2.Equivalence
第二章 文化心理学的研究方法
(3)语言等值 很多跨文化研究都涉及到在多种语言环境下操作, 研究者必须建立多种语言环境下的语言等值。语 言等值包括在研究中用到的调查问卷或量表、访 问等口头或书面用语的等值。要做到完全的语言 等值相当困难,甚至即使是在两种语言中同时使 用或存在的词汇,也不能保证他们在这两种文化 中的意义或程度完全一样。因此,对实验材料在 几种语言间的很好的翻译只能说是非常接近等值, 不可能完全等值。
B 方法偏差(method bias):可由样本的 方法偏差( bias):可由样本的 不可比性、工具特征、主试效应和实施方 法引起。 C 项目偏差(item bias):当人们具有相 项目偏差( bias): ):当人们具有相 同的基础(比如智力相当),但由于来自 不同的文化群体,而不能在该项目上获得 相当的分数。
二 跨文化研究工具的问题
1、等值(Equivalence) 等值(Equivalence) 跨文化研究结果要具备可比性,必须在各 方面做到等值。
(1)功能等值 功能等值的概念是一个人类学概念,即要求所研 究的心理或行为在不同文化中的作用是等值的。 如,在一种文化中,宗教仪式的作用表现为对神 祗崇拜的集中表现和最高形式;而在另一种文化 中,类似的宗教仪式的作用可能只是为结婚或社 会地位改变的例行庆祝仪式。可见,一种文化中 的宗教仪式可以具有奉神的功能,而另一种文化 中的同样仪式的功能完全不同。
5、人种学研究 该类研究包括大量观察与实地工作。研究者经常 拜访或与所研究的群体居住在一起,融入所研究 的文化一段时间后,研究者常可以获得关于生活 与该文化中群体的习俗、传统、观念和生活方式 的第一手资料。然后,研究者将获得的第一手资 料根据自己在另一种文化中的知识、经验与另一 种文化进行比较。人种学研究与针对个体的生活 的个案研究不完全一样,它将文化作为分析单元。 人种学研究具备个案研究的一些优点,它能获得 丰富的研究资料;也包含了个案研究的易以偏概 全等缺点。人种学研究对已有的具体心理变量的 假设检验研究起重要补充作用。
英语专八单词表E-I 不重复 带音标
eagerness/'i:gangs/h.热切,渴望earl/Ia/h.穗eardrum/iadrnm/h.鼓膜,耳膜earl/3:1/h.伯爵earmark/lama:k/v.(为某目的)指定(安排) earnest/'3mist/adj.认真的,诚挚的,热切的h. / inearnest①有决心和精力②认真(地),一本正经地earthen/'311 0;)n/adj.土制的,陶制的earthenware/'3:9anwea/h.陶器earthly/'3:011/adj. 1.尘世的,世俗的,世间的2.可能的earth一moving/3:9'mu:vlrJ/adj.大量掘土(运土)的earthwork/'3:9w3:k/h.土方(工程)earthy/'3:91/adj. 1.泥土的,土状的2.未精炼的,天然的3.世间的easel/i:zl/h.画架,黑板架ebb/eb/v.&h.退潮落潮}}at a low ebb处于低潮,处于衰退状态/the ebb and flow消长,兴衰,起伏/on the ebb正在衰落(减弱)ebony/lebani/adj.&h.乌木(色的),黑檀(色的)eclectic/e klektik/adj.折衷的,兼收并蓄的,综合的economise, economize/Ikn-namaiz/v.节省,节约,紧缩开支economy/i Iknnami/h. 1.经济(体系)2.节约,节省,简练adj.便宜的,经济的,二等的ecosystem/i:ka Sistam/n.生态系(统)ecstasy/,ekstasi/n.狂喜,入迷ecstatic/ek,stwtik/adj.使人狂喜的,欣喜若狂的eczema/eksima/n.湿疹eddy/,edi/h.漩涡,涡流v.旋转,回旋edgy/ed3i/adj. 1.紧张的,急躁的2.刀口锐利的,尖锐的edible /’ edibl / adj.可以吃的,适合吃的edict/i:dikt/h.法令,救令,公告edifice/edifis / h.宏伟的建筑物eighty者,校订者eel/is/h.鳗,鳝鱼eerie/sari / adj.怪异可怕的efface/ifeis/v.擦掉,抹去,消除effeminate/I Teminat/adj.女人气的,娘娘腔的efficacy/lefikasi/h.功效,效力,效能effusive/Ifju:sIv/adj.过分热情的,太动感情的egalitarian/I ,gwli ,tearian/adj. & h.平等主义的,主张人人平等的,平等主义者egoism/Ii:gaoIzam/h.自我主义,自私自利,利己主义egoist/i:gaoist / h.利己主义者,自私自利的人egotism/li:gatrzam/h·自我中心,自负,自大eh / er / int.(表示惊奇、疑问等)啊,呢element十(的),八十个(的) ejaculate/i'd3wkjoleit/v.呼喊,突然而简短地说eject/id3ekt/v. 1.驱逐,逐出2.喷出,投出,弹出elaborate'/vlwbarat/adj. 1.精心制作的,详尽阐述的,复杂的2.精致的elastic/i'lmstik/adj. 1.弹J险的,有弹力的2.灵活的,可伸缩的h.橡皮带,松紧带,橡皮圈 elated/i'leitid/adj.情绪高昂的,兴高采烈的electioneering/I万ek丁。
《英汉互译2》教学大纲
英汉互译2、基本信息二、课程描述〃英汉互译〃系英语专业技能必修课程,这是一门操作性、技巧性很强的课程,它涉及两种语言和各方面的知识,是专业英语学生必须掌握的基础课程。
翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容、感情、风格等忠实地重新表现出来的语言活动。
针对已获得基础语言水平和交际能力的英语专业学生,帮助其学习和掌握英汉互译基本技能,使学生能够针对各类文本体裁,较准确、流畅地进行汉英英汉双向笔译,为国际交流与合作培养高质量的笔译人才。
通过自评、互评和教师评阅等环节,重点训练学生在源语听辨、口译记忆、交传笔记、数字口译、信息重组、口译产出、话语分析、跨文化交际意识和口译职业化等放啊民的额实际应用能力。
通过学习,学生能够掌握基本的交传口译技巧,如记忆、笔记、综述、信息的快速分析、数字转换、连贯表达等;掌握不同口译场合所需的口译策略;轻松完成基本的商务口译任务,如外贸谈判、投资洽谈、会展口译、礼仪口译、旅游口译、联络陪同口译等。
三、教学目标通过本课程学习,使学生具备如下能力:1、本课程旨在培养学生对翻译工作的认识,了解翻译基础理论和英、汉两种语言的异同,掌握英汉两种语言互相转换的规律,掌握翻译的基本技巧,并能胜任普通的笔译工作。
2、学生通过一学期的学习和训练,能基本掌握英汉语言的显著差异,能够在达意、准确、连贯和忠实四个层面不断提高笔译水平;能够针对不同本文语境,流畅地进行汉英英汉双向,尤其是汉英笔译工作。
3、通过本课程的学习,要求学生能运用翻译理论和技巧将英美报刊文章及文学作品译成汉语,或将我国报刊、杂志上的文章或一般文学作品译成英语,翻译速度为每小时450 个英文单词左右,译文忠实于原著,语义流畅。
四、课程目标对毕业要求的支撑五、教学内容第1 章Going Global and Translation (支撑课程目标2、3)重点内容:翻译助力“走出去”的意义、条件、方法难点内容:中国文化走出去,翻译如何行教学内容:1、走出去的困惑2、名家推荐3、翻译思维4、跨文化交际意识5、翻译职业意识第2章Lexical Selection (支撑课程目标1、2、3)重点内容:词义选择难点内容:语篇中的词义选择教学内容:1、词语的意义2、语境意义3、搭配意义4^原型意义5、翻译评析第 3 章Variety of Translation重点内容:一词多义的翻译难点内容:语篇中的一词多义现象教学内容:1、汉语词语翻译的多样性2、汉语成语翻译的多样性3、汉语句子翻译的多样性4、翻译评析(TEM8)第 4 章Equivalence重点内容:对等译法难点内容:意义对等而非形式对等教学内容:1、警惕“假朋友”2、语境辨析与逻辑常识3、成语的对等译4、谚语的对等译6、翻译评析第 5 章Amplification, Reduction重点内容:增词与删减难点内容:增词与删减策略的语篇运用教学内容:1、出于语法需要的增词2、出于语义与修辞需要的增词3、范畴词删减4、语义重复的删减第 6 章Transproperty重点内容:词类转换难点内容:转性译法的运用教学内容:1、汉语动词转移2、汉语名词转移3、汉语形容词或副词转移4、翻译评析第7 章Hypotaxis & Parotaxis重点内容:意合与形合难点内容:意合向形合的转换教学内容:(支撑课程目标1、2)(支撑课程目标1、2、3)(支撑课程目标1、2)(支撑课程目标1、2)(支撑课程目标1、2、3)1、汉语意合的特点2、意合的实现手段4、英语形合的特点5、形合的实现手段6、翻译评析第8 章Documentary Translation (支撑课程目标2、3)重点内容:讲好中国故事,再议文献翻译难点内容:逻辑、严谨、选词教学内容:1、当今时代的中国故事2、译文的严谨性3、译文的逻辑性4、斟酌选词留有余地5、头重脚轻与头轻脚重六、教学安排该课程每周2学时,16周,16学时为课堂授课教学时间,16学时为课内实践教学(模拟口译、小组演练、同行评议)时间。
HyperMesh常用操作技巧[1]
HyperMesh常用操作技巧0 HyperWorks软件难点常用词句中英文对比Equivalenc:合并Free Edge Filler Surface:缺失曲面自缝合Circumference :圆周Longitudinal:adj,纵向的,轴向的Proceed:vi,继续Criteria:n,标准Batchmesher:网格划分批处理Surface fillet midline split:曲面圆倒角中心线切割Min feature angel:最小特征角Element normal angel:法线角,用于控制单元间法线夹角的最大值Tetramesh:四面体网格Organize and cleanup fillets:圆倒角特征识别与几何清理0-1 HyperWorks中的常用难点术语1. 不完全分割面(Fin Faces):指面上所有边界均处于同一个实体内,或者说是独立实体中的悬着面,默认呈现红色,可通过手动合并实体创建或使用内部悬着面创建实体的过程中创建;2. 完全分割面(Full Partition Faces):指有一个或更多实体共享构成的边界面,默认呈现黄色,切割实体或者使用布尔运算合并多个实体时在共享位置或交叉位置会产生完全分割面;3. 边界面(Bounding Faces):指定义单一实体外边界的曲面,默认呈现绿色,边界面是独立存在的并且不与其他实体所共有,一个独立的实体通常由多个边界面组成;4.自由边(Free Edges):指被一个曲面所占用的边界,默认情况下显示红色。
在仅由曲面构成的模型中,自由边将出现在模型的外缘和控内壁位置;相邻曲面间的自由边表示这两个曲面之间存在间隙,使用automesher时会自动保留这些间隙特征;5 共享边(Shared Edges):指相邻曲面共同拥有的边界,默认呈现绿色。
当两个曲面之间的边界是共享边,即曲面间没有间隙或者是重叠特征时,即他们是连续的,划分网格时,automesher将沿着共享边放置节点并创建连续的网格,它不会创建跨越共享边的独立单元;6. T行边(Non-manifold Edges):指由3个或者3个以上的曲面共同拥有的边界,默认呈现黄色。
equivalence
• 对等 (equivalence) 就是指不同语言 对同一事物的描述。如一种动物汉语叫 “ 狗 ”,英语叫 dog,汉语的 “ 狗 ” 与英语的 dog 这两个 词就是对等.前 面说过,翻译是将 SL 表达的事物用 TL 重新表达 一遍,这实际上是用两种语言 SL 与 TL 表达同一事物,这两种语言对 同一事物的表达就是对等。因此,翻译 实际上就是对等问题
• (10) 红茶 • A:red tea • B:black tea • (11) 要注意策略。 • A:Pay attention to the strategy. • B:Be diplomatic. • 以上各例形式对等,有的 (8,11) 意思不清楚,有的 (7,10)费解,不知 所云,有的 (6,9) 意思错了。由此可见,形式对等在多 数情况下照 顾了形式,牺牲了意思,是不可取的。
Equivalence
equivalence ----A term used by many writers to describe the nature and the extent of the relationships which exist between SL and TL texts or smaller linguistic units. Means a very close similarity in meaning, as opposed to similarity in form
Formal Correspondence
• formal equivalence----a term used by Nida, to refer to a TL item which represents the closest decontextualized counterpart to a word or phrase in. Typically, formal correspondence distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard; opposed to dynamic equivalence. □
lecture3翻译批评
I. Word equivalence
5. Words without equivalents In this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.
Examples: teenager: 13至19岁的青少年 prey: 被捕食的动物 clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人 couch-potato: 整天窝在沙发里看电视的人 (目不识)丁: (not know one’s ) ABC 干妈: nominally adopted mother; godmother 缘分: fate /luck or chance that brings people together 表妹: My-younger-female-cousin-on-mother’s-side。female
Two words in two different languages have many meanings, in which only one or some of the meanings have the equivalents. For examples: 拉门 pull the door 拉断 pull apart 拉开抽屉 pull open the drawer 拉开开关 pull switch 他拉了拉我的袖子。He pulled my sleeve.
say: 讲 谈 诉
讲 speak: 说
谈 诉
谈 talk: 说
讲 诉
说 tell: 讲
谈 诉
say something; say that….(clause) speak /talk in class; speak the language/English/Chinese talk about the news; talk to sb. talk with sb. tell a story; tell me the truth;
第五章 核磁共振氢谱-2讲解
从图1.6可以看出: E2 - E1 = (E2 - J/4) -(E1 + J/4) = ( E2 - E1) -J/2 (1-19) E4 - E3 = (E4 +J/4) -(E3 - J/4) = ( E4 - E3) + J/2 (1-20) E3 - E1 = (E3 - J/4) -(E1 + J/4) = ( E3 - E1) - J/2 (1-21) E4 - E2 = (E4 + J/4) - (E2 - J/4) = ( E4 - E2) + J/2 (1-22)
Problem 1) 单纯的AB体系谱图为几重峰?4 2) 为什么ABX体系中的AB体系谱图变为八重峰?
对于图2.19: 将“O”亚谱相应参数在右下角标“+”, 将“X”亚谱相应参数在右下角标“ -”.
由图:JAB = 10 Hz
由(2-18) 式: = (v1-v4) (v2-v3) 对两个亚谱进行计算,求出:
等
AB2体系的能级图
AB2体系的谱图如图示:
AB2体系谱线间有以下关系: 1- 2 = 3 - 4 = 6 - 7 1 - 3 = 2 - 4 = 5 - 8 3 - 6 = 4 - 7 = 8 - 9
AB2体系中:
A = 3 B=1/2(5 + 7)
X为二重峰, 强度比为: 1 1
例:
HA HX Cl C C Cl
Cl HX
3. A2X2 体系:
A为三重峰, 强度比为: 1 2 1
X为三重峰, 强度比为: 1 2 1
例:
XA CH2 CH2 O COCH3
4. A3M2X2 体系: A为三重峰 X为三重峰 M为 六重峰
词项的种类和外延关系 (2)
是虚构的【q】,那么许多孩子就受骗了【r】。
1. 如果老张坚持长跑【p】或者坚持打太极拳【q】 ,那么,不仅他的哮喘病能治愈【r】,而且他 的关节炎也不会重犯【s】。
2. 尽管并非所有的学生都爱学习【p】,但仍然有 不少学生爱学习【q】。
出现,则p称作q的 充分条件。
果就不会落地。
3. 如果拿破仑死于空难,那么拿破仑• 如果没有事件p,
死了。
就没有事件q的出 现,则p称作q 的
4. 如果某人有选举权,那么他的年龄 必要条件。
在18岁或18岁以上。
第五组:Biconditional Statement
1. 张三是单身汉,当且仅当,他是未婚男子。 2. 人不犯我,我不犯人;人若犯我,我必犯人。 3. 如果公民年满18周岁,则他有选举权和被选举权
(二)命题形式(statement form)
1. 否定式(negation):“¬p” 2. 合取式(conjunction):“pq” 3. 析取式(disjunction):“pq” 4. 蕴涵式(implication):“p→q” 5. 等值式(equivalence):“pq”
这种由命题变项和逻辑联结词组成,表示复合命 题结构的符号串,称作“命题形式”,也称作“ 命题(逻辑)公式”,简称“公式”。
;只有公民年满18周岁,他才有选举权和被选举 权。 4. 戴高乐国际机场加强安全措施当且仅当肯尼迪国 际机场也加强。
注意:不要混淆以下几种命题形式
1. “除非”(unless)=“如果不”; 2. “…仅当…”与“仅当…才…”(only) 3. “…当…”(when) 4. “…当且仅当…”(If and only if 或者:Iff)
第二章动植物检验检疫法规
《SPS协定》的产生与《关税与贸易壁垒协定》、《TBT协定》 以及《农业协定》等有着密切的关系。
在GATT乌拉圭回合谈判中,关于农业的谈判其焦点始终集中 于削减用于保护国内市场的壁垒这一问题。与此同时,一些 国家担心处于削减中的贸易壁垒(如关税的降低等)或许会被 伪装的保护主义措施以卫生和植物卫生措施(Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures,简称SPS措施)的形式所取代。但 TBT协定很有限地允许为保护人类、动植物健康,保护环境和 国家安全等,在此背境下制订了《SPS协定》。
(六)秘书处和总干事
WTO总干事由部长级会 议任命,总干事直接领导
wTO秘书处
第二节 WTO与SPS协定
二、 WTO的相关协定
经过GATT乌 拉圭回合, 形成了现在 的《WTO协 定》,该协 定包括马拉 喀什《建立 世界贸易组 织协定》及 其4个附件
第二节 WTO与SPS协定
三、 《SPS协定》简介
WTO的目标
建立一个完整的(包括货物和服务贸易、与贸易有关 的投资及知识产权等在内)、更有活力和持久的多边 贸易体制,包括以往贸易自由化努力的所有成果, 实现全球贸易自由化
第二节 WTO与SPS协定
一、 WTO概况
WTO的职能
第一,管理职能:负责WTO多边协定的实施、管理和运作,同时 为诸边贸易协定的实施、管理和运作提供框架
第二节 WTO与SPS协定
一、 WTO概况
GATT与WTO的关系
《关税与贸易总协定》(General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, GATT,简称关贸总协定)是WTO的前身。
Equivalence
EquivalenceEquivalence is a central concept in translation theory, but it is also a controversial one. Approaches to the question of equivalence can differ radically: some theorists define translation in terms of equivalence relations (Catford 1965; Nida and Taber 1969; Toury 1980a; Pym 1992a, 1995; Koller 1995) while others reject the theoretical notion of equivalence, claiming it is either irrelevant (Snell-Hornby 1988) or damaging (Gentzler 1993) to translation studies. Yet other theorists steer a middle course: Baker uses the notion of equivalence ‘for the sake of convenience –because most translators are used to it rather than because it has any theoretical status’(1992:5-6). Thus equivalence is variously regarded as a necessary condition for translation studies, or a useful category for describing translations.Proponents of equivalence-based theories of translation usually define equivalence as the relationship between a source text (ST) and a target text (TT) that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST on the first place. Equivalence relationship are also said to hold between parts of STs and parts of TTs. The above definition of equivalence is not unproblematic, however. Pym (1992a: 37), for one, has pointed to its circularity: equivalence is supposed to define translation, and translation, in turn, defines equivalence. Unfortunately, few attempts have been made to define equivalence in translation in a way that avoids this circularity. Theorists who maintain that translation is predicated upon some kind of equivalence have, for the most part, concentrated on developing typologies of equivalence, focusing on the rank (word, sentence or text level) at which equivalence is said to obtain (see, for example, Baker 1992), or on the type of meaning (denotative, connotative, pragmatic, etc.) that is said to be held constant in translation. Investigations of the essential nature of equivalence remain the exception.Typologies of equivalenceAt various levels, and loosely following Koller (1979: 187-91, 1989:100-4), equivalence is commonly established on the basis of: the source language (SL) and target language (TL) words supposedly referring to the same thing in the real world, i.e. on the basis of their referential or denotative equivalence; the SL words triggering the same or similar associations in the minds of native speakers of the two languages, i.e. their connotative equivalence; the SL and TL words being used in the same or similar contexts in their respective language, i.e. what Kollar (1989: 102) calls text-normative equivalence; the SL and TL words having the same effect on their respective readers, i.e. pragmatic (Koller 1989:102) or dynamic equivalence (Nida 1964); the SL and TL words having similar orthographic or phonological features, or formal equivalence. Baker (1992) extends the concept of equivalence to cover similarity in ST and TT information flow and in the cohesive roles ST and TT devices play in their respective texts. She calls these two factors combined textual equivalence. Newman (1994: 4695) stress that not all the variables in translation are relevant in every situation, and that translation must decide which considerations should be given priority at any one time, thus establishing a kind of functional equivalence (see also Neubert 1994).Kade (1968) other writers on lexical equivalence, in particular in the area of terminology (see, for example, Arntz 1993; Hann 1992), combine the above qualitative distinctions with a quantitative scheme that categorizes equivalence relationships according to whether there is; a single expression in the TL for single SL expression, i.e. one-to-one equivalence; more than one TLexpression for a single SL expression, i.e. one-to-one equivalence; a TL expression that covers part of a concept designated by a single SL expression, i.e. one-to-part-of-one equivalence; or no TL expression for an SL expression, i.e. nil equivalence. Such a quantitative approach may have limited applicability in language for specific purpose (LSP), but Snell-Hornby (1988: 20) has argued that it is deficient because it is restricted to the word level and also because it implicitly assumes that the language system can be equated with concrete realization in a text.The nature of equivalenceWriters who have addressed the problem of the nature of translation equivalence include Catford (1965; 1994) and Pym (1992a). Catford posits an extralinguistic domain of objects, persons, emotions, memories, history, etc. (situation in Hallidayan terms), features of which may or must achieve expression in a given language. Translational equivalence occurs, he suggests, when STs and TTs are relatable to at least some of the same features of this extralinguistic reality, that is when ST and TT have approximately the same referents (1965:50, 1994: 4739). Catford thus relies on an essentially referential theory of meaning, an approach which translation theorists such as Bassnett (1980/1991: 6) have found too narrow. Likewise, from Frawley’s semiotic perspective, the idea that meaning resides somewhere outside language is untenable: ‘There is no meaning apart from the code’, he maintains, adding that ‘The worlds and possible worlds differ, and the question of referent is not even the question to pose’ (Frawley 1984b: 164). Catford also comes under criticism –from Snell-Hornby (1988: 20), among others –for using simplistic, invented sentences to exemplify his categories of translational equivalence, and for limiting his analysis to the level of the sentence. Catford’s approach may have been criticized, but few alternatives have been put forward. The problem of pinning down the essential nature of equivalence seems to be related to the problem of pinning down the nature of linguistic meaning itself. Pym (1992a) avoids this difficulty by moving away from the strictly linguistic to view translation as a translation, and equivalence as equality of exchange value. Equivalence becomes a negotiable entity, with translators doing the negotiation.Interlingual and intertextual equivalenceIn earlier work on equivalence, theorists made a distinction between hypothetical mappings between elements of abstract language systems (at the level of langue) on the one hand, and actual observable mappings between elements of real STs and TTs (at the level of parole) on the other. Catford (1965: 27) used the terms formal correspondence and textual equivalence respectively to refer to the two categories. Koller (1979: 183-4) made a similar distinction when he differentiated between Korrespondenz, formal similarity between language systems, and Äquivalenz, equivalence relations between real texts and utterances. Koller then went on to present Äquivalenz as the real object of enquiry in translation studied. Similarly, Toury (1980a: 24-6) charts the evolution of the notion of TRANSLATABILITY from an interlingual phenomenon to an intertextual one. While relationships established at the level of langue are now largely seen as the concern of comparative linguistics, formal correspondence continues to have pride of place in MACHINE TRANSLATION, where linguistic-knowledge-based systems using direct or transfer architecture often rely on mappings between the formal structures of two languages. Indeed Catford’s translation SHIFTS bear real similarities to notions of complex transfer in machine translation (see Hutchins and Somers 1992; Arnold et al. 1994).Thus the general view in translation studies soon came to be that equivalence was a relationbetween texts in two different languages, rather than between the languages themselves. This step liberated translation studies from debates on interlingual translatability based on entire language systems with all their unactualized meaning potential (see Koller 1979; Pym 1995: 157-8). Such debates had centred on incompatibilities between the worlds inhabited by speakers of different languages and on the structural dissimilarities between languages. Once attention was focused on texts and utterances, many of the potential multiple meanings and functions of words and structures in a language system could be eliminated by reference to their context and context, making translation not only mire tractable, but also more realistic.Equivalence as an empirical and a theoretical conceptThe narrowing down of the scope of the term equivalence to an intertextual relation still left plenty of room for competing notions of the concept. Toury (1980a: 39) identified two main uses of the term: first, equivalence could be ‘a descriptive term, denoting concrete objects –actual relationships between actual utterances in two languages (and literatures), recognised as TTs and STs –which are subject to direct observation’. This definition regarded equivalence as an empirical category which could be established only after the event of translation. Toury contrasted this approach with equivalence as ‘a theoretical term, denoting an abstract, ideal relationship or category of relationships between TTs and STs, translation and their sources’ (ibid).This dichotomy can be problematic, however. For one, it may not be psychologically plausible. From the translator’s point of view, it is not clear whether a real distinction can be made between what one intends to write, and what one actually writes. Furthermore, equivalence as a theoretical term, a prospective and often prescriptive notion, is responsible for acquiring a bad name for equivalence in some quarters in translation studies. Gentzler (1993: 4), for example, contends that standards of translation analysis that rely on equivalence or non-equivalence and other associated judgmental criteria ‘imply notions of substantialism that limit other possibilities of translation practice, marginalize unorthodox translation, and impinge upon real intercultural exchange’. Newman (1994: 4694), on the other hand, describes translation equivalence as ‘a commonsense term for describing the ideal relationship that reader would expect to exist between an original and its translation’. Newman’s equivalence is clearly prospective and ideal, although empirical approaches also feature in the analysis. Pym also speaks about equivalence as a ‘fact of reception’(1992a;64) and about the socially determined ‘exception’ that TTs should stand in some kind of equivalence relation to their STs (1995: 166).Toury’s empirical category of equivalence has much in common with Catford’s textual equivalence. A textual equivalent is defined as ‘any TL form which is observed to e the equivalent of a given SL form (text or portion of text)’s (1965:27). Equivalence forms can be matched by appealing to the intuition of bilingual informants or by applying more formal procedures such as commutation(Catford 1965: 27-8), a method of discovering textual equivalents which consists of asking a competent bilingual informant to translate stretches of text and then systematically introducing changes into the SL text to establish how each change is reflected in the translation. Textual equivalence is, according to Catford, an empirical, probabilistic phenomenon. The probability that a given ST form will be translated as a given TT form can be calculated on the basis of previous experience and recast as a probabilistic translation rule (Catford 1965:31). Snell-Hornby (1988:20) finds the same weakness with this view of equivalence as does Pym (1992a: 37): it is circular; translation equivalence is what is observed tobe equivalent. But while Catford’s view of textual equivalence may say very little about the nature of equivalence, the approach has found application in areas such as example and statistics-based machine translation (see Hutchins and Somers 1992: 317-22) and, more recently, in translation memory systems, where previously translated STs and their TTs are stored with a view to recycling old translations, should the system recognize new input for which it already has an ‘equivalent’target rendering (see MACHINE-AIDED TRANSLATION; MACHINE TRANSLATION, APPLICATIONS; MACHINE TRANSLATION, METHOFOLOGY). Equivalence as an empirical phenomenon has seen perhaps its most powerful manifestation to date in Toury’s (1980a; 1995) work. Whereas other theorists might ask whether two texts are equivalent according to some predefined, prescriptive criterion of equivalence, Toury treats the existence of equivalence between TTs and STs as a given. This equivalence postulate (1980a: 113) then allows him to state that ‘the question to be asked in the actual study of translations (especially in the comparative analysis of TT and ST) is not whether the two texts are equivalent (from a certain aspect), but what type and degree of translation equivalence they reveal’(1980a: 47). Toury’s approach, and subsequently Koller’s (1995: 196), makes appeal to a historical, relative notion of equivalence. ‘Rather than being a single relationship, denoting a recurring type of invariant, it comes to refer to any relation which is found to have characterized translation under a specified set of circumstances’(Toury 1995: 61). The NORMS that determine the particular concept of equivalence prevalent at different stages in history, or even within the work of a single translator, then constitute a valid object if enquiry for descriptive translation studies.Toury’s equivalence postulate, as well as his broad definition of a translation as whatever is regarded as a translation in the target culture (1980a: 1995), allow him to broaden the scope of translation studies to investigate previously marginalized phenomena. Thus equivalence-based translation theories can escape the censure of other school of though, where it is widely held that equivalence implies a prescriptive, non-inclusive approach to translation. There are, however, objections to what is viewed as too wide a notion of equivalence: Snell-Hornby (1988: 21) suggest that the notion of equivalence in the English-speaking world has become so vague as to be useless; while Pym (1992a, 1995), Neubert (1994) and Koller (1995) would like to see a more constrained view of equivalence allows translation to be distinguished from non-translation. Pym (1995: 166) quotes Stecconi (forthcoming) to support this point: ‘equivalence is crucial to translation because it is the unique intertextual relation that only translations, among all conceivable text types, are expected to show’.See also:LINGUISTIC APPROACHES; SHIFTS OF TRANSLATION; UNIT OF TRANSLATION.CA TFORD 1965; Koller 1989, 1995; Pym 1995; Snell-Hornby 1988; Toury 1980a, 1995. Dorothy kenny。
英语词根词缀记忆大全-2
第二部分通过词缀认识单词1. cata-表示“向下,相反,离开”cataclysm洪水;大灾难(cata离开+clysm洪水,冲→被洪水冲掉→大灾难)catalog目录(cata向下+log说→在下面要说的话→目录)catastrophe灾难,大祸(cata+strophe转→转下去→灾难临头)cataract大瀑布(cata+ract冲→向下冲→瀑布)2. deca-表示“十”decagon十角形(deca+gon角)decameter十米(deca+meter米)3. deci-表示“十分之一”decimeter十分之一米(deci+meter米)decigram十分之一克(deci+gram克)decimate大量毁灭(decim=deci+ate→杀十分之一,大批杀死)4. demi-表示“半”demigod半神半人(demi+god神)demilune半月(demi+lune月亮)demirep名声不好的女人(demi+rep=reputation名声→名声一半不好)demi-fixed半固定的5. endo-表示“内部”endogenous内生的,自生的(endo+gen产生+ous→内部产生的)endocardial心脏内的(endo+card心+ial)6. hecto-表示“百,许多”hectogram一百克(hecto+gram克)hectowatt一百瓦(hecto+watt瓦)7. hemi-表示“半”hemisphere半球(hemi+sphere球)hemicycle半圆形(hemi+cycle圆,循环)8. hepta-表示“七”heptagon七角形(hepta+gon角)heptaglot使用七种语言的(hepta+glot语言,舌头)9. hexa-表示“六”hexagon六角形(hexa+gon角)10. holo-表示“全部”holography全息摄影(holo+graphy写→全部写下→全息摄影)11. intra-表示“在内,内部”intraparty党内的(intra+party党)intracollegiate大学内的(intra+collegiate大学的,学院的)intrapersonal个人内心的(intra+personal个人的)intranational国内的(intra+national国家的)12. iso-表示“等,同”isotherm等温线(iso+therm热)isogeny同源(iso+geny产生→共同产生→同源)isomorphic同形的(iso+morhp形状+ic)13. kilo-表示“一千”kilogram公斤(kilo+gram克→一千克,公斤)kilometer公里(kilo+meter米→一千米,公里)kilowatt千瓦(kilo+watt瓦)14. meta-表示“超过,改变”metabolism新陈代谢(mata+bol抛+ism→抛〔旧〕变新)metamorphism变形;变性(meta+morph形状+ism→变形)metaphor隐喻(meta+phor带来→〔语言〕改变着说→隐喻)metaphysis形而上学(meta+physics物质;物理→物质之上的学科→形而上学)metapsy超心理学,灵学(meta+psych心灵+ology学科)15. milli-表示“千,千分之一”millennial一千年的(mill+enn年+ial)millimeter毫米(milli+meter→千分之一米)16. ob-表示“逆,倒,加强意义”oblique倾斜的(ob+lique歪斜→歪斜的)oblivion忘却,忘记(ob+liv活+ion→[记忆]不活了→忘记)obscure模糊的(obs=ob+cure关心→不关心→记不住了→模糊的)obsolete过时的(ob离开+sol太阳+ete→离开太阳了→放在角落不用了)obsolete钝的;愚蠢的(ob+tuse可能来自use→不能用了→钝的)17. octa-表示“八”(亦作octo)octagon八角形(octa+gon角)october十月octolateral八边的(octo+lateral边的)18. penta-表示“五”pentagon五角形;五角大楼(penta+gon角)pentagram五角星形(penta+gram写,图→五角形图形)pentoxide五氧化物(pent+penta+oxide氧化物)19. quadri-, quadru-表示“四”quadrangle四角形(quadr+angle角)quadricycle四轮车(quadri+cycle轮子)quadrilateral四边的(quadri+lateral边)20. quasi-表示“类似,准”quasi-official半官方的quasi-judicial准司法性的21. semi-表示“半”semimonthly半月刊(semi+monthly月刊)semicolony半殖民地(semi+colony殖民地)semiconductor半导体(semi+conductor导体)semicircle半圆(semi+circle圆)semiautomatic半自动的(semi+automatic自动的)22. sept,septi-表示“七”septangle七角形(sept+angle角)septiateral七边的(septi+lateral边)september九月23. sex-表示“六”sexangle六角形(sex+angle角)sexfoil六叶形(sex+foil树叶→六叶;)24. step-表示“后,继或前夫(妻)所生”stepfather继父stepdaughter前夫(妻)之女stepbrother异父(母)兄弟25. stereo-表示“立体”stereosonic立体声的(stereo+sonic声音的)sterograph立体照片(stereo+graph写,照片;)stereoram立体图(stereo+gram写,图→立体图)26. supra-表示“超….”Supra-class超阶级的Supranatonal超国家的Supramundane超现世的(supra+mundane世俗的)27. tetra-表示“四”tetracycline四环素(tetra+cycl环,圈+ine素)tetragon四角形(tetra+gon角)28. tri-表示“三”triangle三角形(tri+angle角)tricycle三轮脚踏车(tri+cycle轮子)triple三倍的(tri+ple=ply表示增加)tripod三脚架(tri+pod脚)29. twi-表示“二,两”twilight黎明,黄昏(twi+light光→黑白光交替)twiformed有两种形式的(twi+form形状+ed)30. uni-表示“一个,单一”uniform一贯的,一致的(uni+form形状)unique独一无二(uni+que表形容词)unison和谐,协调(uni+son声音→一个声音→和谐)31. vice-表示“副”vice-president副总统vice-manager副经理32. with-表示“向后,相反”withdraw撤消,撤退(with+draw拉→向相反拉→撤退)withdrawn隐退(with+drawn被拉→被拉回去→隐退的)withhold阻止(with+hold拿住→拿住不让向前→阻止)第三部分通过词根认识单词utensil n 用具,器血(ut用+ensil表物品→用具)usurp v 篡夺;侵占(us+urp[=rape枪掠]→枪过来用→篡夺)312 uac uan uoid = empty,表示“空”vacuum n 空虚;真空(vac+uum表名词)vacuous a 空虚的;无意义的vacant a 空的;空闲的vacate v 弄空;退出(vac+ate表动作→弄空)vacation n 假期,休假(空出来不用干活)evacuate v 腾空;清除;撤离(e出+vac+uate→空出去→撤空)evacuation n 撤离,撤退vanity n 空虚;虚荣心(van+ity→心里空空→虚荣心)vanish v 不见,消失(van+ish→空空→消失了)evanescent a 消失的;转瞬即逝的(e出+van+escent开始…..的→开始空出去→消失的)evanescence n 消失,幻灭void a 空的,n.空虚avoid v 回避(a+void→空出来→回避)avoidance n 避免;无效(avoid+ance)unavoidance a 不可避免的(un不+avoid+able)devoid a 无的,缺…..的(de加强意义+void→空的→无的)313 uad uas = go,表示“走”evade v 逃避;偷税(e出+vade→走出去→逃避)evasion n 逃避;借口(e+vas+ion)evasive a 逃避的(e+vas+ive)invade v 侵略(in进+vad+走→走进去→侵略)invasion n 侵略pervade v 蔓延;普及(per全部+vad+e走→全部走遍→蔓延)pervasion n蔓延,弥漫pervasive a 普及的,渗透的314 uag,uogr=wader,表示“漫游”vagary n 妄想,幻想(vag+ary→思想漫游→妄想)vagabond n流浪的人(vaga+bond倾向与…的→倾向于流浪的人)vagabondize v 过流浪生活(vagabind流浪者+ize)extravagant a 奢侈的,浪费的vague a 含糊的(vag+ue→漫游而思想不集中→含糊的)vagile a 漫游的(vag+ile)vagrant a 流浪的(vagr+ant→漫游的→流浪的)315 uail,ual = strong,表示“强壮”avail v 利用n.利益(a使+ail→使….强壮→利用[力量])available a 有用的;有效的(avail+able)prevail v 克服;流行(pre优先+ail→比…强大→克服,流行)prevailinga 占优势的(prevail+ing)prevalence n 优势;盛行(prevail的名词:pre+val+ence)invalid a 虚弱的n.病人(in不+val+id→不强壮的)invalidate v使….无效(in无+valid有效的+ate→有效变无效)invalidity n (因病)无工作能力(invalid+ity)convalescence n 恢复健康(con全部+val+cscence→身体全部强壮起来→恢复健康)valor n 英勇(al+or→强壮状态→英勇)valiant a 勇敢的(val+iant)valuable a 有价值的(val+uable→因为强壮,所以有价值)devaluatev 减价,贬值(de下降+val+uate→价值下降)devaluation n 贬值(devaluate+ion)evaluate v 估价,评价(e出+val+uate→出价值→估价)invaluable a 无法估价的(in不+val+uable→不能估价的)undervalue v 低估;轻视(under下面+aluce→在原有价值下面→低估)equivalence n 同值;等量(epui平等+val+ence→同等价值)equivalent a 相等的316 uari = uary,change ,表示“变化”variform a 有种种形态的(vari+form形状)variable a 易变的(vari+able)variance n 变化;相异(vari+able)various a 不相同(ari+ous)variegate v 弄成杂色(vari+eg[=ag做]+ate→做出变化→弄成杂色)variegation n 色彩班驳(variegate+ion)prevaricate v 说谎;支吾(pre预先+vari+cate→预先想好了变化之词→说谎)317uen,uent=come,表示“来”venture v n.冒险,冒险做(vent+ure来到[危险]→冒险)venturesome a 冒险的(venture+some有点…的)adventure n 冒险(ad增强+venture冒险)adenturous a 爱冒险的advent n 到来,出现(ad加强动作+vent→来到)adventitious a 偶然的,不定的(advent来到+itious→[突然]来到的→偶然的)convent n 女修道院(con大家+vent→大家来[修道]→[女]修道院)convention n 集会;惯例(con大家+vent+ion→大家来到→起→集会)conventionality n 老一套;习俗(convention习俗+ality性质)event n 事件(e出+vent→出来的事→事件)eventful a 变故多的(event+ful→事件多→多变故的)eventual a 最终的(event事件+ual→出事[之后]→最终的)eventuality n 不测事件(eventual+ity)invent v 发明,创造(in进+vent→走进来→发明出)inventive a 有创造能力的(invent+ive)prevent v 防止,阻止(pre预先+vent→预先来到→抢先一步,防止别人)preventive a 预防性的convene v 召集,召唤(con全部+ven+e→来到一起→召集)convenience n 方便,便利(con全部+ven来+ience→全部能来没有障碍→方便)revenue n 收入,岁入(re回+ven+ue→回来的东西→收入)avenue n 大路,道路(让人可以走来走去)vcontravene v 违反(contra+en+e→反着来→违反)covenant n 协议,契约(co共同+ven+ant→共同走来→协议)intervene v 干涉,介入(inter中间+ven+e→走到中间来→干涉)inventory n 清单,财产目录(in进+vent+ory→进来的[全部财产]清单)318venge=punish,表示“惩罚”,引申为“报仇”vengeful a 复仇心重(vengge+ful→充满惩罚的心的→复仇心重的)vengeance n 报仇(venge+vance)avenge v 报仇(a加强动作+venge)avenger n 报仇者(avenge+er)revenge v 报仇(re反+venge→反惩罚→报仇)revengeful a 仇恨心切的(revenge+ful)319 uer=true,表示“真实”verracious a 诚实可靠的(ver+acious多…..的→真实很多→可靠的)veracity n 真实;可靠(ver+acity)verity n 真实;可靠(ver=vacity)venity v 核实,证实(ver+ify→使真实→核实)verifiable a 可证实的(verify+able)verisimilar a 逼真的(ver+I+similar一样→和真实的一样→逼真的)verdict n 裁决(ver+dict说一说真话→裁决)320 uerb=word,表示“词语”verb n 动词adverb n 副词(ad加+verb→加在动词上的词→副词)verbal a 词语的verbatim a 逐字的ad,逐字地(直接来自拉丁文,word for word)verdiage n 亢词,赘语(verb+lage状态→词的状态→亢词)verbose a 罗嗦的,亢长的(verb+ose多词的)proverb n 格言(pro前面+verb →放在前面的词→格言)proverbial a 格言般的;公认的321.ver,ert=turn,表示“转”verse n 诗歌,韵文(转着反复说的话→诗歌)versed a 熟练的(会写诗歌,表示对语言运用的熟练)version n 翻译;译文(vers+ion→从原文转出来→译文)versatile a 多功能的;多才的(玩的转→有才能的)versatility n多才多艺vertical a 垂直(vert+ical[下垂的东西])avert v 避开(a离开+vert→转开→避开)adertise v 做广告(at一再+vert+ise→转来转去做广告)advertisement n 广告convert v 转化;改造(con共同+vert→共同转→转化)conversion n 转化;(宗教的)改变incconvertible a 不能转化的(in不+convert转化+ible)unconverted a 不变的,不悔改的(un不+convert转化+ed)controvert v 反驳;攻击(contro相反+vert→相反转→反驳)controversy n 争论;议论incontrovertible a 不容争论的(in不+controvervtt反驳+ible→不容反驳的)sivert v 转向;消遣(di偏离+vert转偏离→转向)diversion n 转向;娱乐invert v 翻过来,倒转(in进+vert→转进去→倒转→倒置)pervert v 颠倒;曲解(per全部+vert→全部转→颠倒)revert v 恢复原状(re回+ert→转回来→恢复)reversion n 恢复原状averse a 反感的(a坏+vers+e→往坏转→反感的)aversion n 反感adverse a 逆反;不辛adversary n敌手,对手(ad+ers逆反+ary人→逆反之人→对手)anniversary n 周年纪念日(fanni年+vers+ary→一年转一次→纪念日)converse v 谈话,交际(con共同+vers+e→[两个齿轮对着]一起转→相反)conversation n 谈话conversant a亲近的(con共同+vers+ant→在一起转的→亲近的)diverse a 不同的(di分开+vers+e→转开了→不同的)diiversify v 多样化(di分开+vers+ify)diversity n 多样性inverse a 翻转的(in进+vers+e→转进去→翻转的)malversation n 贪污;渎职(mal坏vers+ation→转坏了→做官做坏→贪污)peverse a 性情乖张的(per全部+vers+e→和大家[反着]转→乖张的)perversity n 性情乖张的reverse v 颠倒,逆转a.相反的(re反+verse→反着转→颠倒)irreversible a 不能改变的(ir不+re+vers+ible→不能颠倒的)transversal a 横断的(taans横+vers+al→横着转→横断的)universe n 宇宙(uni一个+vers+e→统一旋转→宇宙)university n大学(uni+vers+ity→由宇宙引申为知识,知识之地→大学)vertigo n 眩晕(vert+igo→go around转着走→眩晕)322 uest=clothes,表示“衣服”vest n 背心vestment n 衣服,外衣divest v 脱去,剥夺(di去掉+vest→去掉衣服→脱去)invest v 投资(in进+vest→把衣服中的钱放进事业中→投资)investment n 投资travesty n 滑稽模仿;歪曲(tra歪+vest+y→歪穿衣服→歪曲)323,vi,via,voy =way,表示“道路”via n 道路prve 经过viaduct n 高架桥(via+duct引导→引导路的桥)deviate v 越轨(de偏离+via+ate→偏离道路→越轨)deviation n 偏向devious a 误入歧途的(de偏离+vi+ous)obviate v 排除,避免(cb去掉+vi+ous→就在路上掉东西→排除障碍)obvious a 明显的(ob加强状态+vi+ous→就在路上→明显的)pervious a 能透过的;能了解的(per穿过→vi+ous→道路穿过去能透过去的)perviousnsess n 浸透previous a 以前的(pne以前+vi路[引申为走]+ous→以前走过的→以前的)trivial a 琐碎的(tri三+vi+al→三条路→没有一个目标→琐碎的)triviality n 琐事(trivial+ity)convey v 运输;转达(con共同+vey→共同用路→运输0conveyance n 运输(convey+ance)convoy v 护航,护送(con一起+voy走→一起走→护送)enoyn 使者,使节(en进+ony走→走进[别人的范围→使者])324 vict vinrc =conquer,overcome,表示“征服,克服”victor n 胜利者(vict+or)victory n 胜利(victor+y)convict v 证明有罪(con全部+vict→把对方彻底征服→证明[对方]有罪)conviction n 定罪;坚信evict v逐出(e出+vict→征服把人赶出去)eviction n 逐出,没收evince v 表明,表示(e出+vinc+e克服障碍,表达感情→表明[态度])invincinle a 不可克服的(in不+vinc+ible→不可征服的)convince v 说明,使确信(con全部+vinc+e→彻底征服对方→使[人]确信)convincing a 使人信服的325 vis,vid=see表示“看”visidle a 可见的vison n 视力,眼界visonary a 幻想的(vision+ary)visual a 视力的visualize v 使具体化(visual视力+ize→使[大家]看到→具体化)advise v 忠告,劝告(ad使+vis+e使[别人]看到→劝告[别人])advisory a 劝告的previse v 先见,预言(pre预先+vis+e→预先看→先见)revise v 修正,改订(re再+vis+e→再看一遍→修正)revision n 修正,校订本supervise v 监督(super在上面+vis+e→在上面看→监督)supervisor v 想象,设想(en进入+vis+age→进入看的状态)evident a 明显的(e出+vid+ent→看出来了→明显的)evidence n 证据,证人(e+vid+ence→[明显的证据])invidious a 招嫉妒的;有害的(in 不+vid+jous→看上去不好的→有害的)provide v 预备;供给(pro提前+vid+e→提前看好→预备;提供)providence n 粮食;条款(预备或提供的东西→粮食等)provisional a 临时的;备用的(准备好粮食备用)provident a深谋远虑的(pro向前+vid+ent→向前看的→有远见的)providence n 准备;深谋远虑improvident a 浪费的(im不+provident→没有远见的→有钱就花→浪费的)envy v毒剂(en+vy[=vid]看到[别人]→妒忌)envious a 妒忌的326 viv vit vig=life,表示“生命”vivd a 活泼的;生动的(viv+id)vivify v 给予生气;鼓励(viv+ify)vivisect v 活体解剖(vivi+sect切割→活着切割)convivial a 欢乐的;欢宴的(con共同+viv+ial→共同活跃→欢乐)revive v 复活(re再+viv+c→复活)revival n 复活survive v 存活,辛存(sur在下面+viv+e→在[事故]下面或下来→辛存)survival n 存活下来vivacious a 活泼的;有生气的(viv+acious→多….的→多生命的→活泼的)vital a 有活力的;重要的(vit+al)vitalism n 活力论(vital有活力的+ism)vitality n 活力(vital+izy)vitalize v 赋予生命(vital+ize)revitalize v 恢复生命,复兴(re重新+vital+ize→重新活)vitals n 重要器官;核心(有活力的东西)vitamin n 维生素(vit+a+min素→生命要素→维生素)viable a 能活的(vi+able)viability n 生存能力vigor n 精力vigorous a 精力旺盛的invigorate v 鼓励;使强壮(in进入+vigor+ate→进入活动→鼓励)invigorating a 激发精神的vigilant a 警惕的(vigil[=vig]+ant→有生命的→警惕的)vigilance n 警惕,警戒(vigil+ance)327 voc,vok=call voice,表示“叫喊,声音”vocal a 声音的vocalist n 歌手(vocal声音的+ist人)vocation n 职业;使命(voc+ation→[受到]召唤→有职业)aocation n 副业(a不+vocation职业→不是职业,是副业)vocabulary n 词汇(vocabul[=vocable词]+ary→词汇)advocate v 拥护;倡议(ad增强+voc+ate→增强声音→拥护)adveocator n 拥护者convoke v 召集(con共同+vok+e→喊到一起)convocation n 召集,集会(con+voc+ation)revoke v 取消,撤回(re回+vok+e→喊回来→取消)revocable a可废除的(revoke+able)irrevocable a 不能改变的(ir不+revocable→不可废除的)vociferous a 喧闹的(voc+i+fer带来+ous→带来声音的→喧闹的)evoke v 唤醒,唤起(e出+vok+e→喊出[思想等]→唤醒)equivoke n 双关语(equi平等+vok+e→有两重声音[平等]→双关语)equivocal a 双关语;模陵两可的(equi平等+voc+al→平等声音→模陵两可的)equivocate v 推脱,支吾说谎(equi+voc+ate)invoke v 请求,使[使[法规]生效(in进+vok+e喊进去→请求)invocatory a 祈求的(in+voc+atory)provke v 触怒,煽动(pro前面+vok+e→到[别人]面前喊→激怒)provocative a 激怒人的,激发人的(pro+voe+ative)328 vod,otunt= wish,will,表示“意志,意愿”volition n 意志力,决心(vol+ition表明词)voitive a 意志的benevolent a 善心的(bene好+vol+ent→好意的)benevolence n 善心,仁慈malevolent a 善恶的(male坏+vol+ent→坏意→恶意的)malevolence n 恶意(male+vol+ence)volunteer n志愿者(volunt+eer人→意愿的人→志愿者)voluntary a 志愿的,自愿的(volunt+ary)329 vol volv volt=roll,turn,表示“卷,转”olubility n 流畅;健谈(vol+udility能…性质→[舌头]能转动→健谈)voluble a 流畅的;滔滔不绝的volume n 卷,册(vol+ume→卷→一卷书)voluminous a 多卷的,多产的(volum卷+inous多…的→多卷本的)convolve v 盘旋,缠绕(con一起+volv+e→一起转→缠绕)evolve v 发展,进化(e出+volv+e→转出来→发展,进化)evolution n 进化,发育(e+volut+ion)evolutionism n 进化论(evolution进化+ism)revolution n 革命,变革(re翻+olut+ion→翻转→革命)revolve v 旋转;循环(re再+volv+e→再转一次→旋转)revolver n 左轮手枪(re+volv+er→子弹旋转打出)revolt n 叛变,起义(re反+volt转→转反了→叛变)involve v 卷入,连累(in 进入+volv+e→转进去→卷入)involement n 互卷,卷进(inter在…之间+olv+e→在[二者]间转_互卷) archivoit n 拱门装饰(areh弧行+I+volt_转成弧形拱门装饰)"330.vor=eat,表示""吃"""voracious a 狼吞虎咽的(vor+acious多…..的--吃多的)voracity n 贪食(vor+acilty)devour v 吞吃(de下去+vour[=vor]→吃下去→吞吃)omnivorous a 杂食性的(omni全部+vor+oue→什么都吃→杂食性的)herbivorous a 食草的(herbi草+vor+ous→食草的)carnivorous a 食肉的(carni肉+vor+ous→食肉的)insectivorous a 食虫的(inseecti昆虫+vor+ous→食昆虫的)331 vulg=people“表示“人群”vulgar a 大众的,粗俗的vulgarity n 粗俗,粗鄙(vulgar粗俗的+ity)divulge v 宣布,泄露(di分开+vulge→在人群中传开→泄露)vulgus n 平民百姓(vulg+us表名词→群众)332 uls,ult=pluck,teor,表示”收缩,撕开“convulse v 使震动,使抽出(con一起+vuls+e→收缩到一起→抽搐)convulsion n 抽搐,突然发作(con+vuls+ion)convulsive a 震动的;产生惊厥的(con+vuls+ivs)revulse v 使…极其厌恶(re反+vuls+e→反收缩→收缩回去→对…厌恶)revulsion n (感情)剧变,厌恶vulture n 秃鹫;贪的无厌者(vult+ute→把[猎物]撕开者→秃鹫)vulturine a 贪得无厌的(vulture秃鹫+ine→秃鹫般得无厌的)333 zoo=animal,表示“动物”zoology n 动物学(zoo+logy学科)zootomy n 动物解剖学(zoo+tomy解剖)zoic a 动物的(zo[=zoo]+ic)azoic a 无生命的(is无+zoic→无动物的→无生命的)zodiac n 黄道(由12个星座组成,几乎所有星座都用动物命名)。
新解奈达翻译理论——详解Equivalence含义
2 作为普通 词 的 E uvln E u a ne q ia t q i l c e/ ve 真正 意义
《 氏大学词 典》 释 eu a n: euln 韦 解 qi et o qa i v l
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E uvl c ) 在 “ 当” E uvl tE uvlne 这 q ia n e , 对 e ( q ia n/ q ia c ) e , e
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例 5 T el g a o st q i ln o re h recr ni h euv e t f he a t e a t
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英语考研MTI357词汇翻译2
(天津外国语大学2011年)1.the Internet of Things 16. 借词2.economic turnaround 17.经济不景气3.CPI 18. 面向基层4.ecocide 19.反腐倡廉5.property bubble 20.法治国家6.down payment 21.生态文明7.conglomerate 22.误解8.YouTube 23.执政为民9.DJ 24.生态移民10.IDD 25.对等词11.hard news 26.民意测验12.side event 27.年度风云人物ernment watchdog 28.举报电话14.carbon footprint 29.抢占科技制高点15.Funemployment 30.推进政务公开31.保障“米篮子、菜篮子”工程(中山大学2011年)1.brand loyalty 15. 可持续发展2.due diligence 16.试行阶段3.corporate governance 17.应急计划4.code of conduct 18.污水处理5.corporate social responsibility 19.新闻发布会6.proliferation of weapons of mass destruction 20.市场占有率7.market positioning 21.研发中心8.anti-dumping measures 22.跨国犯罪9.HSBC 23.八国峰会10.time to market 24.数字鸿沟11.carbon trading 25.毒品贩运12.alternative energy 26.国有企业13.deforestation 27.企业文化14.cradle of human civilization(浙江师范大学2011年)1.Babel 16.改编2.intralingual translation 17.异化3.equivalence 18.社群传译4.patronage 19.文化转向5.polysystem 20.国际译联6.simultaneous interpreting 21.不确定性7.untranslatability 22.联络口译8.domesticating strategy 23. 操纵学派9.translation norms 24.显性翻译10.pseudotranslation 25.平行语料库wrence Venuti 26.语义翻译12.SL texts13.prescriptive approach14.skopos theory15.deconstruction(华南理工大学2011年)1.OPEC 13.财政收入2.BRIC 14.多元文化生活3.MPA 15.访问学者4.CIA 16.义务教育5.venture capital 17.森林覆盖率6.fixed asset 18.基础设施建设7.Value Added Tax 19.可持续发展战略8.cast pearls before a swine 20. 流动人口9.社保体系21.实况转播10.不良贷款22.外交豁免权11.恶性循环23.不可再生资源12.中介服务(南京航空航天大学)ser printer 14.飞机维护手册2.space shuttle 15,交流电3.integrated circuit 16.环境保护4.silicon chip 17.高等学校nding gear 18.奥林匹克运动会6.aircraft carrier 19. 私营企业7.EU 20.博士生导师8.real estate 21.自动飞行系统9.constitutional monarchy 22.社会科学10.King James Bible 23.南航11.Capitol 24.外资12.Secretary of State 25.科学普及13.Holloween 26.空姐27.春节联欢晚会28.两弹一星专题词汇集锦国际区域组织政治类组织ACS AI AMF ASEAN AU BRICsCIS COE CTC EU G77 G8GCC ICC INTERPOL ILO IOM LASNATO NAM NGO NSG OSCE Paris ClubSCO SAARC the Commonwealth the Rio GroupUN ZAC经济类组织ADB ADB APEC BFA BIS CDBCMEA ECB G15 G20 IATA IEAISO OAPEC OECD OPEC PetrocaribeWorld Bank WCO WEC IRS科技、文化、体育等专业类组织FIFA ICRC IFAC IOC IOJ IPIIUCW联合国主要机构Economic and Social Council General Assembly International Court of Justice IFAD FAO IAEA ILO IMF ICAO IMO ITU UNHCR UNCTAD UNEP UNIFEMThe Security Council Trusteeship Council UNDP UN-Habitat UNPF UNV UNESCO UNICEF UNIDO UPU WFP WTO(贸易) WTO(旅游) WHO WMO WIPO政治词汇汉译英表决议案不记名投票部长级会议裁剪冗员参政议政差额选举常规裁军常务委员会邓小平理论党的基本路线党政机关法律援助法制观念反腐倡廉反分裂法扶贫基金改革开放国防开支国防预算国土资源管理公务员海峡交流基金会和平共处五项原则和谐社会换届选举基层组织计划生育记者招待会教条主义解放思想精神文明村民委员会可持续发展战略科学发展观廉洁奉公两岸直接三通两会NPC and CPPCC 马列主义毛泽东思想民政部门民主管理民主监督民主选举民族区域自治南南合作南水北调工程农村税费改革配套设施平等互利全国人大代表群众路线人民代表大会制度“三个代表”重要思想“ 三农”问题三峡工程扫黄打非试点项目社会保障体系社会公正社会主义新农村社会主义制度生计问题世纪多极化“十二五规划”实事求是收入差距收入分配司法公正四个现代化四项基本原则台独台湾当局台湾同胞台湾问题贪污受贿体制创新西部大开发西电东送物质文明西气东输下岗职工宪法修正案香港、澳门特别行政区乡镇企业消费结构消费期望小康水平小康社会新型农村合作医疗制度(新农合)行政问责制养老保险医保制度改革以德治国依法治国一国两制医疗改革中国特色社会主义民主政治与时俱进灾后重建再就业赈灾政府工作报告政府干预政府机构政府职能政务透明政治文明中共中央中国共产党党章《中美三个联合公报》综合国力祖国统一最低生活补助政治词汇英译汉autarchy anarchism ACLU-America Civil Liberties Union Bill of Rights brain trust bureaucracy cabinet CIA-Central Intelligence Agency civil rights movement civil war cyber terrorism Diet of Japan Declaration of Independence dictator dictatorship Dow Jones Industrial Average ethnic cleansing ethnocentrism FBI-Federal Bureau of Investigations foreign aid Federal Reserve System globalization grand jury governing partyhard money hegemonism House of Representatives IslamophobiaIRS-Internal Revenue Service judicial branch legislative branch mainstream media Medicaid monarchy multilateralismNazi parliament NOW-National Organization for Womenopposition party pluralism prisoner swapPETA-People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals PLO-Palestine Liberation OrganizationPOW-prison of war politically correct pork barrel spending primary electionstate visit soft money suicide bomber the Tories the Whigs terrorism think tank unilateralism utilitarianism Zionism vote of non-confidence WMD-weapons of mass destruction中国国家机关名称中英对照全国人民代表大会主席团常务委员会办公厅秘书处代表资格审查委员会提审审查委员会民族委员会法律委员会财务经济委员会外事委员会教育、科学、文化委员会内务司法委员会华侨委员会法制委员会特定问题委员会宪法修改委员会中央军事委员会中华人民共和国主席最高人民法院最高人民检察院国务院一、国务院部委外交部国防部国家发展和改革委员会国家经济贸易委员会教育部科学技术部国防科学技术工业委员会国家民族事务委员会公安部国家安全部监察部民政部司法部财政部人事部劳动和社会保障部国土资源部住房和城乡建设部铁道部交通部工业和信息化部水利部农业部商务部文化部卫生部国家人口和计划生育委员会中国人民银行国家审计署二、国务院办事机构国务院办公厅侨务办公厅港澳办公厅台湾办公厅法制办公厅经济体制办公厅国务院研究室新闻办公室三、国务院直属机构海关总署国家税务总局国家环境保护总局中国民用航空总局国家广播电影电视总局国家体育总局国家统计局国家工商行政管理局新闻出版总署国家版权局国家林业局国家质量技术监督局国家药品监督管理局国家知识产权局国家旅游局国家宗教事务局国务院参事室国务院机关事务管理局四、国务院直属事业单位新华通讯社中国科学院中国社会科学院中国工程院国务院发展研究中心中国地震局中国气象局中国证券监督管理委员会保护价财政拨款财政年度财政收入财政政策产权登记产权界定产权交易产权转让产业结构产业结构重组和升级产业结构趋同产业结构失调出口退税创业板刺激消费粗放型经济存款准备金率大中型企业地方企业第三产业第二产业第一产业董事会反倾销非关税壁垒个体经济非国有经济供过于求供求关系供需平衡购买力固定资产股东大会股份型企业股票期权关税国家外汇局国家外汇储备国民生产总值国有经济国有企业国有企业重组国有企业改革国有资产国债合资企业宏观调控宏观经济调控宏观经济政策货币稳定合伙企业计划经济积极的财政政策集体经济集约型经济价格垄断兼并与收购经济不景气经济过热经济复苏经济起飞经济全球化经济手段经济危机经济效益经济萧条经济形势经济增长点经济增长方式经济增长率经济制裁居民消费价格指数开发区热跨国公司跨国企业集团亏损企业扩大内需利率控制利率调整贸易集团盲目投资贸易逆差贸易平衡贸易顺差贸易争端贸易制裁母公司内向型经济年度国家预算农村信用社期货市场全球经济人民币升值人民币汇率形成机制人均收入软着陆融资市场经济市场占有率失业率世界经济一体化世界经济多极化适度从紧的货币政策试点企业社会主义市场经济私营企业商品经济上市上市公司通货膨胀通货膨胀率通货紧缩外商直接投资外资企业外商独资企业外向型经济违法占用土地稳健的货币政策新兴市场经济新兴企业信贷政策信用膨胀乡镇企业抑制通货膨胀优胜劣汰增收节支中国-亚欧博览会中央财政预算中央企业(央企)中小型企业政府补贴证券交易所招商引资资产清查资产评估资产负债表子公司自主创新能力自主品牌经贸词汇英译汉absolute advantage adverse balance anti-dumping mergers and acquisitions average propensity to consume average propensity to save average total cost balance of payments balance of trade barter system bill of exchange break even banking banking sector bank statement bear and bull bear market bilateral trade brand loyalty bridging loan broker bubble economy budget deficit budget surplus bull market bureaucracy business cycle business mechanism business prototype C&F (Cost and Freight) capital budget cash flow cash bonus CFO (Chief Finance officer)circular economy consumerism confirming bank convertible currency comparative advantage copyright COO (Chief Operating Officer) credit card credit crunch credit downgrade credit rating CTO (Chief Technology Officer) currency appreciation currency depreciation customs duty debt chaindebt ceiling discount discount bank discount rate discount market direct investment duopoly duty-free elasticity of demand Engle coefficient Eurozone exchange bank favorable balance FOB (Free and Board) Fortune 500 free tradeFederal Reserve foreign exchange rate foreign exchange reserveforeign exchange fluctuation foreign exchange crisisGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) gold bug gold reservegovernment bailout hedge (against) hedge fund a hedge against inflation hands-off management hard currency Hang Seng Index high returnhuman capital house mortgageHong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)hunger marketing hyperinflation imperfect competitionInitial Public Offering (IPO) investment fever investment policyinterest group inflation-linked bond joint venture bankjunk bonds L/C (Letter of Credit) mass productionmonopoly macroeconomics microeconomicsmake ends meet money in circulation monetary policy multilateral trade National City Bank of New Yorknational treasury national debtnewly industrializing countries (NICs) Net Asset Value (NAV)Nikkei Stock Average non-tariff trade barrier non-banking financial sector outstanding debt ODI (Outbound Direct Investment)Pan-Beibu Gulf Economic Cooperation Summit (PBG) perfect competition purchase management index (PMI) producer price index (PPI) service outsourcing Standard Chartered Bank stock/bond/securitiesstock market stock index stock operator subordinate debt Summer Davos tax relieftax holiday trade volume treasury billtrust company科技词汇汉译英磁悬浮列车电话会议电脑病毒电脑犯罪电子管理电子货币电子商务对讲机多媒体高科技板块高清晰度电视高速宽带互联网高新技术产业化个人数字助理PDA 工业园区轨道对接国家重点实验室核电站互联网服务提供商技术密集产品科技含量可行性研究空间科学空间实验站垃圾邮件纳米青藏铁路全球移动通信系统虚拟现实虚拟银行应用软件三维电影三维动画试管婴儿首航搜索引擎同步卫星外层空间外星人网吧网恋网络出版网络管理员网络空间网络恐怖主义网络摄像机网络世界网络文化网民网上冲浪网上犯罪网上购物网上交易平台网上书店卫星导航卫星电视无人航天器信息化域名载人航天器掌上电脑只读储存器科技词汇英译汉AI ATM BBS CCTV CPU biochip biotechnology broadband genetic engineering genetic mutation genome genetically modified animals and plants GM foodGMOs GPS Hi-Fi HTTP LAN MMS OA smart phone SMS 3-G UFO video game WAN WAP Wi-Fi NASA教育词汇汉译英本科生必修课程毕业典礼毕业论文毕业论文答辩毕业设计毕业证书博士生博士后博士后科研流动站博士学位博士论文补考成人高考成人教育成人夜校成绩单充电初等教育大学城大学同等学历大学生大专生定向招生多学科的辅导员附小附中副教授高等教育高等学府高分低能高考高校扩招国家普通话水平考试国家发明奖国家重点实验室国家自然科学奖国家科技进步奖函授大学工科大学继续教育基础课教育公平奖学金教研室/组教育投入教学大纲教授讲师九年制义务教育考研课程表课外活动科教兴国战略理工科大学两院院士民办教育美术学院农学院普通高校旁听生强化班热门话题人才交流人才流失人才战扫盲思想政治教育设计学院升学率师范大学适龄儿童入学率实习硕士学位素质教育填鸭式教学脱产进修文科院校希望工程校训校园数字化校友学费学分学历学龄儿童学年学期学前教育学生会学时学士学位学术报告会学位证书研究生应届毕业生应试教育优化教师队伍优化教育结构远程教育在职博士生在职研究生智力引进智商职业高中职业教育重点大学重点学科中等教育住宿生主修课程助学金自费留学自费研究生综合性大学走读生教育词汇英译汉a grant-aided student ABD Adjunct Professor admission office assistant professor associate professor BEC bilingual educationboarding school board expenses community college consecutive interpretation Alma Mater\ alma mater EMBA emeritus professor exchange student functional illiteracy Harvard University heuristic education IELTSjob shadowing MBA non-residential college NYUonline education Oxford University Ph. D\PhD Princeton University Research Professor residential college SAT TOEFL simultaneous interpretation Stanford University student loans TOEIC UC Berkeley visiting professor Yale University文化词汇汉译英拜年本命年辞归岁茶道除夕传统节日春节元宵节清明节端午节中秋节重阳节春联单口相声灯谜二十四节气佛佛教佛教徒故宫故宫博物馆过年红包祭祖宗甲骨文剪纸饺子京剧老字号买年货民间传说民间艺术名胜古迹年糕年画年夜饭皮影戏气功旗袍去晦气儒家思想闰年十二生肖说书世界文化遗产四大发明火药印刷术造纸术指南针《大学》《中庸》《论语》《孟子》太极唐装唐三彩汤圆天坛天干地支团圆饭文房四宝文化遗产文人文物武术舞龙舞狮《诗经》《尚书》《易经》《礼记》《春秋》戏曲相声孝道烟花爆竹阳历阴历中国画书法水墨画工笔中国文学《三字经》《孙子兵法》《三国演义》《西游记》《红楼梦》《水浒传》《山海经》《资治通鉴》《西厢记》《聊斋志异》《围城》《阿Q正传》中山装针灸疗法杂技杂耍紫禁城粽子文化词汇英译汉academy Awards action film atheism avant-gardebaby shower badger game beat generation buffetcable television Catholic Catholicism cathedralChristmas card Christmas Day Christmas Eve Christian Christianity Chinese knot cultural shock Darwinismdog days double agent fable homophobiahigh tea Hollywood blockbuster hooligan nfomercialJune-December wedding love child King’s English lacquer painting legend mythology poet laureate paparazzo (singular)/paparazzi (plural) premiere Pulitzer Prizepunch line silent contribution silly money silver screenspecial effects stand-in; double stunt man sonnet taboo环保词汇汉译英白色污染差别电价大功率电器地面坍塌地热地下水电动汽车防风林防沙林海水淡化环保产品环境恶化可燃冰可再生能源可再生资源绿色“生物燃料” 绿化面积垃圾填埋场垃圾焚化厂落后产能汽车尾气森林砍伐率森林覆盖率速生林水土流失水资源保护生态建筑生态农业生态旅游酸雨世界环境日碳税碳足迹碳减排天然气天然气汽车无车日污染者负担的政策污水治理尾气净化器无铅汽油温室效应小排量汽车一次性筷子有机污染物造林工程资源节约型、环境友好型社会环保词汇英译汉afforestation artificial rain biofuel bio-dieselbio-ethanol biosphere carbon dioxide carbon monoxide clean energy clean fuels crude oil debris flow deforestation disaster-affected area droughtENSO energy consumption energy-intensive industries energy-saving lamp environmentalist environment-friendly products food chain forest fire forestationfossil fuel Grain for Green Project fuel-efficient Green Creditheat island effect La Nina phenomenon natural disasters / hazards natural resource natural reserve/ natural preservation zone recycled water reservoirsand storm smog storm surge tidal wave (a tsunami) tropical cyclone tropical rainforest tropical storm typhoonvolcano erupting UV (ultraviolet)健康词汇汉译英按摩《本草纲目》《黄帝内经》拔火罐疗法公费医疗挂号费化疗刮痧疗法理疗秘方减肥经络切脉偏方食补保健三聚氰胺手术室推拿穴位亚健康延缓衰老阴阳五行学说瑜伽中草药针刺麻醉针灸中医学祖传秘方健康词汇英译汉AIDS adrenalin aerobics Alzheimer’s disease anti-aging antibiotics antibody asthma anthrax anti-SARS campaign arthritis artificial heart artificial hormones avian influenza (bird flu) B,O, bioengineering blood circulation BSE carbohydrate cardiologist cholesterol HBV carriers coronary disease dehydration eating disorder euthanasia/ mercy killing foot-and-mouth disease genetic information genome GM food GMOshealth care products high blood pressure high cholesterol HIVHIV-positive insomnia ICU IVFlaser treatment living donor leukemia maternity leave menopause mental disorder metabolism obesityOTC drugs Parkinson’s disease sperm bankpassive smoking/second-hand smoking sperm donor STD stem cell社会现象(问题)汉译英安居工程拜金主义版权法曝光白马王子城市化城市居民传销大龄青年单亲家庭代沟独生子女盗版地下出版物吊销驾照防伪标志扶贫扶贫办公室惯犯黑恶势力犯罪户口簿婚外恋灰色收入基本养老金交通堵塞敬老院家政服务快递公司滥用职权流动人口留守孩子良性循环民工农村剩余劳动力派出所贫富悬殊贫富两极化;贫富分化普及率全国人口普查全民健身运动全国哀悼日人口素质人口老龄化人口统计学人口负增长弱势群体扫黄运动社区服务收入分化,贫富分化上诉社会福利社会福利彩票适者生存失学儿童商业炒作团购体育彩票文盲洗脑虚拟世界用工荒有机食品月供暂住证肇事逃匿者住房公积金住房问题最低工资醉酒驾驶钻石王老五社会现象(问题)英译汉acculturation age discrimination antiracism education altruism arab Spring assimilation asylum author’s royalty bar association bigamy birth rate capital punishmentchain effect; domino effect court of ethics complaint center defendant discrimination against women divorce calculator drug abusedrug rehabilitation center drug trafficker drug-related crimes egalitarian embezzlement Feminism / Feminism movementfrequent property-related crimes gamblinggender/ sexual discrimination hedonism gomosexual marriage infant mortality job discrimination juryjuvenile delinquency law of the jungle lawsuitlife sentence male chauvinism Malthusian Theory of Population meatspace money laundering narcotics squad organized crime Pandora’s Box plaintiffpseudo-science pro-choice racismscreen agers soup kitchen urban legendviolent crimes热词与新词academic circle academic threshold add name on the property’s ownership certificateaircraft carrier all-out donation Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railwaybleak prospects Body Mass Index (BMI) breaching of the dike bullet trainbullet train crash; bullet train collision carbon credit carpool chick lit civil service exam; public servant exam commercial interruption; commercial break contaminated cucumbers copycat credit downgrade credit ratingdebt crisis DINK (dual income no kids) DINK exit clan domestic violence downshifting double dip drainage oil drunk driving ecological compensation fabricate academic credentials fashion icon financial compensation; compensation payment first-tier cities Fitch Ratingsfash marriage flash mob flash sale flaunt wealthflesh search flexitarian forward delivery housing funemployedgap year GEM board; second board golden week government car government procurement; government purchasing grand slam Hall of Famehouse/property purchase restrictions ID-based ticket booking system independent recruitment individual/personal income tax threshold Internet penetration rate infringement on/upon intellectual property job-creating package joint military drillkindergarten crunch lean meat powder 3S ladies lip-synchinglivable city LOHAS long-distance relationshiplooted relics low-rent housing manual operation Micro-blog middleman landlord mortgage slave naked wedding Neetnepotism NTC nuclear leakage nuclear reactoroil leak online booking system panic buying partner assistancephishing scam Pilates phone hacking plasticizerpoaching of talented studentspost-disaster reconstruction power shortage prenuptial agreement price-capped housingproblem furniture product placement property tax public-rent housing pyramid scheme replacement of household electrical appliance reservation ticket ringxiety scene failure smuggled goods; parallel import; grey product social jet lag social security cards sockpuppet soft environment SOHO Spring Festival travel Standard & Poor’s staycation strawberry generation subway train crash super typhoon surrogate motherthe CPC’s 90th founding anniversary;the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of Chinatax preference the rich second generation time-travel TV traffic gridlock; traffic jam triclosan Universiade WAGs walking bus webucation year-end bonus young cynic revolving door Seine Eiffel Tower Triumphal Arch电灯泡如胶似漆的情侣天生一对大众情人闺蜜补充积累大带桥自然资源保护协会联合国气候变化大会能源保护自给自足指甲油微波炉华尔街纽约时报平板电脑平板电视低风险,高回报零售额/商防空洞夹趾凉鞋过度消费LCD NCEGRE VIP RSVPCSSCI FOB CATVDIY 音乐电视公共管理硕士邮政特快专递空气污染指数联合多安理会人肉收索网络实名制三权分立IPR SWAT CNNsynchronous Earth Observatory Satellite optimal resource allocationfuel surcharge 低碳经济小康社会全面小康社会全面建设小康社会多哈谈判关税免配额弱势群体安居工程世界反兴奋剂组织出口退税制不正之风国际惯例民事/刑事责任网络隐私权贫富差距入境安检the most-favored-nations clause Carve Her Name With Pride UK TolstoyInternational Press Association job-oriented industryGPS export-oriented industry 公安部对外经济贸易部恭喜发财六一儿童节承德避暑山庄兵马俑毛主席纪念堂立春下岗人员公费医疗素质教育九年义务教育记者招待会分期付款访谈节目国际奥委会风凉话人民币汇率拍马屁雪中送炭物流鸡犬不宁靠天吃饭无照经营老龄化人口/社会拖欠工资外国投资企业血肉相连一五一十未成年的义务教育经济/文化复苏左思右想DNA DVD FAXSOHO CAAC WPS PETSAPI CDMA CMT CUBATESL domesticating translation inward investment Court Martial The General Assemble of the United NationsEconomic ailments afforested project interlingual translation a homeless dog extensive economic Justice has long arms Aping the Beauty’s frown。
equivalence翻译
equivalence翻译equivalence的中文翻译是“等价性”。
它可以指两个或多个事物在某种特定的方面是相等的或相似的。
在不同的领域中,equivalence的用法和中英文对照例句如下:1. 科学领域:- In mathematics, equivalence refers to the relationship between two mathematical expressions that have the same value. (在数学中,equivalence指的是两个数学表达式具有相同的值。
)- The concept of biochemical equivalence is used to compare the effectiveness of different drugs in treating the same condition. (生化等价性的概念用于比较不同药物在治疗同一病症方面的效果。
)2. 语言学领域:- In linguistics, equivalence refers to the relationship between different languages where words, phrases, or sentences in one language can be translated into another language with the same meaning. (在语言学中,equivalence指的是不同语言之间的关系,其中一个语言中的词、短语或句子可以翻译成另一种语言并具有相同的意义。
)- The translator strives for equivalence between the sourcelanguage and the target language while maintaining the original meaning and style. (翻译员在保持原意和风格的同时,努力在源语言和目标语言之间达到等价性。
第五章 核磁共振氢谱-2
1/3: 表示相互偶合的核共三个. 故除以 3. AB2体系的分析方法对推测结构很有用.
例: 从谱图形状可知它为AB2体系. 代入JAB计算公式: JAB= 1/3[( 4 - 1) + (8 - 6 )] =1/3[(15.6-0.0)+(32.4-23.7)]=8.1 Hz
可以看出: 耦合常数 J 为1, 2线或3, 4线间的距离; D为1, 3线或2, 4线间的距离, 1, 4线称为外线, 2, 3 线称为内线.
2. AB2体系: 介于A3和AX2之间的体系
常见的AB2体系有:
苯环对称三取代 吡啶环对称二取代
R
R
R'
R NR
R'
R
R
R
R
N
CH CH2
CH CH CH
+= (v8-v2) (v6-v4) =14.96 Hz -= (v7-v1) (v5-v3) =12.48 Hz
令26.48Hz属于A核, 则11.52Hz属于B核,剩余19.24Hz和6.76Hz有两种归属的可能性:
a) JAX与JBX同号, a+ 和a-属于A, b+ 和b-属于B,所以
A= 1/2(a++ a-) = 1/2(26.48+19.24) =22.86 Hz
3. ABX体系: 可能成为ABX体系的有
H
C H
H C
H C
H
C CH
H C
HC
C H
H CH C
H
R'
CH CH CH
R''
英语翻译-chapter-2
Chapter Two Lexical Translation 2.1 The Comparison between English & Chinese:2.1.1 The Comparison in vocabulary.2.2.1.1 From their meanings. eg:●车●船●门●酒●人●cousin ●wear ●arm ●aunt ●sister2.1.2 From sentence structureA Eg. He’s a good singer.He is an ardent lover of classic music.B Eg. I would not believe what he said.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.I know Mr. Wang.He is the best singer.C Eg. The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.2.2 Translation techniques由于汉英词汇意义存在不对应现象,翻译时应通过各种手段对靶语(TL)的词义加以补充或限定,技巧上表现为词语的增减、阐释、借用、音译等。
如:2.3.1Equivalence (对等译法)1) words:2) idioms:●speak one’s mind●fish in troubled water●in deep water●turn up one’s nose at●touch and go●破斧成舟●大惊小怪●颠倒黑白●视而不见●得意忘形3) Proverbs:●Look before you leap.●Make hay while the sun shines..●There is no smoke without fire.●Ill news travels fast.●Practice makes perfect.●欲速则不达.●出门一里,不如家里.●皇天不负苦心人.●小巫见大巫.Practice:1.这些国家的经济形势每况愈下.2.扪心自问,他不得不承认自己是错了.3.你为什么要引狼入室4.侵略者已经走投无路.5.他是信口开河,他对经济一窍不通.6. I took the news with a grain of salt.7. You have a lucky star above you.8. He is reaping what he has sown.9. She is an easy-going woman. She always throws her cares to the winds.10.That little girl has a ready tongue.2.2.2None quivalence (不对等译法)英汉词义对比(张春柏2003: 31-36)1) Semantic scope(语义范围、指称意义、外延意义、认知意义)⑴Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war.⑵Three men were killed in the accident.⑶The engine was killed by the flood.⑷Your joke nearly killed me.⑸I’m reading this book just to kill time.⑹日服3次,每次一片。
第二讲 翻译的标准
林语堂:忠实、通顺、和美 faithfulness, smoothness, beauty
刘重德:信、达、切 faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness
傅雷:传神论/神似说 Transference of soul or spirit “以效果而论,翻译应当像临画一样,所求的 不在形似而在神似。” 译文同原文在内容上一致,这叫“意似”,是 翻译的最低标准。译文同原文如果能在形式 上和精神上同时一致起来,或称“形似”和 “神似”,这是翻译的高标准。 理想的译文仿佛是原作者的(中文)写作。
For Nida, the success of the translation depends above all on achieving equivalent response. It is one of the „four basic requirements of a translation‟, which are: 1. Making sense 2. Conveying the spirit and the manner of the original; 3. having a natural and easy form or expression 4. Producing a similar response
4 翻译的标准
严复:信、达、雅 Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance ⊙信:忠实于原文 ⊙达:文笔流畅 ⊙雅:文风典雅 (士大夫) --保持原文的风格
鲁迅:信和顺 “凡是翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然力求其 易解,一则保存原作的风姿。” 宁信而毋顺 rather be faithful in thought than smooth in language
《人工智能基础与应用》(樊重俊编著)第2章+知识与知识表示
第2章 知识与知识表示
知识表示方法 状态空间表示法
➢ 状态空间表示
状态空间(state space)是利用状态变量和操作符号表示系统或问题的有关知 识的符号体系。状态空间可以用一个四元组表示:
(S,O,S0,G ) 其中,S是状态集合,S中每一元素表示一个状态,状态是某种结构的符号 或数据。O是操作算子的集合,利用算子可将一个状态转换为另一个状态。S0 是问题的初始状态的集合,是S的非空子集,即S0⊂S。G是问题的目的状态的集 合,是S的非空子集,即G⊂S。G可以是若干具体状态,也可以是满足某些性质 的路径信息描述。
➢ 谓词公式的等价性 定义2-6 设P与Q是两个谓词公式,D是它们共同的个体域,若对D上的任何 一个解释,P与Q都有相同的真值,则称公式P和Q在D上是等价的。如果D是 任意个体域,则称P和Q是等价的,记作P⟺ Q。
第2章 知识与知识表示
知识表示方法 一阶谓词逻辑表示法
➢ 主要等价式
1)交换律
P∨Q⟺ Q∨P P∧Q⟺ Q∧P
✓ (1)确定性规则知识的产生式表示 IF P THEN Q或者P→Q
✓ (2)不确定性规则知识的产生式表示 IF P THEN Q(置信度)或者P→Q(置信度)
✓ (3)确定性事实性知识的产生式表示 (对象,属性,值)或者(关系,对象1,对象2)
✓ (4)不确定性事实性知识的产生式表示 (对象,属性,值,置信度)或者(关系,对象1,对象2,置信度)
2)结合律
(P∨Q)∨R⟺ P∨(Q∨R) (P∧Q)∧R⟺ P∧(Q∧R)
3)分配律
P∨(Q∧R)⟺ (P∨Q)∧(P∨R) P∧(Q∨R)⟺ (P∧Q∨(P∧R)
4)德摩根律(De Morgen)
平均照度计算方法
A0
As-顶棚(或地板)空间内所有表面的总面积,单位为m2 A0-顶棚(或地板)平面面积,单位为m2
ρ -顶棚(或地板)空间各表面的平均反射比
1 平均照度计算
(三) 室内平均照度的确定 1、确定房间的各特征量 计算RI、RCR、CCR、FCR 2、确定顶棚空间有效反射比ρcc
i i
A A
用一定周期后,在规定表面上的平均照度或平均 亮度与该装置在相同条件下新装时在同一表面上 所得到的平均照度或平均亮度之比。
维护系数K
环境污染特征 清洁 一般 污染严重 室外 工作房间或场所 办公室,阅览室,仪器、仪表装配车间 商店营业厅,影剧院观众厅,机加工车间 铸工、锻工车间,厨房 道路和广场 维护系数 灯具擦洗次数/(次/年) 0.8 2 0.7 2 0.6 2 0.7 2
第五章 照明计算
逐点计算法,是以被照面上的一点为对 象,计算不同形状、不同位置的光源在该点 产生的直射照度(不考虑反射光通量产生的 照度),这种计算方法称作逐点计算法。 内容包括点光源、线光源和面光源的直 射照度的基本计算公式、实用计算公式及简 化计算公式。 适用于房间高大、反射光较少的场所, 一般用于验算工作点的照度和被照面照度分 布的均匀度。
1 平均照度计算
U f S
U-利用系数 Фf-由灯具发出的最后落到工作面 上的光通量,单位为lm Фs-每个灯具中光源额定总光通 量,单位为lm
利用系数与照明器的光强分布(配光特 性)、照明器的效率、照明器的悬挂高度、 房间的大小及形状和室内各反射面的反射 比等因素有关。 美国的“带域-空间法” 法国的“实用照明计算法” 国际照明委员会的“CIE法”
1 平均照度计算
(3) 确定ρfc、γ
地板空间各面平均反射 比
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Translation equivalence is the replication of the same situation as in
the original by using completely different wording.
television electricity burn the boat a drop in the ocean Time flies. Failure is the mother of success.
火上浇油 to add fuel to the flame 充耳不闻 turn a deaf ear to 大惊小怪 make a fuss about 破釜沉舟 burn one’s boat 颠倒黑白 talk black into white
画饼充饥 to draw cakes to relieve one’s hunger 出自《圣经》中的《约 礼尚往来 伯记》。犹太人约伯在 courtesy requires reciprocity 受到上帝的百般非难之 后说道: “My bone 九死一生 cleaveth to my skin, have a narrow escape from death and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the by the skin of one’s teeth / skin of my teeth” 。 “the skin of the teeth” 得意忘形 指的是牙齿表层的牙釉 质。可怜的约伯用了一 have one’s nose in the air 个形象的比喻:他的逃 出人头地 生空间就像是牙釉质那 样薄薄的一层。 be head and shoulders above others
to draw a snake and add feet to it 画蛇添足 cut in a joke 插科打诨 touch and go 一触即发 in deep water 水深火热 speak one’s mind 畅所欲言
avoid coming to the main point
(31) There’s no need for us to beat around/about the bush. 我们没有必要旁敲侧击。 (32) Why do you love to find fault with someone? It seems that the only person who is always right is yourself. 你为什么总爱吹毛求疵?你以为唯一对的 人便是你自己。
Time flies (like an arrow). 光阴似箭,日月如梭。 Time is money. 一寸光阴一寸金,寸金难买寸光阴。 East and west, home is best. 在家千日好,出门一日难。
Look before you leap. 三思而后行。 Between two stools you fall to the ground. 不要脚踏两只船。
burn the boat 破釜沉舟 six of one and half a dozen of the other 半斤八两 to fish in troubled waters 浑水摸鱼 a defore the horse 本末倒置
For words, we can easily find equivalent expressions. For idioms and proverbs, it’s much more difficult to find equivalent ones.
Why Words: 1. Literal language; 2. Simple semantic structure; 3. Simple cultural background Idioms and proverbs: 1. Figurative language (Figurative meaning and figurative form) 2. Commendatory or derogatory sense
(7)Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 (8)A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春,百花齐放春满园。 (9)A snow year, a rich year. 瑞雪兆丰年。 (10)Bad news has wings./ Ill news travels fast. 好事不出门,坏事传千里。 (11)Beauty lies in the lover’s eyes. 情人眼里出西施。 (12)Constant dripping wears away a stone. 水滴石穿,绳锯木断。
Examples: (1)A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush. 一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。 (2)A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 (3)All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 (4)A man can do no more than he can. 凡事都应量力而行。 (5)A miss is as good as a mile. 失之毫厘,谬以千里。 (6)He is adding fuel to the flame. 他在火上浇油。
(19)Facts speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 (20)Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 (21)False friends are worse than bitter enemies. 明枪易躲,暗箭难防。 (22)Far water does not put out near fire. 远水救不了近火。 (23)Fire and water have no mercy. 水火无情。 (24)Fortune knocks once at least at every man’s gate. 风水轮流转。
Thanks for your attention!
好好学习,天天向上。 Good good study, day day up. Girls all smile on hearing the good news. 姑娘们听到这个好消息都满脸堆笑。
What is equivalence
Equivalence refers to the state or quality of being the same.
It’s the most important to transform figurative meanings and commendatory or derogatory sense of idioms and proverbs. Figurative form is less important.
(25)Great trees are good for nothing but shade. 大树底下好乘凉。 (26)Harm sets, harm gets. 害人害己。 (27)Health is better than wealth. 家有万贯财,不如一身健 。 (28)He who does not advance loses ground. 逆水行舟,不进则退。 (29)It is never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。 (30)Kill two birds with one stone. 一箭双雕。
Humility often gains more than pride. 虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。
无风不起浪。 There is no smoke without fire. 宁为玉碎,不为瓦全。 Take away my good name and take away my life. 君子之交淡如水。 Friends are like fiddle strings, they must not be screwed.
(13)Content is better than riches. 知足者常乐。 (14)Creep before you walk. 循序渐进。 (15)Don’t put the cart before the horse. 不要本末倒置。 (16)Do well and have well. 善有善报。 (17)Every dog has his day. 凡人皆有得意日/时来运转。 (18)Every man has his faults. 金无足赤,人无完人。