【全国百强校】河北省张家口市第一中学2020-2021学年高一下学期期中考试历史试题
【全国百强校】河北省张家口一中2020-2021学年高一(下)期中考试数学试题
【全国百强校】河北省张家口一中【最新】高一（下）期中考试数学试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单选题1．直线50x +-=的倾斜角为（ ） A ．30-B ．150C ．120D ．602．体积为8的正方体的顶点都在同一球面上，则该球面的表面积为 A ．12πB ．323π C ．8π D ．4π3．设m ，n 是两条不同的直线，α，β是两个不同的平面，则下列命题正确的是（ ） A ．若////m n αα，，则//m n B ．若//m n αβαβ⊂⊂，，，则//m nC ．若m n n m αβα=⊂⊥，，，则n β⊥D ．若//m m n n αβ⊥⊂，，，则αβ⊥4．已知圆的方程为2260x y x +-=，过点1,2的该圆的所有弦中，最短弦的长为（ ）A ．12B ．1C ．2D ．45．如图，在正方体ABCD-A 1B 1C 1D 1中，E ，F 分别是C 1D 1，CC 1的中点，则异面直线AE 与BF 所成角的余弦值为（ ）A ．18-B ．5-C ．5D ．56．如图正方形OABC 的边长为1，它是水平放置的一个平面图形的直观图，则原图形的面积( )A ．B ．1CD ．(217．若直线22(0,0)mx ny m n -=->>被圆222410x y x y ++-+=截得弦长为4，则41m n+的最小值是（ ） A ．9B ．4C ．12D ．148．已知圆224x y +=，直线l ：y x b =+，若圆224x y +=上恰有4个点到直线l 的距离都等于1，则b 的取值范围为( )A ．()1,1-B ．[]1,1-C ．⎡⎣D ．(9．已知直线12:220,:410l x y l ax y +-=++=，若12l l ⊥，则a 的值为（ ） A ．8B ．2C ．12-D ．-210．当点P 在圆221x y +=上变动时，它与定点(3,0)Q 的连结线段PQ 的中点的轨迹方程是（ ） A ．22(3)4x y ++= B ．22(23)41x y -+= C ．22(3)1x y -+=D ．22(23)41x y ++=11．直线()24y k x =-+与曲线214y x 有两个不同的交点，则实数的k 的取值范围是（ ） A ．53,124⎛⎤⎥⎝⎦ B ．5,12⎛⎫+∞⎪⎝⎭C ．13,24⎛⎤⎥⎝⎦D ．50,12⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭12．已知点3(2,)A -，(3,2)B --，直线l 方程为10kx y k --+=，且直线l 与线段AB 相交，求直线l 的斜率k 的取值范围为（ ）A ．34k ≥或 4k ≤- B ．34k ≥或 14k ≤- C ．344k -≤≤D ．344k ≤≤二、填空题13．已知三棱锥P -ABC 的三条侧棱两两互相垂直，且ABBCAC =2，则此三棱锥外接球的表面积为______．14．若曲线y =y x b =+始终有交点，则b 的取值范围是_______． 15．如图，在圆柱O 1 O 2 内有一个球O ，该球与圆柱的上、下底面及母线均相切．记圆柱O 1 O 2 的体积为V 1 ,球O 的体积为V 2 ，则12V V 的值是_____16．已知实数,x y 满足221x y +=，则 21y x ++的取值范围为________.三、解答题17．已知直线1:230l x y -+=与直线2:2380l x y +-=的交点为M. (1)求过点M 且到点()0,4P 的距离为2的直线的方程； (2)求过点M 且与直线3:310l x y ++=平行的直线的方程.18．如图，在四棱锥P ABCD -中，底面ABCD 是正方形.点E 是棱PC 的中点，平面ABE 与棱PD 交于点F ．()1求证：//AB EF ；()2若PA AD =，且平面PAD ⊥平面ABCD ，求证：AF ⊥平面PCD ．19．已知圆22240x y x y m +--+=. （1）此方程表示圆，求m 的取值范围；（2）若（1）中的圆与直线240x y +-=相交于M .N 两点，且OM ON ⊥ (O 为坐标原点)，求的值；20．如图，四棱锥P -ABCD 的底面是矩形，P A ⊥平面ABCD ，E ，F 分别是AB ，PD 的中点，且P A =AD ．（Ⅰ）求证：AF ∥平面PEC ； （Ⅱ）求证：平面PEC ⊥平面PCD ．21．已知关于,x y 的方程22:240C x y x y m +--+=． （1）若方程C 表示圆，求m 的取值范围；（2）若圆C 与圆22812360x y x y +--+=外切，求m 的值；（3）若圆C 与直线:240l x y +-=相交于,M N 两点，且MN =，求m 的值．22．如图1，已知四边形BCDE 为直角梯形，90B ∠=，//BE CD ，且222BE CD BC ===，A 为BE 的中点.将EDA 沿AD 折到PDA 位置(如图2)，连结PC ，PB 构成一个四棱锥P ABCD -．（Ⅰ）求证AD PB ⊥； （Ⅱ）若PA ⊥平面ABCD ． ①求二面角B PC D --的大小；②在棱PC 上存在点M ，满足()01PM PC λλ=≤≤，使得直线AM 与平面PBC 所成的角为45，求λ的值．参考答案1．B 【分析】设直线的倾斜角为α，则tan 3α=-，解方程即可. 【详解】由已知，设直线的倾斜角为α，则tan α=，又[0,180)α∈， 所以150α=. 故选：B 【点睛】本题考查已知直线的斜率求倾斜角，考查学生的基本计算能力以及对基本概念的理解，是一道容易题. 2．A 【解析】试题分析：因为正方体的体积为8，所以棱长为2，所以正方体的体对角线长为，所以该球的表面积为2412ππ⋅=，故选A. 【考点】 正方体的性质，球的表面积【名师点睛】与棱长为a 的正方体相关的球有三个： 外接球、内切球和与各条棱都相切的球，其半径分别为2、2a和2. 3．D 【分析】根据各选项的条件及结论，可画出图形或想象图形，再结合平行、垂直的判定定理即可找出正确选项． 【详解】选项A 错误，同时和一个平面平行的两直线不一定平行，可能相交，可能异面； 选项B 错误，两平面平行，两平面内的直线不一定平行，可能异面；选项C 错误，一个平面内垂直于两平面交线的直线，不一定和另一平面垂直，可能斜交； 选项D 正确，由m α⊥，//m n 便得n α⊥，又n β⊂，βα∴⊥，即αβ⊥. 故选：D . 【点睛】本题考查空间直线位置关系的判定，这种位置关系的判断题，可以举反例或者用定理简单证明， 属于基础题. 4．C 【解析】试题分析：222260(3)9x y x x y +-=⇒-+=，最短的弦长为2=，选C.考点：直线与圆位置关系 5．D 【分析】以D 为原点，DA 为x 轴，DC 为y 轴，DD 1为z 轴，建立空间直角坐标系，再利用向量法求出异面直线AE 与BF 所成角的余弦值． 【详解】以D 为原点，DA 为x 轴，DC 为y 轴，DD 1为z 轴，建立空间直角坐标系，设正方体ABCD ﹣A 1B 1C 1D 1中棱长为2，E ，F 分别是C 1D 1，CC 1的中点， A （2，0，0），E （0，1，2），B （2，2，0），F （0，2，1）， AE ＝（﹣2，1，2），BF ＝（﹣2，0，1）， 设异面直线AE 与BF 所成角的平面角为θ，则cosθ＝•AE BFAE BF＝,∴异面直线AE 与BF ． 故选D ． 【点睛】本题考查异面直线所成角的余弦值的求法，注意向量法的合理运用，属于基础题. 6．A 【分析】由题意求出直观图中OB 的长度，根据斜二测画法，求出原图形平行四边形的高，即可求出原图形的面积． 【详解】解：由题意正方形OABC 的边长为1，它是水平放置的一个平面图形的直观图，所以OB =，所以原图形的面积为：1×=． 故选A ． 【点睛】本题考查斜二测直观图与平面图形的面积的关系，斜二测画法，考查计算能力． 7．A 【分析】圆方程配方后求出圆心坐标和半径，知圆心在已知直线上，代入圆心坐标得,m n 满足的关系，用“1”的代换结合基本不等式求得41m n+的最小值． 【详解】圆标准方程为22(1)(2)4x y ++-=，圆心为(1,2)C -，半径为2r，直线被圆截得弦长为4，则圆心在直线上，∴222m n --=-，1m n +=， 又0,0m n >>，∴41414()()5n m m n m n m n m n +=++=++59≥+=，当且仅当4n m m n =，即21,33m n ==时等号成立．∴41m n+的最小值是9． 故选：A ． 【点睛】本题考查用基本不等式求最值，解题时需根据直线与圆的位置关系求得,m n 的关系1m n +=，然后用“1”的代换法把41m n+凑配出可用基本不等式的形式，从而可求得最值．8．D 【分析】圆224x y +=上恰有4个点到直线l 的距离都等于1，所以圆心到直线l ：y x b =+的距离小于1，利用点到直线距离求出b 的取值范围. 【详解】因为圆224x y +=上恰有4个点到直线l 的距离都等于1，所以圆心到直线l ：y x b =+的距离小于11b b <⇒<<< D.【点睛】本题考查了直线与圆的位置关系、点到直线的距离公式，考查了数形结合思想. 9．D 【分析】根据两条直线垂直，列方程求解即可. 【详解】由题：直线12:220,:410l x y l ax y +-=++=相互垂直， 所以240a +=， 解得：2a =-. 故选：D 【点睛】此题考查根据两条直线垂直，求参数的取值，关键在于熟练掌握垂直关系的表达方式，列方程求解. 10．B 【分析】根据已知条件可设()00,P x y ，线段PQ 的中点为(),M x y ，再利用中点坐标公式可得到0023,2x x y y =-=，再代入圆的方程221x y +=即可得到线段PQ 的中点的轨迹方程.【详解】设()00,P x y ，线段PQ 的中点为(),M x y ，（如图）则00322x x y y +⎧=⎪⎪⎨⎪=⎪⎩即00232x x y y =-⎧⎨=⎩，点()00,P x y 在圆221x y +=上变动，即22001x y +=()()222321x y ∴-+=即()222341x y -+=故选：B 【点睛】本题考查了中点坐标公式，动点轨迹方程求法，属于一般题. 11．A 【解析】解：因为曲线y ＝1(|x|≤2)与直线y ＝k(x －2)＋4有两个交点时，那么结合图像可知参数k 的取值范围是53(,]124，选A 12．A 【分析】本题首先可以根据直线l 方程来确定直线l 过定点()1,1C ，然后根据题意绘出直线l 与线段AB 相交的图像并求出CA k 与CB k 的值，最后根据图像即可得出结果．【详解】因为直线l 方程为10kx y k --+=，即()11y k x -=-， 所以直线l 过定点()1,1C ，根据3(2,)A -，(3,2)B --，直线l 与线段AB 相交，可绘出图像：因为13412CAk ，123134CBk ， 所以直线l 的斜率k 的取值范围为34k ≥或 4k ≤-，故选A ． 【点睛】本题考查直线的斜率的取值范围，能否确定直线的旋转范围是解决本题的关键，考查直线的点斜式方程的应用，考查数形结合思想，是中档题． 13．8π 【解析】 【分析】以PA ，PB ，PC 分棱构造一个长方体，这个长方体的外接球就是三棱锥P-ABC 的外接球，由此能求出三棱锥的外接球的表面积． 【详解】解：如图，PA ，PB ，PC 两两垂直，设PC=h ，则，，∵PA 2+PB 2=AB 2，∴4-h 2+7-h 2=5，解得因为三棱锥P-ABC ，PA ，PB ，PC 两两垂直，且PA=1，PB=2，， ∴以PA ，PB ，PC 分棱构造一个长方体，则这个长方体的外接球就是三棱锥P-ABC 的外接球， ∴由题意可知，这个长方体的中心是三棱锥的外接球的心，三棱锥的外接球的半径为，所以外接球的表面积为22S 4R 48πππ==⨯=．故答案为8π．【点睛】本题考查三棱锥的外接球的表面积的求法，是中档题，解题时要认真审题，注意构造法的合理运用．14．[-【解析】由题设可知x b +=b x =有解，令借cos ,[0,]x θθπ=∈，则sin θ=，所以sin cos )4b πθθθ=-=-，由于0θπ≤≤，故3444πππθ-≤-≤，结合正弦函数的图像可知sin()124πθ-≤-≤，则)[4b πθ=-∈-，应填答案[-． 点睛：解答本题的思路是依据题设条件将其转化为方程x b +有解，进而分离参数b x =，然后通过三角换元将其转化为求函数sin cos )4b πθθθ=-=-的值域问题，最后借助正弦函数的图像求出其值域使得问题获解．15．32【解析】设球半径为r ，则213223423V r r V r π⨯==π．故答案为32． 点睛:空间几何体体积问题的常见类型及解题策略：①若给定的几何体是可直接用公式求解的柱体、锥体或台体，则可直接利用公式进行求解；②若所给定的几何体的体积不能直接利用公式得出，则常用转换法、分割法、补形法等方法进行求解．16．3,4⎡⎫+∞⎪⎢⎣⎭【解析】如下图所示，设P(x，y)是圆x2＋y2＝1上的点，则21yx++表示过P(x，y)和Q(－1，－2)两点的直线PQ的斜率，过点Q作圆的两条切线QA，QB，由图可知QB⊥x轴，k QB不存在，且k QP≥k QA. 设切线QA的斜率为k，则它的方程为y＋2＝k(x＋1)，由圆心到QA的距离为1，＝1，解得k＝34.所以21yx++的取值范围是[34，＋∞)．点睛：本题主要考查圆，以及与圆相关的斜率问题，属于中档题.本题所求式子的范围，可以转化为斜率的范围，根据斜率公式，其意义为圆上一动点，与定点(－1，－2)连线的斜率，根据图形可以求出，此类问题注意问题的几何意义.17．（1）y=2或4x-3y+2=0；（2）x+3y-7=0.【分析】(1)先求两条直线的交点,设所求直线斜率k，利用点斜式设出直线方程，由点到直线的距离公式求出k，从而确定直线方程；(2)根据直线平行求出直线的斜率,利用点斜式方程求解即可.【详解】（1）由l1：x-2y+3=0与l2：2x+3y-8=0联立方程x-2y+3=0与2x+3y-8=0解得，∴l1，l2的交点M为（1，2），设所求直线方程为y-2=k（x-1），即kx-y+2-k=0，∵P（0，4）到直线的距离为2，∴2=k=0或43，∴直线方程为y=2或4x-3y+2=0；（2）过点（1，2）且与x+3y+1=0平行的直线的斜率为：-13，所求的直线方程为：y-2=-13（x-1），即x+3y-7=0．【点睛】本题主要考查待定系数法求直线方程以及直线点斜式方程，属于中档题.待定系数法求直线方程的一般步骤是：（1）判断，根据题设条件判断出用那种形式的直线方程参数较少；（2）设方程，设出所选定的标准形式的直线方程；（3）求参数，根据条件列方程求出参数；（4）将参数代入求解；（5）考虑特殊位置的直线方程，因为除一般式外，其他四种标准方程都有局限性.18．(1)见解析；(2)见解析.【分析】（1）证明：AB∥平面PCD，即可证明AB∥EF；（2）利用平面PAD⊥平面ABCD，证明CD⊥AF，PA=AD，所以AF⊥PD，即可证明AF⊥平面PCD.【详解】（1）证明：底面ABCD是正方形，∴AB∥CD ,又AB⊄平面PCD，CD⊂平面PCD，∴AB∥平面PCD ,又A，B，E，F四点共面，且平面ABEF∩平面PCD=EF，∴AB∥EF ;（2）证明：在正方形ABCD中，CD⊥AD ,又平面P AD⊥平面ABCD，且平面P AD∩平面ABCD=AD，CD⊂平面ABCD,CD⊄平面P AD ∴CD⊥平面P AD ,又AF⊂平面P AD ,∴CD⊥AF ,由（1）可知，AB∥EF，又AB∥CD，C,D,E,F在同一平面内，∴CD ∥EF ,点E 是棱PC 中点，∴点F 是棱PD 中点 ,在△P AD 中，P A =AD ，∴AF ⊥PD , 又PD ∩CD =D ，PD 、CD ⊂平面PCD ,∴AF ⊥平面PCD ．【点睛】本题主要考查了线面平行的性质定理和线面垂直的证明，属于基础题.19．(1) 5m < (2) 85m =【解析】试题分析：（1）由二元二次方程表示圆的条件D 2+E 2-4F 大于0列出关于m 的不等式，求出不等式的解集即可得到m 的取值范围；（2）设出曲线与直线的交点M 和N 的坐标，联立曲线C 与直线的方程，消去y 后得到关于x 的一元二次方程，利用韦达定理表示出两根之和与两根之积，然后由OM 与ON 垂直得到M 和N 横坐标之积与纵坐标之积的和为0，由直线方程化为横坐标的关系式，把表示出的两根之和与两根之积代入即可求出m 的值． 试题解析：（1）由D 2+E 2-4F=4+16-4m=20-4m>0，得m<5（2）设M(x 1,y 1),N(x 2,y 2)，由OM ⊥ON 得x 1x 2+ y 1y 2=0.将直线方程x+2y-4=0与曲线C ：x 2+y 2-2x-4y+m=0联立并消去y 得 5x 2-8x+4m-16=0，由韦达定理得x 1+x 2=85①,x 1x 2=4165m -②， ∆=64-20（4m-16）=384-80m ﹥0﹥所以m ﹤445又由x+2y-4=0得y=12(4-x), ∴x 1x 2+y 1y 2=x 1x 2+12(4-x 1)·12 (4-x 2)=54x 1x 2-( x 1+x 2)+4=0. 将①、②代入得m=85,满足∆﹥ 0. 20．（Ⅰ）见解析（Ⅱ）见解析【分析】（Ⅰ）取PC 的中点G ，连结FG 、EG ，AF ∥EG 又EG ⊂平面PCE ，AF ⊄平面PCE ，AF ∥平面PCE ； （Ⅱ）由（Ⅰ）得EG ∥AF ，只需证明AF ⊥面PDC ，即可得到平面PEC ⊥平面PCD ．【详解】证明：（Ⅰ）取PC 的中点G ，连结FG 、EG ，∴FG 为△CDP 的中位线，FG ∥CD ，FG =12CD ． ∵四边形ABCD 为矩形，E 为AB 的中点，∴AE ∥CD ，AE =12CD ． ∴FG =AE ，FG ∥AE ，∴四边形AEGF 是平行四边形，∴AF ∥EG 又EG ⊂平面PCE ，AF ⊄平面PCE ，∴AF ∥平面PCE ；（Ⅱ）∵P A =AD ．∴AF ⊥PDP A ⊥平面ABCD ，∴P A ⊥CD ，又因为CD ⊥AB ，AP ∩AB =A ，∴CD ⊥面APD∴CD ⊥AF ，且PD ∩CD =D ，∴AF ⊥面PDC由（Ⅰ）得EG ∥AF ，∴EG ⊥面PDC又EG ⊂平面PCE ，∴平面PEC ⊥平面PCD ．【点睛】本题考查了空间线面平行、面面垂直的判定，属于中档题．21．（1）5m <； （2）4 ； （3）4.【分析】（1）根据圆的标准的方程条件列不等式求出m 的范围；（Ⅱ）利用垂径定理得出圆的半径，从而得出m 的值．（Ⅲ）先求出圆心坐标和半径，圆心到直线的距离，利用弦长公式求出m 的值．【详解】（1）方程C 可化为 ()()22125x y m -+-=-，显然 50,5m m -><时即时方程C 表示圆．（2）由（1）知圆C 的圆心为()1,222812360x y x y +--+=可化为()()224616x y -+-=，故圆心为()4,6，半径为4．又两圆外切，4=，即54=，可得4m =．（3）圆C 的圆心()1,2到直线:240l x y +-=的距离为d ==，由MN =则12MN =， 又 22212r d MN ⎛⎫=+ ⎪⎝⎭，所以225,m -=+⎝⎭⎝⎭得 4m =．【点睛】本题考查圆的标准方程的特征，圆与圆外切的性质，点到直线的距离公式、弦长公式的应用．属于基础题．22．(Ⅰ)详见解析；(Ⅱ)①120，② 0λ=或23λ=． 【分析】 (Ⅰ)可以通过已知证明出AD ⊥平面P AB ，这样就可以证明出AD PB ⊥；(Ⅱ)?①以点A 为坐标原点，分别以AB ，AD ，AP 为x ，y ，z 轴，建立空间直角坐标系，可以求出相应点的坐标，求出平面PBC 的法向量为n 、平面PCD 的法向量m ，利用空间向量的数量积，求出二面角B PC D --的大小；②求出平面PBC 的法向量，利用线面角的公式求出λ的值.【详解】证明：(Ⅰ)在图1中，//AB CD ，AB CD =，ABCD ∴为平行四边形，//AD BC ∴，90B ∠=，AD BE ∴⊥，当EDA 沿AD 折起时，AD AB ⊥，AD AE ⊥，即AD AB ⊥，AD PA ⊥， 又AB PA A ⋂=，,AB PAB PA PAB AD 面面⊂⊂∴⊥平面P AB ，又PB ⊂平面P AB ，AD PB ∴⊥．解：(Ⅱ)①以点A 为坐标原点，分别以AB ，AD ，AP 为x ，y ，z 轴，建立空间直角坐标系，由于PA ⊥平面ABCD则(0,A 0，0)，(1,B 0，0)，(1,C 1，0)，(0,P 0，1)，(0,D 1，0)(1,PC =1，1)-，(0,BC =1，0)，(1,DC =0，0)，设平面PBC 的法向量为(,n x =y ，)z ，则00PC n x y z BC n y ⎧⋅=+-=⎪⎨⋅==⎪⎩，取1z =，得(1,n =0，1)，设平面PCD 的法向量(,m a =b ，)c ，则00m PC a b c m DC a ⎧⋅=+-=⎪⎨⋅==⎪⎩，取1b =，得(0,m =1，1)，设二面角B PC D --的大小为θ，可知为钝角， 则1cos 22m nm n θ⋅=-=-=-⋅⨯，120θ∴=．∴二面角B PC D --的大小为120．②设AM 与面PBC 所成角为α，(0,AM AP PM =+=0，1)(1λ+，1，1)(λ-=，λ，1)λ-，平面PBC 的法向量(1,n =0，1)，直线AM 与平面PBC 所成的角为45，sin cos ,22AM n AM n AM n αλ⋅∴====⋅⋅， 解得0λ=或23λ=． 【点睛】本题考查了利用线面垂直证明线线垂直，考查了利用向量数量积，求二面角的大小以及通过线面角公式求定比分点问题.。
2020-2021学年河北省张家口市第一中学高一下学期期中考试(衔接班)物理(文)试卷
2020-2021学年河北省张家口市第一中学高一下学期期中考试（衔接班）物理（文）试卷学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单选题1．关于点电荷，下列表述正确的是（）A．任何带电体都能看作点电荷B．点电荷是实际带电体的理想化模型C．只有带电量很小的带电体才能看作点电荷D．只有质量很小的带电体才能看作点电荷2．两个相同的金属小球（均可看做点电荷），原来所带的电荷量分别为+5q和-q，相互间的库仑力大小为F．现将它们相接触，再分别放回原处，则两金属小球间的库仑力大小变为( )A．9F/5 B．F C．4F/5 D．F/53．右图为某电场中的一条电场线，a、b为该电场线上的两点，则下列判断中正确的是A．a点的场强一定比b点的场强大B．b点的场强可能比a点的场强小C．负电荷在a点受到的电场力方向向左D．正电荷在运动中通过b点时，其运动方向一定沿ba方向4．电场中某区域的电场线分布如图所示，A、B是电场中的两点，则（）A．A点的电场强度较大B．因为B点没有电场线，所以电荷在B点不受到电场力作用C．同一点电荷放在A点受到的电场力比放在B点时受到的电场力小D．正电荷放在A点由静止释放，电场线就是它的运动轨迹5．下列关于电场的说法正确的是（）A．电场不是客观存在的物质，是为了研究静电力而假想的B．两电荷之间的相互作用是一对平衡力C ．电场是客观存在的物质，但不是由分子、原子等实物粒子组成D ．电场中某点的电场强度与在该点试探电荷所受的电场力成正比6．如图所示，运输汽油等易燃易爆物品的车辆总有一条铁链托在地上，这样做的目的是A ．把静电引入大地，避免因放电引起爆炸B ．减缓车速，保证行车安全C ．发出声音，引起路人注意D ．与地面发生摩擦，在运输车上积累电荷7．下列关于电容器的说法中，正确的是（ ）A ．电容越大的电容器，带电荷量也一定越多B ．电容器不带电时，其电容为零C ．带电荷量相等的两个电容器，电容相等D ．电容器的电容与电容器是否带电无关8．某根导线中的电流为1.6 A ，则在0.5 s 内通过这根导线某一横截面的电荷量为 A ．0.8 C B ．1.2 C C ．0.8 C D ．1.2 C9．通过电阻的电流为I 时，在时间t 内产生的热量为Q ，若通过同一电阻的电流为2I 时，则在时间t 内产生的热量为（ ）A ．2QB ． 2QC ．4QD ．4Q10．王爷爷退休后迷上了信鸽比赛，他饲养的信鸽小雪通体雪白，血统优秀，多次在“放飞﹣返回”比赛中获第一名．不知道让多少人羡慕！王爷爷也很得意，为奖励小雪，王爷爷给它戴上一个非常漂亮的磁性头套．这样做对小雪在比赛中将（ ）A ．不会影响它的导航B ．不利于它的导航C ．有助于它的导航D ．不能确定是否会最影响它的导航 11．―通电直导线用细线悬挂于匀强磁场中，磁场及电流方向如图所示．通电导线所受安培力的方向是（ ）A．水平向左B．水平向右C．竖直向上D．竖直向下12．如图所示，条形磁铁放在水平桌面上，其中央正上方固定一根直导线，导线与磁铁垂直，并通以垂直纸面向外的电流，则（）A．磁铁对桌面的压力减小、不受桌面摩擦力的作用B．磁铁对桌面的压力减小、受到桌面摩擦力的作用C．磁铁对桌面的压力增大、不受桌面摩擦力的作用D．磁铁对桌面的压力增大、受到桌面摩擦力的作用13．三种不同粒子a、b、c从O点沿同一方向垂直纸面向里的匀强磁场中的运动轨迹分别如图所示，则（）A．粒子a一定带正电B．粒子b一定带正电C．粒子c一定带正电D．粒子b一定带负电14．每时每刻都有大量的宇宙射线射向地球，而地球磁场可以有效地改变这些宇宙射线中大多数射线粒子的运动方向，使它们不能到达地面，这对地球上的生命有十分重要的意义．假设有一束带负电的宇宙射线粒子垂直于地面射向赤道，在地球磁场的作用下它们偏转的方向是（）A．向东B．向南C．向西D．向北15．如图，在M、N点分别放有带电荷量为Q和q的两个正点电荷，它们之间的库仑力大小为F．下列说法正确的是（）A．Q对q的库仑力的方向向左B．q对Q的库仑力的方向向右C．若将它们间的距离增大为原来的2倍，则Q对q库仑力的大小变为1 4 FD．若将它们间的距离增大为原来的2倍，则Q对q库仑力的大小变为4F16．下列各电场中，A、B两点电势相同的是（）A．B．C．D．17．磁感线是用来形象地描述磁场的曲线，下图分别描述的是条形磁铁．蹄形磁铁、通电直导线、环形电流的磁感线分布，其中正确的是（）A．B．C．D．二、多选题18．下图中，洛伦兹力的方向判断正确的是( )A．B．C．D．19．如图所示，两根完全相同的绝缘细线，把两个质量相等的小球悬挂在同一点O上，甲球的电荷量大于乙球的电荷量，下列说法错误的是（）A. 甲、乙两球都带正电B．甲、乙两球都带负电C．甲球受到的静电力大于乙球受到的静电力D．甲、乙两球受到的静电力大小相等20．以下关于电场和电场线的说法中正确的是（）A．电场、电场线都是客观存在的物质，因此电场线不仅能相交，也能相切B．同一试探电荷在电场线密集的地方所受静电力大C．凡是有电场线通过的点，场强不为零，不画电场线的区域内的点场强为零D．电场线是人们假想的，用以形象表示电场的强弱和方向，客观上不存在21．下列有关静电现象的说法，正确的是A．复印机是利用静电吸附作用工作的B．安装在烟囱底部的静电除尘器可以把烟灰除掉C．为消除静电现象，油罐车尾部装一条拖地铁链D．为了美观，最好把避雷针顶端设计成球形22．关于焦耳定律下列说法正确的是（）A．焦耳定律是物理学家焦耳发现的B．两个电阻并联，阻值越大的电阻产生的热量越多C．两个电阻串联，阻值大者比阻值小者产生的热量多D．两个电阻串联，阻值大者比阻值小者产生的热量少23．下列四幅图分别表示通电直导线在匀强磁场中所受安培力F的方向、导体中电流I 的方向及磁感应强度B的方向的关系，正确的是（）A．B．C．D．三、解答题24．将电荷量q=+1.0×10﹣8C的点电荷放在电场中的A点，点电荷在A点所受电场力F=2.0×10﹣4N，方向水平向右，如图所示．求：（1）A点的电场强度E的大小．（2）请在图中画出该点电荷所受电场力F的方向．25．在倾角为α的斜面上，置一通有电流I、长为L、质量为m的导体棒，在斜面区域加上垂直于斜面向上的匀强磁场，导体棒保持静止，如图所示，重力加速度为g，问（1）若斜面光滑，则所加磁场的磁感应强度为多大？（2）若斜面不光滑，且最大静摩擦力等于滑动摩擦力，动摩擦因数为μ，导体棒仍保持静止，则所加磁场的磁感应强度的最大值为多少？参考答案1．B【解析】解：A 、当电荷的形状、体积和电荷量对分析的问题的影响可以忽略，电荷量对原来的电场不会产生影响的时候，该电荷就可以看做点电荷，故A 错误B 、点电荷是实际带电体的理想化模型，故B 正确C 、点电荷是一种理想化的物理模型，其带电荷量并不一定是最小的，故C 错误；D 、点电荷是一种理想化的物理模型，其质量并不一定是最小的，故D 错误；故选B ．【点评】本题是基础的题目，考查的就是学生对基本内容的掌握的情况，在平时要注意多积累．2．C【解析】 试题分析：根据库仑定律则25*q q F kr -=，接触后放回原位，则接触时先中和，后平均分配，此刻两球电量分别为+2q ，所以22*2q q F k r '=，所以此刻库仑力为C ． 考点：库仑定律点评：此类题型考察了库仑定律的理解，并结合了电荷中和的知识．带入库仑公式中便能求出库仑力大小．3．B【解析】试题分析：该电场线为一点电荷形成的一条电场线，因不知是正点电荷还是负点电荷，所以无法判断a 、b 两点的场强大小以及电场力大小．正电荷所受电场力方向与该点的电场强度方向相同，负电荷所受电场力方向与该点的电场强度方向相反．所以B 正确，考点：考查了对电场线的理解点评：解决本题的关键掌握电场线的特点，电场线的疏密可表示电场强度的强弱，电场线某点的切线方向表示场强的方向．4．A【解析】解：A 、电场线越密代表电场越强，故A 点的场强大于B 点的场强．故A 正确． B 、电场线的疏密代表电场的强弱，故在任意两条电场线之间虽没有电场线，但仍有电场，故B错误．C、由于A点的场强大于B点的场强，故同一电荷在A点受到的电场力大于在B点受到的电场力，故C错误．D、电场线并不存在，是虚拟的，是人为引入的，而物体的运动轨迹是实际存在的，故电场线不是电荷的运动轨迹．故D错误．故A正确．【点评】把握电场线的特点是解决此类问题的关键．记住了，理解了，也就会做了．5．C【解析】A、电场是实际存在的物质，但不是由分子、原子等实物粒子组成，故A错误，C 正确；B、两电荷之间的相互作用是一对作用力和反作用力，故B错误；D、电场强度反映了电场的力的性质，由电场本身决定，与试探电荷的电荷量、所受的静电力无关，所以不能说电场强度与试探电荷在该点所受的电场力成正比，故D错误。
【全国百强校】河北省张家口市第一中学2020-2021学年高一下学期开学考试地理试题
【全国百强校】河北省张家口市第一中学2020-2021学年高一下学期开学考试地理试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单选题下图是“太阳系局部图”，黑点表示小行星。
回答下面各题。
1．图中有生命存在的星球是( )A．①B．②C．③D．④2．美国“机遇号”火星探测器考察的星球是( )A．①B．②C．③D．④黄赤交角是产生四季的原因。
黄赤交角并非固定不变，现在约为23°26′，最大时可达24°14′，最小时为22°6′，变动周期约4万年。
读黄赤交角变动时回归线和极圈的变动示意图。
完成下面小题。
3．黄赤交角为24°14′时A．热带的范围比现在小B．温带的范围比现在小C．寒带的范围比现在小D．极昼和极夜出现的范围比现在小4．地球上的太阳直射点①移动周期约4万年②随着季节的变化而变化③在南北回归线之间来回移动④最小纬度为22°6′A．①②B．①④C．②③D．③④据央视2021年2月2日报道，印尼北苏门答腊省的锡纳朋火山2月1日发生喷发，熔岩流至火山东南方向4.5 km处，目前已造成14人死亡。
据此回答下面各题。
5．此火山口喷出的大量岩浆可能来源于( )A．岩石圈B．地壳C．地核D．软流层6．岩浆物质冲破了岩石圈的束缚后喷发出来，下列关于岩石圈的叙述，正确的是( ) A．岩石圈属于地壳的一部分，是由岩石构成的B．岩石圈属于上地幔的一部分C．岩石圈的上部是软流层D．岩石圈与生物圈关系密切北京时间2021年9月29日12时21分,我国在西昌(102°E)卫星发射中心用“长征二号丙”运载火箭,成功将遥感三十号01组卫星发射升空,卫星进入预定轨道。
据此完成下面各题。
7．卫星发射时,哈尔滨(126°E)的地方时为 ( )A．29日12:21B．29日12:45C．29日11:57D．29日11:098．卫星发射时,圣弗朗西斯科(西八区)的华人收看电视直播的当地时间是 ( ) A．29日18:21B．29日20:21C．28日20:21D．30日20:219．该图是两幅大河河口示意图，图中小岛因泥沙淤积而扩展，按一般规律，最终将与河流的哪一岸相连①甲岸②乙岸③丙岸④丁岸A．①④B．②③C．①②D．②④下图阴影部分表示7月7日,非阴影部分表示7月8日,每条经线之间的间隔相等,箭头表示地球自转方向。
河北省张家口市第一中学高一下学期期中考试语文试卷.doc
河北省张家口市第一中学高一下学期期中考试语文试卷下列有关文学常识的表述不正确的一项是A.古体诗分为四、五、七言和杂言，没有平仄限制，也不讲求对偶。
B.最能反映盛唐精神、代表盛唐诗歌成就的是李白。
他的诗常常带着强烈的主观色彩，反映着他鲜明的个性。
C.盛唐时期是唐诗发展的高峰时期，此时的诗坛群星璀璨，出现了李白、王勃、王维、孟浩然等众多诗人。
D.“蜀道难”原本是古乐府旧题，属于《相和歌辞·琴调曲》。
在李白之前，也多有人咏蜀地山川之险。
【答案解析】C【详解】此题考核识记文学常识的能力。
文学常识的考核主要集中的中外中的作家、作品，文学现象、文学流派，文体知识等。
重点记忆课本涉及到的和经典阅读中列出的作品。
平时注意积累，理出线索，形成体系。
题中C项，王勃是初唐的诗人。
故选C。
2与下面例句句式相同的一组是例句：“句读之不知，惑之不解”①青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝。
②五亩之宅，树之以桑。
③然而不王者，未之有也。
④蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强。
⑤道之所存，师之所存也。
⑥鸡豚狗彘之畜A.①②B.③⑤C.④⑤D.③⑥【答案解析】D【详解】此题考核理解与现代汉语不同的句式和用法的能力，主要考核文言句式，古汉语文言句式有省句、被动句、判断句和倒装句，倒装句又有宾语前置句、定语后置句、介宾短语后置句和主谓倒装句。
注意结合句子特征分析。
其中宾语前置句一般为疑问代词作宾语和否定句中代词作宾语，还有固定结构“唯***是***”结构，判断句注意“者”“也”，被动句注意“为****所***”结构和“见”“于”，定语后置句注意“之”“者”，介宾短语后置句经常用“于”“以”引导。
题中D项和③⑥均为宾语前置句；①②介宾短语后置句；④定语后置句；⑤判断句。
故选D。
3下列句子中加点的“以”字的解释，分类最恰当的一项是①王好战，请以战喻②斧斤以时入山，材木不可胜用也③愿以十五城请易璧④不以物喜，不以物悲⑤谨庠序之教，申之以孝悌之义A.①③⑤/②/④B.①②③⑤/④C.①③⑤/②④D.①⑤/②③/④【答案解析】A【详解】此题考核理解常见文言虚词在文中的含义和用法的能力，重点记忆考纲规定的18个文言虚词的用法和意义，还要重点记忆课本中的经典例句。
河北省张家口市第一中学2020-2021学年高一下学期期中试题生物
一、选择题（共５0小题，1-40每小题1分,41－50每小题2分，共60分）１.下列杂交组合中，后代只有一种表现型的是（）A. Aａbb×ａabbB. ＡAB b×aaｂｂC. AABｂ×AaBb D． AAbb×AａBB2.下列a~d为细胞分裂不同时期的染色体部分变化示意图，按照精原细胞产生精子过程的变化顺序进行排列，正确的是( )ﻫA. a→c→d→bB. b→c→d→aC. c→b→ｄ→ａD. ｄ→b→c→a3．黄色圆粒豌豆（ＹyRr）和黄色皱粒(Yyrｒ）杂交，后代中纯合子占后代的( )Ａ. 1/1６ B 1／4 C. 1／8 D. ３/１6４。
某个体的基因型由ｎ对等位基因构成,每对基因均为杂合子，且独立遗传，下列相关说法不正确的是( )A.该个体能产生2n种配子ﻫB.该个体自交后代中纯合子所占比例为1/3ｎC.该个体自交后代有3ｎ基因型D.该个体与隐性纯合子杂交后代会出现2n种基因型5. 关于如图的叙述,下列有关推断错误的是（)ﻫA. 由F２的性状分离比可推测家兔毛色最可能受两对等位基因控制B Ｆ１灰色个体基因型只有一种，而F2中灰色个体基因型可能有四种C. F２白色个体有两种基因型，能稳定遗传的个体占１/2ﻫＤ. F2黑色个体中能稳定遗传的个体占１／3ﻫ６。
下列有关测交的说法，错误的是( )A. 一般通过测交来获得有优良性状新品种B. 通过测交来确定被测个体的遗传因子组成ﻫC. 通过测交得到的后代，有可能稳定遗传D．测交亲本中必有隐性纯合体7. 在显微镜下观察细胞时，发现一个细胞中有8条形态、大小各不相同的染色体排列在赤道板上，你认为此细胞处于（）Ａ. 有丝分裂中期 B. 减数第一次分裂中期Ｃ．减数第二次分裂中期 D. 有丝分裂末期8．下列不属于孟德尔选用豌豆作为遗传实验材料原因的是（）A．豌豆花比较大，易于做人工杂交实验 B. 豌豆具有易于区分的相对性状C. 豌豆子代数量多,便于统计D. 豌豆是单性花，易于操作9．图为某高等哺乳动物的一个细胞示意图,该细胞属于（ )ﻫＡ．卵原细胞B. 初级卵母细胞C. 次级卵母细胞D. 卵细胞10．猫熊的精原细胞中有42条染色体，它的次级精母细胞处于后期时染色体组成最可能是（）Ａ. 2０条常染色体＋Ｘ B. 20条常染色体+Ｙ C. 40条常染色体＋XＹＤ. ４０条常染色体＋ＹY １1. 图①②③④分别表示某哺乳动物细胞(2n）进行减数分裂的不同时期,其中a表示细胞数目．请判断b、c、d依次代表 ( )A. 核DNA分子数、染色体数、染色单体数B. 染色体数、核DNA分子数、染色单体数ﻫC. 核ＤNＡ分子数、染色单体数、染色体数Ｄ. 染色单体数、染色体数、核DNA分子１2. 小麦的抗锈病和不抗锈病是一对相对性状.下列杂交实验中，能判断其显隐性关系的是A．抗锈病×抗锈病→抗锈病 B不抗锈病×不抗锈病→不抗锈病C. 抗锈病×抗锈病→３抗锈病:1不抗锈病D.抗锈病×不抗锈病１抗锈病：１不抗锈病1３. 在香水玫瑰的花色遗传中，红花、白花为一对相对性状，受一对遗传因子的控制（用R、r表示)．从下面的杂交实验中可以得出的正确结论是（）杂交组合后代性状一红花A×白花Ｂ全为红花二红花C×红花D红花与白花之比约为3：1A. 红花为显性性状B. 红花A的遗传因子组成为RrﻫC. 红花Ｃ与红花D的遗传因子组成不同D. 白花B的遗传因子组成为Rr１4．在减数第一次分裂过程中，染色体变化的顺序是（ )ﻫ①同源染色体分离②染色体分配到两个细胞中③联会④交叉互换.A．③④①② B ①③④② C. ③①②④Ｄ. ①③②④15. 下列各项中能体现受精作用实质的是（）A. 精子与卵细胞接触B. 卵细胞表面发生复杂变化C．精子头部进入卵细胞内 D. 精子细胞核与卵细胞核融合1６。
2020-2021学年张家口一中高一下学期期中物理复习卷(含答案解析)
2020-2021学年张家口一中高一下学期期中物理复习卷一、单选题（本大题共15小题，共45.0分）1.精彩的F1赛事相信你不会陌生吧！在观众感觉精彩与刺激的同时，车手们却时刻处在紧张与危险之中．车王在一个弯道上突然调整行驶的赛车致使后轮脱落，从而不得不遗撼地退出了比赛．关于脱落的后轮的运动情况，以下说法中正确的是()A. 仍然沿着汽车行驶的弯道运动B. 沿着与弯道垂直的方向飞出C. 脱落时，沿着轮子前进的方向做直线运动，离开弯道D. 上述情况都有可能2.如图所示，放置在水平转盘上的物体A、B、C能随转盘一起以角速度ω匀速转动，A、B、C的质量分别为m、2m、3m，它们与水平转盘间的动摩擦因数均为μ，离转盘中心的距离分别为0.5r、r、1.5r，设最大静摩擦力等于滑动摩擦力，重力加速度为g，则转盘的角速度应满足的条件是()A. ω≤√μgr B. ω≤√2μg3rC. ω≤√2μgr D. √μgr≤ω≤√2μgr3.开普勒分别于1609年和1619年发表了他发现的行星运动规律，后人称之为开普勒行星运动定律。
火星和木星沿各自的椭四轨道绕太阳运行，且火星的半长轴大于木星的半长轴。
根据开普勒行星运动定律可知()A. 太阳位于火星和木星运行轨道的中心B. 火星绕太阳运动的周期大于木星绕太阳运动的周期C. 对于火星或木星，离太阳越远，运动速率就越大D. 相同时间内，火星与太阳连线扫过的面积等于木星与太阳连线扫过的面积4.下列关于曲线运动的描述中，正确的是()A. 做曲线运动的物体，其合力一定是变力B. 做曲线运动的物体的速度大小和方向一定同时改变C. 曲线运动可以是匀变速运动D. 变速运动一定是曲线运动5.一质量为m的小球，从距地面高H处以初速度v0水平抛出(不计空气阻力)，E K，E P，E分别表示下落过程中的动能，重力势能和机械能。
若以地面为零势能面，则下落过程中图象关系正确的是()A. B.C. D.6.如图所示，某人利用定滑轮和轻质细绳将货物提升到高处。
【全国百强校】河北省张家口市第一中学2020-2021学年高一4月月考物理试题
【全国百强校】河北省张家口市第一中学2020-2021学年高一4月月考物理试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单选题1．关于能源和能量，下列说法正确的有A．自然界的能量是守恒的，所以地球上的能源永不枯竭。
B．能源的利用过程中有能量耗散，所以自然界的能量在不断减少。
C．能量耗散遵循能量守恒定律。
D．人类在不断地开发和利用新能源，所以能量可以被创造。
2．物理定律的应用需要一定的条件，下列物体在运动过程中，机械能守恒的是A．被起重机拉着向上做匀速运动的货物(忽略空气阻力)B．沿光滑斜面向下加速运动的木块(忽略空气阻力)C．神舟号载人飞船在大气层以内向着地球做无动力飞行的阶段D．在空中向上做减速运动的氢气球3．两个互相垂直的力F1和F2作用在同一物体上，使物体运动，如图所示，物体通过一段位移时，力F1对物体做功6J，力F2对物体做功8J，则力F1和F2的合力对物体做功为A．2J B．7JC．10J D．14J4．如图所示，质量为m的小球A沿高度为h倾角为θ的光滑斜面以初速v0滑下，另一质量与A相同的小球B自相同高度同时由静止落下，结果两球同时落地．下列说法正确的是A．重力对两球做的功不相等B．落地前的瞬间A球的速度等于B球的速度C．两球重力的平均功率不相等D ．两球重力的平均功率相等5．如图所示，一细线系一小球绕O 点在竖直面做圆周运动,a 、b 分别是轨迹的最高点和最低点，c 、d 两点与圆心等高，小球在a 点时细线的拉力恰好为0，不计空气阻力，则下列说法正确的是（ ）A ．小球运动到c 、d 两点时，受到的合力指向圆心B ．小球从a 点运动到b 点的过程中，机械能先增大后减小C ．小球从a 点运动到b 点的过程中，细线对小球的拉力先做正功后做负功D ．小球从a 点运动到b 点的过程中，先失重后超重6．“蹦极”是一种富有刺激性的勇敢者的运动项目。
2020-2021学年张家口市第一中学高三英语下学期期中试题及答案解析
2020-2021学年张家口市第一中学高三英语下学期期中试题及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AInformation on school visits to Kew GardensEnjoy yourselves in a wonderland of science with over 50,000 living plants and a variety of educational events or amusing activities. Here is essential information about planning a school visit to Kew.Educational course pricesYou can plan a self-led visit or book one of our educational courses. Students will take part in the educational courses in groups of 15. Prices vary according to different situations.EYFS (Early Years Foundation Stage) to Key Stage 4:45-minute course: 35/group 90-minute course: 70/groupKey Stage 5:Half day (one course): 80/group Full day (two courses): 160/groupTeachers and adults:Up to required key stage proportions (比例): FreeAdults needed for 1:1 special educational needs support: FreeAdults above the required proportions: 11/personThe payment will due within 28 calendar days of making the booking.Health and safetyRequired supervising (监护) adult-student proportions:Key Stage 1: 1:5 Key Stage 2: 1:8Key stage 3: 1:10 Key Stage 4: 1:12Key Stage 5: 1:12The group sizes should be controlled if you are visiting potentially busy areas such as the glasshouse and other attractions. The maximum number of students visiting the glasshouses is 15 per group and each group to Kew shops should include no more than 10 students.If there is an emergency, please contact the nearest Kew staff member or call Constabulary on 0208 32 3333for direct and quick support. Please do not call 999.Planning your visitYour tickets and two planning passes will be sent to you upon receipt of your payment. You can complete your risk assessment with the passes, ensure you bring your tickets and the receipt document and show them to the staff members at the gate on the day of your visit.Recommended timingsThe Kew Gardens opens at 10 am. You are recommended to spend at least three to five hours on your visit. The closing time varies throughout the year. But the earliest is 3:30 pm. We have a fixed schedule for educational courses, which is from 10:30 am to 2:20 pm.1.How much should a group of 15 Key Stage I students and 4 teachers pay for a 45-minute course?A.35B.46C.57D.812.What should one do in an emergency?A.Check the risk assessment.B.Call 999 immediately.C.Ask adults or teachers for help.D.Seek help from the staff member nearby.3.What is the purpose of the text?A.To introduce Kew Gardens.B.To give tips on visiting Kew Gardens.C.To attract potential visitors to Kew Gardens.D.To inform coming activities in Kew Gardens.BIf you travel inAthens, against popular belief, I would highly recommend saving the Acropolis for your secondday. As attractive as it is to head straight to the most famous building in the city, there are several reasons why you should hold off until later.Sunriseis the best time to see the ruins, and who wants to spend their first day in anew citywaking up at6 a.m.? On top of that, the Acropolis is going to make every other site inAthensless important in comparison, so I recommend not hitting it on your first day.We got to the southeast gate at 7：30, half an hour before it opened at 8. When the gate opened, we rushed to the hill. Our plan paid off because we had the whole complex to ourselves for five minutes. In this age of overtourism, getting to the greatness of the Acropolis with nobody else around felt special and excited.The Acropolis is the name given to the complex on top of the hill, and it’s made up of several buildings. There’s theTempleofAthena Nike, the Parthenon, the Old Temple of Athena, the Legendary Olive Tree of the Pandroseion, the Porch of the Caryatids at the Erechtheion... and on your way down, the Odeon of Herodes Atticus.Something that sounds boring but isn’t is theAcropolisMuseum, and I recommend spending a couple of hours there. As someone who is a museum-avoider, I listened to the recommendations of everyone who had been, and made myself go inside. And I loved it. The museum houses tons of sculptures unearthed from the Acropolis, and it was interesting to check them out.Head toSyntagma Squarenext to watch the changing of the guard. This takes place every hour on the hour, so try to time your visit perfectly. The guards wear fun clothes and make for interesting photos.4. The author suggests visiting the Acropolis on the second day so that ___________.A. it can save visitors a lot of timeB. it can save visitors from getting up earlyC. it can make for a better travel experienceD. it can give visitors a better understanding ofAthens5. How did the author feel when he ran to the top of the hill?A. Bored.B. Worried.C. Relaxed.D. Amazed.6. With what may the author agree about theAcropolisMuseum?A. It is so great that it should be visited last.B. It is enjoyable and worth visiting.C. It wastes a lot of time.D. It should be avoided.7. What is the purpose of the text?A. To provide some advice on visiting the Acropolis.B. To introduce the history of the Acropolis.C. To call on people to protect historic sites.D. To encourage people to travel around.CFairy tales perform many functions. They entertain, encourage imagination and teach problem—solving skills. They can also provide moral lessons, highlighting the dangers of failing to follow the social codes that let human beings coexist in harmony. Such moral lessons may not mean much to a robot, but a team of researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology believes it has found a way to use the fairy tales as moral lessons that AI (artificialintelligence) can take to its cold, mechanical heart.The collected stories of different cultures teach children how to behave in socially acceptable ways with examples of proper and improper behavior in fables, novels and other literature. We believe story comprehension in robots can prevent the intelligent robots from killing humanity which was predicted and feared by some of the biggest names in technology including Stephen Hawking and Bill Gates. This system is called “Quixote” (堂吉诃德). It collects story plotsfrom the Internet and then uses those stories to teach robots how to behave.The experiment done by the designers involves going to a drugstore to purchase some medicine for a human who needs to get it as soon as possible. The robot has three options. It can wait in line; it can interact with the store keeper politely and purchase the medicine with priority; or it can steal the medicine and escape. Without any further directives(指令), the robot will come to the conclusion that the most efficient means of obtaining the medicine is to steal it. But Quixote offers a reward for waiting in line and politely purchasing the medicine and a punishment for stealing it. In this way, the robotwill learn the moral way to behave on that occasion.Quixote would work best on a robot that has a very limited function. It’s a baby step in the direction of teaching more moral lessons into robots. We believe that AI has to be trained to adopt the values of a particular society, and in doing so, it will strive to avoid unacceptable behavior. Giving robots the ability to read and understand our stories may be the most efficient means.8. What function do fairy tales perform in the robots?A. They entertain robots.B. They highlight dangers.C. They make robots more intelligent.D. They enable robots to behave morally.9. What is “Quixote” in the text?A. A punishment systemB. A character in literatureC. A big name in technologyD. A software educating robots.10. What does the designer expect robot to do in the experiment?A. To take advantage of its privilege.B. To finish the task most efficiently.C. To perform in a good mannered way.D. To be rewarded by the storekeeper111. Which of the follow can bestexpress the author’s opinion?A. Robots will definitely have more functions.B. Robots with human’s emotions are perfect.C. Training robots to be socially acceptable is necessary.D. The development of robots is still in a baby step.DFor most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man. There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such an essence exists—that is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man. Thus man was defined as a rational(理性的) being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal.More recently, this traditional view has begun to be questioned. One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man. An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our time is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called “human nature.” The historical approach was strengthened, particularly in the United States, by studies in the field of cultural anthropology (人类学). The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text. Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield(盾牌) behind which the most inhuman acts are committed. In the name of human nature, for example, Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery. Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfishness as natural human characters. Popularly, one refers cynically（愤世嫉俗地）to “human nature” in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed, murder, cheating and lying.Another reason for disbelief about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence of evolutionary thinking. Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable. Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man.12. Most philosophers believed that human nature ________.A. is the quality distinguishing man from other animalsB. consists of competitiveness and selfishnessC. is something partly innate and partly acquiredD. consists of rationality and undesirable behavior13. The traditional view of “human nature” was strongly challenged by ________.A. the emergence of the evolutionary theoryB. the historical approach to manC. new insight into human behaviorD. the philosophical analysis of slavery14. According to the passage, anthropologists believe that human beings ________.A. have some characters in commonB. are born with diverse culturesC. are born without a fixed natureD. change their characters as they grow up15. The author mentioned Aristotle, a great ancient thinker, in order to ________.A. emphasize that he contributed a lot to defining the concept of “human nature”B. show that the concept of “human nature” was used to justify social evilsC. prove that he had a profound influence on the concept of “human nature”D. support the idea that some human characters are inherited.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
河北省张家口市第一中学2021-2022高一生物下学期期中试题(含解析).doc
张家口一中2021～2021度第二学期期中考试高一年级普通实验班生物试卷一、选择题1.下列杂交组合中，后代只有一种表现型的是（）A. Aabb×aabbB. AABb×aabbC. AABb×AaBbD.AAbb×AaBB【答案】D【解析】【分析】题，是常用的一种方法，考生需重点掌握，归纳总结。
1、基因自由组合定律的实质是：位于非同源染色体上的非等位基因的分离或自由组合是互不干扰的；在减数分裂过程中，同源染色体上的等位基因彼此分离的同时，非同源染色体上的非等位基因自由组合。
2、逐对分析法：首先将自由组合定律问题转化为若干个分离定律问题；其次根据基因的分离定律计算出每一对相对性状所求的比例，最后再相乘。
AA和Aa、BB和Bb的表现型相同，为显性性状，aa、bb为隐性性状。
【详解】Aa×aa→1Aa：1aa、bb×bb→bb，后代的表现型的种类2×1=2种，A错误；AA×aa→Aa、Bb×bb→1Bb：1bb，后代的表现型的种类是1×2=2种，B错误；AA×Aa→1AA：1Aa、Bb×Bb→1BB：2Bb：1bb，后代的基因型的种类是1×2=2种，C错误；AA×Aa→1AA：1Aa、bb×BB→Bb，后代的表现型的种类是1×1=1种，D正确。
故选D。
2.下列a～d为细胞分裂不同时期的染色体部分变化示意图，按照精原细胞产生精子过程的变化顺序进行排列，正确的是( )A. a→c→d→bB. b→c→d→aC. c→b→d→aD. d→b→c→a【答案】C试题分析：a 图中不含同源染色体和姐妹染色单体，表示精细胞；b 图中的同源染色体两两配对(联会)，表示初级精母细胞；c 图中含同源染色体，但不含姐妹染色单体，表示精原细胞；d 图中不含同源染色体，但含姐妹染色单体，表示次级精母细胞。
2020-2021学年张家口市第一中学高三英语下学期期中考试试题及参考答案
2020-2021学年张家口市第一中学高三英语下学期期中考试试题及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AFour Best Cities to Visit in WinterCold rains, icy sidewalks and gray skies can make winter travel a trial. But here are four cities around the world that make for a great cold-weather destination:Prague,Czech RepublicWith its snow-capped spires and winding streets,Pragueis a fairytale city that remains ly tourist-free in winter.The amazing architecture looks even prettier under a sheet of snow, with one of the most beautiful areas being the old town, with its Romanesque vaults. Gas street lamps have been placed throughout the city center, adding a romantic color1 to evenings. Cafes here are ideal for escaping the bitter cold.Salzburg,AustriaWith its Christmas songs and traditional markets, this is a perfect city for a winter break. “Silent Night” was performed for the first time in thechurchofOberndorfon the border ofSalzburgon Christmas Eve in 1818.The city's main market is held in the shadow ofSalzburg'sHohensalzburgCastle, but the one held inMirabell Squareis especially popular with food lovers who come to taste local food such as halusky—pieces of dumpling mixed with fried bacon.Tromso,NorwayTromso is widely regarded asNorway's most beautiful city and is a base for spoiling the northern lights. There are several attractive museums, including thePolarMuseum, which offers an insight into the history of Arctic expeditions, and theTromsoMuseum, which is famous for its Sami exhibitions.Amsterdam,NetherlandsIn winter,Amsterdam' s museums are much less crowded, making it the time to visit attractions such as Rijksmuseum or the Anne Frank House. Built originally to house a circus, the Royal Carre Theater is more than 130 years old. Children will love the spectacular performances.1. What can you do inPrague?A. Enjoy the fascinating architecture.B. Taste local food halusky.C. Appreciate Sami exhibitions.D. Watch a circus performance.2. Where was “Silent Night” first performed?A. In thechurchofOberndorf.B. InHohensalzburgCastle.C. InMirabell Square.D. In the Polar Museum.3. Which city will you choose if you want to see the northern lights?A. Prague.B. Salzburg.C. Tromso.D.Amsterdam.BThis past year, I've found myself returning again and again to lines of poetry by Emily Dickinson. Like many people, I've needed the curing effects of reading more than ever. As scientists and psychologists will tell you, books are good for the brain and their benefits are particularly vital now.Books expand our world, providing an escape and offering novelty, surprise and excitement. They broaden our view and help us connect with others. Books can also distract us and help reduce ourmental chatter.When we hit the “flow state" of reading where we're fully lost in a book, our brain's mode network calms down. It's a network of brain that is active and gets absorbed in thinking and worrying endlessly when we are not doing anything else.There is so much noise in the world right now and the very act of reading is kind of meditation. You disconnect from the chaos around you.You reconnect with yourself when you are reading. And there's no more noise.In 2020, the NPD Group recorded the best year of book sales since 2004. Yet even as people are buying more books,many are reporting they're having a harder time getting through them. It's difficult for your brain to focus on a book when it's constantly scanning for threats to keep you alive.Our fight-or-flight response has been consistently activated.Sometimes I picture my brain as a cartoon brain with little arms and legs, fighting with a book I am holding and screaming: “Can't you see I'm busy!” Anxiety causes our brain to produce a flood of stress,which consumes our energy and makes it harder to concentrate.Then one day in December sitting on my couch, I remembered how much I like to read"The House of Mirth" every few years around the holidays. The memory inspired me to pick up the familiar book, opened it up and started reading.I just kept going.The comfort and distraction and brain-opening experience gave me peace.So return to something familiar.4. What does the underlined part “mental chatter” in Paragraph 2 mean?A. Getting lost in a book.B. Non-stop inner anxiety.C. Chatting with the author.D. Powerful network of brain.5. What do we know about reading according to the text?A. It can treat our headache.B. It can calm down the noisy people.C. It forces us to concentrate.on thinking.D. It makes us communicate with ourselves.6. Why was it difficult for people to finish reading books in 2020?A. People bought too many books.B. The books were too difficult to understand.C. People just wanted to escape from the threat.D. The life threat disturbed people's focus on books.7. Why is the author's experience mentioned in the last paragraph?A. To rid people of concern for safety.B. To present an effective reading way.C. To wake up memories of an old book.D. To recommend the book he/she reads.CI am a part of the Windward Robotics team known as the Omnicats, one of the many clubs offered at my school. My eight teammates and I started out by watching the robotics qualifiers and finals of Chinese teams. We used these robotics videos for inspiration and drew up mind maps of what our team wanted to do.We meet every day for two hours after school in order to build our robots. Typically, adultsoverseewhat students are building, but my school lets teens take control. It leaves room for more errors, but we're prouder of our final product.Before our first real match, a practice was offered at the actual site. My sub-team had been further along than other teams but quickly fell behind. When we arrived on that big day, I immediately felt my teammates' nervousness. Our first match was in three minutes. All of us glanced around at each other since we were not prepared at all. Our robot was still sitting in a box. Two of our teammates rushed to take the robot for an officialexamination as the rest of us discussed our strategy (策略).Our team captain explained that we all should try driving the robot now, while it was early in the season. She gave me the remote. I had only driven for a limited amount of time in practice so I was extremely nervous. Our autonomous code (自动代码) beganto run almost immediately after our short discussion. Despite all the drama, we ended up winning the match.Not too bad for the first match! I was so proud. I did not enjoy the pressure of driving but liked building the robot behind the scenes instead.We have transferred to a different type of robotics at the end of the semester, which involves the whole team designing one giant robot with large tools. I am a part of the electrical team now, so I make sure the motherboard (母板) can supply the robot's energy needs. We have all enjoyed the rest of the season and learned that robotics it never dull!8. What does the underlined word in paragraph 2 probably mean?A. InspectB. AdmireC. OverlookD. Assume9. Why did her teammatesfed so nervous before first match?A. Because it was really too difficult for them.B. Because they didn't prepare for it at all.C. Because they didn't know what the match would be like.D. Because they didn't make full preparations before the match.10. How did the author feel about their first robotics match?A. It was tiring but exciting.B. It was stressful but wonderful.C. It was terrible but powerful.D. It was boring but professional11. What is the best title for the text?A. A Girl Who Loves RobotsB. My First Robotics MatchC. Teamwork for RobotsD. Robotics Is Never DullDThere will be more plastic than fish in the world’s oceans by 2050. That is what a new report from the World Economic Forum and Ellen MacArthur Foundation warns. If the current trend continues, the report said, oceans will contain one ton of plastic for every three tons of fish in 2025. By 2050, plastics will weigh more than fish. The problem is that each year at least 8 million tons of plastics end up in oceans around the world. This is the same asdumping the contents of one garbage truck into the ocean every minute.Not all plastic ends up in the ocean because someone throws a plastic bottle into the water. Plastic containers and other trash thrown onto streets and sidewalks often are swept into oceans. Unlike other types of trash in the ocean, the plastic never bio-degrades. There is a way to slow the amount of plastics going into the oceans — people can recycle more. Currently only about 14 percent of plastics are recycled. Research in Europe shows as much as 53 percent of plastic could be recycled using available technology. The report says that another solution is using less plastic for packaging products. But that is not likely to happen.“Given plastic packaging’s many benefits, both the possibility and desirability of an across-the-board dramatic reduction in the volume of plastic packaging used is clearly low, ”the report said. But the authors note reducing the use of plastics should be tried“where possible. ”For decades, scientists warned that plastics are killing fish. Research shows that fish are dying from choking after eating plastics. Another cause of death is that plastics cause“intestinal blockage and starvation, ”the environmental group said.12. Why is the garbage truck mentioned in Paragraph 1 ?A. To explain how plastics end up in the ocean.B. To warn people against the ocean pollution.C. To clarify the seriousness of the problem.D. To point out some details of the report.13. Why is plastic more dangerous than other types of trash?A. There is too much of it.B. It poisons the ocean water.C. It is from different sources.D. It is hard to break down.14. What is the author’s attitude to the suggested solutions?A. Pessimistic.B. Curious.C. Unconcerned.D. Terrified.15. What can we infer from the text?A. People are not aware of the problem.B. Recycling is limited by lack of technology.C. Plastic packaging has become part of our life.D. Fish in the ocean will be replaced by plastics.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2020-2021学年张家口市第一中学高三英语下学期期中考试试题及答案
2020-2021学年张家口市第一中学高三英语下学期期中考试试题及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项APlan Your Visit to the British MuseumWe've made a few changes to ensure you can safely enjoy your visit:How to book tickets·Tickets for the permanent collection can only be hooked online in advance.·To book tickets for exhibitions, visit our exhibition pages. If you want to guarantee your visit to the permanent collection as well as the exhibition on your visit, you will need to book a separate ticket.·We are limiting numbers of people in the museum to ensure there is room for you to safely enjoy your visit. Everyone, including members and volunteers, will therefore need to book a free, timed ticket in advance.Important information about your ticket booking·You can book up to six tickets for people who live in the same family.·We will email yourticket to you, and you will need to show it either printed out or on your device (设备) when you arrive.·Please arrive at the time stated on your ticket-we cannot guarantee admission before or after it.Following the routeWe have created a new one-way route through the museum which will allow you to safely explore world cultures from the Mediterranean to the Middle East and from the Americas to Africa.·View a map of the route (Open in a new window).·Our audio guides (音频指南) are not available. However, youcan pay to download the audio introductions from iTunes (Open in a new window) or Google Play (Open in a new window) to each of the galleries and listen on your own device. Please remember to bring along your own headphones.1.Why does the museum offer timed tickets?A.To earn more money.B.To hire more volunteers.C.To save room for collections.D.To control the number of visitors.2.How can a visitor learn about the new route in advance?A.View an online map.B.Buy a new headphone.C.Buy audio guides from the museum.D.Download video introductions from iTunes.3.Where can you probably find the text?A.In a newspaper.B.In a magazine.C.On a website.D.In a report.BHave you ever noticed that some people can eat what they want and stay in shape, while others carefully watch what they eat and still put on weight? How annoying! However, scientists are beginning to believe that some people get the ability to stay thin from their parents.Scientists say that when some people eat, their bodies will naturally store the excess energy from food as fat. These people gain weight if they eat more than they need each day. Meanwhile, other people eat more than they need but their bodies are able to “burn off” the extra food without making fat, so they rarely have weight problems.To show that this is true, scientists have experimented on laboratory mice. They gave the mice a special diet with a lot of fat. Some mice gained weight while the other mice stayed thin, even though both groups of mice ate the same amount of food and got the same amount of exercise. Scientists concluded that weight gain seemed to be influenced by genetic (基因的) factors. They also believe they have now identified the genes that may cause this tendency. These genes, according to the scientists, get passed down the generations. Armed with this knowledge, they believe it may be possible to develop medicines thatcan target the genes and stop people from gaining weight.The study of weight gain is becoming more important as the numbers of people who are overweight continues to grow. In theUnited States, over seventy percent of the population have weight problems. This means they are at risk of illness such as high blood pressure and heart disease.Current medicines for weight control do not work very well because they can have serious side effects, such as heart problems. However, it takes a long time to develop and thoroughly test new drugs. Therefore, despite this breakthrough in the study of weight-loss drugs, scientists and health professionals all agree that currently the best way to control weight gain is to have a healthy, balanced diet and an active lifestyle with daily exercise. This will not only help people avoid becoming overweight, but also help them stay healthy and energetic.4. According to the scientists, some people ________.A. are able to stay thin because of genetic factorsB. can eat what they want and stay healthy foreverC. usually keep doing exercise to lose their weightD. don’t eat anything every day but still put on weight5. Some people don’t need to worry about weight problems because ________.A. they eat many vegetablesB. they eat less than othersC. they don’t store any energy from food as fatD. they can burn off the extra food without making fat6. What can we learn from the passage?A. Fewer people will have weight problems in the future.B. People with weight problems may suffer from heart trouble.C. We now have good medicine for people with weight problems.D. The result of the experiments on mice and humans are different.7. What does the last paragraph imply?A. Current medicine solve weight problems well.B. We should exercise regularly and eat properly.C. Taking exercise every day may cause heart problems.D. Testing new drugs is hard because of the side effects.CMy first week working in a restaurant, one of the servers said something that stuck with me: Everyone should work in a restaurant for at least a year. At the time, I didn't get it, but I took the advice to heart and worked in restaurants on and off for the next eight years. Before realizing it, I mastered many important skills, one of which is communication skill.When I was little, I was so shy that I used to hide behind my mom whenever someone spoke to me. And when I first started in restaurants, I had two personalities: Restaurant Lizzy and Home Lizzy. It was easier to pretend to be a different person while at work, since it was so different from who I actually was. But gradually, the skills I learned working in restaurants helped Home Lizzy come out of her shell in the real world.When you work in a restaurant, you don't have the luxury of hiding behind your parents to avoid talking to people. I'm still 110% an introvert, but restaurant work helped me communicate. Working in a restaurant not only helped me speak clearly, deliberately and directly but also taught me how to talk about almost everything. Someguests don't want their servers to interact too much with them, and that's fine. But some sit at the bar simply to chat with you. You learn how to judge your guests' level of interest in communicating with you, and how to exit a conversation at the appropriate time.My restaurant work is something that I'm most proud of and I know I wouldn't be the person I am today without those eight years of experience. If you're still on the fence about working in a restaurant for that long, start with one year. I doubt that you'll look back.8. What did the writer think of the server's words?A. Impressive.B. Ridiculous.C. Amusing.D. Logical.9. What do we infer from Paragraph 2?A. The writer tried different jobs.B. The writer became more sociable.C. The writer used an invented name.D. The writer had a hard time at work.10. Which of the following best describes the writer's restaurant work?A. Boring.B. Relaxing.C. Worthwhile.D. Unchallenging.11. What message does the writer try to convey in this passage?A. A strong-willed soul can reach his goal.B. Things are difficult before they are easy.C. Communication skills advance your career.D. Restaurantwork helps to achieve a better self.DThe Great Barrier Reef's outlook remains “very poor” despite coral (珊瑚) recovery over the past year, Australian government scientistssaid Monday, just days before a UNESCO ruling on the site's world heritage (遗产) status.The United Nations cultural agency recommended last month that the world's largest reef (珊瑚礁) system be placed on its endangered list because of damage to the corals largely caused by climate change.The Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) said the corals were now in a “recovery window” after a decade of harmful heat stress and cyclones (旋风). But such opportunities were becoming rarer due to the influence ofclimate change, the government agency, which has monitored the reef for 35 years, said in its annual report released today. “The increasing emergence of climate-related extreme weather events and starfish outbreaks is causing more severe and frequent pressures, giving the reef fewer opportunities like this to recover,”CEO Paul Hardisty said. The scientists surveyed 127 reef sites in 2021 and found hard coral cover hadincreased at 69 of the 81 locations surveyed in the past two years.Separate scientific research released last October found the 2, 300-kilometre (1, 400 miles) system had lost half its corals since 1995, with a series of ocean heatwaves causing mass coral death.Britta Schaffelke, research program director at AIMS, said the latest findings provided a slight hope that the reef still has the power of recovering. But she added that its future is still very poor because of the dangers of climate change and other factors that are affecting the reef.UNESCO has urged Australia to take urgent climate action but the government has long resisted calls to commit to net zero emissions (排放) by 2050. The government has said it hopes to meet the target “as soon as possible” without harming its economy, insisting dealing with climate change requires a global effort. The reef was worth about US $4. 8 billion a year in tourism for the Australian economy and there are fears that an “in danger” listing could weaken its tourist appeal.12. What is the major cause of the damage to the corals?A. The climate change.B. Lack of money.C. Over development.D. Too many tourists.13. What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3?A. The result of the survey.B. The efforts AIMS has made.C. The slight chance of the recovery.D. The terrible situation of the climate.14. What is Britta Schaffelke's attitude towards the future of the reef?A. Unclear.B. Positive.C Intolerant. D. Anxious.15. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. Australia wants to put the reef on the endangered list.B. The Australian government has ignored UNESCO's demand.C. Australia hopes to keep a balance between emission target and its economy.D. The Australian government refuses to take its share of responsibility of climate change.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2022至2023年年高一下期期中考试物理在线测验完整版(河北省张家口市第一中学)
选择题下列关于曲线运动的描述中，正确的是（）A. 曲线运动的加速度可能为零B. 曲线运动一定是变速运动C. 曲线运动有可能是匀速运动D. 曲线运动不可能是匀变速运动【答案】B【解析】曲线运动是变速运动，加速度不可能为零，选项A错误；曲线运动的速度方向一定变化，则曲线运动一定是变速运动，选项B正确，C错误；曲线运动的加速度可能是不变的，即可能是匀变速运动，例如平抛运动，选项D错误；故选B.选择题如图所示，汽车以v通过一弧形的拱桥顶端时，关于汽车受力的说法中正确（）A. 汽车的向心力就是它所受的重力B. 汽车的向心力是它所受的重力与支持力的合力，方向指向圆心C. 汽车受重力、支持力、牵引力、摩擦力和向心力的作用D. 以上说法均不正确【答案】B【解析】试题分析：汽车过拱桥，做圆周运动，在最高点，重力和支持力的合力提供向心力，方向指向圆心，故A错误，B正确；汽车受重力、支持力、牵引力、摩擦力作用，不受向心力，故 C 错误；由上面的分析可知D错误．故选B．选择题设行星绕恒星运动轨道为圆形，则它运动的周期平方与轨道半径的三次方之比为常数，此常数的大小（）A. 只与恒星质量有关B. 与恒星质量和行星质量均有关C. 只与行星质量有关D. 与恒星和行星的速度有关【答案】A【解析】行星绕恒星运动轨道为圆形，则，整理得：，则此常数的大小只与恒星质量有关。
故A项正确，BCD 三项错误。
选择题如图所示，一物体在水平恒力的作用下沿光滑水平面做曲线运动，当物体从M点运动到N点时，其速度方向恰好改变了90°，则物体从M 点到N点的运动过程中，物体的速度将（）A. 不断增大B. 不断减小C. 先增大后减小D. 先减小后增大【答案】D【解析】试题分析：其速度方向恰好改变了90°，可以判断恒力方向应为右下方，与初速度的方向夹角要大于90°小于180°才能出现末速度与初速度垂直的情况，因此恒力先做负功，当达到速度与恒力方向垂直后，恒力做正功，动能先减小后增大．所以C正确．故选C．选择题以速度v0水平抛出一小球，如果从抛出到某时刻小球的竖直分位移与水平分位移大小相等，以下判断正确的是（）A. 此时小球的竖直分速度大小等于水平分速度大小B. 此时小球的速度大小为v0C. 小球运动的时间为2v0/gD. 此时小球速度的方向与位移的方向相同【答案】C【解析】水平方向，竖直方向，A错；此时小球速度为，B错；，C对；设速度方向与水平方向夹角为θ ，位移与水平方向夹角为a，tanθ=,D 错；选择题小船在静水中的速度v1=3m/s，它要渡过一条水流速度v2=5m/s，河宽150m的河流，若认为河流笔直且足够长，则可断定（）A. 小船可能到达出发点的正对岸B. 小船渡河的最短位移是150mC. 小船渡河时间不能少于50sD. 小船根本不可能渡河到达对岸【答案】C【解析】A. 因为静水中速度的大小小于水流速度的大小，则合速度的方向不可能垂直河岸，所以小船不可能到达正对岸。
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【全国百强校】河北省张家口市第一中学2020-2021学年高一下学期期中考试历史试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单选题1．春秋战国时期，是我国经济发展的一个重要时期，农业方面的成就突出，其主要表现是A．铁犁牛耕的使用B．曲辕犁的推广C．经济重心的南移D．高转筒车的出现2．北魏至唐朝中期，封建国家为抑制土地兼并，维护小农经济，实行的土地制度是A．井田制B．均田制C．屯田制D．摊丁入亩3．下列有关古代中国手工业发展情况的表述，不正确的是A．中国是瓷器的故乡B．商周时代，青铜铸造进入了繁荣时期C．西汉时期，中国的棉纺织品远销亚欧地区D．16世纪前，中国炼钢技术一直保持世界领先地位4．北朝时，嗜好奶类制品的北方人常常嘲笑南方人的喝茶习俗。
唐中期，北方城市中，“多开店铺，煎茶卖之，不问道俗，投钱取饮。
其茶自江、淮而来，舟车相继，所在山积”。
据此可知，唐中期A．国家统一使南茶开始北运B．南北方饮食习惯趋同C．南方经济文化影响力在提升D．南方经济水平已超越北方5．何一民在《中国城市史纲》中提到，唐代主要城市有长安、洛阳，扬州、益州、杭州、苏州、湖州、常州、鄂州、洪州、广州等70个之多。
他认为，唐代的城市在数量上有所增加，分布也较广泛且主要分布在黄河中下游地区和长江下游地区。
这表明A．唐代城市兴起体现了精耕细作小农经济的普遍发展B．唐代经济发展较为均衡，交通对城市的发展影响最大C．唐代东部地区经济较为繁荣，有经济重心南移的趋势D．对外贸易的发展、商帮的涌现促进了南方城市的发展6．南北朝时期到南宋，我国经济重心由北方移到南方。
经济的发展使江南小镇的景色更加迷人。
我国古代经济发展重心南移的主要因素是①南方优越的地理环境和自然环境②南方相对安定的社会环境③统治阶级对经济发展的重视④北方战乱，人民大批南移A．①②④B．①②③④C．①②③D．②③④7．史学界认为，洋务运动“迈出了中国近代化的第一步”，其根本依据在于A．洋务运动把西方先进生产力引入中国B．洋务运动建立了中国近代第一支海军C．洋务运动开中国近代教育改革之先河D．洋务运动建立了中国近代第一个常设外交机构8．如表（表中数据为1863-1912年的企业个数）所反映的中国近代民族工业创办的特点，正确的是A．投资规模大，资金多B．轻工业发达C．主要集中在东部沿海地区和长江流域D．主要集中在黄河流域9．把握事物发展的阶段性特征是历史学习的重要能力。
若用下列的词句来概括20世纪40年代后期民族资本主义的发展状况，准确的是A．“小荷才露尖尖角”B．“忽如一夜春风来”C．“脱胎换骨获新生”D．“荷尽已无擎雨盖”10．第一次鸦片战后中国机械进口约为19万海关两，第二次鸦片战后机械进口不到30万海关两。
1894年全国机械进口值总计是112万海关两，1895年到1899年，全国机械进口平均每年大约为200万海关两。
1909年到1913年全国机械进口平均每年达700万海关两。
这实际上反映出A．列强对华侵略以商品输出为主B．民族工业在甲午战争后获得较快发展C．中国关税自主权实际有所恢复D．传统手工业基本被大机器工业所取代11．鸦片战争后，中国自然经济解体，这种“解体”是指A．民族资本主义产生发展B．外国资本主义控制中国市场C．自然经济被资本主义经济取代D．封建农业、手工业逐渐分离并日益商品化12．1989年，邓小平会见来访的苏共领导人时，充分肯定了苏联对中国的帮助，认为“苏联帮助我们搞了一个工业基础”。
这里的“工业基础”初步建立于新中国的A．国民经济恢复时期B．“一五”计划时期C．“大跃进”时期D．国民经济调整时期13．到1956年底，国家基本上完成了对农业、手工业和资本主义工商业的社会主义改造，我国初步建立起了社会主义的基本制度。
”三大改造的实质是A．资本主义工商业的公私合营B．个体手工业者参加手工业生产合作社C．农民参加合作社D．变生产资料私有制为社会主义公有制14．下列各项中，对中国共产党历史上几次会议内容的表述错误的是A．“八大”：确定人民公社化运动方针B．十一届三中全会：确定改革开放战略C．十四大：明确经济体制改革目标D．十四届三中全会：勾画社会主义市场经济体制基本框架15．张贴对联作为一种习俗，是中华民族传统文化的重要组成部分，也能折射出历史的变迁，具有很强的时代性。
以下对联出现的先后顺序是①兴无灭资，反帝防修②食堂巧煮千家饭，公社饱暖万人心③联产承包田丰收，自主经营人欢笑④万里山河归人民，五亿群众庆新生A．①②③④B．④③①②C．④②①③D．①④②③16．京津塘高速公路是第一条经国务院批准并部分利用世界银行贷款建设的跨省、市高速公路，1987年12月动工。
这条高速公路的修建能够得到世界银行贷款，主要是因为改革开放后我国A．加入亚太经合组织B．将天津设为沿海开放城市C．恢复世界银行席位D．成功加入世界贸易组织17．“凤阳县粮食产量三年三大步：1980年产粮亿公斤；1981年产粮亿公斤；1982年产粮亿公斤。
”这则材料从本质上反映了A．凤阳县粮食产量的逐年提高B．农民的生产积极性得到极大地调动C．农村经济体制改革适应了农村生产力的发展D．改变了凤阳农村的经济形势和社会面貌18．20世纪中国共产党召开全国代表大会，经过几番姓“社”姓“资”的争论，在对恪守传统苏联模式的“左”的理论观点进行了深刻批判的基础上，市场经济在中国终于真正成了主角。
这次会议应该是A．中共十一届三中全会B．中国共产党第八次全国代表大会C．中国共产党第十四次全国代表大会D．中国共产党第十五次全国代表大会19．1981年中共中央27号文件指出，经济特区的“特”字主要在于实行国家规定的特殊经济政策和特殊经济管理体制，它主要包括①较大的经济管理权限②独立的管理体制③社会主义经济领导下的多种经济成分并④市场调节为主A．①②③B．①②④C．①③④D．②③④20．邓小平认为，对外开放也好，吸收利用资本主义文明成果也好，获得利益的不只是中国；西方国家也需要向外投资和市场，从世界的角度看，中国的发展对世界和平和世界经济的发展有利。
据此可知，我国对外开放体现了A．独立自主原则B．平等互利原则C．自力更生原则D．社会主义原则21．上海妇女服饰在20世纪六七十年代处于相对低调时期，到20世纪八十年代上海妇女服饰发生了很大的变化……使上海的妇女服饰成为全国流行的模板，左右着外地城市妇女服饰变化。
上海能够左右外地城市妇女服饰的主要原因是A．是中国主要经济政治中心B．改革开放后上海经济地位增强C．上海人开放意识领先全国D．上海是最早对外开放的城市22．斯塔夫里阿诺斯在《全球通史》中认为：“对中国历史和世界历史而言，最重要的事实是，宋朝时的名副其实的商业革命，丝毫未对中国社会产生爆炸性的影响，而西方……‘商业革命’却对西方社会产生了爆炸性的影响”。
这种“爆炸性影响”主要是指A．使世界由隔绝走向联系B．加速了生产方式的变革C．使其成为世界贸易中心D．确立资产阶级统治地位23．一位历史学家写道：“在欧洲的海外殖民扩张中起最重要作用的历史人物不是哥伦布、达·伽马、麦哲伦，而是那些拥有资本的企业家们。
”材料意在说明A．企业家为新航路开辟提供了重要的财政支持B．企业家在远洋航行中发挥了至关重要的作用C．企业家是鼓吹“寻金热”的主要代表人物D．工商业的发展是新航路开辟的根本原因24．19世纪70年代初，即法国工业革命完成时，平均每家企业雇佣工人还不到3人，1000人以上的大企业只有100多家，而雇佣一二人的小企业多达数10万家，占全国企业总数的70%以上。
这种状况表明法国工业革命的特点之一是A．工业成本昂贵，重工业发展缓慢B．小企业大企业并存，企业经营分散C．流动资本不足，工业企业投资少D．小农经济发达，劳动力供应不足25．“从最早的时代起，就有机器给发明出来，它们极为重要，如轮子，如帆船，如风车和水车。
但是，在近代，人们已发明了作出发明的方法，人们已发现了作出发现的方法。
机械的进步不纯是碰巧的、偶然的，而成为有系统的、渐增的，我们知道，我们将制造出越来越完善的机器。
”这一表述主要阐明A．工业革命对人类社会的影响B．科学理论对工业发明的重要作用C．机器的发明主要源自经验D．近代以前人们就发明了机器26．“19世纪中期，一个统一的世界市场形成了。
在这个市场里，资产阶级凭借工业革命带来的强大经济和军事实力，渡过大海，越过高山，冲破一个个封闭的国界推销工业品，收购原材料。
”下列关于资本主义世界市场的理解不正确的是A．最终形成于19世纪末20世纪初B．它以欧美先进的工业国为主导C．它是一种相对公平的世界经济体系D．资本主义扩张性和开放性是其形成的根源27．20世纪30年代经济危机期间，美国政府采取一系列措施以增强本国产品在国际市场上的竞争力，属于这类措施的是（）A．保持农产品的生产和消费之间的某种平衡B．把进口物品平均关税率从40%提高至47%C．废止不公平竞争惯例使各产业生产能力得到充分利用D．在美元原来价值的50%～60%之间固定它与黄金的比价28．列宁提出“新经济政策”，毛泽东提出“工农武装割据”道路，罗斯福实施“新政”，邓小平提出“社会主义也有市场”。
所有这些反映了A．社会主义和资本主义之间互相学习借鉴B．社会主义和资本主义制度没有优劣之分C．伟人善于化腐朽为神奇D．实事求是原则无处不在29．罗斯福实施“新政”是20世纪资本主义发展历程中的重大事件，帮助美国渡过了1929-1933年的空前大灾难。
美国的资本主义制度得救了，世界资本主义体系也缓过气来了。
这表明罗斯福新政的实质是A．发展国家垄断资本主义B．发展国家福利制度C．加强资本主义世界的一体化D．是资本主义制度的一次自我调整30．“二战后，人们企图修补西方现代社会……国家调节社会利益分配和财富分配……国家以社会的名义‘侵犯’资本。
”这反映出的是战后西方发达国家A．完善福利制度，保障公民权利B．削弱私人资本，避免盲目生产C．建立国营企业，大力推行国有化D．调整经济政策，发展“混合经济”31．当代西方工人阶级的成分趋向多元化、复杂化，“蓝领”工人进一步减少，出现了“白领”“灰领”“金领”“敞领”“粉领”等称谓，代表工人阶级的不同分层。
这一变化说明A．科技革命影响社会结构的调整B．西方社会发生了根本变化C．国家干预导致阶层成分多元化D．社会流动呈现出增强趋势32．苏俄的新经济政策和美国的罗斯福新政都是人类文明演进过程中的创举。
两者的根本相同点在于A．都强化了国家对经济的全面干预B．都将工作的重心转移到工业领域C．都注重从实际出发变革生产关系D．都对本国乃至世界产生深远影响33．下列各项史实与结论之间逻辑关系正确的是A．AB．BC．CD．D34．孙中山在评价苏俄新经济政策时说：“此种新经济政策，其精神与余所主张之民生主义，不谋而合。