专业外语讲义 (14)
专业外语讲义 (13)
Cylinder Block缸体The cylinder block, on liquid-cooled engines, forms the basic framework of the engine. (In air-cooled engines, the cylinders are often separate parts.)Other parts are attached to the cylinder block or assembled in it. The block is one piece from gray iron or iron alloyed with other metals, such as chromium. some blocks are cast from aluminum. The block contains not only the cylinders, but also the water jackets that surround them. In aluminum blocks, cast-iron cylinder sleeves (also called cylinder liners) are used. These metals have better wearing qualities than aluminum, so they can better withstand the wearing effects of the pistons and rings moving up and down in the cylinders. In some small engines, the cylinder walls are plated with chromium, a very hard metal, to reduce wall wear and lengthen service life.在水冷发动机中，缸体构成发动机的基本框架。
新概念英语L1辅导讲义Lesson 14 Do you speak English 教师版
Lesson 14 Do you speak English? 阅读理解1. Did the young man speak English?Yes, he was English himself.2. Why did neither of us speak during the journey?We both thought that the other one was French.单词详解1. amusing adj. 好笑的，有趣的（同义词funny，interesting）派生：amused adj. 感到好笑的amuse v. 使开心，使发笑翻译：这个表演使我们很开心。
The performance amused us a lot.派生：amusement n. 开心，愉悦词组：amusement park 游乐场2.experience n. 经历判断下列句子中experience的含义Our trip to Africa is a pleasant experience. 经历He got a lot of valuable experience in that company. 经验表示“经验”“体验”，是不可数名词；而表示“经历”“感受”，通常是可数名词派生：experience v. 经历，体验翻译：那场事故中，我体验到了死亡的感觉。
I experienced the feeling of death in that accident.3. wave v. 招手词组：wave to / at sb. 向某人招手【思考1】wave作名词时是什么意思4. lift n. 搭便车词组：ask for / thumb a lift 要求搭便车give sb. a lift = give sb. a ride 让某人搭便车文化：竖起大拇指在中国表示praise，在美国表示ask for a taxi，在澳大利亚表示rude5. reply v. 回答词组：reply to sb. 回答某人6. language n. 语言词组：native language = mother tongue 母语7. journey n. 旅行（陆上）还学过哪些词表示旅行travel / trip / tour / voyage课文解析1. I had an amusing experience last year. After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town.●时态：过去完成时，表示过去某时或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作或情况。
新概念英语第四册讲义14
新概念英语第四册讲义14 Chapter 14: Using your brainIn this chapter, we will explore the topic of using your brain effectively. We will cover various techniques that can help enhance your thinking and problem-solving abilities.1. Building mental associationsOne effective technique for improving memory and recall is building mental associations. This involves connecting new information with something you already know, making it easier to remember. For example, you can associate a new English word with a similar word or concept in your native language.2. Developing critical thinking skillsCritical thinking is an essential aspect of using your brain effectively. It involves analyzing information, evaluating arguments, andmaking informed decisions. By developing critical thinking skills, you can improve your problem-solving abilities and make more rational choices.3. Practicing mindfulnessMindfulness is the practice of being fully present and aware of the current moment. This can help enhance focus, concentration, and overall cognitive abilities. By practicing mindfulness regularly, you can improve your mental clarity and effectiveness in various tasks.4. Engaging in brain-stimulating activitiesEngaging in activities that stimulate your brain is crucial for its overall health and performance. Reading books, solving puzzles, learning new skills, and engaging in intellectual discussions are all examples of activities that can boost your brainpower.5. Getting enough rest and sleepRest and sleep are essential for proper brain function. Lack of sleep can negatively impact cognitive abilities, memory, and concentration.It's important to prioritize getting enough restful sleep to ensure optimal brain performance.ConclusionUsing your brain effectively involves various techniques and practices that can improve memory, critical thinking, focus, and overall cognitive abilities. By incorporating these strategies into your daily life, you can enhance your learning and problem-solving skills in the journey of learning English.We hope this chapter has provided you with valuable insights into utilizing your brain to its fullest potential.。
讲义十四
讲义十四Text A The Teacher's Last Shocking Lesson课文简介温斯坦，一位45岁的美国新泽西州的中学教师，在她去学校的路上被一个不到17岁的少年袭击。
在她被杀害之前，她设法录下了她和袭击者的谈话。
录音谈话不仅帮助警察找到了凶手，也显示了这位女教师非凡的勇气和同情心，为社会树立了榜样。
Para.1 Kathleen Weinstein ——a remarkable teacher，was killed.Paras.2-3 The teacher encountered the robber and tried to reasonwith him，and she managed to tape their conversation.Paras.4-5 The worst thing happened，but she gave her last lessonto the juvenile.New Words1 shocking a. 令人震惊的，骇人听闻的2 miniature n./a. 缩样，小型物；微型的，小型的3 device n. 装置，器械；方法，手段4 capture vt./n. 捕获；夺得，占领；捕获物5 microcassette n. 微型卡式录音带6 allege vt. 断言，宣称；7 compassion n. 同情；怜悯8 grab vt./n./vi. 攫取；抓取9 jaw n. 颌，颚10 attacker n. 攻击者11 activate vt. 使活动，使起作用12 recorder n. 记录者，录音机13 prosecutor n. 起诉人，检察官，公诉人14 belonging n. 所有物；行李15 hysterical a. 癔病的，歇斯底里的；患癔病的16 threatening a. 威胁（性）的，凶兆的17 persistently ad. 坚持地，固执地18 convince vt. 使确认，使信服19 excerpt n./vt. 摘录，节录20 beloved a./n. 为…所爱的；亲爱的；心爱的人21 foster vt. 鼓励，促进；养育，抚养22 persuasion n. 说服，劝服23 avail vt./vi. 有利，有助；n. 好处，用处24 hiker n. 徒步旅行者25 smother vt./vi. 使窒息，把…闷死；忍住；窒息26 suspect vt./vi./n. 疑有；推测；嫌疑犯，可疑分子27 county n.（英国）郡；县28 profound a. 深刻的，深奥的29 juvenile a./n. 青少年的，青少年30 materialism n. [哲]唯物主义，唯物论31 solicit vt. 请求，恳求32 p.a.（=public address）system有线广播，扩音系统33 merchant n. 商人34 heartbreaking a. 使人心碎的35 resonance n. 回声，反响；共振，共鸣词组：phrases1 to convince sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事2 on one’s head归罪于某人，（责任）落到某人身上3 to （或of ）no avail完全无用，毫无效果4 to comment on 对…评论to go beyond超越词汇精讲：1.shocking a. 令人震惊的，骇人听闻的2.miniature n./a. 缩样，小型物；微型的，小型的3.device n. 装置，器械；方法，手段4.capture：vt. / n. 捕获，夺得，占领同义词是“catch”capture 强调动作的过程及结果catch 侧重于结果The child captured/caught a bird.e.g. Two of the soldiers were killed and the rest were captured. 两个士兵被杀，其余的被俘虏。
专业外语讲义 (11)
Engine Classification(2)发动机分类Cylinder Arrangement.A diesel or gas-burning engine has its cylinders arranged in one of several ways. For basic cylinder arrangements are: (a) cylinders-in-line (b) V arrangement, (c) flat and (d)radial.汽缸排列柴油机或燃气机是若干方式之一排列的。
其基本汽缸排列为：(a) 直列式(b) V 型排列(c) 平列式(d)星型。
A Cylinders-in-line Arrangement.This is the simple and most common arrangement, with all cylinders arranged vertically in line. This construction is used for engines having up to 12 cylinders. Engines are also built with horizontal cylinders, usually one or two , in a few cases with three cylinders.直列式汽缸排列这是简单且最普通的排列方式。
所有汽缸垂直排列成行。
此结构用于汽缸数达到12个的发动机。
（直列式）发动机的制造也用水平汽缸的排列方式，通常为单缸或双缸，少数情况下为3缸。
If an engine has more than eight cylinders, it becomes difficult to make a sufficiently rigid frame and crankshaft with an in-line arrangement. Also the engine becomes quite long and takes up considerable space. The V-arrangement with two connecting rods attached to each crankpin, permits reducing the engine length by almost one-half, thus making it much more rigid, with a stiff crankshaft. It also costs less to manufacture and install. This is a common arrangement for engines with eight, twelve, and sixteen cylinders. Cylinders lying in one line are called a “bank”, and the angle A between the banks may vary, in manufacturing practice from 30° to 120°, the most common angles being between 40° and 75° (A complete circle is 360).如果发动机汽缸多于8个，用直列式排列很难制造出钢性够强的机架和曲轴。
《专业英语讲义》课件
Presentations
Giving presentations in English requires a command of the language's grammar to convey ideas clearly and professionally
Academic exchange
Use professional English vocabulary to accurately express academic viewpoints and research results in academic conferences, paper writing, and oral presentations.
Use of precision and specialized vocabulary unique to each profession
Formality
Writing and speaking in a formal and objective Manner to confirm professionalism and authority
Career development
Continuously improving professional English proficiency, expanding career development space, and enhancing personal competitiveness.
专业外语讲义 (12)
Engine parts发动机零件An understanding of the operation or purpose of the various parts is necessary for a complete understanding of the whole engine. Each part or unit has its special function to perform and in conjunction with other parts makes up a diesel engine. A person who wants to operate, repair, or otherwise service diesel engines must be able to recognize the different parts by sight and know what their particular functions are. A knowledge of the engine parts will be gradually acquired, first by reading attentively the following sections and later by looking up in them Glossary at the end of the book every term not sufficiently familiar from a reading of the corresponding chapters. 了解发动机各个部件的工作情况及其用途，对于全面理解整个发动机是必要的。
每个零件或总成都有其专门的功能，并与其它零件一起构成一台柴油发动机。
一个想操作、维修发动机或发动机其他方面服务的人必须通过外观就能认出不同的零件，且知道这些零件的具体功能。
大学英语四级考试精讲班第14讲讲义
大学英语四级考试精讲班第14讲讲义短对话应急高招2七、第七招：主题明确的情况下，与其他三个选项不相关（与主题不相关）的往往不是答案。
请试做下题：例 05-12-1[A] See a doctor.[B] Stay in bed for a few days.[C] Get treatment in a better hospital.[D] Make a phone call to the doctor.只猜不听：[解析]选[A]。
四个选项都是动词原形，猜测题干问建议。
[B]与其他三个看病的主题无关，首先排除；[C]“转医院”在四级听力中很少出现，不可能是答案；[D]“打电话给医生”不一定是看病，且不能解决实际问题，排除。
因此只有[A]正确。
听音验证：W: Garol told us on the phone not to worry about her. Her left leg doesn’t hurt as much as it did yesterday.M: She’d better have it examined by a doctor anyway. And I’ll call her about it this evening.Q: What does the man think Garol should do?八、第八招：选数字、时间时掐头去尾有时奏效。
一般来说听到的数字不能直接作为答案。
请试做下题：[A] At 10:30.[B] At 10:36.[C] At 10:40.[D] At 10:45.只猜不听：[解析]选[C]。
四个选项时间最晚的是[D]最早的是[B]，可以先排除；[A]是听到的时间，一般不可能是答案，因此猜测只能[C]正确。
实际上正好如此。
听音验证：M: So when are the other guys going to get here? The train is leaving in 10 minutes. We can’t wait here forever.W: It’s 10:30 already. They’re supposed to be here by now. I told everybody to meet here by 10:15.Q: When is the train leaving?下面我们复习一下上节课所讲的内容，这也是很多考生最为关注的问题。
2013年职称英语第八次课讲义
第14课定语从句★本课要点1、【定语从句的定义】提示中国人的思维方式决定了汉语的语言结构，一句话中也不可能加过多的修饰成分。
句子往往是迂回着分段叙述的。
而英语的句子可以很长，因为英语把最重要的部分放在句首，然后用定语从句来修饰主句的名词。
2、【关系代词引导的定语从句】●He is the man（先行词）主系表定语从句——修饰man他=He is the man. The man wants to see you.●She is the teacher（先行词）主系表定语从句——修饰teacher她=She is the teacher. I saw the teacher yesterday.●He has a friend（先行词）主谓宾定语从句——修饰friend他有=He has a friend. His father is a doctor.●Do you like the book（先行词）主谓宾定语从句——修饰book你吗?●Football is a game（先行词）主系表定语从句——修饰game足球项游戏.●This is the phone(先行词)主系表定语从句——修饰phone这●He is主系表定语从句——修饰student他●He loves the girl whose thatwho 他爱上了一个女孩，这个女孩的妈妈是那个在打扫屋子的家庭主妇，这个屋子是她有钱的老公买的。
3、【关系副词引导的定语从句】●I still remember the day主谓宾定语从句——修饰day我依然个日子●Shanghai is the city主系表定语从句——修饰city上海●I don’t know the reason主谓宾定语从句——修饰reason我因●He was a productive writer他是一个多产的作家●Many teachers say difference in scores are due to the differentattitude许多教师声称不同的成同态度。
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程PPT unit 14
E.g. 1) I found the experience quite bewildering.
我觉得这次经历令人相当困惑。
2) Changes in society are happening so fast, they sometimes seem bewildering. 社会发展的太快，他们有时候看得都有些眼花缭乱了。
ENGLISH FOR
GRADUATE STUDENTS
Science
Space and Time
Background Information Text Analysis
Translating Activities Grammar Activities
பைடு நூலகம்
Background Information
他的消息不可不重视。 3) Scientists discounted his method of predicting
earthquakes. 科学家不相信他预测地震的方法
Word Analysis
5. postulate to suggest that something might have happened or
About the Book
A Brief History of Time is a popular science book written by Stephen Hawking and first published by the Bantam Dell Publishing Group in 1988. It became a bestseller and has sold more than 9 million copies. It was also on the London Sunday Times best-seller list for more than four years.
自考0794综合英语(一)课程讲义全下册Lesson14
页本印打
பைடு நூலகம்
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雅思强化口语精讲班第14讲讲义
雅思强化口语精讲班第14讲讲义老师老师Teacher在这个话题里面会用到一些跟学科有关的词汇。
然后考生要注意谈论相关的事件，就是老师给你印象最深的一件事。
Part twoInterviewer: Ok, I am going to give you a topic. You can prepare for one or two minutes.I have many teachers in my years of education, and there is only one teacher who will remain in my memory forever. His name is Tom, and he taught me spoken English in a language school last year. He’s not tall but he’s energetic. He comes from America. He’s humorous but in class he was strict with us. We were not allowed to speak Chinese and had to take a quiz every day. If you failed, you had to stay in the classroom studying until you could talk to him in English fluently. One day, I left my textbook in the classroom, and when I returned, it was already 9 o’clock in the evening. Much to my surprise, Tom was still there helping some of my classmates improving their pronunciation. And his voice was low and husky, I was quite sure he didn’t have dinner. He made a strong impression on me because of his responsibility. I will remember him forever.Part threeInterviewer: What do you think education should be?Candidate: I guess education should focus on the development of ability of students. The capability of students should be explored.Interviewer: Are there any problems in education?Candidate: Well, I think education in China has got some problems. Traditional education makes students bored. Teachers only teach them to remember the figures in the books, and we can’t encourage students to be creative.Interviewer: How do you think the government can solve the problem?Candidate: Governments should bring some reforms to examination system, co-operate with foreign universities, encourage students to study aboard, and teachers should be sent to other countries to receive some training.Interviewer: What impressed you most when you were at university?Candidate: There were both happiness and bitterness in my memory. I think the academic ability and responsibility of my teachers made me impressed.Interviewer: What’s the difference between today’s education and that of twenty years ago?Candidate: In the past, many children couldn’t go to school, and educational conditions were terrible. But now, government offers compulsory education. Each child is endowed with the right go to school. Interviewer: Do schools teach non-academic courses?Candidate: No, we rarely have non-academic courses. The subjects are all relevant to our entrance exam to university.Interviewer: Do you think that schools should be responsible for teaching these non-academic courses? Candidate: Y es. It’s necessary. Students should have courses like survival skills, communication and skill training so that they can face the tough society fully prepared.专业专业Major这个专业是未来要学习的，注意时态的使用。
高级英语第一册讲义14
Lesson 14 Argentia BayObjectives of Teaching1) Improving students’ understand ing of the text properly;2) Enhancing students’ ability to appreciate the text3) Helping students to understanding rhetorical devices;4)Encouraging students to voice their own viewpoint fluently and accurately. Important and difficult points1)understanding this passage;2)appreciating the writing style.I. Background InformationHerman Wouk: American novelist, A Pulitzer Prize winner.Famous works: THE WINDS of WAR (1971) and WAR and REMEMBRANCE (1977).Pulitzer Prize: founded by Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911), American newspaper publisher who gave Columbia University $2,000,000 in 1903 for the creation of the Columbia School of Journalism and also the Prizes. Today there are Pulitzer Prizes for distinguished works in American fiction, drama, history, biography and autobiography, nonfiction, poetry and music.The Winds of War: The story is a fiction with the main character, Pug Victor Henry being a mid-rank officer who witnesses all the major events during World WarA novelty of this fiction is, with the ongoing of the story itself, an imaginary reminiscences by a German strategist was put in at intervals of chapters. That is to say, every a couple of chapters into the novel, an episode of that reminiscences was quoted to provide an opposite-side view of the war situation, which enables the reader to view the historical events with and all-round angle.II. Detailed Study of the Text1.pervade: spread to and be perceived in every part ofeg: The smell of the barbecue pervaded the house.Her song is pervaded by nostalgia for a past age.2.brace: (device that clamps things together or holds and supports them in position)eg: The retired general had to wear steel braces on his legs, because an attack of polio in 1937 had paralyzed him from the waist.v. support (sth) with a bracen. wire device worn inside the mouth (esp. by children) for straightening the teeth eg: Margarett has to wear a brace on her teeth.3.quartermaster: a petty officer who attends to a ship's helm, binnacle, and signals,any army officer who provides clothing and subsistence for a body of troops, a military officer in charge of provisionsOther words beginning with quarter:quarterback, quarterdeck, quarterfinal, quarterly4.assault: sudden violent attackeg: make an assault on the enemy linesThis young man got two years' imprisonment for assaulting a police officer.Several women have been sexually assaulted in the area recently.5.diminish: (cause sth. to) become smaller or less; decreaseeg: His vigor has diminished over the years.Nothing could diminish her desire for money.make (sb. / sth.) seem less important than it really is; devalueeg: The opposition are trying to diminish our achievements.6.pathetic: causing one to feel pity or sadnesseg: pathetic cries for helpthe pathetic sight of starving childrenHis tears were pathetic to witness.pathetically thinHis answers were pathetically inadequate.7.bent: strongly inclined, determinedbe bent on sth. / on doing sth: be determined on (a course of action); have one's mind firmly set on (doing) stheg: He is bent on winning the match at all costs.8.dignity: quality that earns or deserves respect; true wortheg: Every free person should have human dignity.She kept her dignity despite the poverty.Some husbands still think it beneath their dignity to do housework. dignified: having or showing dignityeg: a dignified person, walk, bowOur ceremony was dignified by the presence of the ambassador.9.appall / appal: fill (sb) with horror or dismay; shock deeplyeg: The newspaper reports of criminals stealing children appalled me.We were appalled at the prospect of having to miss our holiday.III. Rhetorical devices:Transferred EpithetGray peace pervaded the wilderness-ringed Argentia Bay in NewfoundlandHe resumed his hurried packing.They prolonged the clasp for the photographers, exchanging smiling wordsChurchill looked up at him with majestic good humorthe forests of larch and fir glowed a rich greenMetonymyThe squeal of boatswains’ pipes broke up the dress parade on the cruiser’s deck.Building new ships to replace U-boat sinkings came first.OxymoronTheir empire is mighty rickety at this point.Hopkins gave Victor Henry a sad smileIV. Question for discussion:Why did the part about free trade and independence for all peoples mean the end of the British Empire?。
专业外语复习内容
专业外语复习内容1. Translate the following into Chinese.performance thermostatvariation chassisgasket symmetry maintenance conventional compensate contamination incorporate alternatortappet electrodecarburetor coil springspark plug centrifugal force throttle valve final driveWindshield Wiper four-wheel driveA/C ABStachometer negative counterclockwise hydrocarbon circumstance contaminationfuel filter exhaust gas recirculation starter motor pressure platethrow-out bearing one-way clutchlight-emitting diodes intake manifold PIP PAPVIN EGR2.Translate the following into English.布置油标分电器转矩空挡润滑螺钉飞轮剖面强度爆燃排放速度气门间隙空燃比容积效率油环燃烧室止推垫圈顶置式凸轮轴整体式车身盘式制动参数故障节温器接线柱附件技师爆震传感器曲轴位置传感器机油压力表空气流量计空燃比三元催化剂水套燃烧室膜片弹簧液力变矩器汽车保险责任保险3. Please answer the following questions with English.1、What’s the mechanics of the car ?2、What are major parts of a car ?3、Why does the battery of the car can be rechargeable ?4、Why will pinking or knocking happen if the compression ratio is too high for petrol ?5、Please give the arrangement of cylinders .6、Why does the big end of the connecting-rod can be split obliquely ?7、What do the combination car instruments commonly used include ?8、What’s made up of the Electronic Fuel Injection System ?9、What are the harmful exhaust gases manufacturers plan to reduce ?10、Please give the structure style of the ignition system .11、What’s the purpose of the automobile battery ?12、What are the main components that make up an automatic transmission ?13、What’s the classification of Auto Insurance ?14、What are the five parts of the personal auto policy ?4、Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1、The main difference between electronic and mechanical injection is that in an electronic system the admission of the fuel and air is governed by a complex electronic control unit , not by a mechanical or pneumatic input .2、Combustion chamber shapes currently used in car engines can be divided into four main categories : hemispherical , bath-tub , wedge and chamber-in-piston , all with over head valves .3、 A compassion of the volumes of the gas in the cylinder before and after compression take place is expressed as the compression ratio .4、This computer is linked to a number of sensing devices which measure various engine conditions , such as air pressure in the manifold , air and water temperatures , rate of acceleration and throttle position .5、Bearings fall into two main types : plain bearings , in which the moving part rotates in a shell or liner , with adjacent surfaces usually separated by a film of oil or grease , and rolling bearings , in which the load is borne by balls or rollers .6、In fully automatic transmission , gears are selected and changed by a control mechanism which responds to car speed and the use made of the accelerator .7、The light should come on every time your ignition key is turned to ON or START and go out when the engine starts. If the light stays on or turns on while the engine is running, you have lost oil pressure and continued operation will cause severe engine damage.8、Port Fuel Injection (also called multiple-point fuel injection) systems use a solenoid fuel injector with a coil and a spring to open and close the needle valve in each cylinder. Gasoline is injected into the intake manifold above the intake valve 70-100 mm.9、When these electronic fuel metering systems read the input from the oxygen sensor, they are said to be running in "closed loop" . A closed loop fuel control system precisely controls the air/fuel mixture. The vehicle's ECM maintains the air/fuel mixture at optimum conditions for minimizing emissions while maximizing performance.10、Conventional ignition system consists of the battery, ignition coil, distributor, condenser, ignition switch, spark plugs, resistor and the necessary low and hightension wiring.11、A clutch pack consists of alternating disks that fit inside a clutch drum. Half of the disks are steel and have splines that fit into groves on the inside of the drum.The other half have a friction material bonded to their surface and have splines on the inside edge that fit groves on outer surface of the adjoining hub.12、The three elements of the torque converter are the Pump, the Turbine, and the Staor. The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear, a ring gear and two or more planet gears, all remaining in constant mesh.。
自考0794综合英语(一)课程讲义全下册Lesson14
Lesson FourteenThe Outside Chance一、词汇outside adj. 极小的（可能性、机会等）quote v. 引证，引述[kw]rainy adj. 下雨的,多雨的windycloudysandymechanic n.技工，机修工garage n. 汽车修理厂（或兼加油站）；车房，车库restless adj.不安分的，坐立不安的mum n.（口语）妈妈council house n.（英国市、郡等统建的便宜的）公寓或房屋pension n.养老金；退休金；抚恤金tube n.（英）地铁subway美式地铁tube英式地铁gap n.（时音或空间的）间断，空白；差距；裂缝generationgapjump n. 跳，跳跃my God interj. 天哪winner n. 获胜的人或马等outsider n.（赛马中）不看好的马bet v.&n. 赌博，打赌；赌注，赌金draw v.（从银行）取款lay v. 押（赌注），赌（钱等）suspicious adj.（对……）起疑心的，可疑的notice n. 辞职书；通知，预告announcer n. 播音员，广播员explosion n.爆炸explodeexplosionup adv. 在北方，在高处enquiry n. 调查，查询stop press n.（英）（报纸付印时留出的）最新的消息栏bloody adj. （英俚）该死的swim v.似在旋转，似在摇晃better off adj 经济情况好转的well offdamn adv.（口语）非常二、课文分析1 It’s a funny thing about money. If you haven’t got it, you think it’s the most important thing in the world. That’s what I used to think, too. I don’t any more, thought, and I learned the hard way.钱这个东西真是很捉弄人。
自考0795综合英语(二)基础班课程讲义全 上册Lesson14
Lesson Fourteen：Cipher in the Snow打印本页I. Outline of the TextPart 1：Introduction （Paras. 1-6）A boy named Cliff Evans died on his way to school on a snowy morning.Part 2：Body （Paras. 7-20）The writer thought that bad education was the real killer.☆ The boy seemed to be completely excluded from activities outside the classro om and the teachers' comments made the boy's I.Q. gradually dropped.☆ The boy was made to believe he was stupid and he had noting to live for and hope for.Part 3：Conclusion （Paras. 21-23）As a teacher, the writer made up her mind that what had happened to Cliff Evans would never happen to any other of her students.II. TextPart 1：Introduction （Paras. 1-6）1 It started on a biting cold February morning：事情发生在2月的一个寒冷刺骨的清晨。
It 指的是incident（事件）；accident（事故）I was driving behind the Milford Corners bus as I did most snowy mornings on my way to school：那时我正驾车跟在校车后面，下雪的时候多数情况早晨我都是这样去学校上班。
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pistons活塞The piston with its rings, seals the cylinder and transmits the gas pressure to the connecting rod. It absorbs heat from the gas, and this heat must be carried away if the metal temperature is to be held within safe limits. The constant reversal of the piston travel sets up inertia forces, which increase both with the weight of the piston and with its speed. For this reason designers try to keep piston weight low, particularly in high-speed engines.活塞，连同活塞环密封汽缸，并把气体的压力传递给连杆。
活塞从气体吸收热量。
假如要使金属的温度保持在安全限度以内，就必须散热。
活塞行程的不断往复产生惯性力，此力随活塞的重量和及其速度而增大。
为此，设计者设法使活塞造得轻些，特别是高速发动机。
In “uncooled” pistons, the heat absorbed by the piston top travels through the piston side-walls, then through the rings into the cylinder walls and finally to the jacket water surrounding the cylinder. In highly loaded engines, additional means of heat removal are necessary; this is accomplished by a liquid, generally oil. These are termed “cooled” pistons.在无冷却的活塞中，活塞顶部吸收的热量通过活塞侧壁，再通过活塞环，传入汽缸壁，最后，传向包在汽缸周围的水套中的水里。
在那些高负荷的发动机中，散热的附加措施是必要的。
采用液体通常是油液进行冷却。
这种活塞被称为“冷却”活塞。
The top section of a piston is called the crown and the lower section the skirt. . The shape of the top of the crown depends largely on the design of the combustion chamber. The crown section is usually thick, in order to withstand the gas pressure without distorting and to provide a good path for the heat flow from the upper surface of the crown to the rings. When running the piston diameter increases because of the increase in temperature. To take care of the greater expansion in the high-temperature zone, the crown is machined on a slight taper, the diameter being greatest where the crown meets the skirt and becoming less toward the top.活塞的顶端部分称为活塞顶，下面部分称为活塞裙。
顶部的形状主要取决于燃烧室的设计。
为了承受气体压力而不变形，并让热流从活塞顶表面传向活塞环提供良好通道，活塞顶部通常很厚。
在运行中，因为温度升高，活塞直径增大。
考虑到高温区热膨胀较大，活塞顶部加工成低小锥形，即活塞顶部和活塞裙部交接处直径最大，愈向顶部直径愈小。
The crown carries the upper set of rings, which are the “compression”, or “power rings”. In most uncooled pistons, a division plate above the wristpin prevents lubricating oil from splashing against the hot under-surface of the crown. The amount of splashed oil would be insufficient to cool the piston; consequently, the oil would overheat and carbon deposits would form.活塞顶部装有一组上活塞环，是压缩环或动力环。
在多数不冷却活塞中，活塞销上的隔板防止机油飞溅到活塞顶下部的热表面。
飞溅的机油量不足以冷却活塞，因此，机油就因过热而形成积碳。
The skirt of a trunk piston takes the side-thrust of the connecting rod and prevents the piston from rocking from side to side; it also carries the lower set of rings, which are the “oil-control” rings. Below the upper ring band, where heavy wall thickness is needed to carry the heat flow, the piston skirt becomes much thinner. The running clearance between the skirt and the cylinder wall must be small; therefore, it is important that the thin skirt should stay truly round. For this reason, interior ribs are used to stiffen the skirts of cast pistons.筒状活塞的裙部承受连杆的侧向推力，并防止活塞从一侧向另一侧摆动，裙部也装有一组下活塞环，为机油控制环（油环）。
活塞的上环带的下面，必须有足够的壁厚，以防止传热（携带热流），而活塞的裙部可薄一些（变得更薄。
）活塞的裙部和汽缸壁之间的运行间隙很小，因此，活塞薄薄的裙部保持真正的圆形很重要。
基于这种原因，使用内埋加强筋以增加铸件活塞裙部的硬度。
The ideal piston material would be light and strong, conduct beat well, expand only slightly when heated, resist wear, and be low in cost. Formerly, all pistons were made of cast iron but today the alloy cast irons, which offer greater heat resistance and better wearing qualities, are widely used. These materials are not perfect as regards weight and heat transfer ability, but nevertheless are quite satisfactory in slow-speed engines, particularly where the piston is effectively cooled by a liquid.理想的活塞材料应该重量轻，轻度高，导热性能好，热膨胀很小，耐磨，成本低。
从前，所有的活塞都用铸铁制造，但今天，广泛采用合金铸铁，它能提供更好的耐热耐磨性能。
这些材料在重量和传热能力方面不是很理想（完美），但是，尽管如此，它对低速发动机，特别是对那些用液体充分（有效地）冷却活塞的发动机是十分合适的。
Composite pistons.Forged steel crowns and cast-iron skirts have been combined in pistons for large engines, to obtain the strength and heat resistance of steel in the upper section, where these properties are important, and the good wearing properties of cast iron in the lower section, where the piston bears against the cylinder.组合活塞（合成材料活塞）锻件活塞顶和铸铁活塞裙部组合而成的活塞用于大型发动机中，以便在活塞的上部分获得刚的强度和耐热这些重要的特性，而在紧靠汽缸的活塞下部获得铸铁的良好耐磨特性。
Many cast-iron pistons are electroplated with metals like cadmium and tin. The purpose is to permit closer clearances(giving a quieter engine), assure proper run-in (that is, the seating of a new piston), eliminate seizing and provide longer life. In some designs, wear is reduced by using inserts of antifriction metal in the piston walls.许多铸铁活塞采用镉与锡之类的金属镀层。