Model Driven Design of Distribution Patterns for Web Service Compositions
绳索驱动并联机器人的静力学优化与机构设计
cables are unable to push the moving platform,which brings with a huge challenge of
the motion control for CDPMs.Thus we begin our research with the special problems
(4)在8根绳索驱动的6自由度并联机器人上进行了MATLAB仿真实验, 从而验证了理论结果和算法性能。此外,在ADAMS中搭建了6自由度绳索驱 动并联机器人平台,综合力可行、拉力分布和机械设计三部分内容,实现了并 联机器人的运动控制仿真。
关键词:绳索驱动并联机器人工作空间力封闭力可行机构优化绳索拉力 分布ADAMS
中国科学技术大学学位论文授权使用声明
作为申请学位的条件之一,学位论文著作权拥有者授权中国科学技术大学 拥有学位论文的部分使用权,即:学校有权按有关规定向国家有关部门或机构 送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅,可以将学位论文编入《中 国学位论文全文数据库》等有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描 等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。本人提交的电子文档的内容和纸质论文的内 容相一致。
WFW is proposed.
(3)For cable-driven parallel manipulators(CDPMs)with redundant cables,there
problem,a are an infinite number of tension distributions.To resolve this
of CDMPs.In this dissertafion.our research includes wrench.closure workspace
汽车中央配电盒的设计和开发
1中央配电盒设计概述中央配电盒(又称熔断丝盒或保险盒)是整车用电器的电力分配集中装置,一般由基体和熔断丝、继电器、拔片器、汇流条、PCB (Print Circuit Board )、塑料支架、接线柱和插接件等构成。
集中式布置有利于节约整车的空间、降低成本和维护方便。
一辆汽车一般来说拥有两个中央配电盒,发动机舱和驾驶室各有一个,有些车型在蓄电池正极上会挂接一个小型的配电盒,负责整车大电流的分配。
在较高端的车型中,中央配电盒的数量会增至3~4个,比如在行李厢布置一个,或者驾驶室布置两个。
按照项目整体的控制成本和对产品性能稳定的要求,在能够满足新开发车型熔断丝、继电器回路要求的情况下,尽量优先考虑直接借用现有产品。
这不仅能降低开发成本和管理成本、缩短开发周期、同时也能保证产品的品质;如果不能直接借用现有产品,可以考虑在现有的产品基础上进行局部更改,这样也可以缩短一定的开发周期和后续试验周期;对于没有借用可能,需要全新开发的产品,一定要经过严格的各种试验才能装车投入市场。
中央配电盒是整车电路的心脏,设计的合理与优劣对整车的电气性能会产生很大的影响,而它的设计也是一项极为复杂的工作,需要注意的要点很多,我们将在下面的内容中逐一阐述。
2中央配电盒的设计2.1中央配电盒的选型中央配电盒较为常见的有4种,分别为插线式配电盒、汇流条式配电盒、PCB 板式配电盒和智能配电盒,这4种配电盒均有各自的优点和缺点,也均有各自的使用领域,我们应依据车型的状况和客户的要求来选择合适的配电盒。
2.1.1插线式配电盒该配电盒可以定义为:以配电盒为母体,将压接好导线的端子穿入配电盒内,然后安装相应的熔断丝和继电器。
继电器和熔断丝之间的相互关系完全靠线束来完成,图1就是一款典型的插线式配电盒。
图1典型的插线式配电盒汽车中央配电盒的设计和开发谷孝卫,王胜利,陈海涛,蒋廷云(河南天海电器有限公司线束研发中心,河南鹤壁458030)摘要:较系统地介绍了汽车中央配电盒的设计流程。
diffusion model简书
diffusion model简书(中英文实用版)Title: A Brief Introduction to Diffusion Models标题:扩散模型简述Diffusion models have gained immense popularity in the field of machine learning, particularly in the generation of images, text, and audio.扩散模型在机器学习领域变得非常流行,尤其是在图像、文本和音频的生成方面。
The core concept of diffusion models lies in simulating the process of data distribution evolving from a noisy state to a clean, high-quality state.扩散模型的核心概念是模拟数据分布从噪声状态演变为干净、高质量状态的过程。
These models are trained to reverse this process, effectively generating new, high-quality data from random noise.这些模型被训练来逆转这一过程,有效地从随机噪声生成新的、高质量的数据。
One of the key advantages of diffusion models is their ability to generate data with high fidelity and diversity, making them highly suitable for various applications such as image synthesis, text generation, and audio processing.扩散模型的一大优势是它们能够生成高保真度和多样性的数据,使它们非常适合各种应用,如图像合成、文本生成和音频处理。
新零售下的实体店发展研究外文文献翻译2017
外文文献翻译原文及译文文献出处: Roy P. The research of stores under the new retail [J]. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 2017, 3(5): 434-445.原文The research of stores under the new retailRoy ParkAbstractIn early June, 2016, united business network in the industry for the first time put forward the concept of "new retail", and organize relevant discussions, meetings, open WeChat public with the same number and update the APP. The "new retail" has become the hottest word in the retail business development in 2016. All parties are on the "new retail" put forward their own views, also makes the offline stores all managers more profoundly understand the development trend of the retail industry. For our retail stores, from the traditional retail model to the "new retail development, must revolve around the following three aspects to realize the change of innovation.Key words: retail innovation, new retail, e-business1 The overview of new retailFor the "new retail" concept, in the industry have different point of view, some expressed doubt or don't understand. The new retail can reallypromote the development of industry, which may be controversial problem. Whose new retail will be how to reduce inventory, reduce inventory, offline business entities and online can truly integration, how to reconstruct the relationship between producers and consumers on issues such as left. This has caused a lot of reading and doubts. Years earlier, the businessman understanding of line is that if you want more good sales, you must put a better marketing from the traditional way to Internet. And now the Internet has far more than just a sales, marketing channels, but can help merchants build brand, for users of lifecycle management, to acquire new users, maintenance of old customers, arouse the sleeping, the way of the construction of the channel is changing. And channels, sales, and change of the whole logistics system, especially the transformation of the supply chain system, will eventually go big data driven product design, product manufacturing, is the "new manufacturing". New retail will drive future is different from the formats of retail products now, it is not department stores, shopping center or a chain of convenience stores, shopping malls, supermarkets, but a new generation of retail products, is through the change of retail products. Retail product innovation, a variety of flowers in the future will be based on the reconstruction of the commercial elements.2The innovation of retail technologyEnterprise material culture is created by employee’s products andimplementation of various substances constitute the surface layer of the enterprise culture. Retailers sell products and services are the primary content of the material culture, followed by the market environment, corporate logo, employee identity, and degree of technology and equipment modernization and civilization, they are the main content of enterprise material culture. Retail technology innovation is from the aspects such as product, service, and market environment impact on the material culture. The popularization and application of new technology, POS, EDI and other business information system development and application, will improve the retail sales enterprise business flow, logistics, cash flow and information flow of the degree of modernization, improve process control ability of retail enterprises.The behavior of enterprise culture, is refers to the enterprise staff in the production and business operation, learning, entertainment activities of culture. Retail store management, staff training, education, propaganda, human relations activity, recreational sports activities of cultural phenomenon, is the main content of the enterprise behavior culture. Retail technology innovation requires companies to build encouraging innovation internal environment, and as the staff code of conduct, stimulate the staff's intelligence, centripetal force and creativity. Retail enterprise introduction of new technology, innovation mode of operation, is bound to the employees a comprehensive range of skills training andguidance, this to a certain extent, can improve the comprehensive quality of employees, so as to improve enterprise service level. On the other hand, the use of the new technology attaches great importance to the relationship between the employees and the company, make employees have sense of responsibility and engagement, cultivating innovative consciousness and competitive consciousness, the enterprise to form the model effect, promotes the change enterprise behavior culture. Retail enterprises belong to the service industry, service is the eternal theme, the quality of service quality and employee has great relationship, it is to a large extent influence the relationship between the staff and customers. So, the innovation opportunities for staff employee satisfaction should be a retail chain enterprise behavior culture, only to employee satisfaction, to be able to provide high quality, customer satisfaction services.The system of the enterprise culture is the mediation of spirit and matter, which includes retail sales enterprise leading system, organization and daily management system, salary system, appraisal system, training system, business incentive system, etc. Retail technology innovation requires companies to transform traditional business with good cultural mechanism, give full play to the enterprise culture to form a good mechanism to promote and safeguard function, the enhancement enterprise's cohesive force and fighting capacity. Rely on the innovation of the supply chain procurement mode, such as Wal-Mart to minimize thecost of supply, sticking to the lowest price, small profits for customers, treat customers at the same time, will satisfy the customer, respect for customers, service customers in the first place, won the customer trust for Wal-Mart, and bring huge returns. The spirit of the enterprise culture is the enterprise culture of highly concentrated, it is the core of enterprise culture, the retail enterprises in the long-term operation and management in the process of gradually formed its own unique business philosophy and management style culture idea put forward need technology as support, retail technology innovation will cause the change of the spirit of enterprise culture aspect, it is retail enterprise spirit, concept, management philosophy.3New retail industry and the real store3.1 Strategic thinkingFrom China merchants centered "principal" thinking, to business centered "proprietary" thinking. Retail market in the "new normal" has forced entity shop to review with the supplier, the relationship between the thinking to rethink the retail strategy. Once upon a time the "principal lodger" of thinking for the center with merchants, put "opposites" suppliers. The stores earn big profits, but allow many suppliers have to change channels, turned to "low cost" electric business channels, thus further lack of offline store brand, lead to the operation state of physical stores all the more worrying. In the new retail environment, the operatorshould adjust the strategic thinking of physical stores, abandon the "principal lodger" for a long time for the mainstream investment thinking. Review with the supplier relations of cooperation, set up with the supplier "symbiosis, create, win-win" equal partnership. To the supplier's brand and commodities as a store's own brand and commodity, namely establish business centered "proprietary" thinking, participate in the supplier's goods management, sales management, inventory management, etc., common to provide customers with services, through customer service value to form a "community of interests" in the supply chain. In the case of sales growth of between partners share interests, to jointly promote the establishment of the retail ecosystem.3.2Management conceptual changeFrom the concept of the seller and for the center with goods is to customer as the center of the buyer. From the planned economy era of commodity economy is still in the influence on the ideology of entity shop operators, although with the concept of consumers as the center in more than 20 years ago, but the "pretty" entity shop rarely to think about the needs of the consumers, in the case of a decline in economic environment, force entity shop operators thinking transformation, but many still belong to the passive transformation. New retail market environment, with the intensification of competition, the emergence of various new retail formats, great changes have taken place in consumers'consumption demand, timely grasp consumer trends and timely adjust the operator has become physical stores transformation successful leader. Appear in the market in recent years, many of the successful retail business is to adapt to the current consumer especially after 80, 80 after the younger generation of consumer demand and to open stores, with fashion, personality, experience as the core of management and make young chasing sticks to socialize. Under the new retail, where consumers, where is the store service should be. Only in this way, offline retail have a sustainable future.3.3Management transformationFrom the extensive mode of property management is into a refinement of the detail management style. Most of the stores in the "principal" under the guidance of strategic thinking, take a extensive mode of property management, operation and management of the supplier just blindly "management", there are very few "service", and also to customers just the image of "cold", it has much more prominent in the state-run stores in some, especially in the case of the aging of the operators, less motivation to change. For private as the main body of the entity shop has to realize the importance of management, no matter from the property of the environment to build, brand portfolio, functional collocation, humanized service measures have been changing ideas, positive service for consumers, appear constantly on many cases of theindustry should learn. Under the new retail stores more to embrace the Internet, online learning the experience of the electricity, the organic combination of information technology and management, firmly grasp the two core elements of the goods and customers to put customers in the store choose, order, payment, logistics, after-sales, assessment, and share traditional trading links become more convenient, more experience. Quantitative and digital management in the process of refinement management, will bring a physical store measurable, verifiable, and to use large amounts of data can be analyzed, the data is converted into service customers, service providers, more details of strengthening management "resource", and through the data resources, hardware environment, and integrate the soft management, realize the upgrading development of the stores. New retail environment, entity shop in the aspects of thinking, ideas, methods, and innovation transformation is eyebrow nimble. Who really grasp the connotation and essence of the "new retail" represents, who can be closer to consumers, in the new round of competition to have more chance.4ConclusionsWhatever physical stores change and development, regardless of the future development of the "new retail" model will be, offline stores and electric business platform, all should grasp the consumer demand, with the thinking of the Internet and technology, build a new patterncharacterized by the integration of all online retail.译文新零售下的实体店发展研究Roy Park摘要2016 年 6 月初,联商网在业界首次提出“新零售”概念,并组织相关讨论、风云会议、开设同名微信公众号和更新 APP 等。
IATA AHM目录
Airport Handling ManualEffective 1 January—31 December 201838NOTICEDISCLAIMER. The information contained in thispublication is subject to constant review in the lightof changing government requirements and regula-tions. No subscriber or other reader should act onthe basis of any such information without referringto applicable laws and regulations and/or withouttak ing appropriate professional advice. Althoughevery effort has been made to ensure accuracy, theInternational Air Transport Association shall not beheld responsible for any loss or damage caused byerrors, omissions, misprints or misinterpretation ofthe contents hereof. Furthermore, the InternationalAir Transport Association expressly disclaims anyand all liability to any person or entity, whether apurchaser of this publication or not, in respect ofanything done or omitted, and the consequencesof anything done or omitted, by any such person orentity in reliance on the contents of this publication.Opinions expressed in advertisements appearing inthis publication are the advertiser’s opinions and donot necessarily reflect those of IATA. The mentionof specific companies or products in advertisementdoes not imply that they are endorsed or recom-mended by IATA in preference to others of a simi-lar nature which are not mentioned or advertised.© International Air Transport Association. AllRights Reserved. No part of this publication maybe reproduced, recast, reformatted or trans-mitted in any form by any means, electronic ormechanical, including photocopying, record-ing or any information storage and retrieval sys-tem, without the prior written permission from:Senior Vice PresidentAirport, Passenger, Cargo and SecurityInternational Air Transport Association800 Place VictoriaP.O. Box 113Montreal, QuebecCANADA H4Z 1M1Airport Handling ManualMaterial No.: 9343-38ISBN 978-92-9229-505-9© 2017 International Air Transport Association. All rights reserved.TABLE OF CONTENTSPage Preface (xv)Introduction (xvii)General (1)AHM001Chapter0—Record of Revisions (1)AHM011Standard Classification and Numbering for Members Airport Handling Manuals (2)AHM012Office Function Designators for Airport Passenger and Baggage Handling (30)AHM020Guidelines for the Establishment of Airline Operators Committees (31)AHM021Guidelines for Establishing Aircraft Ground Times (34)AHM050Aircraft Emergency Procedures (35)AHM070E-Invoicing Standards (53)Chapter1—PASSENGER HANDLING (91)AHM100Chapter1—Record of Revisions (91)AHM110Involuntary Change of Carrier,Routing,Class or Type of Fare (92)AHM112Denied Boarding Compensation (98)AHM120Inadmissible Passengers and Deportees (99)AHM140Items Removed from a Passenger's Possession by Security Personnel (101)AHM141Hold Loading of Duty-Free Goods (102)AHM170Dangerous Goods in Passenger Baggage (103)AHM176Recommendations for the Handling of Passengers with Reduced Mobility(PRM) (105)AHM176A Acceptance and Carriage of Passengers with Reduced Mobility(PRM) (106)AHM180Carriage of Passengers with Communicable Diseases (114)AHM181General Guidelines for Passenger Agents in Case of SuspectedCommunicable Disease (115)Chapter2—BAGGAGE HANDLING (117)AHM200Chapter2—Record of Revisions (117)AHM210Local Baggage Committees (118)AHM211Airport Operating Rules (124)Airport Handling ManualPageChapter2—BAGGAGE HANDLING(continued)AHM212Interline Connecting Time Intervals—Passenger and Checked Baggage (126)AHM213Form of Interline Baggage Tags (128)AHM214Use of the10Digit Licence Plate (135)AHM215Found and Unclaimed Checked Baggage (136)AHM216On-Hand Baggage Summary Tag (138)AHM217Forwarding Mishandled Baggage (139)AHM218Dangerous Goods in Passengers'Baggage (141)AHM219Acceptance of Firearms and Other Weapons and Small Calibre Ammunition (142)AHM221Acceptance of Power Driven Wheelchairs or Other Battery Powered Mobility Aidsas Checked Baggage (143)AHM222Passenger/Baggage Reconciliation Procedures (144)AHM223Licence Plate Fallback Sortation Tags (151)AHM224Baggage Taken in Error (154)AHM225Baggage Irregularity Report (156)AHM226Tracing Unchecked Baggage and Handling Damage to Checked and UncheckedBaggage (159)AHM230Baggage Theft and Pilferage Prevention (161)AHM231Carriage of Carry-On Baggage (164)AHM232Handling of Security Removed Items (168)AHM240Baggage Codes for Identifying ULD Contents and/or Bulk-Loaded Baggage (169)Chapter3—CARGO/MAIL HANDLING (171)AHM300Chapter3—Record of Revisions (171)AHM310Preparation for Loading of Cargo (172)AHM311Securing of Load (174)AHM312Collection Sacks and Bags (177)AHM320Handling of Damaged Cargo (178)AHM321Handling of Pilfered Cargo (179)AHM322Handling Wet Cargo (180)AHM330Handling Perishable Cargo (182)AHM331Handling and Protection of Valuable Cargo (184)AHM332Handling and Stowage of Live Animals (188)AHM333Handling of Human Remains (190)Table of ContentsPageChapter3—CARGO/MAIL HANDLING(continued)AHM340Acceptance Standards for the Interchange of Transferred Unit Load Devices (191)AHM345Handling of Battery Operated Wheelchairs/Mobility AIDS as Checked Baggage (197)AHM350Mail Handling (199)AHM351Mail Documents (203)AHM353Handling of Found Mail (218)AHM354Handling of Damaged Mail (219)AHM355Mail Security (220)AHM356Mail Safety (221)AHM357Mail Irregularity Message (222)AHM360Company Mail (224)AHM380Aircraft Documents Stowage (225)AHM381Special Load—Notification to Captain(General) (226)AHM382Special Load—Notification to Captain(EDP Format and NOTOC Service) (231)AHM383Special Load—Notification to Captain(EDP NOTOC Summary) (243)AHM384NOTOC Message(NTM) (246)Chapter4—AIRCRAFT HANDLING AND LOADING (251)AHM400Chapter4—Record of Revisions (251)AHM411Provision and Carriage of Loading Accessories (252)AHM420Tagging of Unit Load Devices (253)AHM421Storage of Unit Load Devices (263)AHM422Control of Transferred Unit Load Devices (268)AHM423Unit Load Device Stock Check Message (273)AHM424Unit Load Device Control Message (275)AHM425Continued Airworthiness of Unit Load Devices (279)AHM426ULD Buildup and Breakdown (283)AHM427ULD Transportation (292)AHM430Operating of Aircraft Doors (295)AHM431Aircraft Ground Stability—Tipping (296)AHM440Potable Water Servicing (297)AHM441Aircraft Toilet Servicing (309)Airport Handling ManualPageChapter4—AIRCRAFT HANDLING AND LOADING(continued)AHM450Standardisation of Gravity Forces against which Load must be Restrained (310)AHM451Technical Malfunctions Limiting Load on Aircraft (311)AHM453Handling/Bulk Loading of Heavy Items (312)AHM454Handling and Loading of Big Overhang Items (313)AHM455Non CLS Restrained ULD (316)AHM460Guidelines for Turnround Plan (323)AHM462Safe Operating Practices in Aircraft Handling (324)AHM463Safety Considerations for Aircraft Movement Operations (337)AHM465Foreign Object Damage(FOD)Prevention Program (340)Chapter5—LOAD CONTROL (343)AHM500Chapter5—Record of Revisions (343)AHM501Terms and Definitions (345)AHM503Recommended Requirements for a New Departure Control System (351)AHM504Departure Control System Evaluation Checklist (356)AHM505Designation of Aircraft Holds,Compartments,Bays and Cabin (362)AHM510Handling/Load Information Codes to be Used on Traffic Documents and Messages (368)AHM513Aircraft Structural Loading Limitations (377)AHM514EDP Loading Instruction/Report (388)AHM515Manual Loading Instruction/Report (404)AHM516Manual Loadsheet (416)AHM517EDP Loadsheet (430)AHM518ACARS Transmitted Loadsheet (439)AHM519Balance Calculation Methods (446)AHM520Aircraft Equipped with a CG Targeting System (451)AHM530Weights for Passengers and Baggage (452)AHM531Procedure for Establishing Standard Weights for Passengers and Baggage (453)AHM533Passengers Occupying Crew Seats (459)AHM534Weight Control of Load (460)AHM536Equipment in Compartments Procedure (461)AHM537Ballast (466)Table of ContentsPageChapter5—LOAD CONTROL(continued)AHM540Aircraft Unit Load Device—Weight and Balance Control (467)AHM550Pilot in Command's Approval of the Loadsheet (468)AHM551Last Minute Changes on Loadsheet (469)AHM561Departure Control System,Carrier's Approval Procedures (471)AHM562Semi-Permanent Data Exchange Message(DEM) (473)AHM564Migration from AHM560to AHM565 (480)AHM565EDP Semi-Permanent Data Exchange for New Generation Departure Control Systems (500)AHM570Automated Information Exchange between Check-in and Load Control Systems (602)AHM571Passenger and Baggage Details for Weight and Balance Report(PWR) (608)AHM580Unit Load Device/Bulk Load Weight Statement (613)AHM581Unit Load Device/Bulk Load Weight Signal (615)AHM583Loadmessage (619)AHM587Container/Pallet Distribution Message (623)AHM588Statistical Load Summary (628)AHM590Load Control Procedures and Loading Supervision Responsibilities (631)AHM591Weight and Balance Load Control and Loading Supervision Training and Qualifications (635)Chapter6—MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY (641)AHM600Chapter6—Record of Revisions (641)AHM610Guidelines for a Safety Management System (642)AHM611Airside Personnel:Responsibilities,Training and Qualifications (657)AHM612Airside Performance Evaluation Program (664)AHM615Quality Management System (683)AHM616Human Factors Program (715)AHM619Guidelines for Producing Emergency Response Plan(s) (731)AHM620Guidelines for an Emergency Management System (733)AHM621Security Management (736)AHM633Guidelines for the Handling of Emergencies Requiring the Evacuation of an Aircraft During Ground Handling (743)AHM650Ramp Incident/Accident Reporting (745)AHM652Recommendations for Airside Safety Investigations (750)AHM660Carrier Guidelines for Calculating Aircraft Ground Accident Costs (759)Airport Handling ManualChapter7—AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT CONTROL (761)AHM700Chapter7—Record of Revisions (761)AHM710Standards for Message Formats (762)AHM711Standards for Message Corrections (764)AHM730Codes to be Used in Aircraft Movement and Diversion Messages (765)AHM731Enhanced Reporting on ATFM Delays by the Use of Sub Codes (771)AHM780Aircraft Movement Message (774)AHM781Aircraft Diversion Message (786)AHM782Fuel Monitoring Message (790)AHM783Request Information Message (795)AHM784Gate Message (797)AHM785Aircraft Initiated Movement Message(MVA) (802)AHM790Operational Aircraft Registration(OAR)Message (807)Chapter8—GROUND HANDLING AGREEMENTS (811)AHM800Chapter8—Record of Revisions (811)AHM801Introduction to and Comments on IATA Standard Ground Handling Agreement(SGHA) (812)AHM803Service Level Agreement Example (817)AHM810IATA Standard Ground Handling Agreement (828)AHM811Yellow Pages (871)AHM813Truck Handling (872)AHM815Standard Transportation Documents Service Main Agreement (873)AHM817Standard Training Agreement (887)AHM830Ground Handling Charge Note (891)AHM840Model Agreement for Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) (894)Chapter9—AIRPORT HANDLING GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (911)AHM900Chapter9—Record of Revisions (911)AHM901Functional Specifications (914)AHM904Aircraft Servicing Points and System Requirements (915)AIRBUS A300B2320-/B4/C4 (917)A300F4-600/-600C4 (920)A310–200/200C/300 (926)A318 (930)A319 (933)Table of ContentsPageChapter9—AIRPORT HANDLING GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS(continued) AHM904Aircraft Doors,Servicing Points and System Requirements for the Use of Ground Support Equipment(continued)A320 (936)A321 (940)A330-200F (943)A330-300 (948)A340-200 (951)A340-300 (955)A340-500 (959)A340-600 (962)Airbus350900passenger (965)AIRBUS A380-800/-800F (996)ATR42100/200 (999)ATR72 (1000)AVRO RJ70 (1001)AVRO RJ85 (1002)AVRO RJ100 (1003)B727-200 (1004)B737–200/200C (1008)B737-300,400,-500 (1010)B737-400 (1013)B737-500 (1015)B737-600,-700,-700C (1017)B737-700 (1020)B737-800 (1022)B737-900 (1026)B747–100SF/200C/200F (1028)B747–400/400C (1030)B757–200 (1038)B757–300 (1040)Airport Handling ManualPageChapter9—AIRPORT HANDLING GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS(continued) AHM904Aircraft Doors,Servicing Points and System Requirements for the Use of Ground Support Equipment(continued)B767—200/200ER (1041)B767—300/300ER (1044)B767—400ER (1048)B777–200/200LR (1051)B777–300/300ER (1055)Boeing787800passenger (1059)BAe ATP(J61) (1067)Bombardier CS100 (1068)Bombardier CS300 (1072)CL-65(CRJ100/200) (1076)DC8–40/50F SERIES (1077)DC8–61/61F (1079)DC8–62/62F (1081)DC8–63/63F (1083)DC9–15/21 (1085)DC9–32 (1086)DC9–41 (1087)DC9–51 (1088)DC10–10/10CF (1089)DC10–30/40,30/40CF (1091)EMBRAER EMB-135Regional Models (1092)EMBRAER EMB-145Regional Models (1094)Embraer170 (1096)Embraer175 (1098)Embraer190 (1100)Embraer195 (1102)FOKKER50(F27Mk050) (1104)FOKKER50(F27Mk0502) (1106)Chapter9—AIRPORT HANDLING GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS(continued) AHM904Aircraft Doors,Servicing Points and System Requirements for the Use of Ground Support Equipment(continued)FOKKER70(F28Mk0070) (1108)FOKKER100(F28Mk0100) (1110)FOKKER100(F28Mk0100) (1112)IL-76T (1114)MD-11 (1116)MD–80SERIES (1118)SAAB2000 (1119)SAAB SF-340 (1120)TU-204 (1122)AHM905Reference Material for Civil Aircraft Ground Support Equipment (1125)AHM905A Cross Reference of IATA Documents with SAE,CEN,and ISO (1129)AHM909Summary of Unit Load Device Capacity and Dimensions (1131)AHM910Basic Requirements for Aircraft Ground Support Equipment (1132)AHM911Ground Support Equipment Requirements for Compatibility with Aircraft Unit Load Devices (1136)AHM912Standard Forklift Pockets Dimensions and Characteristics for Forkliftable General Support Equipment (1138)AHM913Basic Safety Requirements for Aircraft Ground Support Equipment (1140)AHM914Compatibility of Ground Support Equipment with Aircraft Types (1145)AHM915Standard Controls (1147)AHM916Basic Requirements for Towing Vehicle Interface(HITCH) (1161)AHM917Basic Minimum Preventive Maintenance Program/Schedule (1162)AHM920Functional Specification for Self-Propelled Telescopic Passenger Stairs (1164)AHM920A Functional Specification for Towed Passenger Stairs (1167)AHM921Functional Specification for Boarding/De-Boarding Vehicle for Passengers withReduced Mobility(PRM) (1169)AHM922Basic Requirements for Passenger Boarding Bridge Aircraft Interface (1174)AHM923Functional Specification for Elevating Passenger Transfer Vehicle (1180)AHM924Functional Specification for Heavy Item Lift Platform (1183)AHM925Functional Specification for a Self-Propelled Conveyor-Belt Loader (1184)AHM925A Functional Specification for a Self-Propelled Ground Based in-Plane LoadingSystem for Bulk Cargo (1187)Chapter9—AIRPORT HANDLING GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS(continued) AHM925B Functional Specification for a Towed Conveyor-Belt Loader (1190)AHM926Functional Specification for Upper Deck Catering Vehicle (1193)AHM927Functional Specification for Main Deck Catering Vehicle (1197)AHM930Functional Specification for an Upper Deck Container/Pallet Loader (1201)AHM931Functional Specification for Lower Deck Container/Pallet Loader (1203)AHM932Functional Specification for a Main Deck Container/Pallet Loader (1206)AHM933Functional Specification of a Powered Extension Platform to Lower Deck/Container/ Pallet Loader (1209)AHM934Functional Specification for a Narrow Body Lower Deck Single Platform Loader (1211)AHM934A Functional Specification for a Single Platform Slave Loader Bed for Lower DeckLoading Operations (1213)AHM936Functional Specification for a Container Loader Transporter (1215)AHM938Functional Specification for a Large Capacity Freighter and Combi Aircraft TailStanchion (1218)AHM939Functional Specification for a Transfer Platform Lift (1220)AHM941Functional Specification for Equipment Used for Establishing the Weight of aULD/BULK Load (1222)AHM942Functional Specification for Storage Equipment Used for Unit Load Devices (1224)AHM950Functional Specification for an Airport Passenger Bus (1225)AHM951Functional Specification for a Crew Transportation Vehicle (1227)AHM953Functional Specifications for a Valuable Cargo Vehicle (1229)AHM954Functional Specification for an Aircraft Washing Machine (1230)AHM955Functional Specification for an Aircraft Nose Gear Towbar Tractor (1232)AHM956Functional Specification for Main Gear Towbarless Tractor (1235)AHM957Functional Specification for Nose Gear Towbarless Tractor (1237)AHM958Functional Specification for an Aircraft Towbar (1240)AHM960Functional Specification for Unit Load Device Transport Vehicle (1242)AHM961Functional Specification for a Roller System for Unit Load Device Transportation on Trucks (1245)AHM962Functional Specification for a Rollerised Platform for the Transportation of Twenty Foot Unit Load Devices that Interfaces with Trucks Equipped to Accept Freight ContainersComplying with ISO668:1988 (1247)AHM963Functional Specification for a Baggage/Cargo Cart (1249)AHM965Functional Specification for a Lower Deck Container Turntable Dolly (1250)AHM966Functional Specification for a Pallet Dolly (1252)Chapter9—AIRPORT HANDLING GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS(continued) AHM967Functional Specification for a Twenty Foot Unit Load Device Dolly (1254)AHM968Functional Specification for Ramp Equipment Tractors (1256)AHM969Functional Specification for a Pallet/Container Transporter (1257)AHM970Functional Specification for a Self-Propelled Potable Water Vehicle with Rear orFront Servicing (1259)AHM971Functional Specification for a Self-Propelled Lavatory Service Vehicle with Rear orFront Servicing (1262)AHM972Functional Specifications for a Ground Power Unit for Aircraft Electrical System (1265)AHM973Functional Specification for a Towed Aircraft Ground Heater (1269)AHM974Functional Specification for Aircraft Air Conditioning(Cooling)Unit (1272)AHM975Functional Specifications for Self-Propelled Aircraft De-Icing/Anti-Icing Unit (1274)AHM976Functional Specifications for an Air Start Unit (1278)AHM977Functional Specification for a Towed De-Icing/Anti-Icing Unit (1280)AHM978Functional Specification for a Towed Lavatory Service Cart (1283)AHM979Functional Specification for a Towed Boarding/De-Boarding Device for Passengers with Reduced Mobility(PRM)for Commuter-Type Aircraft (1285)AHM980Functional Specification for a Self-Propelled Petrol/Diesel Refueling Vehicle forGround Support Equipment (1287)AHM981Functional Specification for a Towed Potable Water Service Cart (1289)AHM990Guidelines for Preventative Maintenance of Aircraft Towbars (1291)AHM994Criteria for Consideration of the Investment in Ground Support Equipment (1292)AHM995Basic Unit Load Device Handling System Requirements (1296)AHM997Functional Specification for Sub-Freezing Aircraft Air Conditioning Unit (1298)Chapter10—ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR GROUND HANDLING OPERATIONS (1301)AHM1000Chapter10—Record of Revisions (1301)AHM1001Environmental Specifications for Ground Handling Operations (1302)AHM1002Environmental Impact on the Use of Ground Support Equipment (1303)AHM1003GSE Environmental Quality Audit (1305)AHM1004Guidelines for Calculating GSE Exhaust Emissions (1307)AHM1005Guidelines for an Environmental Management System (1308)Chapter11—GROUND OPERATIONS TRAINING PROGRAM (1311)AHM1100Chapter11—Record of Revisions (1311)AHM1110Ground Operations Training Program (1312)Appendix A—References (1347)Appendix B—Glossary (1379)Alphabetical List of AHM Titles (1387)IATA Strategic Partners..............................................................................................................................SP–1。
土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)
土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)第一部分必须掌握,第二部分尽量掌握第一部分:1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语 Specialty English3 水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程 Civil Engineering5 地下工程 Underground Engineering6 岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程 Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程 Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学 Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程 Traffic Engineering12 港口工程 Port Engineering13 安全性 safety17木结构 timber structure18 砌体结构 masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构 steelstructure21 钢 - 混凝土复合结构 steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土 plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋 rebar25 预应力混凝土 pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构 statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构 truss structure29 空间网架结构 spatial grid structure30 近海工程 offshore engineering31 静力学 statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁 simply supported beam35 固定支座 fixed bearing36弹性力学 elasticity37 塑性力学 plasticity38 弹塑性力学 elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学 fracture Mechanics40 土力学 soil mechanics41 水力学 hydraulics42 流体力学 fluid mechanics精品文库43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力 concentrated force45 压力 pressure46 静水压力 hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力 uniform pressure48 体力 body force49 重力 gravity50 线荷载 line load51 弯矩 bending moment52 扭矩 torque53 应力 stress54 应变 stain55 正应力 normal stress56 剪应力 shearing stress57 主应力 principal stress58 变形 deformation59 内力 internal force60 偏移量挠度 deflection61 沉降settlement62 屈曲失稳 buckle63 轴力 axial force64 允许应力 allowable stress65 疲劳分析 fatigue analysis66 梁 beam67 壳 shell68 板 plate69 桥 bridge70 桩 pile71 主动土压力 active earth pressure72 被动土压力 passive earth pressure73 承载力 load-bearing capacity74 水位 water Height75 位移 displacement76 结构力学 structural mechanics77 材料力学 material mechanics78 经纬仪 altometer79 水准仪level80 学科 discipline81 子学科 sub-discipline82 期刊 journal periodical83 文献literature84 国际标准刊号ISSN International Standard Serial Number精品文库85 国际标准书号ISBN International Standard Book Number86 卷 volume87 期 number88 专著 monograph89 会议论文集 Proceeding90 学位论文 thesis dissertation91 专利 patent92 档案档案室 archive93 国际学术会议 conference94 导师 advisor95 学位论文答辩 defense of thesis96 博士研究生 doctorate student97 研究生 postgraduate98 工程索引EI Engineering Index99 科学引文索引SCI Science Citation Index100 科学技术会议论文集索引ISTP Index to Science and Tec hnology Proceedings101 题目 title102 摘要 abstract103 全文 full-text104 参考文献 reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词 Subject107 关键字 keyword108 美国土木工程师协会ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers109 联邦公路总署FHWA Federal Highway Administration110 国际标准组织ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法 analytical method112 数值方法 numerical method113 计算 computation114 说明书 instruction115 规范 Specification Code第二部分:岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical engineering 岩土工程2.foundation engineering 基础工程3.soil earth 土4.soil mechanics 土力学5.cyclic loading 周期荷载6.unloading 卸载7.reloading 再加载8.viscoelastic foundation 粘弹性地基9.viscous damping 粘滞阻尼10.shear modulus 剪切模量精品文库11.soil dynamics 土动力学12.stress path 应力路径13.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二.土的分类1.residual soil 残积土 groundwater level 地下水位2.groundwater 地下水 groundwater table 地下水位3.clay minerals 粘土矿物4.secondary minerals 次生矿物ndslides 滑坡6.bore hole columnar section 钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation 工程地质勘察8.boulder 漂石9.cobble 卵石10.gravel 砂石11.gravelly sand 砾砂12.coarse sand 粗砂13.medium sand 中砂14.fine sand 细砂15.silty sand 粉土16.clayey soil 粘性土17.clay 粘土18.silty clay 粉质粘土19.silt 粉土20.sandy silt 砂质粉土21.clayey silt 粘质粉土22.saturated soil 饱和土23.unsaturated soil 非饱和土24.fill (soil) 填土25.overconsolidated soil 超固结土26.normally consolidated soil 正常固结土27.underconsolidated soil 欠固结土28.zonal soil 区域性土29.soft clay 软粘土30.expansive (swelling) soil 膨胀土31.peat 泥炭32.loess 黄土33.frozen soil 冻土24.degree of saturation 饱和度25.dry unit weight 干重度26.moist unit weight 湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会精品文库四.渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping 管涌3.flowing soil 流土4.sand boiling 砂沸5.flow net 流网6.seepage 渗透(流)7.leakage 渗流8.seepage pressure 渗透压力9.permeability 渗透性10.seepage force 渗透力11.hydraulic gradient 水力梯度12.coefficient of permeability 渗透系数五.地基应力和变形1.soft soil 软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile 打入桩(负)摩阻力3.effective stress 有效应力4.total stress 总应力5.field vane shear strength 十字板抗剪强度6.low activity 低活性7.sensitivity 灵敏度8.triaxial test 三轴试验9.foundation design 基础设计10.recompaction 再压缩11.bearing capacity 承载力12.soil mass 土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力(压力)14.concentrated load 集中荷载15.a semi-infinite elastic solid 半无限弹性体16.homogeneous 均质17.isotropic 各向同性18.strip footing 条基19.square spread footing 方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum strata)下卧层(土)21.dead load =sustained load 恒载持续荷载22.live load 活载23.short –term transient load 短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load 长期荷载25.reduced load 折算荷载26.settlement 沉降27.deformation 变形28.casing 套管精品文库29.dike=dyke 堤(防)30.clay fraction 粘粒粒组31.physical properties 物理性质32.subgrade 路基33.well-graded soil 级配良好土34.poorly-graded soil 级配不良土35.normal stresses 正应力36.shear stresses 剪应力37.principal plane 主平面38.major (intermediate minor) principal stress 最大(中、最小)主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition 摩尔-库仑破坏条件40.FEM=finite element method 有限元法41.limit equilibrium method 极限平衡法42.pore water pressure 孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure 先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility 压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility 压缩系数pression index 压缩指数47.swelling index 回弹指数48.geostatic stress 自重应力49.additional stress 附加应力50.total stress 总应力51.final settlement 最终沉降52.slip line 滑动线六.基坑开挖与降水1 excavation 开挖(挖方)2 dewatering (基坑)降水3 failure of foundation 基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit 基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave (基坑)底隆起6 retaining wall 挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution 孔压分布8 dewatering method 降低地下水位法9 well point system 井点系统(轻型)10 deep well point 深井点11 vacuum well point 真空井点12 braced cuts 支撑围护13 braced excavation 支撑开挖14 braced sheeting 支撑挡板七.深基础--deep foundation1.pile foundation 桩基础1)cast –in-place 灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile 沉管灌注桩bored pile 钻孔桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile 机控异型灌注桩piles set into rock 嵌岩灌注桩rammed bulb pile 夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation 钻孔墩基础drilled-pier foundation 钻孔扩底墩under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile 预制混凝土桩4)steel pile 钢桩steel pipe pile 钢管桩steel sheet pile 钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile 预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pipe pile 预应力混凝土管桩2.caisson foundation 沉井(箱)3.diaphragm wall 地下连续墙截水墙4.friction pile 摩擦桩5.end-bearing pile 端承桩6.shaft 竖井;桩身7.wave equation analysis 波动方程分析8.pile caps 承台(桩帽)9.bearing capacity of single pile 单桩承载力teral pile load test 单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile 单桩横向极限承载力12.static load test of pile 单桩竖向静荷载试验13.vertical allowable load capacity 单桩竖向容许承载力14.low pile cap 低桩承台15.high-rise pile cap 高桩承台16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile 单桩抗拔极限承载力17.silent piling 静力压桩18.uplift pile 抗拔桩19.anti-slide pile 抗滑桩20.pile groups 群桩21.efficiency factor of pile groups 群桩效率系数(η)22.efficiency of pile groups 群桩效应23.dynamic pile testing 桩基动测技术24.final set 最后贯入度25.dynamic load test of pile 桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test 桩的完整性试验27.pile head=butt 桩头28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe 桩端(头)29.pile spacing 桩距30.pile plan 桩位布置图31.arrangement of piles =pile layout 桩的布置32.group action 群桩作用33.end bearing=tip resistance 桩端阻34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance 桩侧阻35.pile cushion 桩垫36.pile driving(by vibration) (振动)打桩37.pile pulling test 拔桩试验38.pile shoe 桩靴39.pile noise 打桩噪音40.pile rig 打桩机九.固结 consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory 太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory 巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory 比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil 超固结土6.excess pore water pressure 超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation 多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation 一维固结9.primary consolidation 主固结10.secondary consolidation 次固结11.degree of consolidation 固结度12.consolidation test 固结试验13.consolidation curve 固结曲线14.time factor Tv 时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation 固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure 前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress 有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0 固结十.抗剪强度 shear strength1.undrained shear strength 不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength 残余强度3.long-term strength 长期强度4.peak strength 峰值强度5.shear strain rate 剪切应变速率6.dilatation 剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法 8.total stress approach of shear strength 抗剪强度总应力法9.Mohr-Coulomb theory 莫尔-库仑理论10.angle of internal friction 内摩擦角11.cohesion 粘聚力12.failure criterion 破坏准则13.vane strength 十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression 无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop 有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter 有效应力强度参数十一.本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model 弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model 非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model 弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model 粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model 边界面模型6.Du ncan-Chang model 邓肯-张模型7.rigid plastic model 刚塑性模型8.cap model 盖帽模型9.work softening 加工软化10.work hardening 加工硬化11.Cambridge model 剑桥模型12.ideal elastoplastic model 理想弹塑性模型13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion 莫尔-库仑屈服准则14.yield surface 屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model 弹性半空间地基模型16.elastic modulus 弹性模量17.Winkler foundation model 文克尔地基模型十二.地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil1.punching shear failure 冲剪破坏2.general shear failure 整体剪切破化3.local shear failure 局部剪切破坏4.state of limit equilibrium 极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure 临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil 地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil 地基极限承载力8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil 地基容许承载力十三.土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure 主动土压力2.passive earth pressure 被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest 静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory 库仑土压力理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory 朗金土压力理论十四.土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose 休止角2.Bishop method 毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope 边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices 费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method 瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method 条分法十五.挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall 挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall 基础墙3.counter retaining wall 扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall 悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall 重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall 锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall 锚定板板桩墙十六.板桩结构物--sheet pile structure1.steel sheet pile 钢板桩2.reinforced concrete sheet pile 钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles 钢桩4.wooden sheet pile 木板桩5.timber piles 木桩十七.浅基础--shallow foundation1.box foundation 箱型基础2.mat(raft) foundation 片筏基础3.strip foundation 条形基础4.spread footing 扩展基础pensated foundation 补偿性基础6.bearing stratum 持力层7.rigid foundation 刚性基础8.flexible foundation 柔性基础9.emxxxxbedded depth of foundation 基础埋置深度 foundation pressure 基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis 上部结构-基础-地基共同作用分析十八.土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils 动强度2.wave velocity method 波速法3.material damping 材料阻尼4.geometric damping 几何阻尼5.damping ratio 阻尼比6.initial liquefaction 初始液化7.natural period of soil site 地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils 动剪切模量9.dynamic ma二十.地基基础抗震1.earthquake engineering 地震工程2.soil dynamics 土动力学3.duration of earthquake 地震持续时间4.earthquake response spectrum 地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity 地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude 震级7.seismic predominant period 地震卓越周期8.maximum acceleration of earthquake 地震最大加速度二十一.室内土工实验1.high pressure consolidation test 高压固结试验2.consolidation under K0 condition K0 固结试验3.falling head permeability 变水头试验4.constant head permeability 常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test 不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test 固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test 固结排水试验(CD)paction test 击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test 固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test 快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test 慢剪试验12.sieve analysis 筛分析13.geotechnical model test 土工模型试验14.centrifugal model test 离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus 直剪仪16.direct shear test 直剪试验17.direct simple shear test 直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test 三轴试验19.dynamic simple shear 动单剪20.free(resonance)vibration column test 自(共)振柱试验二十二.原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验2.surface wave test (SWT) 表面波试验3.dynamic penetration test(DPT) 动力触探试验4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验5.plate loading test 静力荷载试验teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验9.screw plate test 螺旋板载荷试验10.pressuremeter test 旁压试验11.light sounding 轻便触探试验12.deep settlement measurement 深层沉降观测13.vane shear test 十字板剪切试验14.field permeability test 现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测16.in-situ soil test 原位试验第一部分必须掌握,第二部分尽量掌握第一部分:1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语 Specialty English3 水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程 Civil Engineering5 地下工程 Underground Engineering6 岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程 Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程 Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学 Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程 Traffic Engineering12 港口工程 Port Engineering13 安全性 safety17木结构 timber structure18 砌体结构 masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构 steelstructure21 钢 - 混凝土复合结构 steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土 plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋 rebar25 预应力混凝土 pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构 statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构 truss structure29 空间网架结构 spatial grid structure30 近海工程 offshore engineering31 静力学 statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁 simply supported beam35 固定支座 fixed bearing36弹性力学 elasticity37 塑性力学 plasticity38 弹塑性力学 elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学 fracture Mechanics40 土力学 soil mechanics精品文库41 水力学 hydraulics42 流体力学 fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力 concentrated force45 压力 pressure46 静水压力 hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力 uniform pressure48 体力 body force49 重力 gravity50 线荷载 line load51 弯矩 bending moment52 扭矩 torque53 应力 stress54 应变 stain55 正应力 normal stress56 剪应力 shearing stress57 主应力 principal stress58 变形 deformation59 内力 internal force60 偏移量挠度 deflection61 沉降settlement62 屈曲失稳 buckle63 轴力 axial force64 允许应力 allowable stress65 疲劳分析 fatigue analysis66 梁 beam67 壳 shell68 板 plate69 桥 bridge70 桩 pile71 主动土压力 active earth pressure72 被动土压力 passive earth pressure73 承载力 load-bearing capacity74 水位 water Height75 位移 displacement76 结构力学 structural mechanics77 材料力学 material mechanics78 经纬仪 altometer79 水准仪level80 学科 discipline81 子学科 sub-discipline82 期刊 journal periodical精品文库83 文献literature84 国际标准刊号ISSN International Standard Serial Number85 国际标准书号ISBN International Standard Book Number86 卷 volume87 期 number88 专著 monograph89 会议论文集 Proceeding90 学位论文 thesis dissertation91 专利 patent92 档案档案室 archive93 国际学术会议 conference94 导师 advisor95 学位论文答辩 defense of thesis96 博士研究生 doctorate student97 研究生 postgraduate98 工程索引EI Engineering Index99 科学引文索引SCI Science Citation Index100 科学技术会议论文集索引ISTP Index to Science and Tec hnology Proceedings101 题目 title102 摘要 abstract103 全文 full-text104 参考文献 reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词 Subject107 关键字 keyword108 美国土木工程师协会ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers109 联邦公路总署FHWA Federal Highway Administration110 国际标准组织ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法 analytical method112 数值方法 numerical method113 计算 computation114 说明书 instruction115 规范 Specification Code第二部分:岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical engineering 岩土工程2.foundation engineering 基础工程3.soil earth 土4.soil mechanics 土力学5.cyclic loading 周期荷载6.unloading 卸载7.reloading 再加载8.viscoelastic foundation 粘弹性地基精品文库9.viscous damping 粘滞阻尼10.shear modulus 剪切模量11.soil dynamics 土动力学12.stress path 应力路径13.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二.土的分类1.residual soil 残积土 groundwater level 地下水位2.groundwater 地下水 groundwater table 地下水位3.clay minerals 粘土矿物4.secondary minerals 次生矿物ndslides 滑坡6.bore hole columnar section 钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation 工程地质勘察8.boulder 漂石9.cobble 卵石10.gravel 砂石11.gravelly sand 砾砂12.coarse sand 粗砂13.medium sand 中砂14.fine sand 细砂15.silty sand 粉土16.clayey soil 粘性土17.clay 粘土18.silty clay 粉质粘土19.silt 粉土20.sandy silt 砂质粉土21.clayey silt 粘质粉土22.saturated soil 饱和土23.unsaturated soil 非饱和土24.fill (soil) 填土25.overconsolidated soil 超固结土26.normally consolidated soil 正常固结土27.underconsolidated soil 欠固结土28.zonal soil 区域性土29.soft clay 软粘土30.expansive (swelling) soil 膨胀土31.peat 泥炭32.loess 黄土33.frozen soil 冻土24.degree of saturation 饱和度25.dry unit weight 干重度26.moist unit weight 湿重度精品文库45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四.渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping 管涌3.flowing soil 流土4.sand boiling 砂沸5.flow net 流网6.seepage 渗透(流)7.leakage 渗流8.seepage pressure 渗透压力9.permeability 渗透性10.seepage force 渗透力11.hydraulic gradient 水力梯度12.coefficient of permeability 渗透系数五.地基应力和变形1.soft soil 软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile 打入桩(负)摩阻力3.effective stress 有效应力4.total stress 总应力5.field vane shear strength 十字板抗剪强度6.low activity 低活性7.sensitivity 灵敏度8.triaxial test 三轴试验9.foundation design 基础设计10.recompaction 再压缩11.bearing capacity 承载力12.soil mass 土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力(压力)14.concentrated load 集中荷载15.a semi-infinite elastic solid 半无限弹性体16.homogeneous 均质17.isotropic 各向同性18.strip footing 条基19.square spread footing 方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum strata)下卧层(土)21.dead load =sustained load 恒载持续荷载22.live load 活载23.short –term transient load 短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load 长期荷载25.reduced load 折算荷载26.settlement 沉降精品文库27.deformation 变形28.casing 套管29.dike=dyke 堤(防)30.clay fraction 粘粒粒组31.physical properties 物理性质32.subgrade 路基33.well-graded soil 级配良好土34.poorly-graded soil 级配不良土35.normal stresses 正应力36.shear stresses 剪应力37.principal plane 主平面38.major (intermediate minor) principal stress 最大(中、最小)主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition 摩尔-库仑破坏条件40.FEM=finite element method 有限元法41.limit equilibrium method 极限平衡法42.pore water pressure 孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure 先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility 压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility 压缩系数pression index 压缩指数47.swelling index 回弹指数48.geostatic stress 自重应力49.additional stress 附加应力50.total stress 总应力51.final settlement 最终沉降52.slip line 滑动线六.基坑开挖与降水1 excavation 开挖(挖方)2 dewatering (基坑)降水3 failure of foundation 基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit 基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave (基坑)底隆起6 retaining wall 挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution 孔压分布8 dewatering method 降低地下水位法9 well point system 井点系统(轻型)10 deep well point 深井点11 vacuum well point 真空井点12 braced cuts 支撑围护13 braced excavation 支撑开挖14 braced sheeting 支撑挡板七.深基础--deep foundation1.pile foundation 桩基础1)cast –in-place 灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile 沉管灌注桩bored pile 钻孔桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile 机控异型灌注桩piles set into rock 嵌岩灌注桩rammed bulb pile 夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation 钻孔墩基础drilled-pier foundation 钻孔扩底墩under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile 预制混凝土桩4)steel pile 钢桩steel pipe pile 钢管桩steel sheet pile 钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile 预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pipe pile 预应力混凝土管桩2.caisson foundation 沉井(箱)3.diaphragm wall 地下连续墙截水墙4.friction pile 摩擦桩5.end-bearing pile 端承桩6.shaft 竖井;桩身7.wave equation analysis 波动方程分析8.pile caps 承台(桩帽)9.bearing capacity of single pile 单桩承载力teral pile load test 单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile 单桩横向极限承载力12.static load test of pile 单桩竖向静荷载试验13.vertical allowable load capacity 单桩竖向容许承载力14.low pile cap 低桩承台15.high-rise pile cap 高桩承台16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile 单桩抗拔极限承载力17.silent piling 静力压桩18.uplift pile 抗拔桩19.anti-slide pile 抗滑桩20.pile groups 群桩21.efficiency factor of pile groups 群桩效率系数(η)22.efficiency of pile groups 群桩效应23.dynamic pile testing 桩基动测技术24.final set 最后贯入度25.dynamic load test of pile 桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test 桩的完整性试验27.pile head=butt 桩头28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe 桩端(头)29.pile spacing 桩距30.pile plan 桩位布置图31.arrangement of piles =pile layout 桩的布置32.group action 群桩作用33.end bearing=tip resistance 桩端阻34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance 桩侧阻35.pile cushion 桩垫36.pile driving(by vibration) (振动)打桩37.pile pulling test 拔桩试验38.pile shoe 桩靴39.pile noise 打桩噪音40.pile rig 打桩机九.固结 consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory 太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory 巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory 比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil 超固结土6.excess pore water pressure 超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation 多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation 一维固结9.primary consolidation 主固结10.secondary consolidation 次固结11.degree of consolidation 固结度12.consolidation test 固结试验13.consolidation curve 固结曲线14.time factor Tv 时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation 固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure 前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress 有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0 固结十.抗剪强度 shear strength1.undrained shear strength 不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength 残余强度3.long-term strength 长期强度4.peak strength 峰值强度5.shear strain rate 剪切应变速率6.dilatation 剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法 8.total stress approach of shear strength 抗剪强度总应力法9.Mohr-Coulomb theory 莫尔-库仑理论10.angle of internal friction 内摩擦角11.cohesion 粘聚力12.failure criterion 破坏准则13.vane strength 十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression 无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop 有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter 有效应力强度参数十一.本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model 弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model 非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model 弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model 粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model 边界面模型6.Du ncan-Chang model 邓肯-张模型7.rigid plastic model 刚塑性模型8.cap model 盖帽模型9.work softening 加工软化10.work hardening 加工硬化11.Cambridge model 剑桥模型12.ideal elastoplastic model 理想弹塑性模型13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion 莫尔-库仑屈服准则14.yield surface 屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model 弹性半空间地基模型16.elastic modulus 弹性模量17.Winkler foundation model 文克尔地基模型十二.地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil1.punching shear failure 冲剪破坏2.general shear failure 整体剪切破化3.local shear failure 局部剪切破坏4.state of limit equilibrium 极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure 临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil 地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil 地基极限承载力8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil 地基容许承载力十三.土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure 主动土压力2.passive earth pressure 被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest 静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory 库仑土压力理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theo ry 朗金土压力理论十四.土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose 休止角2.Bishop method 毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope 边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices 费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method 瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method 条分法十五.挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall 挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall 基础墙3.counter retaining wall 扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall 悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall 重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall 锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall 锚定板板桩墙十六.板桩结构物--sheet pile structure1.steel sheet pile 钢板桩2.reinforced concrete sheet pile 钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles 钢桩4.wooden sheet pile 木板桩5.timber piles 木桩十七.浅基础--shallow foundation1.box foundation 箱型基础2.mat(raft) foundation 片筏基础3.strip foundation 条形基础4.spread footing 扩展基础pensated foundation 补偿性基础6.bearing stratum 持力层7.rigid foundation 刚性基础8.flexible foundation 柔性基础9.emxxxxbedded depth of foundation 基础埋置深度 foundation pressure 基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis 上部结构-基础-地基共同作用分析十八.土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils 动强度2.wave velocity method 波速法3.material damping 材料阻尼4.geometric damping 几何阻尼5.damping ratio 阻尼比6.initial liquefaction 初始液化7.natural period of soil site 地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils 动剪切模量9.dynamic ma二十.地基基础抗震1.earthquake engineering 地震工程2.soil dynamics 土动力学3.duration of earthquake 地震持续时间4.earthquake response spectrum 地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity 地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude 震级7.seismic predominant period 地震卓越周期8.maximum acceleration of earthquake 地震最大加速度二十一.室内土工实验1.high pressure consolidation test 高压固结试验2.consolidation under K0 condition K0 固结试验3.falling head permeability 变水头试验4.constant head permeability 常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test 不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test 固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test 固结排水试验(CD)paction test 击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test 固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test 快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test 慢剪试验12.sieve analysis 筛分析13.geotechnical model test 土工模型试验14.centrifugal model test 离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus 直剪仪16.direct shear test 直剪试验17.direct simple shear test 直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test 三轴试验19.dynamic simple shear 动单剪20.free(resonance)vibration column test 自(共)振柱试验二十二.原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验2.surface wave test (SWT) 表面波试验3.dynamic penetration test(DPT) 动力触探试验4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验5.plate loading test 静力荷载试验teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验9.screw plate test 螺旋板载荷试验10.pressuremeter test 旁压试验11.light sounding 轻便触探试验12.deep settlement measurement 深层沉降观测13.vane shear test 十字板剪切试验14.field permeability test 现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测16.in-situ soil test 原位试验。
三自由度车辆动力学模型英文
三自由度车辆动力学模型英文Three-Degree-of-Freedom Vehicle Dynamics Model.Vehicle dynamics is a crucial aspect of automotive engineering, dealing with the motion of vehicles under the influence of various forces and moments. Among various dynamic models, the three-degree-of-freedom (3DOF) vehicle dynamics model stands out as a simplified yet effective representation for analyzing vehicle handling characteristics. This model captures the essential dynamics of a vehicle by considering the motion in the lateral, longitudinal, and yaw directions.Lateral Motion:The lateral motion of a vehicle refers to its movement perpendicular to the direction of travel. This motion is primarily influenced by factors such as tire-road interaction forces, steering inputs, and vehicle sidewinds. In the 3DOF model, the lateral motion is described by alateral displacement variable, which represents the deviation of the vehicle from its straight-ahead path.Longitudinal Motion:The longitudinal motion of a vehicle corresponds to its movement along the direction of travel. This motion is primarily influenced by factors such as engine torque, braking forces, and rolling resistance. In the 3DOF model, the longitudinal motion is described by a longitudinal velocity variable, which represents the speed of the vehicle along its path.Yaw Motion:Yaw motion refers to the rotation of a vehicle around its vertical axis, which passes through the vehicle's center of gravity. This motion is influenced by moments generated by tire forces and steering inputs. In the 3DOF model, yaw motion is described by a yaw rate variable, which represents the rate of rotation of the vehicle around its vertical axis.Model Equations:The 3DOF vehicle dynamics model is described by a set of ordinary differential equations. These equations represent the laws of motion in the lateral, longitudinal, and yaw directions. The equations are typically derived using Newton's laws of motion and principles of moment balance.The lateral motion equation takes into account tire forces, steering inputs, and sidewinds. The longitudinal motion equation considers factors like engine torque, braking forces, and rolling resistance. The yaw motion equation incorporates tire forces and steering moments to describe the vehicle's rotational dynamics.Applications:The 3DOF vehicle dynamics model finds applications in various areas of automotive engineering, including vehicle handling analysis, suspension design, and control systemdevelopment. It can be used to simulate vehicle responses to different driving scenarios, such as cornering, braking, and acceleration.By analyzing the model's responses, engineers can assess vehicle handling characteristics, identify potential issues, and optimize vehicle design. Additionally, the model can be extended to include more complex dynamic effects, such as tire roll dynamics and vehicle rollover stability, to further enhance its predictive capabilities.Conclusion:The three-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model is a valuable tool for analyzing vehicle handlingcharacteristics and understanding the dynamics of a vehicle under various driving conditions. Its simplicity and effectiveness make it a popular choice for automotive engineering applications, ranging from vehicle design and optimization to control system development. By leveraging this model, engineers can gain insights into vehicledynamics, improve vehicle performance, and enhance overall safety.。
CFD modelling of severe slugging in pipeline-riser system
CFD modelling of severe slugging in pipeline-riser systemL Xing, H Yeung Department of Offshore, Process & Energy Engineering Cranfield University, UKABSTRACT This work presents a numerical study on severe slugging and slug mitigation in a pipeline-riser system. Experiment and CFD modelling were performed on the 4” pipeline-riser system with a 55 m long pipeline followed by a 10.5 m high catenary riser at Cranfield University. The CFD model was developed and solved in Fluent. The model predictions of flow regime transition and slug frequency were compared with experimental data and those of OLGA model. The slug movement was described based on the predicted liquid holdup traces at different locations of the system. Slug mitigation methods such as increasing back pressure and choking riser outlet valve were simulated with the CFD model. Satisfactory agreement with the experimental data shows the validity of the proposed model. 1 INTRODUCTIONRiser-induced severe slugging imposes great instability on the offshore oil and gas production system including well, pipeline-riser and downstream processing facilities. To avoid or minimise the adverse impact of such instability, operating conditions should be selected properly and appropriate slug mitigation techniques should be adopted. An efficient model for predicting multiphase flow behaviour in pipeline-riser system is highly desirable to provide essential information for the design and operation of production system. Various severe slugging related models have been proposed by many researchers since the phenomenon was identified by Yocum (1). In terms of the application of these models they can be classified into three categories: (a) predicting the conditions under which severe slugging occurs (or the stability boundary between severe slugging and non severe slugging region in the flow regime map) (2-4); (b) predicting the key characteristic parameters of severe slugging such as slug frequency, slug length, slug velocity, riser base/top pressure, liquid buildup time, slug production time, etc. (5-10); (c) predicting the flow behaviour in pipeline-riser systems operated with slug mitigation techniques such as increasing backpressure, choking, gas lift, etc. (11-13). Models (a) are mainly steady-state models while Model (b) and (c) are transient models because the characteristics of severe slugging are time and space dependent. Most of the transient models are derived based on two common methods: two-fluid model and drift flux model.© BHR Group 2010 Multiphase 7373Both of them take the form of partial differential equations (PDE’s) for mass and momentum conservation and empirical correlations are required to close the model equations. Realising that the dimension of the PDE-based model is infinite, Storkaas et al. (14) developed a low dimensional model suitable for controllability analysis and controller design for active slug control. During the development of the above mechanistic models, various assumptions have been made to simplify the problem and ensure the existence of the solution. The main simplifications include: simple geometry with a straight pipeline followed by a vertical riser; estimated liquid holdup in the pipeline and void fraction in the riser using empirical correlations; neglected pressure loss along the pipeline and riser. Therefore the models are not applicable to a system with complex geometry such as a pipeline with a number of undulate sections and catenary or S-shape riser, where the liquid holdup in the pipeline and void fraction in the riser cannot be estimated accurately by the correlations and the pressure loss cannot be neglected. Commercial multiphase codes such as OLGA have been developed and widely used for gas/oil/water multiphase flow simulations. Kashou (15) verified OLGA by comparing simulation results with experimental data from two riser configurations (catenary and S-shaped). Generally the OLGA model could predict the flow regime and cycle time reasonably well, but the detailed pressure cycling characteristics were not correctly predicted. Yeung et al. (16) developed an OLGA model of the 4” pipeline-riser system at Cranfield University and demonstrated the importance of downstream conditions for the riser behaviour. The model was able to simulate the dramatic change in flow regime with the variation of the separator pressure, but the cycle time was longer and the minimum riser base pressure was lower compared with experimental data. One of the reasons to account for the mismatch between OLGA predictions and experimental data is that the one-dimensional (1D) transient model is not sufficient to capture the important characteristics of severe slugging. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling plays an important role in the study of multiphase flow because it is able to give detailed information of the flow field in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) space. A full 3D CFD model of a pipeline-riser system involves expensive computation efforts; however, it is demonstrated in this paper that a 2D model with acceptable computation efforts is able to predict the flow behaviour in a pipeline-riser system with reasonable accuracy. This work presents a systematic investigation on CFD modelling of gas-liquid two-phase flows using a commercial software Fluent. The objective is to propose a CFD model for characterising the flow behaviour, especially severe slugging, in a laboratory-scale pipeline-riser system and evaluating the performance of slug mitigation methods. A reasonably good agreement between CFD model predictions and experimental data shows that the CFD model is capable of modelling gas-liquid two-phase flows under dynamic conditions in the pipeline-riser system (stratified smooth/wavy flow in the pipeline, bubbly/slug/annular flow in the riser and severe slugging in the whole pipeline-riser system). Compared to the OLGA model of the same system more accurate flow regime and pressure difference over the riser can be predicted by the CFD model. 2 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION2.1 Experimental facility The experiment was conducted on the Three-Phase (air, oil and water) Test Facility (Figure 1) at Cranfield University. The test facility comprises four parts – the Fluid374© BHR Group 2010 Multiphase 7Supply and Meter S ring area, Valve M Manifold area, Test area and Separa ation area. This facility is controlle by the DeltaV® p f ed plant management system, which is a Fieldbus based Supervisory, Contr And Data Acquisition (SCADA) s S rol system to ensure th the system is hat monitored, the de m esired operation co onditions are achi ieved and the req quired data are recorded. The facil is capable of s r lity supplying a control lled and measured flowrate of air, oil o and water from the Fluid Supply a Metering area into the Test area and finally into and the t Separation area where the air, oil and water are separ a rated.Figure 1 Schematic of the three-pha test facility F ase A maximum air fl lowrate of 1410 m3/h at 7 barg can be supplied by th compressors. he Then the air is accu T umulated in a large air receiver to red e duce the pressure fluctuation from f the t compressor. Wa is supplied fro a 12.5 m3 capac water tank, and oil is supplied ater om city d from an oil tank o similar capacity The water and o are supplied by two identical f of y. oil y multistage Grundfo CR90-5 pumps r m os respectively. A max ximum flowrate of 100 m3/h at 10 f barg can be supplie by each of them. The startup, speed control and shutd b ed d down of the two pumps are operated remotely through the DeltaV®. p d h There are two pipe T eline-riser systems (2” vertical riser and 4” catenary riser) in the Test area. The two riser systems can be ru alternatively by setting appropriat valves in the a r un y te Valve Manifold ar V rea. Only 4” riser is used in the stud reported in this paper. The 4” dy s pipeline-riser syste consists of a 55 m long pipeline w 2° downwardly inclined and a p em with y catenary-shaped ris with a vertical height of 10.5 m. T riser discharge the fluid into c ser The es a vertical two-pha separator (1.2 m high and 0.5 m in diameter) whe the fluid is ase ere separated into liqu and gas for m s uid metering individua ally. A control val is installed lve between the two-ph b hase separator (top pside separator) and the riser outlet to conduct severe d slugging control te using riser out choking metho A Coriolis flow meter located s ests tlet od. w upstream of the rise top is used to mo u er onitor the mass flow wrate and density. Air, A water and oil are gravitationally separated in the horizontal three-p y phase separator. The T pressure, oil/w water interface level and gas/liquid int l terface level are con ntrolled using a pressure controller and two level co p r ontrollers, respectiv vely, maintained by the DeltaV®. b After separation a A and cleaning in th three-phase sep he parator the air is exhausted into atmosphere, and th water and oil en their respective coalescers, where the liquids are a he nter e e further cleaned bef f fore returning to the respective stora tanks. eir age© BHR Group 2010 Multiphase 73752.2 Flow regimes The experiment was carried out on the 4” pipeline-riser system with air and water as test fluids. The water flowrate (QL) ranges from 1 kg/s to 8 kg/s and the air flowrate (QG) from 10 Sm3/h to 70 Sm3/h. The corresponding superficial liquid velocity (USL) ranges from 0.1 m/s to 1.0 m/s and superficial air velocity (USG0) at standard conditions (101325 Pa, 293.15 K) is from 0.3 m/s to 2.5 m/s. The pressure in the three-phase separator and the flowrates of air and water are controlled during every test run. Different flow regimes have been obtained by fixing the water flowrate and changing the air flowrate. The flow regimes observed in the experiment are classified into four categories: severe slugging (SS), transitional severe slugging (TSS), oscillation flow (OSC) and continuous flow (CON). The flow regimes can be identified based on visual observations and analysis of the differential pressure between the riser base and riser top (riser DP). The flow regimes discussed in this paper are described as follows and typical riser DP traces for the four flow regimes are shown in Figure 2 (taking USL = 0.12 m/s for an example). Severe Slugging (SS): During the liquid buildup stage the slug length increases in both of the riser and pipeline, and the riser DP increases gradually. Once the liquid slug arrives at the riser top, the riser DP reaches its maximum and then remains roughly constant for a period (slug production stage). During this stage the slug tail in the pipeline moves towards the riser base and the slug front at the riser top moves into the topside separator. The liquid slug is hence longer than the riser length. The gas blowdown stage starts when the gas bubbles behind the slug tail continuously come into the riser. During the blowdown stage the liquid slug is swept out of the riser violently and then the gas rushes into the topside separator at a high velocity and the riser DP decreases sharply to its minimum. Transitional Severe Slugging (TSS): During the liquid buildup stage the slug length increases only in the riser, and no liquid backup in the pipeline can be found. The gas in the pipeline penetrates into the slug in the riser just as the slug front arrives at the riser top. Hence the slug length is approximately equal to the length of the riser. The maximum riser DP is almost the same as that of severe slugging, but no time period of constant riser DP exists. Transitional severe slugging is characterised by having no slug production stage. Oscillation Flow (OSC): During the liquid buildup stage the gas and liquid get into the riser alternatively, thus more than one aerated slugs separated by gas packets coexist in the riser. (A longer slug of the same length with the sum of the slugs is considered as an equivalent of them in discussions on the riser DP and slug frequency in Section 4.) This stage ends when the front of the first slug arrives at the riser top, and a blowdown stage follows immediately. The riser DP still exhibits cyclic behaviour, although the maximum is lower than those of SS and TSS. Continuous Flow (CON): The gas and liquid come into the riser continuously. No obvious ‘liquid buildup’ stages can be observed. The flow regimes in the riser are mainly slug flow with Taylor bubbles or annular flow. The riser DP remains roughly constant with irregular fluctuations of small amplitude. All of the first three flow regimes, i.e. SS, TSS and OSC, exhibit cyclic behaviour, which generates different levels of fluctuations/instabilities to the whole system including the fluid supply, pipeline-riser and downstream processing systems.376© BHR Group 2010 Multiphase 71.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 200 400 Flow time t, s 600 Riser DP, bar Riser DP, bar1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 200 400 Flow time t, s 600(a) SS: USG0 = 0.34 m/s1.2 1 Riser DP, bar 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 200 400 Flow time t, s 600 Riser DP, bar 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0(b) TSS: USG0 = 0.69 m/s0200 400 Flow time t, s600(c) OSC: USG0 = 1.03 m/s(d) CON: USG0 = 2.40 m/sFigure 2 Riser DP traces of SS, TSS, OSC and CON (USL = 0.12 m/s)3CFD MODEL DEVELOPMENTThe CFD model of gas-liquid two-phase flows in the pipeline-riser system is developed using a commercial CFD software Fluent (Release 6.3.26, 2006). 3.1 Model geometry The CFD model developed in this work is based on a laboratory-scale pipeline-riser system. In order to reduce the computation efforts, two kinds of simplifications are made. Firstly 2D models are created rather than 3D ones; secondly a majority of the long pipeline is simplified into a buffer vessel with the same volume as the represented pipeline section. It becomes possible that much coarser grid without high aspect ratio can be employed in the buffer vessel. The downstream conditions have significant impacts on the flow behaviour in the riser as demonstrated by Yeung et al. (16). In order to balance the model complexity and similarity to the real system, two geometries (Geometry I and II) are tested. As shown in Figure 3, Geometry I has no separator, while Geometry II has a two-phase separator of the same size with the topside separator used in the experiment.© BHR Group 2010 Multiphase 7377The T grids used to discretise the com mputation domain t throughout this wo are uniform ork grids containing qu g uadrilateral control volumes with ext refinement nea the walls and l tra ar bends. Grid dependency of the solut b tion has been checked by meshing th domain with he coarse and fine grids. The average ce sizes for the coa and fine grids are 10 cm × 20 c ell arse cm c and 5 cm × 10 c respectively. cme d Figure 3 Geometry I and II Table 1 Cell numb T bers for the coarse and fine grids e Cell Nu umber (Coarse) Geo ometry I Geometry II 10, 826 15, 813 Cell C Number (Fine) ) 40, 906 48, 2053.2 Boundary co 3 onditions In I the experiment the air and water mass flowrates at the inlet of the pipeline and the t p pressure in the th p hree-phase separato are controlled by PID controllers. Due to the or imperfect control f i fluctuations of the separator pressure and flowrates co e ould be induced by b pressure variat tions in the pipeline although the s values for the controllers are set constant. For the S case shown in F c SS Figure 2 (a), the m maximum variation relative to the n average value for the pipeline pressu is as high as 5 %, and those for the inlet air, a ure 50 fo water flowrate and separator pressure are 8 %, 5 % and 6 %, respectively In the present w d e d y. work constant mass flowrates and pre w essure are specified as the inlet and ou d utlet boundaries respectively. r The T temperature in ncrease from the pi ipeline inlet to the topside separator is at most 1 °C during one test run in the experimen Therefore the ef d n nt. ffect of the temper rature change is neglected in the CF model. The flu temperatures at the inlet and outl are set to be n FD uid t let the t same. 3.3 Turbulence a multiphase m 3 and models The standard k-ε model has been frequently used in practical eng T n d gineering flow applications due to its robustness, eco a o onomy and reasonable accuracy for a wide range of turbulent flows (1 t 17). As discussed in the experimen ntal section the tw wo-phase flow378© BHR Group 2010 Multiphase 7behaves in four different ways under different operation conditions. Even under the same conditions the flow behaviour in the riser is totally different from that in the pipeline and varies with time especially for the flow regimes SS, TSS and OSC. Considering the wide scope of the flow behaviour in the pipeline-riser system to be modelled the standard k-ε model is chosen as the turbulence model. The gas phase (air) is assumed as a compressible ideal gas. The air compressibility has to be taken into account because the compression and expansion of the gas phase are key stages for the SS, TSS and OSC flow regimes. The liquid phase (water) is assumed to be incompressible and has constant fluid properties. The ideal-gas/liquid two-phase flow becomes more complex as a deformable interface forms with one compressible phase. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) model is selected to model the air/water two-phase flow and track the volume fraction of each phase. The geometric reconstruction scheme is used to represent the interface between air and water using a piecewise-linear approach. 3.4 Solution method The flow regimes such as SS, TSS and OSC in the pipeline-riser system are cyclic processes, thus the unsteady solver is employed to simulate the transient flow behaviour. To obtain a stable cycle of the flow process, more than one cycle has to be simulated. Therefore the computation effort for the SS flow regime with a long cycle time is quite expensive. The variable time stepping method is adopted to reduce the computation time. The time step can be changed automatically based on the Courant number. The Courant number (CFL) is a dimensionless number that compares the time step (Δt) in a calculation to the characteristic time (ΔtTransit) of transit for a fluid element across a control volume (17). ΔTMin∑1The volume of each cell is divided by the sum of the outgoing fluxes. The smallest of the resulting time represents the time it would take for the fluid to empty out of the cell. The global time step ΔtGlobal is calculated as follows: ∆G ΔT 2 G where CFLglobal is the global Courant number. The global Courant number applied in this work is 5~10 to ensure convergence of the solutions for different flow conditions, and the resulting time step varies from 0.001 s to 0.01 s. 3.5 Model selection Two typical severe slugging cases have been simulated to examine the performance of the two model geometries and grid dependency of the solution. The optimum model with an appropriate geometry and grid density is selected based on the comparison between model predictions with experimental data. The outlet pressure is set to 1 barg. The inlet superficial air velocity (USG0) is 0.86 m/s, while the superficial water velocities (USL) are 0.62 m/s and 0.37 m/s for Case 1 and Case 2 respectively. Figure 4 (a) and (b) demonstrate the comparison of riser DP between model predictions and experimental data for Case 1 and Case 2 respectively. The maximum/minimum riser DP and cycle time are summarised in Table 2.© BHR Group 2010 Multiphase 73791.5Experimental data Simulation without separator Simulation with separatorCycle timeRiser DP /bar10.5Cycle time 0 50 100 150 200 Flow time, t /s 250 300(a) Case 1: USG0 = 0.86 m/s USL = 0.62 m/s1.5 Experimental data Simulation without separator Simulation with separatorCycle timeRiser DP /bar10.5Cycle time 0 50 100 150 200 Flow time, t /s 250 300(b) Case 2: USG0 = 0.86 m/s USL = 0.37 m/s Figure 4 Experimental and predicted riser DP by Model I and II Table 2 Maximum & minimum riser DP and cycle time of SS Case 1 Max (bar) Experiment Model I Model II 1.05 1.04 1.04 Min (bar) 0.46 0.23 0.35 Cycle time (s) 48.5 57.8 49.5 Max (bar) 1.05 1.04 1.04 Case 2 Min (bar) 0.38 0.16 0.29 Cycle time (s) 58.0 62.2 56.5It can be seen in Table 2 that the maximum riser DP can be predicted accurately for both of the two cases, thus the flow regime, severe slugging, can be identified correctly. Both of the two models over predict the cycle time by about 19 % (Model I) and 2 % (Model II) for Case 1; for Case 2 Model I over predicts by 7 % and Model II under predicts by380© BHR Group 2010 Multiphase 72.5 %. However, the deviation of the minimum riser DP predicted by the two models from experimental data are significant. Model I under predicts the minimum value by 50 % and 58 % for Case 1 and Case 2 respectively; while Model II under predicts by 24 % for the two cases. During the gas blowdown stage the compressed gas behind the severe slug expands and rushes out of the riser, which results in a pressure increase at the riser top. However, the pressure increase for Model I is much less than that for Model II because the gas is trapped in the topside separator for a period of time for Model II. Therefore, compared with Model I less gas volume is needed to expand for the pipeline pressure to decrease to its minimum for Model II, and less gas rushes out of the riser. Consequently less liquid is pushed out and more liquid is left in the riser. Thus the minimum riser DP for Model II is higher than that for Model I. It can be concluded that more accurate predictions of the riser DP can be obtained by Model II with a topside separator downstream compared with experimental data. Therefore, Model II is selected for grid dependency examination below. It needs to be mentioned that the simulation results shown in Figure 4 are obtained with the fine grid. Figure 5 shows the comparison of riser DP between model predictions by Model II with the fine and coarse grids and experimental data. As the same conclusion can be drawn from the two cases, only Case 1 is shown in Figure 5.1.2 1 Riser DP /bar 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 50 Experimental data Simulation with fine grid Simulation with coarse grid 100 150 200 Flow time, t /s 250 300Figure 5 Experimental and predicted riser DP by Model II with the coarse and fine grids for Case 1 (USG0 = 0.86 m/s USL = 0.62 m/s) It can be seen that the predicted riser DP by the models with the coarse and fine grids can match each other very well. This indicates that the solution does not deviate significantly even with the average cell size increased to 4 times in area. The computation time can be significantly reduced by using the coarse grid; however, the fine grid has been employed throughout the rest of this work. Because more reliable solutions are expected to be obtained for a wide range of flow conditions with the finer grid and the computation time is still acceptable. All the simulations have been performed on the computational "Grid" at Cranfield University. Grid compute nodes are HP DL160G5 servers, each of which has 2 Intel Xeon 5272 "Wolfdale" dual-core processors (clock speed 3.4 GHz) with 16 GB of RAM & 80 GB local SATA disk. One simulation case is run on one compute node with 4 cores in parallel. It takes about 48 hours of CPU time to simulate 300 s of flow time.© BHR Group 2010 Multiphase 73814SIMULATION OF TWO-PHASE FLOW IN PIPELINE-RISER SYSTEMThe CFD model with a topside separator downstream and finer grid is then solved under a wide range of flowrates i.e. QL = 1 kg/s to 4 kg/s and QG = 10 Sm3/h to 70 Sm3/h (UL = 0.1 m/s to 0.5 m/s; USG0 = 0.3 m/s to 2.5 m/s). An OLGA model of this pipeline-riser system with topside separator has also been set up in OLGA 5.3.2 and solved under the same conditions. The predicted flow regime and slug frequency by the two models are compared with the experimental data. The slug movement under severe slugging flow regime is described based on the liquid holdup time traces predicted by the CFD model. 4.1 Flow regime The flow regimes in the pipeline-riser system can be identified by examining the maximum and minimum riser DP and phase distribution. As discussed in Section 2.2 severe slugging is characterised by a slug production stage, during which the riser DP remains roughly constant at its maximum. The riser height is 10.5 m, thus the maximum riser DP is no less than 1.03 bar. As observed in the experiment the flow regime changes from severe slugging to oscillation flow with the increase of USG0 at a fixed UL. Figure 6 shows the variation of the maximum and minimum riser DP with the increase of the superficial air velocity at fixed water flowrates. The flow regime transition can be identified clearly from the variation of the maximum riser DP. Compared with the experimental data the critical USG0 from SS/TSS to OSC can be predicted very well by the CFD model. The difference of the critical USG0 between the CFD model prediction and experimental data is less than 0.17 m/s (5 Sm3/h for the 4” riser). For lower water flowrate (USL = 0.12 m/s) the predicted critical USG0 is lower, while for higher water flowrate (USL = 0.49 m/s) the predicted value is higher than that obtained from the experiment. For medium water flowrates (USL = 0.25 m/s and 0.37 m/s) the critical USG0 are the same with those from the experiment. The OLGA model gives the same predictions of flow regime with the CFD model for USL = 0.12 m/s and USL = 0.25 m/s, but for USL = 0.37 m/s and USL = 0.49 m/s the transitions from SS/TSS to OSC take place at much lower USG0.1.2 1 Riser DP, bar 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 Superficial air velocity USG0, m/s 2 2.5CFD: Max CFD: Min OLGA: Max OLGA: Min Exp: Max Exp: Min(a) QL = 1 kg/s USL = 0.12 m/s382© BHR Group 2010 Multiphase 7(b) Q L = 2 kg/s U SL = 0.25 m/s(c) Q L = 3 kg/s U SL = 0.37 m/s(d) Q L = 4 kg/s U SL = 0.49 m/sFigure 6 Comparison of the maximum and minimum riser DP between model predictions and experimental dataExamining the exact values of the maximum and minimum riser DP, the discrepancies between model predictions and experimental data vary with the water flowrate and flow regime.Superficial air velocity U SG0, m/sR i s e r D P , b a rSuperficial air velocity U SG0, m/sR i s e r D P , b a rSuperficial air velocity U SG0, m/sR i s e r D P , b a r(a)The predicted maximum riser DP by the two models changes smoothly with theincrease of U SG0. The same trend can be found in the experimental data for lower water flowrates (U SL = 0.12 m/s and 0.25 m/s), however, for higher water flowrates (U SL = 0.37 m/s and 0.49 m/s) abrupt decrease of the maximum riser DP takes place at the flow regime transition from SS/TSS to OSC. For OSC the maximum riser DP is under and over predicted by the CFD model for the lower and higher water flowrates respectively, but the OLGA model consistently under predicts the maximum compared with the experimental data and CFD model predictions.(b)The minimum riser DP is consistently under predicted by both of the two models forall the simulation cases and changes smoothly with the increase of U SG0. For the lowest water flowrate (U SL = 0.12 m/s) the CFD model predictions increase with the increase of U SG0, which agrees with the experimental data well. However, for the higher water flowrates (U SL = 0.37 m/s and 0.49 m/s) abrupt increases of the minimum cannot be observed at the flow regime transition from SS/TSS to OSC. It needs to be noted that the minimum riser DP predicted by the OLGA model is quite low (lower than 0.1 bar for all the cases).The possible reasons to account for the mismatch of the model predictions with experimental data are discussed as follows:(a)Under/over prediction of the maximum riser DP of OSC: The maximum riser DPof OSC mainly depends on the equivalent slug length during the liquid buildup stage.For OSC more than one aerated slugs separated by gas packets coexist in the riser. As observed in the experiment many gas bubbles with different sizes and shapes are distributed in the aerated slugs. It is postulated that the volume fractions of the widely distributed gas bubbles in the aerated slugs are not modelled appropriately.Consequently the equivalent slug length is not predicted accurately.(b)Under prediction of the minimum riser DP: The minimum riser DP mainlydepends on the amount of liquid in the riser after the gas blowdown stage. Firstly, the resistance of the system is not represented by the model adequately. The extra resistance induced by the Coriolis flow meter upstream of the riser top (as shown in Figure 1) and the flanges in the riser is not taken into consideration. The under representation of the resistance significantly reduces the resist to the fast movement of the fluids especially during the gas blowdown stage. Thus more liquid tends to be blown out of the riser. Secondly, the phase slip between gas and liquid in the riser is not modelled properly. During the gas blowdown stage, more liquid tends to be taken out of the riser by the gas with a very high velocity. At the end of this stage, with the decrease of the pressure in the pipeline the liquid velocity drops but no obvious liquid fallback can be observed from the model predictions.4.2 Slug frequencyThe SS, TSS and OSC are all cyclic processes, the cycle time of which can be obtained by calculating the average cycle time of the riser DP. The slug frequency, f slug, is the inverse of the average cycle time. For SS and TSS, the f slug is the frequency of the severe slugs, however, for OSC the f slug is a description of the equivalent slugs (see Section 2.2).The predicted slug frequency by the CFD and OLGA models is compared with experimental data in Figure 7. It can be observed from both experimental and simulation data that the slug frequency increases monotonously with the increase of the superficial air velocity at a fixed water flowrate. A reasonably good agreement of slug frequency between the model predictions and experimental data has been obtained although there are slight differences in detail for higher water flowrates (U SL = 0.37 m/s and 0.49 m/s). It needs to。
地源热泵原理资料(中英文版)
地源热泵空调系统介绍G.S.H.P Air Conditioning System Introduction1. 地源热泵空调系统的概念G.S.H.P Air Conditioning System concept地源热泵的广义理解是指以一切与大地有关的能量作为冷热源的热泵,包括以地下水为冷热源的水源热泵、以池塘、河流和湖泊等为冷热源的地源热泵等。
这里所指的地源热泵是指狭义的理解,指利用大地作为热源,其通过地下换热器直接与大地土壤进行热交换,而不需要开采地下水的地源热泵。
由于在地表以下一定深度的地层中在未受干扰的情况下常年保持恒定的温度,远高于冬季的室外温度,又低于夏季的室外温度,这样地源热泵可克服空气源热泵的技术障碍,大大提高效率。
而且不需要开采地下水,这样可以消除水源热泵开采地下水所带来的不利影响。
The broad sense of GSHP refers to all the energy associated with the earth serves as a heat pump for cold and heat sources, including groundwater heat pump, cold and heat sources in ponds, rivers and lakes such as cold and heat source of ground source heat pump and ground source heat pump. Here refers to the narrow sense, refers to the use of the land as the heat source. Through the underground heat exchanger for heat exchange directly with the soil of the earth, without the need for GSHP exploitation of groundwater. Due to a certain depth below the surface of the formation constant keeps undisturbed conditions of temperature, far higher than the outdoor temperature in winter, and lower than the outdoor temperature in summer, the ground source heat pump can overcome the technique disorder of the air source heat pump, greatly improve the efficiency. And does not require the exploitation of groundwater, it can eliminate the adverse effects caused by the exploitation of groundwater source heat pump.此外,冬季通过热泵把大地中的热量升高温度后对建筑供热,同时使大地中的温度降低,即蓄存了冷量,可供夏季使用;夏季通过热泵把建筑物中的热量传输给大地,对建筑物降温,同时在大地中蓄存热量以供冬季使用。
Geometric Modeling
Geometric ModelingGeometric modeling is a crucial aspect of computer-aided design and manufacturing, playing a fundamental role in various industries such as engineering, architecture, and animation. It involves the creation of digital representations of objects and environments using mathematical and computational techniques. This process enables designers and engineers to visualize, simulate, and analyze complex structures and shapes, leading to the development ofinnovative products and solutions. In this discussion, we will explore the significance of geometric modeling from different perspectives, considering its applications, challenges, and future advancements. From an engineering standpoint, geometric modeling serves as the cornerstone of product design and development. By representing physical components and systems through digital models, engineers can assess the performance, functionality, and manufacturability of their designs.This enables them to identify potential flaws or inefficiencies early in thedesign process, leading to cost savings and improved product quality. Geometric modeling also facilitates the creation of prototypes and simulations, allowing engineers to test and validate their ideas before moving into the production phase. As such, it significantly accelerates the innovation cycle and enhances theoverall efficiency of the product development process. In the field ofarchitecture and construction, geometric modeling plays a pivotal role in the conceptualization and visualization of building designs. Architects leverage advanced modeling software to create detailed 3D representations of structures, enabling clients and stakeholders to gain a realistic understanding of the proposed designs. This not only enhances communication and collaboration but also enables architects to explore different design options and assess their spatialand aesthetic qualities. Furthermore, geometric modeling supports the analysis of structural integrity and building performance, contributing to the creation of sustainable and resilient built environments. In the realm of animation andvisual effects, geometric modeling is indispensable for the creation of virtual characters, environments, and special effects. Artists and animators utilize sophisticated modeling tools to sculpt and manipulate digital surfaces, defining the shape, texture, and appearance of virtual objects. This process involves theuse of polygons, curves, and mathematical equations to create lifelike and dynamic visual elements that form the basis of compelling animations and cinematic experiences. Geometric modeling not only fuels the entertainment industry but also finds applications in scientific visualization, medical imaging, and virtual reality, enriching our understanding and experiences in diverse domains. Despite its numerous benefits, geometric modeling presents several challenges,particularly in dealing with complex geometries, large datasets, and computational efficiency. Modeling intricate organic shapes, intricate details, and irregular surfaces often requires advanced techniques and computational resources, posing a barrier for designers and engineers. Moreover, ensuring the accuracy and precision of geometric models remains a critical concern, especially in applications where small errors can lead to significant repercussions. Addressing these challenges demands continuous research and development in geometric modeling algorithms, data processing methods, and visualization technologies. Looking ahead, the future of geometric modeling holds tremendous promise, driven by advancements in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and computational capabilities. The integration of AI algorithms into geometric modeling tools can revolutionize the way designers and engineers interact with digital models, enabling intelligent automation, predictive analysis, and generative design. This paves the way for the creation of highly personalized and optimized designs, tailored to specific requirements and constraints. Furthermore, the convergence of geometric modeling with virtual and augmented reality technologies opens up new possibilities for immersive design experiences, interactive simulations, and digital twinning applications. In conclusion, geometric modeling stands as a vital enabler of innovation and creativity across various disciplines, empowering professionals to visualize, analyze, and realize their ideas in the digital realm. Its impact spans from product design and manufacturing to architecture, entertainment, and beyond, shaping the way we perceive and interact with the physical and virtual worlds. As we continue to push the boundaries of technology and imagination, geometric modeling will undoubtedly remain at the forefront of transformative advancements, driving progress and unlocking new frontiers of possibility.。
基于创新扩散理论的中国电动汽车广义Bass模型_任斌
1
引言
划( 2012 ~ 2020 年) 》 获国务院通过, 根据该规划, 我国汽 车工业转型以纯电驱动为主要战略取向, 纯电动汽车和插 电式混合动力汽车到 2015 年累计产销量预计超过 50 万 辆, 到 2020 年生产能力达 200 万辆、 累计产销量超过 500 万辆。然而面对汽车工业基础相对薄弱, 配套设施建设不 足和没有西方成熟的商业模式作为借鉴的现实, 中国汽车 工业是否准备好在未来十年迎来电动车时代的到来? 诚 然, 无人能够准确预测十年以后的中国电动汽车市场规 模, 就像十年前无人能预见到中国汽车市场会超过美国一 样。但是, 根据我国的特殊国情建立合适的电动汽车扩散 模型, 将有助于准确把握未来市场的成长机会, 以辨别市 场发展的关键影响要素。
[1 ] 热潮, 虽然有所发展, 却始终不成气候 。 2012 年 4 月 18 日 , 《节能与新能源汽车产业发展规
收稿日期: 2012 - 07 - 31 基金项目: 上海市优秀学术带头人计划项目( 11XD1405100 ) 作者简介: 任 斌( 1988 - ) , 男, 浙江上虞人, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为电动汽车与科技创新; 邵鲁宁( 1982 - ) , 男, 山东泰安 人, 讲师, 研究方向为科技发展与管理; 尤建新( 1961 - ) , 男, 江苏苏州人, 教授、 博士生导师, 研究方向为创新与质量管理 。
外文翻译---用于量子密钥的单光子APD探测器设计
Design and Characterization of Single Photon APD Detector forQKD ApplicationAbstractModeling and design of a single photon detector and its various characteristics are presented. It is a type of avalanche photo diode (APD) designed to suit the requirements of a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) detection system. The device is modeled to operate in a gated mode at liquid nitrogen temperature for minimum noise and maximum gain. Different types of APDs are compared for best performance. The APD is part of an optical communication link, which is a private channel to transmit the key signal. The encrypted message is sent via a public channel. The optical link operates at a wavelength of 1.55μm. The design is based on InGaAs with a quantum efficiency of more than 75% and a multiplication factor of 1000. The calculated dark current is below 10-12A with an overall signal to noise ratio better than 18dB. The device sensitivity is better than -40dBm, which is more than an order of magnitude higher than the dark current, corresponding to a detection sensitivity of two photons in pico-second pulses.I. INTRODUCTIONPhoton detectors sensitive to extremely low light levels are needed in a variety of applications. It was not possible to introduce these devices commercially several years ago because of the stringent requirements of QKD. Research efforts however resulted in photon detectors with reasonably good performance characteristics. The objective here is to model a single photon detector of high sensitivity, suitable for a QKD system. The detector is basically an APD, which needs cooling to very low temperature (77K) for the dark current to be low. The wavelength of interest is 1.55μm. Different applications may impose different requirements, and hence the dependence of the various parameters on wavelength, temperature, responsivity, dark current, noise etc, are modeled. Comparison of the results from calculations based on a suitable model provides amenable grounds to determine the suitability of each type of APD for a specific application.Attacks on communication systems in recent years have become a main concern accompanying the technological advances. The measures and counter measures against attacks have driven research effort towards security techniques that aim at absolute infallibility. Quantum Mechanics is considered one of the answers, due to inherent physical phenomena. QKD systems which depend on entangled pairs orpolarization states will inevitably require the usage of APDs in photon detection systems. How suitable these detectors may be, depends on their ability to detect low light level signals, in other words “photon counting”. It is therefore anticipated that the application of high security systems will be in high demand in a variety of fields such as banking sector, military, medical care, e-commerce, e-government etc.Ⅱ. AV ALANCHE PHOTO DIODEA. Structure of the APDFig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of an APD. The APD is a photodiode with a built-in amplification mechanism. The applied reverse potential difference causes accelerates photo-generated carriers to very high speeds so that a transfer of momentum occurs upon collisions, which liberates other electrons. Secondary electrons are accelerated in turn and the result is an avalanche process. The photo generated carriers traverse the high electric field region causing further ionization by releasing bound electrons in the valence band upon collision. This carrier generation mechanism is known as impact ionization. When carriers collide with the crystal lattice, they lose some energy to the crystal. If the kinetic energy of a carrier is greater than the band-gap, the collision will free a bound electron. The free electrons and holes so created also acquire enough energy to cause further impact ionization. The result is an avalanche, where the number of free carriers grows exponentially as the process continues.The number of ionization collisions per unit length for holes and electrons is designated ionization coefficients αn and αp, respectively. The type of materials and their band structures are responsible for the variation in αn and αp. Ionization coefficients also depend on the applied electric field according tothe following relationship:,exp[]n p b a Eαα=- (1) For αn = αp = α, the multiplication factor, M takes the form11aW M -= (2)W is the width of the depletion region. It can be observed that M tends to ∞ when αW →1, whichsignifies the condition for junction breakdown. Therefore, the high values of M can be obtained whenthe APD is biased close to the breakdown region.The thickness of the multiplication region for M = 1000, has been calculated and compared withthose found by other workers and the results are shown in Table 1. The layer thickness for undoped InPis 10μm, for a substrate thickness of 100μm .The photon-generated electron-hole pairs in the absorption layer are accelerated under theinfluence of an electric field of 3.105V/cm. The acceleration process is constantly interrupted by randomcollisions with the lattice. The two competing processes will continue until eventually an averagesaturation velocity is reached. Secondary electron-hole pairs are generated at any time during theprocess, when they acquire energy larger than the band gap Eg. The electrons are then accelerated andmay cause further impact ionization.Impact ionization of holes due to bound electrons is not as effective as that due to free electrons.Hence, most of the ionization is achieved by free electrons. The avalanche process then proceedsprincipally from the p to the n side of the device. It terminates after a certain time, when the electronsarrive at the n side of the depletion layer. Holes moving to the left create electrons that move to the right,which in turn generate further holes moving to the left in a possibly unending circulation. Although this feedback process increases the gain of the device, it is nevertheless undesirable for several reasons. First, it is time consuming and reduces the device bandwidth. Second, it is a random process and therefore increases the noise in the device. Third, it is unstable, which may cause avalanche breakdown.It may be desirable to fabricate APDs from materials that permit impact ionization by only one type of carriers either electrons or holes. Photo detector materials generally exhibit different ionization rates for electrons and holes. The ratio ofthe two ionization rates k = βi/αi is a measure of the photodiode performance. If for example, electrons have higher ionization coefficient, optimal behavior is achieved by injecting electrons of photo-carrier pairs at the p-type edge of the depletion layer and by using a material with k value as small as possible. If holes are injected, they should be injected at the n-type edge of the depletion layer and k should be as large as possible. Single-carrier multiplication is achieved ideally, when k = 0 with electrons or with k = ∞for holes.B.Geiger ModeGeiger mode (GM) operation means that the diode is operated slightly above the breakdown threshold voltage, where a single electron–hole pair can trigger a strong avalanche. In the case of such an event, the electronics reduce the diode voltage to below the threshold value for a short time called “dead time”, during which the avalanche is stopped and the detector is made ready to detect the next batch of photons. GM operation is one of the basic of Quantum Counting techniques when utilizing an avalanche process (APD) that increases the detector efficiency significantly.There are a number of parameters related to Geiger mode. The general idea however is to temporarily disturb the equilibrium inside the APD.The Geiger mode is placing the APD in a gated regime and the bias is raised above the breakdownvoltage for a short period of time. Fig. 2 shows the parameters characterizing the Geiger operation. The rise and fall times of the edges are neglected because they are made fast. Detection of single photons occurs during the gate window.作者:Khalid A. S. Al-Khateeb, Nazmus Shaker Nafi, Khalid Hasan国籍:美国出处:Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 2010 International Conference on 11-12 May 2010用于量子密钥的单光子APD探测器设计摘要本文提出的是单光子探测器及其各种特性的建模与设计。
JMAG脉动转矩分析brushless电机
Cogging Torque Analysis of an SPM Motor with aSkewed StatorContentsOverview (2)1 Analysis Scope (3)2 Motor Specification (3)3 Analysis Results (5)3.1 Flux Density Distribution (5)3.2 Cogging Torque (6)4 Analysis Steps (7)5 FEM Model Creation (8)5.1 Mesh Model (8)5.1.1 3D Model (8)5.1.2 Partial Model (8)5.1.3 Air Region (8)5.1.4 Winding Modeling (9)5.1.5 Mesh Generation (9)5.2 Material Properties (9)5.3 Analysis Conditions (9)5.3.1Analysis Control (9)5.3.2Step (10)5.3.3Periodic Boundary (10)5.3.4Symmetry Boundary 3D (10)5.3.5Motion (10)5.3.6Slide (10)5.3.7Electromagnetic Force and Torque Calculation (10)6 Results Display (11)6.1 Flux Density Distribution (11)6.2 Cogging torque (11)Appendix a Settings of the JMAG Analysis (12)Appendix a.1Mesh Model (12)Appendix a.2Material Properties (14)Appendix a.3Analysis Conditions (15)OverviewThe application note provides some ground for JMAG analysis. The purpose of this note is to facilitate JMAG users to gain understanding on steps and settings required for new analysis. Download the model data from JMAG Application Catalog to view the analysis model, settings and results described in the application note.The structure of the note is as follows:Section 1 Analysis ScopePresents the scope of the analysis.Section 2 Motor SpecificationSpecifies the SPM motor used for the analysis, including the geometry andspecification of the motor, material properties of the parts and the orientation of themagnet.Analysis ResultsSection 3Shows the results obtained from the analysis.Section 4 Analysis StepsExplains the analysis steps required to obtain the results presented in Section 3.Section 5 FEM Model CreationProvides some ground for the analysis settings, including the mesh model, materialproperties and the condition settings.Section 6 Results DisplayDescribes how to display the analysis results including the flux density distributionand the cogging torque waveform.AppendixShows the JMAG mesh model and the lists of the settings including materialproperties and analysis conditions. The analysis settings are identical to the settingsused on the model data available from our Website.The JMAG module(s) and the version used for the analysis are:Module TRVersion 8.41 Analysis ScopeFor motors, there is a need of reducing vibration and noise. Cogging torque is one cause of vibration and noise, so reducing cogging torque is an important issue. And one way of reducingthe cogging torque is to skew either the rotor or the stator.This note presents the use of magnetic field analysis to evaluate the cogging torque of an SPMmotor with the skewed stator.2 Motor SpecificationThe specification of the SPM motor used for the analysis is shown below.ShaftStator coreMagnetFig. 2-1 SPM motorTable 2-1SpecificationNumber of poles 4Number of slots 12Skew angle 15 degreesRotation speed 1,800 rpmShaft R:7.85mm Magnet Outer R: 11.35 mm, width: 13.5 mm, stack length: 12 mmStator core Inner R: 12.6 mm, outer R: 26.7 mm, stack length: 12 mmTable 2-2 Material propertiesPart Magnetizing properties Shaft Isotropic magnetic material: see Fig. 2-2 for BH curveMagnet Recoil Relative Permeability: 1.023,Coercive force: 7.0×105 A/m Orientation: see Fig. 2-3Stator coreIsotropic magnetic steel sheet: 50H600Coil Non-magnetic material0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.8050001000015000200002500030000Magnetic field, A/mF l u x d e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n , TFig. 2-2 BH curve (shaft)Fig. 2-3 Orientation of the magnet3 Analysis ResultsThe flux density distribution and the cogging torque waveform of the SPM motor can be obtained from analysis of the SPM motor described in Section 2. Refer to Section 6 for displaying these results.3.1 Flux Density DistributionFig. 3-1 shows the flux density distribution and Fig. 3-2 shows the waveform of the flux density in the gap. The flux density waveform is the average of the flux density waveforms at 3 points that are on the linear line in the axial direction as shown in Fig. 3-1. Fig. 3-1 shows that the magnetic circuit is changed by the application of the skew. Since the skew misaligns the phases of these 3 flux density waveforms, the variation of the averaged flux density waveform is small as shown in Fig. 3-2. So it is expected that the cogging torque may be reduced by applying the skew.(Unit:T)Fig.3-10.400.420.440.460.480.500.520.540.560.580.600102030405060708090Rotation angle, degreeF l u x d e n s i t y , TFig. 3-2 Flux density waveform in the gap3.2 Cogging TorqueFig. 3-3 shows the cogging torque waveform of the SPM motor with and without the skewed stator. The peak value of cogging torque of the skewed stator is reduced by about 60 percent when compared to that of the nonskewed stator.-0.010-0.008-0.006-0.004-0.0020.0000.0020.0040.0060.0080.010010203040506Rotation angle, degreeT o r q u e , N mFig. 3-3 Cogging torque waveform4 Analysis StepsTo evaluate the cogging torque of the SPM motor with skewed stator, the transient response magnetic field analysis is used.For this analysis, FEM model is created using 3D CAD data.Two different FEM models, CAD data with skew and CAD data without skew, are used for the analysis; however, the analysis conditions and analysis steps are the same for both FEM models.The details of the analysis are provided in the following sections.STEP1:Create an FEM modelSTEP2:Run magnetic field analysisSTEP3:Evaluate the results5 FEM Model CreationAn FEM model is required to run magnetic field analysis.The FEM model is composed of a mesh model, material properties, and analysis conditions. The settings required for the cogging torque calculation are as follows.5.1 Mesh ModelSome specific points to note on the creation of a mesh model are provided next. Refer to “Appendix a.1 Mesh Model” for the list of the meshing parameters used for the analysis.5.1.1 3D Model3D model can be used when the stator core is skewed and the magnetic circuit has the 3D structure.5.1.2 Partial ModelA quarter model can be used when the motor geometry has a periodicity of 90 degrees, and the magnetic field reverses every 90 degrees.The analysis can be run efficiently with the partial model because it can reduce the time for data creation and calculation as well as the load to the computer.The partial model requires the periodic boundary condition settings. For details, see “5.3.3 Periodic Boundary”.5.1.3 Air RegionWhen the magnetic circuit is closed within the rotor and the stator, the radius of the mesh model including the air region can be set to 1.25 times the radius of the motor.The air region is required even if the magnetic circuit is closed within the motor because of the flux leakage caused by the saturation. The adequate size of the air region is 1.05 to 2.5 times the radius of the stator, and the optimum value varies with state of the saturation.The symmetry boundary condition needs to be specified on the circumference of the mesh model, assuming that the magnetic field does not leak out of the air region. For details, see “5.3.4 Symmetry Boundary 3D”.5.1.4 Winding ModelingTo simplify the model of the coil end, a solid model of the stator coil is created as the length of the stator coil is to be 2.0 times the thickness of the motor.Since the effect of magnetic saturation at the stator core where flux flows is considered small, almost all of the interlinkage flux through the coil seems to flow into the stator core. Even if the model of the coil end is simplified, there is no impact on the current flow. The adequate size of the solid model is 1.25 to 2.5 times the thickness of the alternator, and the optimum value varies with the state of the saturation.5.1.5 Mesh GenerationAs the shaft and the magnet have the rotation motion, the cylindrical slide mesh option can be used to generate the mesh in the gap between the stator and the rotor. The size of elements in the gap varies with the motor geometry.To analyze the amplitude and the periodicity of cogging torque accurately, the mesh should be divided in circumferential direction. For this analysis, the number of divisions in the circumferential direction is set to 90 in order to divide one period (30 degrees) of cogging torque into 30. The number of divisions in the radial direction is set to 3.To generate the fine mesh at the gap, the size of elements should be set for the solid face facing the gap.5.2 Material PropertiesThe material properties of the parts vary with the motor. For this analysis, the values are specified with reference to the material properties as described in Table 2-2. For the settings, see “Appendix a.2 Material Properties”.5.3 Analysis ConditionsSome specific points to note on the analysis conditions are provided next. For the settings, see “Appendix a.3 Analysis Conditions”.5.3.1Analysis ControlA 3D model can be used for the analysis, as explained in “5.1.1 3D Model”. The transient response analysis should be selected when the rotation motion of the rotor is the time-varying phenomenon.When a quarter model is used for the analysis, the result conversion factor for the FEM model is set to 4.5.3.2StepThe rotor is set to rotate 1 degree per step in this analysis, and the time interval must be specified for each rotation speed. When the analysis is run for the mechanical angle of 60 degrees, the number of steps is set to 61 and the time interval is set to 1/10800 seconds.5.3.3Periodic BoundaryThe periodic boundary must be specified when a partial model is used, as explained in “5.1.2 Partial Model”. The anti periodic boundary is set to 90 degrees, since the model geometry has a periodicity of 90 degrees in the circumferential direction and the direction of the magnetic field reverses every 90 degrees.When the center of the rotation is the origin and the rotation axis is Z-axis, a point on potation axis is set to (0,0,0) and the direction of rotation axis is set to (X,Y,Z)=(0,0,1).5.3.4Symmetry Boundary 3DThe symmetry boundary must be set on the circumference of the mesh model, assuming that the magnetic field does not leak out of the air region. The flux flows parallel and the current flows perpendicular to the face where this condition has been specified.5.3.5MotionThe motion condition should be set on the rotating parts including the shaft and the magnet. When the center of the rotation is the origin and the rotation axis is Z-axis which rotates in a counterclockwise direction, a point on rotation axis is set to (0,0,0) and the direction of rotation axis is set to (VX,VY,VZ)=(0,0,1). The rotation speeds is set to the constant with 1800 rpm according to the specification described in Table 2-1.5.3.6SlideThe cylindrical slide mesh option can be used to generate the mesh, as explained in “5.1.5 Mesh Generation”. With this option, the slide condition would be set automatically during the mesh generation.5.3.7 Electromagnetic Force and Torque CalculationFor this analysis, this condition is set on the shaft and the magnet to calculate the torque generated in the rotating parts. The nodal force method is used when the condition is set on the magnetic material.6 Results DisplayThe followings instruct how to view the analysis results described in Section 3.6.1 Flux Density DistributionWhen magnetic field analysis is complete, the results are exported to the PLOT file.In this note, the flux density distribution is displayed in contour. The flux density waveform is displayed in the graph using the spreadsheet software.To display the flux density distribution as shown in Fig. 3-1, open the PLOT file, and select Results > Magnetic Flux Density > Contour > Magnetic Flux Density.To display the flux density waveform as shown in Fig. 3-2, open the PLOT file, and select elements in the gap on the rotor side. To obtain the averaged flux density waveform in the axis direction, select three points on the straight line. Selected points are shown in Fig. 6-1. Then, select Results > Magnetic Flux Density > Table > Magnetic Flux Density > Step Range: All > Export File. Values of the flux density at each step are exported. Fig. 3-2 shows the averaged flux density waveform of three points obtained using the spreadsheet software. In this note, the flux density with and without skew are displayed in one graph.Fig. 6-1Air region on the rotor side (●: selected elements)6.2 Cogging torqueWhen magnetic field analysis is complete, the results are exported to the PLOT file.In this note, the torque generated at the rotating parts is displayed by the history graph.To create the history graph as shown in Fig. 3-3, open the PLOT files, and select Results > Torque (Electromagnetic force) > History, and then select Option > Show Rotation Angle. Change the label of X-axis from ‘Time’ to ‘Rotation angle’ to display cogging torque.AppendixAppendix a Settings of the JMAG AnalysisThe mesh model and the settings including the material properties and the analysis conditions are shown in the following sections. The settings are the identical to the model data ”JAC024SPM-Skew-01e.jcf” and ”JAC024SPM-noSkew-01e.jcf”, which can be downloaded from “Cogging Torque Analysis of an SPM Motor with a Skewed Stator” in online JMAG Application Catalog.Appendix a.1Mesh ModelThe mesh model used for the analysis is shown in Fig. a-1 and Fig. a-2. The settings for the mesh generation are listed in Table a-1. For the ground for the settings, see “5.1 Mesh Model”.Fig. a-1Mesh model with skew (number of elements: 224,053)Fig. a-2Mesh model without skew (number of elements: 227,419)Table a-1Automatic mesh generationParameter ValueMesh Type Cylindrical SlideMeshType of Input Data SolidNumber of division alongRadial Direction3Number of Division along Circumferential Direction 90Cylindrical Slide MeshParametersScale of Air Region in Vertical Direction 1 Scale of Air Region 1.25 Air Region Element Size (mm) 5 Shaft Element Size (mm) 2.0Magnet Element Size (mm) 1.0Stator core Element Size (mm) 1.0Coil Element Size (mm) 3.0 PartsSolid face ofthe gapElement Size (mm) 0.4Appendix a.2Material PropertiesThe material properties specified on the model are listed on Table a-2. For the ground for thesettings, see “5.2 Material Properties”.Table a-2Material propertiesPart Parameter Value Type Isotropic Magnetic MaterialType NonlinearMaterial(B-H) Shaft MagnetizingProperties Point Sequence See Fig. 2-3Type MagnetType LinearMaterialMagnetizing Properties Recoil RelativePermeability1.023Type ParallelPattern(Circular Direction) Number of Poles 4Starting Position theta 0 (deg) 45X-coordinate (m) 0Y-coordinate (m) 0MagnetizationDirectionCenterPointZ-coordinate (m) 0MagnetCoercive Force (A/m) 700,000Type Isotropic Magnetic Steel SheetType NipponSteel(MaterialDatabase) Stator core MagnetizingProperties Point Sequence 50H600U phase coil Type CoilV phase coil Type CoilW phase coil Type CoilAppendix a.3 Analysis ConditionsThe settings of the analysis conditions and the circuit conditions are listed in Table a-3 and Table a-4. For the ground for the settings, see “5.3 Analysis Conditions”. The conditions highlighted in bold are specific to the motor, so there is no need to change the settings when the analysis content is changed. The conditions not highlighted in bold can be modified freely.Table a-3 Analysis conditionsCondition Parameter ValueType3D Transient Response Analysis Analysis Control (see 5.3.1) Conversion Factor Periodic Boundary4 Number of Steps61 Step Regular IntervalInitial Value (sec)0 End Point (sec) 1 Step (see 5.3.2)Regular IntervalNumber of Division 10,800TargetXZ plane of mesh modelBoundary Anti-Periodic Boundary Periodicity RotationalA Point on Rotation Axis X,Y , Z coordinate (m) (0,0,0) Direction of Rotation Axis X,Y , Z(0,0,1) Periodic Boundary (see 5.3.3)Angle (deg)90Symmetry Boundary 3D (see 5.3.4) TargetOuter circumference of the mesh modelTarget Shaft, magnet Type RotationA Point on Rotation Axis X,Y and Z coordinate (m)(0,0,0) Direction of Rotation AxisVX,VY and VZ(0,0,1)Definition DisplacementMethod Constant: 1800rpmMotion (see 5.3.5)Parameter Velocity Region Face (Edge) 1 Gap edge on rotor side Slide (see 5.3.6)TargetRegion Face (Edge) 2Gap edge on stator sideTable a-4Analysis conditionsCondition Parameter Value Target Shaft,magnetA Point on TorqueAxisX,Y,Z coordinate (m) (0,0,0)Torque Axis Vector X,Y, Z (0,0,1)Electromagnetic Forceand Torque Calculation(see 5.3.7)Method NodalForceURL http://www.jri.co.jp/pro-eng/jmag/support/e/catalog/Technical SupportJRI Solutions, Ltd.Engineering Technology DivisionJMAG Support Teamjmag-support@sci.jri-sol.co.jporDistributor in your countryJMAG Application Note Copyright(C) 2006-2007 JRI Solutions, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.。
languages, patterns
Model Driven Distribution Pattern Design for Dynamic WebService CompositionsRonan Barrett,Claus PahlSchool of ComputingDublin City UniversityDublin9,Ireland {rbarrett|cpahl}@computing.dcu.ieLucian M.Patcas,John Murphy School of Computer Science and Informatics University College DublinBelfield,Dublin4,Ireland {lucian.patcas|j.murphy}@ucd.ieABSTRACTWeb service compositions are often used to realise service-based enterprise applications.These enterprise systems are built from many existing discrete applications,often legacy applications exposed using Web service interfaces.Accep-tance of these systems is often constrained by non-functional aspects,such as Quality of Service(QoS).A number of fac-tors affect the QoS of an enterprise system,including avail-ability,scalability and performance.There are a number of architectural configurations or distribution patterns,which express how a composed system is to be deployed.These distribution patterns have a direct impact upon the QoS of the composition.However,the amount of code required to realise these distribution patterns is considerable.Ad-ditionally,there is an increased deployment time associated with setting up different distribution patterns.We therefore propose a novel approach which combines a Model Driven Architecture using UML2.0for modeling and subsequently generating Web service compositions,with a method for achieving dynamic decentralised interaction amongst ser-vices with reduced deployment overheads.These approaches combined provide for the generation of dynamic Web service compositions driven by a distribution pattern model.Categories and Subject DescriptorsD.2.11[Software Engineering]:Software Architectures—languages,patternsGeneral TermsDesign,Management,Performance,ReliabilityKeywordsDistribution patterns,Web services,compositions,decen-tralisation,MDA1.INTRODUCTIONService-based enterprise applications are often realised by composing a number of Web services.The development of such composite Web services is often ad-hoc,without re-gard for non-functional requirements,and requires consid-Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).ICWE’06,July11-14,2006,Palo Alto,California,USA.ACM1-59593-352-2/06/0007.erable low level coding effort for realisation[1].We address these issues with a modeling approach,a non-intrusive de-centralised interaction mechanism,and a solution for dy-namic deployment of the composition,to address these is-sues.Our novel approach combines a Model Driven Archi-tecture using UML2.0,for modeling and subsequently gen-erating Web service compositions,with a method for achiev-ing decentralised communication amongst services.We also provide a Web service based facility for enabling the dy-namic deployment of compositions.Our modeling approach suggests that Web service com-positions have three modeling aspects.Two aspects,ser-vice modeling and workflow modeling,are considered by [18].Service modeling expresses interfaces and operations while workflow modeling expresses the control and dataflow from one service to another.We consider an additional as-pect,distribution pattern modeling[21],which expresses how the composed system is to be deployed.Distribution patterns are an abstraction mechanism useful for achiev-ing non-functional requirements or QoS[2].Patterns ex-press proven techniques,which make it easier to reuse suc-cessful designs and architectures[9].Having the ability to model,and thus alter the distribution pattern,allows an enterprise to utilise distribution patterns which meet their QoS requirements.Two well known patterns are centralised and peer-to-peer,both of which offer different QoS char-acteristics.For example centralised patterns express high maintainability,but exhibit poor performance and scalabil-ity when compared to peer-to-peer patterns,due to a central message bottleneck[4].We base our development approach on the OMG’s Model Driven Architecture(MDA)[8].MDA considers models as formal specifications of the structure or function of a system where the modeling language is in fact the programming lan-guage.Having rich,well specified,high level models allows for the auto-generation of a fully executable system based entirely on the model.Our models will be generated based on existing Web service interfaces,requiring only limited intervention from a software architect,who defines the dis-tribution pattern,to complete the model.Our approach provides a high level model which intu-itively expresses,and subsequently generates,the system’s distribution pattern using a UML2.0based Activity di-agram[7].Some associated benefits of our modeling ap-proach are isolation from the instability of unstandardised web composition technologies,as well as fast andflexible development of compositions.Motivated by these concerns,we have devised an approach,a technique and an implemen-tation,for the model driven design of distribution patterns. There is however additional deployment time overheads associated with enabling different distribution patterns.This effort is increased in proportion to the number of Web ser-vices in a composition or by a requirement for composition participants to beflexible[3].Distribution patterns such as peer-to-peer have considerable QoS advantages,discussed in the following section,but have a large deployment overhead when compared to centralised approaches.We propose a mechanism which allows documents,necessary to describe decentralised interactions,to be passed for deployment and subsequent enactment to each participant in a composition. This approach enhances the service container of each partic-ipant to enable decentralised composition,while preserving the existing functionality of these services.The paper is structured as follows:section two discusses our modeling approach,some distribution patterns and de-centralised composition issues;section three investigates our modeling and transformation technique,as well as a moti-vating case study;section four introduces our tool imple-mentation;sectionfive evaluates our approach;section six presents some related work;finally,section seven considers future work and concludes the paper.2.BACKGROUNDIn this section,we provide some background to exist-ing modeling approaches,present some distribution patterns and introduce some issues related to decentralised composi-tion.There is a subtle difference between two of the modeling aspects within a Web service composition,namely work-flows and distribution patterns[21].Both aspects refer to the high level cooperation of components,termed a collabo-ration,to achieve some compound novel task[17].Here,we consider workflows as compositional orchestrations,whereby the internal and external messages to and from services are modeled,as well as the business logic,from the perspec-tive of only one of the participants in the composition.In contrast,distribution patterns are considered compositional choreographies,where only the external messages between services are modeled.Distribution patterns,as a composi-tional choreography,consider only the messageflow between services.As such,a choreography can express how a sys-tem would be deployed.The compositional orchestration of these services are not modeled here,as there are many ex-isting approaches[6,10].In fact the two approaches could be combined to provide a more complete model of the com-position from both the workflow and distribution pattern perspectives.Distribution patterns in MDA terms are a form of platform-independent model(PIM),because the patterns are not tied to any specific workflow specification language.We consider there to be four basic distribution patterns,which are listed below and elaborated in[5].•Centralised•Decentralised or Peer-to-Peer•Ring•HierarchicalIn order to exploit the potential of pattern-driven chore-ography definition,the consideration of a variety of patterns is beneficial,see Figure1.Each pattern presents different QoS characteristics,such as varying levels of autonomy,per-formance,scalability andavailability.Peer-to-Peer PatternCentralised PatternHierarchical PatternFigure1:Examples of distribution patternsIn a centralised pattern,a composition is managed in a single location by the enterprise initiating the composition. This pattern is the most widespread and is appropriate for compositions that only span a single enterprise.The ad-vantages are ease of implementation and low deployment overhead,as only one controller is required to manage the composition.However,this pattern suffers from a communi-cation bottleneck at the central controller.This represents a scalability and availability issue for larger enterprises[3]. The peer-to-peer pattern[21]addresses many of the short-comings of the centralised pattern by distributing the man-agement of the composition amongst its participants,re-sulting in improved scalability,availability and performance [3][14].This pattern allows a composed system to span mul-tiple enterprises while providing each enterprise with auton-omy[20].It is most important for security that each business acts upon its private data but only reveals what is necessary to be a compositional partner.In a peer-to-peer pattern,the initiating peer is only privy to the initial input data andfi-nal output data of a composition.It is not aware of any of the intermediate participant values,unlike a centralised pattern.The disadvantages of a peer-to-peer pattern are in-creased development complexity and additional deployment overheads.The ring pattern,is an enhancement of the centralised pattern.It features a cluster of computational resources providing load balancing and high availability.There is no longer a single point of failure or bottleneck as the load is spread across the entire ring,however all the participants are normally at the same physical site.Each of the participants in this pattern perform an identical function.The hierarchical pattern facilitates organisations whose management structure consists of a number of levels,by providing a number of controller hubs.This partitioning of the system allows for the delegation of work to departments, providing for security of data as well as scalability,as more controllers manage the compositions as the system scales up. The hierarchical pattern is easily extended by adding addi-tional controlling hubs.The disadvantage of this pattern isUML 2.0 ModelUML 2.0Model Distribution PatternDPLValid DPLorDPL errorsExecutable SystemInteraction Logic/Interfaces/DeploymentDescriptorsGenerator Definition Distribution PatternGeneratorDistribution PatternValidator GeneratorUML 2.0 Model Deployment EngineDeployed Executable SystemFigure2:Overview of modeling approachthat there is a single point of failure at the root controller. If this controller fails the entire composition will fail. There are also complex variations of these distribution patterns,where a mix of two or more patterns are combined. Complex patterns are useful in that the combination of pat-terns often results in the elimination of a weakness found in a basic pattern.An example of a complex pattern is a“ring+ centralised pattern”,which provides clustering for a highly loaded central controller.We also consider two other distri-bution pattern variants,dedicated hub and dedicated peer, which may be applied to thefirst two distribution patterns and their complex derivatives.For example,the addition of a dedicated hub to a centralised distribution pattern allows a composition to be initiated by a participant external to a composition.A similar scenario is where an additional peer is added to a decentralised pattern to initiate a composition. Web services,as passive participants within a composi-tion often require mediation.This facet makes decentralised composition,necessary for some distribution patterns such as peer-to-peer,hard to achieve.However,the mediation or interaction logic,can be modeled centrally,and subse-quently deployed to participants,provided that the runtime infrastructure of the participants supports enactment of the interaction logic[16].Such characteristics,as well as the ad-ditional deployment overheads of decentralisation,should be addressed when attempting to enable decentralised compo-sitions.3.MODELING AND TRANSFORMATIONTECHNIQUEIn this section,we introduce the techniques we have de-veloped for our distribution pattern modeling and transfor-mational approach.There are four specific techniques listed below and elaborated in the six specific steps that follow. Each step is illustrated in Figure2.•UML activity diagram/Profile extension(step1,2)•DPL/DPL validator(step3,4)•Generators(step1,3,5)•Deployment Engine(step6)Our technique is motivated by a case study.The case study is an enterprise banking system with three interact-ing business processes.We choose an enterprise banking system as banks have specific QoS requirements,such as stringent controls over data management,as well as spe-cific scalability and performance requirements,all of which are important factors when choosing a distribution pattern. Banks are also susceptible to changes in organisational struc-ture,which necessitates aflexible distribution pattern.The scenario involves a bank customer requesting a credit card facility.The customer applies to the bank for a credit card, the bank checks the customer’s credit rating with a risk as-sessment agency before passing the credit rating on to a credit card agency for processing.The customer’s credit card application is subsequently approved or declined. 3.1Step1-From Interface To ModelThe initial step takes a number of Web service interfaces as input.These interfaces represent the services which are to be composed.As Web services’WSDL interfaces are constrained by XML Schemas,their structure is well defined. This allows us to transform the interfaces,using the UML 2.0model generator,into a UML2.0activity diagram,an approach also considered by[6].The UML model generated contains many of the new features of UML2.0,such as Pins, CallBehaviorActions and ControlFlows[13].A UML activity diagram is chosen to model the distri-bution pattern as it provides a number of constructs which assist in clearly illustrating the distribution pattern,while providing sufficient information to drive the generation of the executable system.Activity diagrams show the sequen-tialflow of actions,which are the basic unit of behaviour, within a system and are typically used to illustrate work-flows.UML ActivityPartitions,also known as swim-lanes are used to group a number of actions within an activity di-agram.In our model,these actions will represent WSDL operations.Any given interface has one or more ports that will have one or more operations,all of which will reside in a single swim-lane.To provide for a rich model,we use a par-ticular type of UML action to model the operations of the WSDL interface.These actions,called CallBehaviorActions, model process invocations and have an additional modelingFigure3:UML profile for modeling distribution patterns constructs called pins.There are two types of pins,Input-Pins and OutputPins,which map directly to the parts of theWSDL messages going into and out of a WSDL operation.For our UML activity diagram to effectively model distri-bution patterns,we require the model to be more descriptivethan the standard UML constructs allow.We use a standardextension mechanism of UML,called a profile[8].Profilesdefine stereotypes and subsequently tagged values that ex-tend a number of UML constructs.Each time one of thesederived constructs is used in our model we may assign valuesto its tagged values.An overview of our profile can be seenin Figure3,while the individual tagged values are describedin detail in Table1.The profile extends the Activity,Activ-ityPartition,CallBehaviorAction,InputPin and OutputPinUML constructs.This extension allows distribution patternmetadata to be applied to the constructs via the tagged val-ues.For example,the distribution pattern is chosen by se-lecting a pattern from the DistributionPattern enumerationand assigning it to the distributionFigure4:Generated model with connections defined by software architect,viewed in IBM RSATable1:Detailed description of DPLProfile stereotypes attributes Attribute Example Value language WS-BPELpattern peer-to-peername BankingPeerToPeer namespace /wsdl/ prefix BankingPeerToPeername applyForCCNamespace URI of the participant,avoids name clashesinterface URI specifying the location of the participant’s interfaceengine URI specifying the location of the enactment enginename RiskManagementChoice of roles for the participant from the Role enumerationreturns false name getAccountNameResponse correlation Unique identifierfield for a compositionlanguage setting.Interaction logic documents describethe messageflow between the participants in the distribu-tion pattern as well as input and output variable mappings.The generator also creates interfaces which expose the newinteraction logic processing capability as a wrapper to theexisting Web service functionality of the participant.A de-ployment descriptor document,describing the participantsof the composition is also created for each participant.Thesedocuments are generated by parsing the DPL document in-stance and the WSDL interfaces associated with each par-ticipant.Once deployed,these documents will realise the Web service composition,driven by the distribution pattern applied by the software architect.In our case study example,three WS-BPEL workflow doc-uments are created to represent the interaction logic between the three peers in the distribution pattern.Three WSDL in-terfaces and three deployment descriptor documents are also created,all that remains is for the system to be deployed.3.6Step6-Interaction Logic to Deployed Ex-ecutable SystemIn thefinal step,the interaction logic,interface and de-ployment descriptor documents generated in the previous step are automatically passed to the participant services,by the deployment engine.We consider a novel enhancement to the container of each participant called Interaction Logic Document Processor(ILDP),see Figure5(a).The ILDP en-hancement must be installed on each participant,however this is a once offinstallation.ILDP enhanced participants are exposed as Web services,capable of receiving,process-ing and deploying these documents,see Figure5(b).These enhanced participants can receive documents from the de-ployment engine.Subsequently the documents are processed by ILDP to ensure they are valid before storing them on the participant.Finally the stored documents are deployed by ILDP on the participant and exposed for composition by a composition runtime interface.An enactment engine,inde-pendent of ILDP,is responsible for enacting the interaction logic and subsequently invoking the participant services,fa-cilitating decentralised interaction amongst the participant services.This approach negates any requirement of manu-ally deploying documents to participant services.Moreover, as the mechanism enhances the container capability,it is non-intrusive to the existing Web service implementation or to the existing interfaces of the participant services.(a)Figure5:ILDP DeploymentThe evolution of the participant’s interface can be seen in Figure6.In step1the original Web service interface of the participant is visible.In step2the ILDP is installed and an additional interface is exposed by ILDP so it can receive interaction logic,interface and deployment descriptor doc-uments.Finally in step3,on receipt of documents,ILDP creates a composition runtime interface for participants in a particular composition to communicate to each other,using interaction logic.An ILDP can have any number of composi-tion runtime interfaces enabling the participant to take part in many distribution pattern based compositions.ILDP en-gines realise a distribution pattern by enacting interaction logic documents and by communicating to each other us-ing the composition runtime interface,if necessitated by the distribution pattern guiding thecomposition.Figure6:Participant interface evolutionWith regards to our case study,all three participant ser-vices,CoreBanking,RiskManagement and CreditCard will be contacted by the deployment engine.The engine will pass the relevant interaction logic,interface and deployment de-scriptor documents to the participant services.We assume each of the participant service containers has the ILDP en-hancement installed,and is therefore capable of receiving, processing and deploying these documents at runtime,as wellas subsequently enacting the interaction logic.4.IMPLEMENTATIONTOPMAN(TOPology MANager)is our solution to en-abling distribution pattern modeling using UML2.0and subsequent dynamic Web service compositiongeneration. The only technologies required by the toolare the Java run-time and both an XML and XSLT parser.The tool imple-mentation is illustrated in Figure 7.GeneratorActorGeneratorGeneratorXSLT/DOMXSLT/DOMDistribution PatternValidatorXSLT/DOMEngineFigure7:Overview of TOPMAN toolThe UML2.0model generator uses XSLT to transform the WSDL interfaces of the Web services participating in the composition,to a UML2.0activity diagram,which gen-erates,using XML DOM,an XMI2.0[11]document.XMI is the XML serialisation format for UML models.The model generated includes a reference to our predefined UML pro-file for distribution patterns,which is also serialised to XMI2.0.A number of tools may be used to describe the distri-bution pattern.IBM’s commercial tool Rational Software Architect(RSA)is compatible with XMI2.0and supports many of the UML2.0features.The tool has a GUI whichallows the software architect to define the distribution pat-tern.Upon completion,the model can be exported back to XMI for further processing by TOPMAN.An alternative to IBM’s commercial tool is UML2,an open source tool sup-porting UML2.0,which allows the model to be viewed and manipulated in an editor.The distribution pattern generator uses XSLT to trans-form the UML2.0model to a DPL instance document.The DPL document instance is then verified by an XML vali-dating parser.Finally the DPL document instance is used to drive the executable system generator.The executable system generator creates three distinct types of documents. XSLT and XML DOM are used to generate the interaction logic(realised here using WS-BPEL).WSDL interfaces and ILDP engine specific deployment descriptor documents,re-quired by an ILDP compatible engine to participate in a composition,are also generated.Each participant in the composition must have an ILDP engine installed to enact interaction logic.Finally,depending on the distribution pattern chosen,the generated interaction logic,interface and deployment de-scriptor documents are distributed to the participants in the composition by the deployment engine.The deploy-ment engine creates SOAP messages containing these doc-uments and sends them to the ILDP enhanced service con-tainer,via the ILDP interface of each participant.Here we use WS-BPEL to implement the interaction logic,WSDL to implement a wrapper which exposes the interaction logic processing capabilities,and the ActiveBPEL specific Process Deployment Descriptor(PDD)to describe the composition participants.The ActiveBPEL workflow engine is used as the enactment engine which processes the interaction logic.5.EV ALUATIONWe assess our approach using the criteria set out in[18], along with some of our own criteria.•Pattern expression-We have identified a number of reusable distribution patterns and have shown how patterns can be expressed using UML with our DPL-Profile extension and in XML,using our novel DPL specification.Different distribution patterns have dif-ferent QoS characteristics such as availability,scalabil-ity and performance,as set out in section2.•Readability-Our modeling approach,which visualises the distribution pattern,should be intelligible to soft-ware architects.As the model is at the PIM level, clutter from implementation details is avoided.•Executable-Our UML model and associated profile is sufficiently rich to generate a DPL document in-stance and subsequently all the interaction logic,in-terface and deployment descriptor documents needed to create an executable system.•Independence of technologies-As both our UML model and DPL instance document are modeled at the PIM level,there is no reliance on any particular workflow language.Also the container enhancement,ILDP,is not bound to any interaction logic or workflow lan-guages such as WS-BPEL.•Maintenance overhead-Our MDA approach,using UML provides for easy manipulation of the system’sdistribution pattern.Additionally,the container en-hancement we propose allows for increasedflexibilityto changes.Changes made to the distribution patternafter deployment time,have significantly reduced rede-ployment overheads,when compared with the manualdeployment of interaction logic,interface,and deploy-ment descriptor documents.Our ILDP enhancement,applied to the participant services,provides for dy-namic deployment and enactment of the interactionlogic documents.However,each participant within thecomposition must support this enhancement technol-ogy.6.RELATED WORKTwo workflow management systems motivate and pro-vide concrete implementations for two of the distribution patterns explored in this paper.However,neither system provides a standards-based modeling solution to drive the realisation of the chosen distribution pattern.Thefirst sys-tem DECS[21],is a workflow management system,which supports both centralised and peer-to-peer distribution pat-terns,albeit without any code generation element.DECS defines elementary services as tasks whose execution is man-aged by a coordinator at the same location.The solution is based on OPENFlow[12]which has a GUI for work-flow management and is CORBA based.The second sys-tem SELF-SER V[20],proposes a declarative language for composing services based on UML1.x statecharts.SELF-SER V provides an environment for visually creating a UML statechart which can subsequently drive the generation of a proprietary XML routing table document.Pre-and post-conditions for successful service execution are generated based on the statechart inputs and outputs.A related paper[3] provides some interesting performance metrics to confirm the advantages of peer-to-peer execution over centralised ex-ecution.From the modeling perspective Grønmo et al.[18,6],con-sider the modeling and building of compositions from exist-ing Web services using MDA,an approach similar to ours. However,they consider only two modeling aspects,service (interface and operations)and workflow models(control and dataflow concerns).The system’s distribution pattern is not modeled,resulting in afixed centralised distribution pat-tern for all compositions.Their modeling effort begins with the transformation of WSDL documents to UML,followed by the creation of a workflow engine-independent UML1.4 activity diagram(PIM),which drives the generation of an executable composition.Additional information required to aid the generation of the executable composition is applied to the model using UML profiles.A tool called UMT[19]is provided to support their technique.Enabling distribution patterns such as peer-to-peer re-quires considerable work.A strategy,utilised by us,is in-troduced in[4]and described in[15],where workflow agents (ILDPs in our approach)are placed as proxies,at each participant to manage the distributed composition.These workflow agents manage the distributed composition by com-municating directly to each other.The authors also consider build time and runtime issues of decentralisation.However, the problem of deploying decentralised compositions is left open,resulting in considerable deploy time overheads.We propose a mechanism for facilitating the dynamic deploy-ment of decentralised compositions.。
JuranIdeationIDFSS
types and sizes.
By understanding the mechanisms that create change, providing the means for recognizing how
▪ Juran Institute DFSS training and consulting materials are experiencebased, translated in multiple languages. Many of our materials are basic references which are used by clients, universities and other consultants.
Test design and implement full-scale processes
Define
Measure
Analyze
Design
Verify
DELIVERABLES
Team
CTQs
High-level
Detailed
Pilot
Charter
Design
Design
TOOLS
Mgmt Leadership
School in Russia) Headquarters in Southfield, MI 85% of the world’s leading TRIZ Scientists Installed customer base of over 2,000 enterprises
土木工程毕业设计外文翻译CFD模拟和地铁站台的优化通风
CFD simulation and optimization ofthe ventilation for subway side-platformFeng-Dong Yuan *, Shi-Jun YouAbstractTo obtain the velocity and temperature field of subway station and the optimized ventilation mode of subway side-platform station, this paper takes the evaluation and optimization of the ventilation for subway side-platform station as main line, builds three dimensional models of original and optimization design of the existed and rebuilt station. And using the two-equation turbulence model as its physics model, the thesis makes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to subwayside-platform station with the boundary conditions collected for simulation computation through field measurement. It is found that the two-equation turbulence model can be used to predict velocity field and temperature field at the station under some reasonable presumptions in the investigation and study. At last, an optimization ventilation mode of subway side-platform station was put forward.1. IntroductionComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) software is commonly used to simulate fluid flows, particularly in complex environments (Chow and Li, 1999; Zhang et al., 2006;Moureh and Flick, 2003). CFD is capable of simulating a wide variety of fluid problems (Gan and Riffat, 2004;Somarathne et al., 2005; Papakonstantinou et al., 2000;Karimipanah and Awbi, 2002). CFD models can be realistically modeled without investing in more costly experimental method (Betta et al., 2004; Allocca et al., 2003;Moureh and Flick, 2003). So CFD is now a popular design tool for engineers from different disciplines for pursuing an optimum design due to the high cost, complexity, and limited information obtained from experimental methods (Li and Chow, 2003; Vardy et al., 2003; Katolidoy and Jicha,2003). Tunnel ventilation system design can be developed in depth from the predictions of various parameters, such as vehicle emission dispersion, visibility, air velocity, etc. (Li and Chow, 2003; Yau et al., 2003; Gehrke et al., 2003).Earlier CFD simulations of tunnel ventilation system mainly focus on emergency situation as fire condition (Modic, 2003; Carvel et al., 2001; Casale, 2003). Many scientists and research workers (Waterson and Lavedrine,2003; Sigl and Rieker, 2000; Gao et al., 2004; Tajadura et al., 2006) have done much work on this. This paper studied the performance of CFD simulation on subway environment control system which has not been studied by other paper or research report. It is essential to calculate and simulate the different designs before the construction begins, since the investment in subway’s construction is huge and the subway should run up for a few decade years. The ventilation of subway is crucial that the passengers should have fresh and high quality air (Lowndes et al.,2004; Luo and Roux, 2004). Then if emergency occurred that the well-designed ventilation system can save many people’s life and belongings (Chow and Li, 1999; Modic,2003; Carvel et al., 2001). The characteristics of emergency situation have been well investigated, but there have been few studies in air distribution of side-platform in normal conditions.The development of large capacity and high speed computer and computational fluid dynamics technology makes it possible to use CFD technology to predict the air distribution and optimize the design project of subway ventilation system. Based on the human-oriented design intention in subway ventilation system, this study simulated and analyzed the ventilation system of existent station and original design of rebuilt stations of Tianjin subway in China with the professional software AIRPAK, and then found the optimum ventilation project for the ventilation and structure of rebuilt stations.2. Ventilation systemTianjin Metro, the secondly-built subway in China, will be rebuilt to meet the demand of urban development and expected to be available for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. The existent subway has eight stations, with a total length of km and a km average interval. For sake of saving the cost of engineering, the existent subway will continue to run and the stations will be rebuilt in the rebuilding Line 1 of Tianjin subway. Although different existent stations of Tianjin Metro have differentstructures and geometries, the Southwest Station is the most typical one. So the Southwest Station model was used to simulate and analyze in the study. Its geometry model is shown in Fig. 1.. The structure and original ventilation mode of existent stationT he subway has two run-lines. The structure of Southwest Station is, length width height = m(L) m(W) m(H), which is a typical side-platform station. Each side has only one passageway (length height = m(L) m(H)). The middle of station is the space for passengers to wait for the vehicle. The platform mechanical ventilation is realized with two jet openings located at each end of station and the supply air jets towards train and track. There is no mechanical exhaust system at the station and air is removed mechanically by tunnel fans and naturally by the exits of the station.. The design structure and ventilation of rebuilt stationThe predicted passenger flow volume increase greatly and the dimension of the original station is too small, so in the rebuilding design, the structure of subway station is changed to, (length width height = 132 m(L) m(W) m(H)), and each side has two passageways. The design volume flow of Southwest Station is 400000 m3/h. For most existent stations, the platform height is only m, which is too low to set ceiling ducts.So in the original design, there are two grille vents at each end of the platform to supply fresh air along the platform length direction and two grille vents to jet air breadthways towards trains. The design velocity of each lengthways grille vent ism/s. For each breadthways vent, it is m/s. Under the platform, 80 grille vents of the same velocity m/s, 40 for each platform of the station) are responsible for exhaust.3. CFD simulation and optimizationThe application of CFD simulation in the indoor environment is based on conversation equations of energy, mass and momentum of incompressible air. The study adopted a turbulence energy model that is the two-equation turbulence model advanced by Launder and Spalding. And it integrated the governing equation on the capital control volumes and discretized in the definite grids, at last simulated andcomputed with the AIRPAK software.. Preceding simplifications and presumptionsBecause of mechanical ventilation and the existence of train-driven piston wind, the turbulence on platform is transient and complex. Unless some simplifications and presumptions are made, the mathematics model of three-dimensional flow is not expressed and the result is divergent. While ensuring the reliability of the computation results, some preceding simplifications and presumptions have to be taken.(1)The period of maximum air velocity is paid attention to in the transient process.Apparently the maximum air velocity is reached at the period when train stops at or starts away from the station (Yau et al., 2003;Gehrke et al., 2003), so theperiod the simulation concerns about the best period of time for simulation is from the point when at the section of ‘x = m’ (Fig. 1) and the air velocity begin to change under piston-effect to the point when train totally stops at the station (defined as a ‘pulling-in cycle’).(2) Though the pulling-in cycle is a transient process, it is simplified to a steady process.(3) Because the process is presumed to a steady process, the transient velocity of test sections, which was tested in Southwest Station in pulling-in cycle, is presumed to the time-averaged velocity of test sections.(4) The volume flow driven into the station by pulling-in train is determined by such factors as BR (blocking ratio, the ratio of train cross-section area to tunnelcross-section area), the length of the train and the resistance of station etc. For existent and new stations, BRs are almost the same. Although the length of the lattertrain doubles that of the former which may increase the piston flow volume, the resistance of latter is greater than that of the former which may counteract thisincrease. So it is presumed that the piston flow volume is same for both existent and new station and that the volume flow through the passenger exits is also same. Based on this presumption, the results of the field measurements at the existent station can be used as velocity boundary conditions to predict velocity filed of new station .. Original conditionsTo obtain the boundary conditions for computation and simulation, such as the air velocity and temperature of enclosure, measures were done by times at Southwest Station.All data are recorded during a complete pulling-in cycle. The air velocities were measured by the multichannel anemone-master hotwire anemoscope and infrared thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the walls of the station which are taken as the constant temperature thermal conditions in the simulation.Temperatures of enclosureDivide the platform into five segments and select some typical test positions. The distributing temperature of enclosure is shown in Table 1. It can be seen from Table 1 that all temperatures of enclosure are between 23 _C and 25 _C, there is littledifference in all test positions, and the average temperature is 24 _C. So alltemperatures of subway station’s walls is 24 _C in CFD computation and simulation.Time-averaged air velocity above the platformFig. 1 is the location of test section and the layout of measuring points. The data measured include 12 transient velocities in each section (A –H in Fig. 1), which were deal with section’s time -averaged velocities in the period, 12 point’s velocities ofpassageway, which is used to acquire the average flow, and the velocities of each end of station, which is used to acquire the average piston flow volume.Fig. 2 is the lengthways velocities measured of platform sections, max V is themaximum air velocity, min V is the minimum air velocity and avc V is the average air velocity. Fig. 2 shows that the maximum air velocity is at the passageway. At thepassageway the change of air velocity is about m/s, which is the maximum and indicates that the passageway is the position effected most by the piston wind effect, and the air velocity of section D and E after the passageway is almost the same, which indicates that the piston wind can hardly effect the air velocity after the passageway.CFD模拟和地铁站台的优化通风Feng-Dong Yuan *, Shi-Jun You摘要获得车站的速度和温度领域同时地铁站台的最优方式。
英语作文-电影机械制造行业的数字化转型与发展
英语作文-电影机械制造行业的数字化转型与发展The digital transformation in the film machinery manufacturing industry has heralded a new era of innovation and development. In recent years, advancements in technology have revolutionized every aspect of the industry, from design and production to distribution and consumption. This article explores the profound impact of digitalization on the film machinery manufacturing sector, highlighting its challenges, opportunities, and future prospects.One of the most significant changes brought about by digital transformation is the integration of cutting-edge technologies into every stage of the manufacturing process. Automation, robotics, artificial intelligence, and data analytics have become indispensable tools for improving efficiency, quality, and flexibility in film machinery production. For instance, computer-aided design (CAD) software allows engineers to create intricate designs with precision and speed, reducing time-to-market and minimizing errors.Moreover, digitalization has facilitated the adoption of smart manufacturing systems, enabling real-time monitoring and control of production processes. Internet of Things (IoT) devices embedded in machinery collect vast amounts of data, which are analyzed to optimize operations, predict maintenance needs, and enhance overall productivity. This data-driven approach not only increases equipment uptime but also reduces maintenance costs and prolongs machinery lifespan.Furthermore, digitalization has revolutionized supply chain management in the film machinery manufacturing industry. Through the use of advanced analytics and blockchain technology, manufacturers can track and trace raw materials, components, and finished products across the entire supply chain. This transparency not only ensures product quality and authenticity but also enables better inventory management and demand forecasting.In addition to improving operational efficiency, digitalization has also opened up new avenues for innovation and product development. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies, for example, allow designers to visualize and test machinery prototypes in immersive digital environments before physical production begins. This not only accelerates the design process but also enables iterative improvements based on user feedback.Moreover, digitalization has transformed the way films are produced, distributed, and consumed. Advancements in digital cameras, editing software, and special effects have democratized filmmaking, allowing independent filmmakers to create high-quality content at a fraction of the cost. Digital distribution platforms such as streaming services have disrupted traditional cinema models, providing consumers with instant access to a vast library of films anytime, anywhere.Despite the numerous benefits of digital transformation, the film machinery manufacturing industry also faces challenges in embracing this paradigm shift. Chief among these is the need for upskilling and reskilling the workforce to adapt to new technologies and workflows. Furthermore, cybersecurity concerns, data privacy issues, and regulatory compliance pose significant hurdles to the adoption of digital solutions.In conclusion, the digital transformation of the film machinery manufacturing industry represents a seismic shift that promises to reshape the landscape of the industry. By leveraging advanced technologies, embracing innovation, and addressing challenges proactively, manufacturers can unlock new opportunities for growth and competitiveness in the digital age. As we look to the future, collaboration, agility, and a commitment to continuous improvement will be key to navigating the complexities of digitalization and driving sustainable success in the film machinery manufacturing sector.。
包种子英语作文
包种子英语作文Packaging Seeds: Preserving Nature's BountySeed packaging plays a crucial role in the preservation and distribution of plant life, ensuring the viability and accessibility of nature's remarkable genetic diversity. From the humble backyard garden to the vast expanses of commercial agriculture, the humble seed package stands as a testament to the ingenuity of human innovation and the delicate balance between man and the natural world.At the heart of seed packaging lies a dedication to safeguarding the future of our planet's flora. Each seed, a tiny repository of life, must be nurtured and protected, shielded from the elements and the ravages of time. The seed package, a carefully engineered vessel, becomes the guardian of this precious cargo, serving as a conduit between the earth's abundant resources and the hands of those who seek to cultivate them.The evolution of seed packaging has been a journey of continuousrefinement, driven by the ever-expanding needs of modern agriculture and horticulture. From the simple paper envelopes of yesteryear to the sophisticated, multilayered containers of today, the seed package has become a testament to the ingenuity of human design. Each innovation, each new material, each intricate pattern, is a reflection of the deep understanding and respect for the delicate nature of the seeds they contain.At the forefront of this evolution are the passionate seed enthusiasts, the gardeners, and the farmers who recognize the importance of proper seed packaging. These individuals, driven by a deep-seated love for the natural world, have become the stewards of seed preservation, ensuring that the genetic diversity of our planet's plant life is safeguarded for generations to come.One such example is the rise of heirloom seed companies, which have become beacons of hope in the face of the homogenization of modern agriculture. These small-scale operations, often family-owned and community-driven, have made it their mission to preserve the unique genetic traits of heritage plant varieties, packaging them with care and attention to detail. Each seed packet becomes a vessel of cultural and historical significance, a link to the rich tapestry of our agricultural past.But the importance of seed packaging extends far beyond the realmof horticulture and agriculture. In the ever-evolving landscape of global food security, seed packaging has become a critical component in the fight against hunger and malnutrition. By ensuring the safe transport and distribution of drought-resistant, nutrient-dense crop varieties, seed packages have become vital tools in the quest to feed the world's growing population.Furthermore, the environmental impact of seed packaging cannot be overstated. As the world grapples with the pressing challenges of sustainability and climate change, the seed package has become a symbol of responsible stewardship. Innovations in biodegradable and compostable materials, as well as the proliferation of refillable and reusable packaging solutions, have transformed the seed industry into a leader in sustainable practices.In conclusion, the humble seed package is a testament to the ingenuity of human design and the deep respect for the natural world. From the backyard gardener to the global food security expert, the seed package has become a vital link in the chain of life, preserving the genetic diversity of our planet's flora and ensuring a bountiful future for generations to come. As we continue to explore the frontiers of seed packaging, the promise of a more sustainable and food-secure world shines ever brighter, a testament to the power of human innovation and the enduring beauty of nature.。
乐器发展英文作文
乐器发展英文作文The development of musical instruments has been a fascinating journey throughout history. From the earliest forms of percussion instruments made from animal skins and bones to the complex electronic keyboards and synthesizers of today, the evolution of musical instruments has been a testament to human creativity and ingenuity.The invention of new materials and technologies has played a significant role in shaping the development of musical instruments. The discovery of metal and the ability to shape it into strings and wind instrumentsrevolutionized the way music was created and performed. The introduction of electricity and electronics further expanded the possibilities for creating new and innovative instruments.Cultural influences have also had a profound impact on the development of musical instruments. Different regions and civilizations have developed their own uniqueinstruments, each with its own distinct sound and playing technique. The blending of these diverse musical traditions has led to the creation of hybrid instruments that incorporate elements from multiple cultures.The demand for new sounds and musical expressions has driven the continuous innovation in the design and construction of musical instruments. Musicians and composers are constantly pushing the boundaries of what is possible, leading to the creation of unconventional and experimental instruments that challenge traditional notions of music and performance.The accessibility of musical instruments has also played a crucial role in their development. Advances in manufacturing and distribution have made it easier for people to acquire and learn to play instruments, leading to a more diverse and inclusive musical landscape. This democratization of music has contributed to theproliferation of new and unique instruments from around the world.In conclusion, the development of musical instruments has been a dynamic and multifaceted process that has been shaped by technological advancements, cultural influences, creative exploration, and increased accessibility. As we look to the future, it is exciting to imagine the new possibilities that will emerge as the evolution of musical instruments continues.。
新零售下的实体店发展研究外文文献翻译2017
外文文献翻译原文及译文文献出处: Roy P. The research of stores under the new retail [J]. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 2017, 3(5): 434-445.原文The research of stores under the new retailRoy ParkAbstractIn early June, 2016, united business network in the industry for the first time put forward the concept of "new retail", and organize relevant discussions, meetings, open WeChat public with the same number and update the APP. The "new retail" has become the hottest word in the retail business development in 2016. All parties are on the "new retail" put forward their own views, also makes the offline stores all managers more profoundly understand the development trend of the retail industry. For our retail stores, from the traditional retail model to the "new retail development, must revolve around the following three aspects to realize the change of innovation.Key words: retail innovation, new retail, e-business1 The overview of new retailFor the "new retail" concept, in the industry have different point of view, some expressed doubt or don't understand. The new retail can reallypromote the development of industry, which may be controversial problem. Whose new retail will be how to reduce inventory, reduce inventory, offline business entities and online can truly integration, how to reconstruct the relationship between producers and consumers on issues such as left. This has caused a lot of reading and doubts. Years earlier, the businessman understanding of line is that if you want more good sales, you must put a better marketing from the traditional way to Internet. And now the Internet has far more than just a sales, marketing channels, but can help merchants build brand, for users of lifecycle management, to acquire new users, maintenance of old customers, arouse the sleeping, the way of the construction of the channel is changing. And channels, sales, and change of the whole logistics system, especially the transformation of the supply chain system, will eventually go big data driven product design, product manufacturing, is the "new manufacturing". New retail will drive future is different from the formats of retail products now, it is not department stores, shopping center or a chain of convenience stores, shopping malls, supermarkets, but a new generation of retail products, is through the change of retail products. Retail product innovation, a variety of flowers in the future will be based on the reconstruction of the commercial elements.2The innovation of retail technologyEnterprise material culture is created by employee’s products andimplementation of various substances constitute the surface layer of the enterprise culture. Retailers sell products and services are the primary content of the material culture, followed by the market environment, corporate logo, employee identity, and degree of technology and equipment modernization and civilization, they are the main content of enterprise material culture. Retail technology innovation is from the aspects such as product, service, and market environment impact on the material culture. The popularization and application of new technology, POS, EDI and other business information system development and application, will improve the retail sales enterprise business flow, logistics, cash flow and information flow of the degree of modernization, improve process control ability of retail enterprises.The behavior of enterprise culture, is refers to the enterprise staff in the production and business operation, learning, entertainment activities of culture. Retail store management, staff training, education, propaganda, human relations activity, recreational sports activities of cultural phenomenon, is the main content of the enterprise behavior culture. Retail technology innovation requires companies to build encouraging innovation internal environment, and as the staff code of conduct, stimulate the staff's intelligence, centripetal force and creativity. Retail enterprise introduction of new technology, innovation mode of operation, is bound to the employees a comprehensive range of skills training andguidance, this to a certain extent, can improve the comprehensive quality of employees, so as to improve enterprise service level. On the other hand, the use of the new technology attaches great importance to the relationship between the employees and the company, make employees have sense of responsibility and engagement, cultivating innovative consciousness and competitive consciousness, the enterprise to form the model effect, promotes the change enterprise behavior culture. Retail enterprises belong to the service industry, service is the eternal theme, the quality of service quality and employee has great relationship, it is to a large extent influence the relationship between the staff and customers. So, the innovation opportunities for staff employee satisfaction should be a retail chain enterprise behavior culture, only to employee satisfaction, to be able to provide high quality, customer satisfaction services.The system of the enterprise culture is the mediation of spirit and matter, which includes retail sales enterprise leading system, organization and daily management system, salary system, appraisal system, training system, business incentive system, etc. Retail technology innovation requires companies to transform traditional business with good cultural mechanism, give full play to the enterprise culture to form a good mechanism to promote and safeguard function, the enhancement enterprise's cohesive force and fighting capacity. Rely on the innovation of the supply chain procurement mode, such as Wal-Mart to minimize thecost of supply, sticking to the lowest price, small profits for customers, treat customers at the same time, will satisfy the customer, respect for customers, service customers in the first place, won the customer trust for Wal-Mart, and bring huge returns. The spirit of the enterprise culture is the enterprise culture of highly concentrated, it is the core of enterprise culture, the retail enterprises in the long-term operation and management in the process of gradually formed its own unique business philosophy and management style culture idea put forward need technology as support, retail technology innovation will cause the change of the spirit of enterprise culture aspect, it is retail enterprise spirit, concept, management philosophy.3New retail industry and the real store3.1 Strategic thinkingFrom China merchants centered "principal" thinking, to business centered "proprietary" thinking. Retail market in the "new normal" has forced entity shop to review with the supplier, the relationship between the thinking to rethink the retail strategy. Once upon a time the "principal lodger" of thinking for the center with merchants, put "opposites" suppliers. The stores earn big profits, but allow many suppliers have to change channels, turned to "low cost" electric business channels, thus further lack of offline store brand, lead to the operation state of physical stores all the more worrying. In the new retail environment, the operatorshould adjust the strategic thinking of physical stores, abandon the "principal lodger" for a long time for the mainstream investment thinking. Review with the supplier relations of cooperation, set up with the supplier "symbiosis, create, win-win" equal partnership. To the supplier's brand and commodities as a store's own brand and commodity, namely establish business centered "proprietary" thinking, participate in the supplier's goods management, sales management, inventory management, etc., common to provide customers with services, through customer service value to form a "community of interests" in the supply chain. In the case of sales growth of between partners share interests, to jointly promote the establishment of the retail ecosystem.3.2Management conceptual changeFrom the concept of the seller and for the center with goods is to customer as the center of the buyer. From the planned economy era of commodity economy is still in the influence on the ideology of entity shop operators, although with the concept of consumers as the center in more than 20 years ago, but the "pretty" entity shop rarely to think about the needs of the consumers, in the case of a decline in economic environment, force entity shop operators thinking transformation, but many still belong to the passive transformation. New retail market environment, with the intensification of competition, the emergence of various new retail formats, great changes have taken place in consumers'consumption demand, timely grasp consumer trends and timely adjust the operator has become physical stores transformation successful leader. Appear in the market in recent years, many of the successful retail business is to adapt to the current consumer especially after 80, 80 after the younger generation of consumer demand and to open stores, with fashion, personality, experience as the core of management and make young chasing sticks to socialize. Under the new retail, where consumers, where is the store service should be. Only in this way, offline retail have a sustainable future.3.3Management transformationFrom the extensive mode of property management is into a refinement of the detail management style. Most of the stores in the "principal" under the guidance of strategic thinking, take a extensive mode of property management, operation and management of the supplier just blindly "management", there are very few "service", and also to customers just the image of "cold", it has much more prominent in the state-run stores in some, especially in the case of the aging of the operators, less motivation to change. For private as the main body of the entity shop has to realize the importance of management, no matter from the property of the environment to build, brand portfolio, functional collocation, humanized service measures have been changing ideas, positive service for consumers, appear constantly on many cases of theindustry should learn. Under the new retail stores more to embrace the Internet, online learning the experience of the electricity, the organic combination of information technology and management, firmly grasp the two core elements of the goods and customers to put customers in the store choose, order, payment, logistics, after-sales, assessment, and share traditional trading links become more convenient, more experience. Quantitative and digital management in the process of refinement management, will bring a physical store measurable, verifiable, and to use large amounts of data can be analyzed, the data is converted into service customers, service providers, more details of strengthening management "resource", and through the data resources, hardware environment, and integrate the soft management, realize the upgrading development of the stores. New retail environment, entity shop in the aspects of thinking, ideas, methods, and innovation transformation is eyebrow nimble. Who really grasp the connotation and essence of the "new retail" represents, who can be closer to consumers, in the new round of competition to have more chance.4ConclusionsWhatever physical stores change and development, regardless of the future development of the "new retail" model will be, offline stores and electric business platform, all should grasp the consumer demand, with the thinking of the Internet and technology, build a new patterncharacterized by the integration of all online retail.译文新零售下的实体店发展研究Roy Park摘要2016 年 6 月初,联商网在业界首次提出“新零售”概念,并组织相关讨论、风云会议、开设同名微信公众号和更新 APP 等。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
Model Driven Design of Distribution Patterns for Web Service CompositionsRonan BarrettSchool of ComputingDublin City UniversityDublin9,Ireland Email:rbarrett@computing.dcu.ieClaus PahlSchool of ComputingDublin City UniversityDublin9,Ireland Email:cpahl@computing.dcu.ieAbstractIncreasingly,distributed systems are being constructed by composing a number of components,often legacy appli-cations exposed using Web service interfaces.There are a number of architectural configurations or distribution pat-terns,which express how such systems are to be deployed. However,the amount of code required to realise these dis-tribution patterns is considerable.Here,we propose a novel Model Driven Architecture using UML2.0,which takes ex-isting Web service interfaces as its input and generates an executable Web service composition,based on a distribu-tion pattern chosen by the software architect.1.IntroductionThe development of composite Web services is often ad-hoc and requires considerable low level coding effort for re-alisation.This effort is increased in proportion to the num-ber of Web services in a composition or by a requirement for the composition participants to beflexible.This paper proposes a modeling and code generation approach to ad-dress this requirement.This approach suggests Web service compositions have three modeling aspects.Two aspects, service modeling and workflow modeling,are considered by[3].We consider an additional aspect,distribution pat-tern modeling,which expresses how the composed system is to be deployed.2.Distribution PatternsDistribution patterns provide a more complete picture of the distributed system at the platform-independent model level.Previously,it was difficult to ascertain how the com-posed system would be deployed by studying the models,if any,or code of the system.Having the ability to model and alter the distribution pattern,allows an enterprise to con-figure its systems as they evolve,to realise different non-functional requirements.Two examples of distribution pat-terns are centralised and peer-to-peer.Collaboration lan-guages,such as Web Services Business Process Execution Language(WS-BPEL),can enable the runtime enactment of distribution pattern based compositions.3.Modeling and Transformation ApproachOur approach to distribution pattern modeling and Web service composition generation consists offive steps(see Figure1).Relations are defined at the meta-model level using the recently standardised Query/View/Transformation (QVT)notation,to verify the preservation of semantics be-tween relatedmeta-models.Figure1.Overview of modeling approach Step1-From Interface To Model:The initial step takes a number of Web service interfaces as input,and transforms them to a UML model.A UML activity diagram is cho-sen to model the distribution pattern as it provides features which assist in clearly illustrating the distribution pattern, while providing sufficient information to drive the genera-tion of the executable system.UML ActivityPartitions,or swim-lanes are used to group a number of actions within an activity diagram.In our model,these actions will repre-sent WSDL operations.Any given interface has one or moreports that will have one or more operations,all of which will reside in a single swim-lane.CallBehaviorActions model the operations of the WSDL interface.Each CallBehav-iorAction has two types of pins,InputPins and OutputPins, which map directly to the parts of the WSDL messages.We use a standard extension mechanism of UML,called a pro-file,to provide a more descriptive model than the standard UML constructs allows.Profiles define stereotypes and tagged values that extend UML constructs,enabling distri-bution pattern metadata to be applied to the constructs. Step2-Distribution Pattern Definition:The UML model produced in step1,requires additional modeling. Guided by a chosen distribution pattern,and restricted by the UML meta-model/DPL Profile,the architect must ma-nipulate the UML model by defining connections between individual Web services and map the messages from one service to the next.First the architect selects a distribution pattern and then assigns appropriate values to the tagged values of the stereotypes.Based on the chosen distribu-tion pattern,the architect defines the sequence of actions by connecting CallBehaviorActions to one another,using UML ControlFlow connectors,each of which is assigned an order value.The architect then connects up the UML Input-Pins and OutputPins of the model,using UML ObjectFlows connectors,so data is passed through the composition.Par-tial automation of this step is considered in[1].Step3-From Model to DPL:The UML model from step2may now be transformed to a Distribution Pattern Language(DPL)document instance.The transformation and resultant pattern instance are restricted by the DPL meta-model.This document,which is at the same level of abstraction as the UML model,is a representation of the distribution pattern which can be validated.The use of this new language allows non-MOF compliant description frameworks,such as Architectural Description Languages, to be used in place of UML as the transformation source. Step4-Model Validation:The DPL document instance, is verified at this step to ensure the values entered in step2 are valid.If incorrect values have been entered,the archi-tect must correct these values,before proceeding to the next step.Validation of the distribution pattern instance is essen-tial to avoid the generation of an invalid system.Although this validation may be considered redundant as the pattern definition has already been restricted by the QVT relations, we envisage supporting non-QVT compliant modeling lan-guages as set out in the previous step.Step5-DPL to Executable System:The verified DPL document instance is now used to generate all the interac-tion logic documents and interfaces required to realise the distribution pattern.The generator,restricted by the appro-priate platform specific collaboration meta-model,creates interaction logic documents based on the UML profile set-tings.The generated artifacts and supporting infrastructure are now ready for deployment.Dynamic deployment of the executable system is considered in[2].4.Tool ImplementationTOPMAN(TOPology MANager)is our solution to dis-tribution pattern modeling using UML,and subsequent composition generation.We utilise XSLT to transform the Web services interfaces,to a UML2.0activity diagram.A GUI based UML tool can be used by the software architect to define the distribution pattern,by importing the generated model.Upon completion,the model can be transformed to a DPL instance document using XSLT.The document is then verified by an XML validating parser.Finally the document is transformed using XSLT and XML DOM,re-sulting in the generation of interaction logic and interface documents needed to realise the distribution pattern.Each transformation is written to implement a previously defined QVT relation between source and target meta-models. 5.ConclusionAn engineering approach to the composition of service-based software is required.We have presented a modeling and transformation approach,along with an implementation for expressing distribution patterns.Our novel modeling as-pect,distribution patterns,expresses how a composed sys-tem is to be deployed,providing for the documentation and realisation of various non-functional requirements.6.AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to thank the Irish Research Coun-cil for Science,Engineering and Technology IRCSET. References[1]R.Barrett and C.Pahl.Semi-Automatic Distribution Pat-tern Modeling of Web Service Compositions using Seman-tics.In Proc.Tenth IEEE International EDOC Conference, Hong Kong,China,October2006.[2]R.Barrett,C.Pahl,L.Patcas,and J.Murphy.Model DrivenDistribution Pattern Design for Dynamic Web Service Com-positions.In Proc.Sixth International Conference on Web Engineering,Palo Alto,USA,July2006.[3]R.Grønmo and I.Solheim.Towards modeling web servicecomposition in uml.In Proc.2nd International Workshop on Web Services:Modeling,Architecture and Infrastructure (WSMAI-2004),pages72–86,Porto,Portugal,April2004.。