbstract : Molecular imprinting technology is a kind of high selectivity separation technology thatoriginated in the end of twentieth century. Owing to its principle of imitating the theory of in biology, materials can be prepared high selectively and many researchers attaches importance to it all over the world. Molecular imprinting technology is applied to various of fields because of its advantages, such as chemical sensor orbiosensor, clinical pharmaceutical analysis ， separation of herbal medicine and so on .At present, Molecular imprinting technology has made a lot of achievements .Of course, there are some problems coming along with the process of researches .As in-depth study and progress of technique , Molecular imprinting technology will be used more neatly and widely. Key Words : MIP; polymer;application1 前言1890年，Emil Fischer 提出了“锁匙学说”，认为酶和底物结合时，底物的结构必 须和酶的活性部位的结构非常吻合，就像锁和钥匙一样，这样才能紧密地结合形成中间产 物。
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常州机电职业技术学院毕业论文题目：基于ＷＥＢ服务的现代物流信息系统设计与实现作者：张朝建学号：60911253班级：物流 0932专业：物流管理系部：经济管理系指导教师：陈勇评阅教师：2012年月日毕业设计（论文）中文摘要随着计算机及网络技术的不断发展使现代物流信息化已经成为我国经济发展的新热点。
随着物流信息化的不断深入，现代物流企业使用的软件及拥有的内部系统也越来越繁杂，如在线查询系统、电子办公系统、财务管理等。
这些系统之间相互交叉，有着大量重复的信息和数据，但相互之间却不能进行畅通的信息交流与共享。
导致企业间信息的交互和系统间的相互操作非常困难，从而出现了企业间电子商务发展的瓶颈。
通过使用Web服务，现代物流企业能够以前所未有的方式通过抽象和混合将自身的信息和事务组件化，很好地解决了系统集成问题，规范了现代物流企业内部的信息编码，整合了各种应用系统中的数据。
本文提出一种在开放式环境下，用Web服务技术来实现适用于现代物流企业管理的分布式信息系统，并结合实例说明了其部分功能的实现方法和调用过程。
该方案很好地满足了现代物流企业业务分散处理的需求，提高了大型物流企业组建企业信息系统的效率和质量。
关键词：Web服务物流信息系统分布式毕业设计（论文）外文摘要Title:modern logistics information system design and implementation Based on the WEB serviceAbstract：Along with the computer and network technology to the development of modern logistics information has become a new hotspot of economic development in China. With the deepening of the logistics information, modern logistics enterprise to use the software and the internal system also has more and more multifarious, such as online inquiry system, electronic office system, financial management, etc. These systems cross each other between, has a lot of repeat information and data, but between each other but cannot unimpeded information exchange and sharing. The interaction between enterprises in information and system of mutual operation is very difficult, and thus appeared the enterprise electronic commerce development between the bottleneck. Through the use of Web services, modern logistics enterprise can in an unprecedented fashion through the abstract and mixed will itself information and affairs modular, very good solution to the system integration, and regulate the modern logistics enterprise internal information coding, integrate various application system of data. In this paper a kind open environment, use Web services technology used in modern logistics business enterprise management of distributed information system, with some examples of some of its function method and call process. The scheme is very good to meet the modern logistics enterprise business scattered processing requirements, improve the large logistics enterprise established enterprise information system efficiency and quality.Key words: Web services ，distributed logistics information system , Information sharing目录摘要....................................... 错误！未定义书签。
第一章引言................................ 错误！未定义书签。
第二章引入WEB服务的意义.. (3)第三章现代物流信息系统 (3)3.1系统特点 (3)3.2系统目标 (5)3.3 WEB平台的体系结构 (5)第四章系统数据库设计 (7)4.1数据设计 (7)第五章系统总体设计 (11)5.1系统体系结构 (11)5.2系统总体功能结构 (15)5.3系统总体物理结构 (15)结论 (16)参考文献 (17)1 引言现代物流管理是不同于运输和物资管理等学科的新兴学科，是关于运输、仓储、装卸、搬运、包装、配送、流通加工、物流信息等环节的综合化、一体化，是一套全新的理论方法体系。
随着计算机及网络技术的不断发展使现代物流信息化已经成为我国经济发展的新热点。
随着物流信息化的不断深入，现代物流企业使用的软件及拥有的内部系统也越来越繁杂，如在线查询系统、电子办公系统、财务管理等。
这些系统之间相互交叉，有着大量重复的信息和数据，但相互之间却不能进行畅通的信息交流与共享。
另外，企业之间的合作要求日益加剧，然而不同的企业往往拥有着异构的信息系统，导致企业间信息的交互和系统间的相互操作非常困难，从而出现了企业间电子商务发展的瓶颈。
通过使用Web服务，现代物流企业能够以前所未有的方式通过抽象和混合将自身的信息和事务组件化，很好地解决了系统集成问题，规范了现代物流企业内部的信息编码，整合了各种应用系统中的数据。
2 引入WEB服务的意义我们知道，Web服务是用以支持联网协同计算机进行交互的软件系统，具有联网计算机可以处理的格式化接口(通常WSDL)。
其他系统按照规定方式以SOAP 消息与Web服务进行交互，典型的是使用XML通过HTTP与其他Web相关标准相连。
Web服务正是被设计和用来促进跨平台的程序对程序通信。
它能够为现代物流企业提供适应于Internet的应用。
新架构下现代物流信息系统可以为异构系统提供服务，提高系统可扩展性，解决传统物流信息系统的功能缺陷，将企业的资源管理扩展至整个Internet。
3 现代物流信息系统3.1系统特点现代物流已经形成以计算机技术与物流技术为核心的，实现了数据的快速、准确传递，提高了仓储管理、装卸搬运、采购定货、配送运输、定单处理的自动化，使得订装、运输、流通、加工实现一体化。
企业可以方便地利用网络和信息技术与物流企业进行交流和协作，并进行实时响应。
第三方物流管理信息系统是第三方物流企业和大型制造企业进行现代物流业务电子化管理和操作的平台和系统，具有下特征：（1）高开放性。
基于INTERNET技术，无时间空间限制；客户端采用浏览器，无须分发，将系统维护工作量降到最低。
（2）高适应性。
可通过XML/EDI、WEB、E-MAIL、FAX、手机等多种沟通的渠道与第三方以及客户交换信息。
（3）高集成性。
系统集成了运输系统、、GPS系统、仓储管理系统、以及其他贸易网站连接，形成流畅的供应链管理。
（4）高智能化。
在供应链管理中要对自动仓库、GPS 系统、条形码识别等进行发送指令及实时监控。
3.2系统目标通过系统，客户可以网上下达运输指令、仓库作业指令、配送指令，可以查询运价、库存报告、帐单统计，可以跟踪货物状态等；物流公司可以审核客户的各种指令，对陆、海、空、多式联运委托进行任务分发和业务操作，下达指令给运输和仓储联盟企业，全程跟踪货物状态，统计每票货业务费用，管理物流公司与客户、联盟企业往来帐目；联盟企业可以查询指令及与物流公司的往来帐目等。
3.3 Web 平台的体系架构在一般的物流系统中，物流活动产生的需求信息和反馈信息，一般都是随着物流的传递而逐级传递的。
当物流系统中各环节之间不能直接相连时，信息传递就会出现延迟，从而导致物流系统反应速度的降低，一但某个环节出现问题时就有可能造成整个物流系统信息的堵塞。
因此，系统采用总线型物流系统的结构，总线型结构的需求信息和反馈信息是总线式传递的，任何企业和其它节点都可以自由访问和处理拥有相应权限的信息。
利用Intranet/Internet 技术，可以实现总线型物流系统的物流结构，供应商、制造商、分销商、客户、商务网站和第三方物流企业通过自身的服务器进行信息的发布和接收，实现物流系统信息的在线实时共享.整个管理信息系统采用三层B/S 体系结构。
系统的客户端只需要一个浏览器即可。
相关人员通过览器来查询、增加、修改、删除数据，对信息进行管理。
三层的B/S 结构是从两层的B/S 结构改进而来的。
在两层的B/S 应用程序开发领域，以其强大的功能，良好的扩展能力，，迅速地流行起来。
它能够快速开发出看上去非常专业的应用Web 应用程序。
Web 平台的三层分布式体系结构为图2所示。
图2 Web 平台的三层分布式体系结构客户端浏览器Web 服务器 应用服务器 数据库服务器 反馈页面 HTTP 请求事务逻辑请求结果三层分布式体系结构的第一层是客户端表示层、客户层仅仅是整个应用系统的图形界面表示;处于第二层的应用服务层，有一台或多台服务器组成，其中Web服务器主要负责对客户端应用程序的集中管理，应用服务器(Application Server)主要负责应用逻辑的集中管理，即事务处理;处于第三层的是数据中心层，有数据库系统，主要负责数据的存储和组织、数据库的分布式管理、数据库的备份和同步等等。