英语专业词汇学CHAPTER6
Chapter6pragmatics语言学整理的资料
Chapter 61.pragmatics:自测：Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. (T/F)术语：pragmatics语用学解释：语用学处理的是语言的实际意义，是在应用中的意义，而不是固有的意义。
术语：Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 语用学是研究某一语言的言者是如何利用句子成功进行交际的。
解释：Pragmatic analysis of meaning is first and foremost concerned with the study of what is communicated by a speaker/writer and interpreted by a listener/reader. Analysis of intentional meaning necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context. Intended meaning may or may not be explicitly expressed. Pragmatic analysis also explores how listeners/readers make inferences about what is communicated.语用学对意义的研究主要关注的是说者或作者要交流的是什么，听者或读者读到的是什么。
并且根据语境分析要表达的意义。
英语词汇学教程ppt课件第6章
Sometimes when a word consisting of two or more syllables undergoes conversion, there is a change in the stress pattern.
Some of the most common words include
access, aim, bed, beer, brave, clean, cup, deck, e-mail, fool, impact, pension, ship, train and so on.
The formation of a noun by converting a verb,
He downed his beer and left.
The company has had its share of ups and downs.
Good binoculars a Nhomakorabeae a must for any serious birdwatcher.
Are you out to your parents?
In other words, conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.
It is a productive device for the creation of new words since there is no restriction on the form.
Chapter6词汇学
Chapter6: TestI. Multiple choices1.The word “treacle”has the following senses: (1)wild beast; (2)remedy for bites of venomous beasts; (3)antidote for poison or remedy for poison; (4)any effective remedy;(5)(BrE)molasses. What semantic process has“treacle”undergone?A. centralizationB. radiationC. concatenationD. narrowing2. which group of the following are perfect homonyms?A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)C. bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)3. The following are the main sources of homonyms except ____.A. change in meaningB. change in sound C .change in spelling D. borrowing4. “Charm and glamour”are synonyms resulting from____.A. borrowingB. dialects and regional EnglishC. figurative and euphemistic use of wordsD. with idiomatic expressions5.“win” and “gain the upper hand”，“hesitate” and“ be in two minds”are two pairs of synonyms resulting from ____.A. coincidence with idiomatic expressions.B. figurative and euphemistic use of words.C. dialects and regional English.D. borrowing6. “Timid ”and “timorous”, “comprehend”and “understand” are two pairs of synonyms mainly different in_____.A. denotationB. applicationC. connotationD. emotion7. Which group of synonyms of the following has prominent difference in connotation?A. want, wish, desireB.result, consequenceC. answer, replyD. rich, wealth8. Antonyms can be classified into three major groups except______ .A. evaluative termsB. contrary termsC. contradictory termsD. relative terms9.“parent/child,husband/wife, predecessor/succ essor” are ______.A. contrary termsB. contradictory termsC. relative termsplementary termsII. Fill in the blanks. The first letter of eachword is given1. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: d approach and s approach.2. When a word was created, it was endowed with p meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language it took on more and more d meanings.3. The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as r and c .4. Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three classes: p ,h , and h .5. Synonyms can be grouped intoa synonyms and r synonyms.6. “Tulip”and “rose”, are h of “flower”.“Flower”is the superordinate term and “tulip”,“rose”are the s term.7. A semantic field is a m area where words share the same c .III. Define the following terms.Radiation:a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.Concatenation: a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.Homonyms: words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Homographs: words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.Homophones: words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Perfect homonyms: words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.Polysemy: a phenomenon that one form having morethan one meaning.Synonyms: words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Antonyms: words opposite in meaning. Hyponymy: the relationship of semantic inclusion. Semantic field: a meaning area where words share the same concept.VI. Answer the following questions .1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants? How to differentiate them? Homonyms refer to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemants refer to the fact that the same word has several distinguishable meanings. By seeing their etymology, we can distinguish them, i. e. homonyms are from different sources while a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meaning of apolysemant are correlated and connected to do with one another. Additionally, in dictionary, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.2. Discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms.1. Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.2 A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3 Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.4 Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.。
雅思真经chapter6科技发明类的单词
雅思（IELTS）考试是全球范围内最受欢迎的英语语言考试之一，雅思考试的科技发明类话题在雅思写作考试中也是非常经典的话题之一。
在雅思写作考试中，对于科技发明类话题的词汇积累是非常重要的，能够合理运用科技发明类的单词不仅可以使文章看起来更加专业和丰富，也可以为文章的表达增色不少。
本文将系统整理雅思真经chapter6科技发明类的单词，并提供一些实用的句子搭配，希望对考生们在备考雅思写作考试中能有所帮助。
1. invention n. 发明- The invention of the Internet has greatly changed people's way of life and work.2. innovation n. 创新- The rapid development of technology has brought about continuous innovation in various fields.3. breakthrough n. 突破- The breakthrough in medical technology has significantly prolonged the average lifespan of people.4. patent n. 专利- Manypanies invest heavily in research and development to obt本人n patents for their technological innovations.5. gadget n. 小器具- The new gadget has revolutionized the way peoplemunicate and interact.6. device n. 设备- The latest mobile device is equipped with advanced features for better user experience.7. technology n. 科技- With the advancement of technology, the world is bing more interconnected and smarter.8. digitalization n. 数字化- The digitalization of information has greatly improved the efficiency of data management.9. automation n. 自动化- The automation of production processes has led to increased productivity and reduced labor costs.10. artificial intelligence n. 人工智能- Artificial intelligence is expected to have a profound impacton various industries in the near future.11. virtual reality n. 虚拟现实- The application of virtual reality technology has opened up new possibilities in entert本人nment and education.12. biotechnology n. 生物技术- Biotechnology has played a significant role in improving crop yields and medical treatments.13. renewable energy n. 可再生能源- The development of renewable energy has be an important solution to environmental problems.14. nanotechnology n. 纳米技术- Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize various industries with its microscopic scale applications.15. sust本人nable development n. 可持续发展- Sust本人nable development requires the integration of economic growth, social progress, and environmental protection.16. information technology n. 信息技术- The rapid development of information technology has reshaped the way people work,municate, and learn.17. genetic engineering n. 基因工程- Genetic engineering has been used to enhance the tr本人ts of various organisms for agricultural and medical purposes.18. telmunication n. 电信- The advancement in telmunication technology has enabled global connectivity and instantmunication.19. cyberspace n. 虚拟空间- Cyberspace has be an integral part of modern society, transforming the way people access information and interact.20. network n. 网络- The Internet has connected people around the world through aplex network of information exchange.21. satellite n. 卫星- Satellite technology has enabled globalpositioning,munication, and observation capabilities.22. robotics n. 机器人技术- Robotics technology has been widely used in manufacturing, healthcare, and space exploration.23. 3D printing n. 三维打印- 3D printing has brought about a new era of on-demand and customized manufacturing.24. innovation-driven 发展创新驱动- China's development has shifted towards an innovation-driven model to stimulate economic growth.25. scientific research 科学研究- Scientific research plays a crucial role in advancing knowledge and technological progress.以上是雅思真经chapter6科技发明类的一些重要单词，这些单词涵盖了科技发明类话题的各个方面，希望考生们能够在备考雅思写作考试时有所帮助。
词汇学第六章
D. From general words to technical terms e.g. memory(记忆---储存器)； recovery(恢复---航天器的回收)； pack包裹---软片暗包 E. the narrowing of borrowings e.g. liquor (Latin) : liquid----ardent spirits烈酒 garage (French):‘任何储藏东西的地方’---车库
IV. Degradation of meaning (Deterioration) 词义的降格 Words with a commendatory meaning may become ones with a derogatory sense. This is called degradation of meaning, or deterioration. e.g. silly: happy, fortunate, holy, blessed----innocent, harmless (euphemism for the retardedБайду номын сангаасperson)---foolish, imbecile e.g. sad: full, satisfied, contended---- calm----serious---gloomy----sorrowful
B. From concrete to abstract e.g. place (square --- location, status, situation); e.g. ‘thing’ used to mean ‘a public assembly’ or a ‘council’ in Anglo-Saxon times, but now can refer to any object or event. ‘Thing, affair, business, concern, regard, article, circumstance, fact, state, condition, position, situation, way, means, matter, respect’, etc. Each of them may be used in an abstract sense instead of a concrete meaning as used in the past.
6.现代英语词汇学(第六章)
The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, such as ‘philosophy’ or ‘ emotion’, others smaller, such as ‘kinship’ or ‘color’. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory. The German linguist Trier saw vocabulary as “an integrated system of lexemes (词位) interrelated in sense”. Therefore, the words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fields. For example, peach, apricot, mango, pineapple, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of fruits; celery, lettuce, leek, onion, cucumber, pumpkin spinach, carrot,
e.g. There was a fine rocking-chair that his father used to sit in, a desk where he wrote letters, a nest of small tables and a dark, imposing bookcase. Now all this furniture was sold, and with it his own past. In this piece of discourse, the writer uses a set of hyponyms under furniture, which gives the writing coherence and provides the key to understanding the text. In production, knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms, and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness. Consider the following two pairs of sentences: (1.a) Trees surrounded the water near our summer place. (1.b) Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.
词汇学Unit 6
Unit 6 Sense Relations of WordsPart I. Relations of SynonymsI.Origin of SynonymsFrom French , Greek, Latin etc.Differences between British English and American EnglishII.Types of SynonymsA: absolute/ exact/ perfect synonyms 完全同义词B: near/ partial/ loose synonyms 部分同义词III.Differences of Synonyms1.s emantic differences2.s tylistic differences3.s ense differences4.d ifferences of methods and collocations根据以下四个原因，对下列各组同义词的形成原因作出判断：A. dialectB. formalityC. connotationD. collocation1. refuse: garbage__________2. chat: gossip___________3. lawyer: attorney_______4. warning: caveat________5. hate: loathe_________6. money: brass__________7. praise: eulogy________8. much: mickle_________9. western: occidental_________10. throw: hurl_________11. capable: able_______12. pass: die_________13. stingy: economic______14. help: servant________15. diminutive: tiny_______16. abdomen: belly______17. herd: flock______18. children: kids______19. sour: rancid________20. apartment: flat________ Part II. Relations of AntonymsI.Classifications of AntonymsII.Characteristics of AntonymsIII.Applications of Antonyms选出下列各词的反义词：1.i ndeterminate A. qualified B. definiteC. stubbornD. effective2.d iverge A. bypass B. encloseC. relayD. come together3.a nomalous A. viscous B. essentialC. normalD. elemental4.s tabilize A. penetrate B. minimize C. fluctuate D. isolate5.a nchor A. unbend B. disjoinC. disruptD. dislodge 1、2班6.r efute A. associate B. recognizeC. proveD. understand7.b oisterous A. angry B. clever C. frightened D. quiet8.e mit A. absorb B. demand C. mistake D. prevent9.a lly A. mediator B. adversaryC. inventorD. conspirator10.offhand A. accurate B. universal C. appropriate D. premeditated11.profuse A. sequential B. scantC. surlyD. supreme12.extant A. extensive B. extricable C. extinct D. extra13.persevere A. put into B. send outC. take awayD. give up14.pungency A. boredom B. redundancy C. blandness D. insignificance15.sedulous A. ponderous B. careless C. useless D. treacherous 16.flustered A. mute B. calm C. heavy D. courageous17.expire A. evolve B. stabilizeC. come to lifeD. grow to fruition18.morose A. agitated B. overawed C. decisive D. cheerful 19.gist A. artificial manner B. trivial point C. eccentric method D.singular event20.endorse A. provoke criticism B. receive payment C. submit unwillingly D. oppose publicly判断下列各形容词在句中的不同意义：1.blue1)He is wearing a blue shirt today.2)Her hands were blue with cold.3)He’s feeling blue all week.4)That’s a blue joke.2.green1)Wait for the light to turn green.2)These apples are too green to eat.3)You must be green to believe that!4)The passengers turned quite green withseasickness.3.fast1)Who’s the fastest runner in the world?2)That clock is ten minutes fast.3)He led a fast life.4)The color is fast.4. heavy1) Her father carried a heavy burden of responsibility.2) The going was heavy at the race-course.3) I don’t like heavy meals..4) It’s very heavy_ I think there’ll be a storm..5. poor1) They were too poor to buy shoes for the kids.2) The poor little puppy had been abandoned.3) It was raining heavily and visibility was poor.4) She’s a good teacher but a poor manager. 6. rich1) America is a rich country.2) Oranges are rich in vitamin C.3) Indians like rich curries.4) They are looking for a rich well-drained soil.7. short1) He is too short to become a police officer.2) The hospital is getting short of nurses.3) “Ben” is usually short for “Benjamin”.4) I’m sorry I was short with you earlier.8. soft1) The grass is soft and springy.2) I prefer a soft pink to harsh red.3) A soft breeze rustled the trees.4) If you’re too soft with these kids they’ll never respect you.9. strong1) Stay indoors in the middle of the day, when the sun is strong.2) The euro is getting stronger against the dollar.3) Strong will is one of the factors to achieve success.4) He is a strong candidate for the job.10. warm1) The weather is a bit warmer today.2) The host gave me a warm welcome.3) The room was furnished in warm reds and browns.4) Am I getting warmer?Part III. PolysemyI.the Original Meaning and ExtendedMeaningII.General Meaning and Special Meaning III.Abstract Meaning and Concrete MeaningIV.Literal Meaning and Metaphorical MeaningPart IV. HomonymyPart V. Hierarchical RelationGenerality and SpecificityHyponym, Co-hyponym and Superordinate TermQuasi-hyponymy 准下义关系Part VI. TaxonomyTaxonyms superordinate co-taxonyms co-taxonymyPart VII. PartonomyPart-whole relationsSuperordinate and meronymy写出下列共下义词的上义词：1.prawn, crab, octopus, oyster____2.flute, drum, violin, saxophone3.hammer, saw, spanner, screw4.sparrow, nightingale, owl, robin5.date, mango, peach, plum6.sight, hearing, touch, taste7.acridity, aroma, stink, pong8.boat, ship, destroyer, cruiser9.spectacles, mirror, telescope, microscope10.jacket, fleece, overcoat, sweater11.roll, bagel, croissant, baguette12.snack, repast, refreshment, feast13.cheesecake, pie, custard, fruit salad14.eggplant, mushroom, broccoli,cauliflower15.borrow, buy, steal, find16.walk, run, stagger, crawl17.murder, slay, slaughter, assassination18.slippers, boots, sandals, sneakers19.paper, pens, envelopes, eraser20.robbery, theft, raid, embezzlement。
英语词汇学Chapter6
Relationship between the primary and the central meaning:
– The two may coincide, e.g. hand: terminal part of the human arm beyond the wrist --- both primary and central – A new meaning may become the center, e.g. prevent: to anticipate (primary or original meaning, obsolete now) → to keep from happening (new meaning, synchronically central in Modern English)
（一词多义是同一个词的语义结构历史 发展的结果。）
• This first meaning is the
original meaning(原 始意义). derived meanings(派生意义).
• These later meanings are called
2) Synchronic approach (共时角度)
One example: fair
• (of attitude, behavior) just and honest; impartial; • (of results) average, quite good; • (of the weather) clear and sunny; • (of amount) satisfactory, abundant; • (of the skin, hair) pale; light in color; • clean, clear; without blemish
英语词汇学课件chapter 6
6.1.3 Two Processes of Development The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses which are called radiation and concatenation.
(3) Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /diə/ n. a loved person deer /diə/ n. a kind of animal
6.2 Homonymy
They are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
6.2.1 Types of Homonyms Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three types: perfect homonyms, homographs and homophones. (1) Perfect homonyms also known as absolute homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling, e.g. bank n. the edge of the river, lake, etc. bank n. an establishment for money business
雅思词汇_Chapter6人文科学
小沈的单词本Chapter 6. 人文科学包括：a. 艺术与文学; b. 文化与历史; c. 经济与贸易; d. 企业与管理; e. 法律与犯罪.N.B.The words with shading are not required in IELTS, but required in at least one another examination, including TOEFL, SAT, GRE, CET4/6, and NETM. Also, the italicized words are neither required in IELTS, nor in TOEFL, SAT, GRE, CET4/6, or NETM according to YouDao Dict.The BrE phonetic transcriptions, but the NAmE spellings are typed in this article.There are 10 chapters in this article, other chapters and a complete version can be found in my Baidu blog.注意带黄底的单词是非雅思要求的词汇，但是是托福、SAT、GRE、四六级、考研英语之中至少一种考试所要求的词汇. 而斜体的单词既不是雅思要求的词汇，也不是托福、SAT、GRE、四六级、考研英语要求的词汇.本材料中采用单词的英音音标、美式拼写.本材料共10章, 其他章节和一个完整版均可以在我的百度文库店铺中找到.Chapter 6. 人文科学a.艺术与文学classical music 古典乐jazz /dʒæz/ 爵士乐rock /rɒk/ 摇滚乐hip-hop/ˈhɪp hɒp/ 嘻哈pop /pɒp/ 流行歌曲lyric /ˈlɪrɪk/ 抒情的lyrics /'lɪrɪks/ 抒情诗；歌词melody /ˈmelədi/ 旋律rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ 节奏；韵律tone /təʊn/ 音调；音色；语气tune /tjuːn/ 曲调tuner/ˈtjuːnə(r)/ 调音师；谐振器instrument 乐器piano 钢琴violin /ˌvaɪəˈlɪn/ 小提琴cello /ˈtʃeləʊ/ 大提琴guitar 吉他harmonic /hɑːˈmɒnɪk/ 和声(的) harmonica/hɑːˈmɒnɪkə/ 口琴organ /ˈɔːɡən/ 风琴；器官mouth organ 口琴trumpet /ˈtrʌmpɪt/ 喇叭drum 鼓flute /fluːt/ 长笛trombone /trɒmˈbəʊn/ 长号cornet/ˈkɔːnɪt/ 短号clarinet /ˌklærəˈnet/ 单簧管oboe/ˈəʊbəʊ/双簧管percussion /pəˈkʌʃn/ 敲打乐器；打击乐solo 独奏；独唱band 乐队concert 音乐会；演唱会conductor 指挥symphony /ˈsɪmfəni/ 交响乐；和声orchestra /ˈɔːkɪstrə/管弦乐队improvise /ˈɪmprəvaɪz/ 即兴表演；即兴创作opera /ˈɒprə/ 歌剧；歌剧院；歌剧团drama /ˈdrɑːmə/ 戏剧；剧本melodrama /ˈmelədrɑːmə/ 闹剧；夸张的(情节剧) modern drama 话剧musical /ˈmjuːzɪkl/ 音乐剧ballet /ˈbæleɪ/ 芭蕾costume /ˈkɒstjuːm/ 戏服academic costume 学位服scene (舞台)场景；现场senery 舞台布景；风景lighting 舞台灯光spotlight 聚光灯auditorium /ˌɔːdɪˈtɔːriəm/ 礼堂；观众席target audience /ˈɔːdiəns/目标观众magic/ˈmædʒɪk/ 魔法；魔术；有魔力的circus /ˈsɜːkəs/ 马戏；马戏团rehearsal /rɪˈhɜːsl/ 排练rehearse /rɪˈhɜːs/ v.排练gallery /ˈɡæləri/ 画廊exhibition /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/ 展览；展会photograph /ˈfəʊtəɡrɑːf/ 照片；相片painting /ˈpeɪntɪŋ/ 绘画；油画sketch /sketʃ/ 素描；梗概portrait /ˈpɔːtreɪt/ 肖像；人像；半身雕塑像sculpture /ˈskʌlptʃə(r)/ v./n.雕塑；雕刻statue /ˈstætʃuː/ 雕像；塑像relief n.浮雕；救济；减轻mural /ˈmjʊərəl/ 壁画carve /kɑːv/ 雕刻stone/wood carving 石雕/木雕craft /krɑːft/手艺handicraft 手工艺；手工艺品artefact /ˈɑːtɪfækt/ 手工制品handwriting 笔迹；书法calligraphy /kəˈlɪɡrəfi/ 书法autograph /ˈɔːtəɡrɑːf/亲笔签名；手稿aesthetic /esˈθetɪk/ 审美；美学的movie/film(更英式) 电影cinema/theater /ˈsɪnəmə /电影院role 角色actor/actress 演员stand-in 替身演员hero/heroine /ˈherəʊɪn/ 男/女主角supporting actor/actress 男/女配角billing 演员表；广告；账款cast 演员阵容；投掷an all-star cast 全明星阵容members of the cast 剧组成员audition /ɔːˈdɪʃn/ (对演艺人员的)试演director 导演producer=PD制片人supervisor 监制photographer/cameraman摄影script 剧本scriptwriter编剧plot/scenario 情节frame 一帧(画面)original version /əˈrɪdʒənl/ 原版recompose/adapt /riːkəm'pəʊz//əˈdæpt/改编dub /dʌb/ v./n.配音lines 台词story line 故事梗概title 片名subtitile 字幕bullet screen 弹幕soundtrack配乐voiceover 旁白；画外音Oscar /ˈɑːskər/ 奥斯卡feature film 剧情片action film 动作片science fiction film 科幻片fantasy film 魔幻片comedy 喜剧tragedy film /ˈtrædʒədi/ 悲剧片X-rated 少儿不宜的porno film/ˈpɔːnəʊ/ 色情电影thriller /ˈθrɪlə(r)/ 惊悚片；恐怖小说horror film /ˈhɒrə(r)/ 恐怖片suspense film/səˈspens/悬疑片documentary /ˌdɒkjuˈmentri/ 纪录片newsreel/ˈnjuːzriːl/ 新闻影片animation /ˌænɪˈmeɪʃn/动画片cartoon /kɑːˈtuːn/卡通TV play 电视剧serial /ˈsɪəriəl/ 电视连续剧；小说连载；系列电影series /ˈsɪəriːz/ (广播或电视上的)系列节目superhero series 超级英雄系列电影Marvel/ˈmɑːvl/ 漫威a sequel to * /ˈsiːkwəl/ *的续集blockbuster /ˈblɒkbʌstə(r)/大片* was released/shown *上映a box-office hit 一部卖座的电影quiz program/kwɪz/ 知识竞赛节目game show游戏节目talent show 选秀节目reality talent show 真人秀talk show 脱口秀；访谈节目host 主持人emcee=MC/emˈsiː/主持人literate /ˈlɪtərət/ 有文化的；学者literature /ˈlɪtrətʃə(r)/ 文学literal /ˈlɪtərəl/ 文字的；逐字的；不夸张的tale 故事；传说fairy tale 童话fiction 小说poetry /ˈpəʊətri/ 诗satire /ˈsætaɪə(r)/ 讽刺；讽刺文学magazine 杂志；弹药库coverage 新闻报道；覆盖(范围) biography /baɪˈɒɡrəfi/ 传记；档案language 语言lingual /ˈlɪŋɡwəl/ 语言的；舌的linguistics /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/ 语言学monolingual/ˌmɒnəˈlɪŋɡwəl/ 只会一种语言的monotonous /məˈnɒtənəs/单调的mundane /mʌnˈdeɪn/ 单调的；平凡的bilingual /ˌbaɪˈlɪŋɡwəl/ 双语的；会两种语言的multilingual /ˌmʌltiˈlɪŋɡwəl/ 会多种语言的Mandarin /ˈmændərɪn/普通话Cantonese /ˌkæntəˈniːz/广东话Chinese character 汉字pictograph /'pɪktəgrɑːf/ 象形文字pronounce /prəˈnaʊns/ 发音intonation /ˌɪntəˈneɪʃn/ 声调；语调inflection/ɪnˈflekʃn/ 声调变化；弯曲；变形accent /ˈæksənt/ 口音phonetics/fəˈnetɪks/ 语音学grammar /ˈɡræmə(r)/语法grammatical /ɡrəˈmætɪkl/ 文法的syntax /ˈsɪntæks/ 句法semantic /sɪˈmæntɪk/ 语义的；语义学的coherence /kəʊˈhɪərəns/连贯性fluency 流利；流利度syllable /ˈsɪləbl/ 音节vowel /ˈvaʊəl/ 元音(的) consonant /ˈkɒnsənənt/ 辅音(的)verbal /ˈvɜːbl/ 口头的；动词的oral /ˈɔːrəl/ 口头的；口述的utterance /ˈʌtərəns/ 表达；说话方式alphabet /ˈælfəbet/ 字母表vocabulary 词汇lexical /ˈleksɪkl/ 词汇的idiom /ˈɪdiəm/ 习语；土话；成语phrase /freɪz/ 短语proverb /ˈprɒvɜːb/ 谚语；格言adage /ˈædɪdʒ/ 格言；谚语；箴言slang/slæŋ/ 俚语root /ruːt/ 词源；根；生根prefix/ˈpriːfɪks/ (添加)前缀suffix/ˈsʌfɪks/ (添加)后缀abbreviation/əˌbriːviˈeɪʃn/ 缩写logogram/ˈlɒɡəɡræm/ 简写synonym /ˈsɪnənɪm/ 同义词antonym /ˈæntənɪm/ 反义词noun/naʊn/ 名词singular /ˈsɪŋɡjələ(r)/ 单数(的)；单一的plural /ˈplʊərəl/ 复数(的)a pluralist society /ˈplʊərəlɪst/ 多元的社会pronoun /ˈprəʊnaʊn/ 代词verb 动词adjective/ˈædʒɪktɪv/ 形容词adverb /ˈædvɜːb/ 副词preposition /ˌprepəˈzɪʃn/ 介词conjunction /kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ 连接词；结合clause /klɔːz/ 从句；条款tense /tens/ 时态；紧张的translation 翻译compile /kəmˈpaɪl/ v.编译；编制paraphrase /ˈpærəfreɪz/ 意译；解释literality/,lɪtə'rælətɪ/ 直译interpret /ɪnˈtɜːprət/ 口译；说明interpreter /ɪnˈtɜːprətə(r)/口译员narrate /nəˈreɪt/ 叙述；讲述illuminate /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/ 阐明decipher /dɪˈsaɪfə(r)/ 破译eloquence /ˈeləkwəns/ 口才；修辞；雄辩eloquent /ˈeləkwənt/ 有说服力的；意味深长的punchline /ˈpʌntʃlaɪn/(笑话最后的)关键句，妙语；画龙点睛之语gossip /ˈɡɒsɪp/ n./v.八卦；闲聊rumour /ˈruːmə(r)/ 谣言；v.传闻medium /ˈmiːdiəm/ 媒介；中间的media /ˈmiːdiə/ 媒体；(复数)媒介press 新闻界；出版社publish 出版；发行journalism /ˈdʒɜːnəlɪzəm/ 新闻业commentary /ˈkɒməntri/实况报道；现场解说b.文化与历史culture文化civilization /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ 文明epic /ˈepɪk/ 史诗(般的)tradition 传统custom 风俗customs /ˈkʌstəmz/海关ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/ 仪式；惯例；礼制etiquette/ˈetɪkət/ 礼节；礼仪derive from/dɪˈraɪv/ 源于originate from/əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt/ 源于native 本土的local 当地的nostalgia /nɒˈstældʒə/ 乡愁homesick 想家的exotic /ɪɡˈzɒtɪk/ 异国(风情)的alien /ˈeɪliən/ 外国(的)；外星人heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/ 遗产；传统；继承(权) inherit /ɪnˈherɪt/v.继承antique /ænˈtiːk/ 古老的；古董archaeology /ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒi/ 考古学archaeologist/ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒɪst/ 考古学家excavate /ˈekskəveɪt/ 挖掘；开凿excavation n.发掘；挖掘antique /ænˈtiːk/古董；古老的pottery /ˈpɒtəri/ 陶器engrave /ɪnˈɡreɪv/ 雕刻engraving 雕刻品inscription /ɪnˈskrɪpʃn/ 题词；铭文；碑文museum 博物馆religion /rɪˈlɪdʒən/ 宗教materialism /məˈtɪəriəlɪzəm/ 唯物主义idealism /aɪˈdiːəlɪzəm/ 唯心主义Christian /ˈkrɪstʃən/ 基督教的/徒Buddhism /ˈbʊdɪzəm/ 佛教Islam /ˈɪzlɑːm/伊斯兰教atheist /ˈeɪθiɪst/ 无神论者clan /klæn/ 宗族；部落religious belief/faith /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/宗教信仰sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/ 神(圣)的hallowed /ˈhæləʊd/ 神圣的holy /ˈhəʊli/ 圣洁的pope /pəʊp/ 教皇bishop /ˈbɪʃəp/ (基督教)主教missionary /ˈmɪʃənri/ 传教的/士priest /priːst/ 神父；牧师Bible /ˈbaɪbl/ 圣经church 教堂cathedral /kəˈθiːdrəl/ 大教堂choir /ˈkwaɪə(r)/ 唱诗班monk /mʌŋk/ 僧侣temple /ˈtempl/ 庙宇pagoda/pəˈɡəʊdə/ (东方寺院的)宝塔oriental /ˌɔːriˈentl/ 东方的renaissance /rɪˈneɪsns/ 文艺复兴enlightenment /ɪnˈlaɪtnmənt/启蒙运动slavery /ˈsleɪvəri/ 奴隶制colony /ˈkɒləni/ 殖民地tribe /traɪb/ 部落tribal 部落的aboriginal /ˌæbəˈrɪdʒənl/ 土著(的)feudal /ˈfjuːdl/ 封建制度的empire /ˈempaɪə(r)/ 帝国imperial /ɪmˈpɪəriəl/ 帝国的；皇帝的dynasty 王朝；朝代thrive /θraɪv/ v.繁荣；兴旺prosperity /prɒˈsperəti/繁荣；兴旺royal 皇家的nobility /nəʊˈbɪləti/ 贵族lord 主；上帝；(英)贵族emperor 皇帝king 国王majesty /ˈmædʒəsti/ 威严；王权status/ˈsteɪtəs/ 地位；状态queen 王后；女王prince 王子princess 公主；王妃knight 骑士anecdote /ˈænɪkdəʊt/ 奇闻；轶事c.经济与贸易economy /ɪˈkɒnəmi/ 经济economic /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ 经济上的economical /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl/ 经济的；划算的；节约的financial /faɪˈnænʃl/ 财政的revenue/ˈrevənjuː/ (政府)财政收入；税收收入expense /ɪkˈspens/ 开支；代价expenditure /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ 支出；花费currency 货币；通货monetary /ˈmʌnɪtri/ 货币的；财政的monetary policy 货币政策exchange rate 汇率The exchange rate of pound to RMB is about 9. shilling /ˈʃɪlɪŋ/ 先令(英国1971年以前货币单位，20先令合一英镑) pence /pens/ (复数)便士(100便士合一英镑) cash 现金cheque=check 支票dishonor拒付dishonored cheque 空头支票debit card /ˈdebɪt/ 借记卡credit card /ˈkredɪt/ 信用卡coin 硬币copper /ˈkɒpə(r)/ 铜币treasure /ˈtreʒə(r)/ 财富；珍宝tax 税levy /ˈlevi/ v./n.征收(税)；征集(兵) impose /ɪmˈpəʊz/征收duty 关税；责任tariff /ˈtærɪf/ v./n.(征收)关税export /ˈekspɔːt/ v./n.出口quota /ˈkwəʊtə/ 配额；指标export quota 出口限额achieve/have quota of * 完成*的指标import 进口value of import 进口额dump /dʌmp/ 倾倒；(向国外)倾销global trade 环球贸易domestic and overseas markets 海内外市场GDP=gross domestic product/dəˈmestɪk/per capita/'kæpɪtə/ 人均surplus /ˈsɜːpləs/盈余；顺差；过剩的deficit /ˈdefɪsɪt/ 赤字；逆差inflation /ɪnˈfleɪʃn/ 通货膨胀；膨胀deflation/ˌdiːˈfleɪʃn/ 通货紧缩；放气recession/rɪˈseʃn/ 衰退；不景气depression 不景气；沮丧sluggish/ˈslʌɡɪʃ/ 萧条的；迟缓的economic crisis /ˈkraɪsɪs/ 经济危机manufacturing industry 制造业service industry 服务业catering industry 餐饮业hospitality industry /ˌhɒspɪˈtæləti/ 酒店业；服务业tourism industry 旅游业commercial /kəˈmɜːʃl/ 商业的commerce /ˈkɒmɜːs/ 贸易；商务entity /ˈentəti/ 实体；存在；本质a business entity 企业实体a sovereign entity /ˈsɒvrɪn/主权(国)实体invest 投资capital inflow资本流入influx of capital /ˈɪnflʌks/资本流入capital withdrawal /wɪðˈdrɔːəl/ 资产撤出bid v./n.出价；投标merchant /ˈmɜːtʃənt/ 商人；批发商；商家retail /'riːteɪl/ v./n.零售；零售的wholesale /ˈhəʊlseɪl/ 批发(的) transaction 交易deal 交易；买卖；约定；对付consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ 消费；消耗consumer /kənˈsjuːmə(r)/ 消费者consumerism/kənˈsjuːmərɪzəm/消费主义dispense /dɪˈspens/发售；分配；免除goods 商品item (一件)商品；项目merchandise /ˈmɜːtʃəndaɪz/ 商品；货物commodity/kəˈmɒdəti/ 商品；日用品cargo /ˈkɑːɡəʊ/货物daily necessity /nəˈsesəti/ 生活必需品dispenser /dɪˈspensə(r)/自动售货机；药剂师customer 顾客client /ˈklaɪənt/顾客；客户sponser /ˈspɒnsə(r)/ 赞助者；主办方patron /ˈpeɪtrən/ 赞助人；主顾turnover /ˈtɜːnəʊvə(r)/ 翻覆；营业额cost 成本；代价profit 利润purchase /ˈpɜːtʃəs/ v./n.购买earn 赚钱afford 买得起；承担得起on sale (廉价)出售promotion 促销；提升；促进bargain /ˈbɑːɡən/ n.便宜货；v.讨价还价discount n./v.折扣a 10% discount 打九折membership 会员身份；会员资格voucher /ˈvaʊtʃə(r)/ 代金券；票券；凭证coupon /ˈkuːpɒn/ 优惠券lease /liːs/ 租约；v.出租receipt /rɪˈsiːt/ 收据invoice /ˈɪnvɔɪs/ 发票refund 退款；退税reimburse /ˌriːɪmˈbɜːs/ 偿还；赔偿reimbursement n.赔偿；报销apply for reimbursement 报销affluent /ˈæfluənt/ 富裕的；富人asset /ˈæset/ 资产estate /ɪˈsteɪt/ 房地产；财产real/immovable estate 不动产possession /pəˈzeʃn/ 拥有；财产property /ˈprɒpəti/ 财产；所有权；性质legacy /ˈleɡəsi/ 遗产ownership 所有权copyright 版权auction /ˈɔːkʃn/ v./n.拍卖donate /dəʊˈneɪt/ 捐赠endow /ɪnˈdaʊ/ (向学校等机构)捐钱；赋予wealth management 理财security 证券；安全(性) bond 债券；n./v.结合fund 基金；资金stock /stɒk/ 股票share 份额；股份dividend /ˈdɪvɪdend/ 红利；股息lottery /ˈlɒtəri/彩票account 账户deposit /dɪˈpɒzɪt/ n./v.存款；押金withdraw (从银行)取款；撤回interest /ˈɪntrəst/利益；利息insurance 保险loan /ləʊn/ 贷款；借款mortgage /ˈmɔːɡɪdʒ/ n./v.抵押贷款debt /det/ 债务；借款obligation 义务；职责；债务liability /ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ 责任；债务installment /ɪn'stɔ:lmənt/ 安装；分期付款penalty /ˈpenəlti/ 罚款d.企业与管理listed company 上市公司multinational company 跨国公司joint-stock company 合资公司firm 公司；商号state-owned enterprise /ˈentəpraɪz/ 国有企业foreign-invested enterprise 外资企业corporation /ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃn/ 公司；法人(团体) legal person 法人consortium /kənˈsɔːtiəm/ 财团acquisition /ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn/ 获得；收购negotiation 谈判；转让boss 老板director董事board 董事会chairman 董事长；会长；主席general manager 总经理supervisor 管理者superintendent /ˌsuːpərɪnˈtendənt/ 负责人；主管人executive /ɪɡˈzekjətɪv/主管subordinate 部属；下级apprentice /əˈprentɪs/ 学徒deputy/ˈdepjuti/ 副手；副职vice- 副的clerk /klɑːk/ 职员internship /ˈɪntɜːnʃɪp/ 实习生labor 劳动；劳动力workforce /ˈwɜːkfɔːs/ 劳动力white-collar worker 白领personnel /ˌpɜːsəˈnel/ 人事部门；全体人员human resource 人力资源regulate 调节；有系统地管理recruit /rɪˈkruːt/ v./n.招募；聘用；征兵post 岗位job vacancy/ˈveɪkənsi/ 职位空缺hunt for a job 找工作procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/程序；手续；步骤interview 面试；采访resume /rɪˈzjuːm/ 简历recommend 推荐recommendation /ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃn/ 推荐信employ 雇用employee /ɪmˈplɔɪiː/雇员employer /ɪmˈplɔɪə(r)/ 雇主hire 租用；(临时)聘用preservice training 岗前培训undertaking (重大或艰巨的)任务；项目commute /kəˈmjuːt/通勤clock in 打卡上班flextime /ˈfleksitaɪm/弹性工作制attend/əˈtendəns/ 出席；上(大学等)；照料attendance /əˈtendəns/出席；考勤absent /ˈæbsənt/ 缺席的absenteeism /ˌæbsənˈtiːɪzəm/ 旷工；旷课ask for leave 请假overtime 加班时间；加班的overwork v./n.(工作)过度劳累salary 薪水income 收入wage /weɪdʒ/工资；报酬payment 付款；报酬payroll 工资单remuneration/rɪˌmjuːnəˈreɪʃn/ 报酬；酬劳subsidy /ˈsʌbsədi/ 津贴；补贴allowance /əˈlaʊəns/ 津贴bonus /ˈbəʊnəs/ 奖金；红利increment /ˈɪŋkrəmənt/定期的加薪deduct /dɪˈdʌkt/ 扣除(工资) suspension/səˈspenʃn/ 停职；暂停downsize /ˈdaʊnsaɪz/ v.裁员redundancy/rɪˈdʌndənsi/ n.冗余；裁员fire 解雇lay-off n.解雇dismiss 解雇dismissal /dɪsˈmɪsl/ n.解雇discharge v./n.释放；免职；出院sack /sæk/ v.解雇；掠夺resign v./n.辞职resignation /ˌrezɪɡˈneɪʃn/ n.辞职；辞职信retire 退休retirement n.退休pension /ˈpenʃn/退休金；抚恤金e.法律与犯罪law 法律legal /ˈliːɡl/ 法律的；合法的illegal 非法的；违法的legitimate /lɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/ 合法的；正当的statutory /ˈstætʃətri/ 法定的；可依法惩处的illegitimate /ˌɪləˈdʒɪtəmət/ 私生的；非法的valid/ˈvælɪd/ 有效的；合法的invalid 无效的；残疾的righteous /ˈraɪtʃəs/ 正义的；正直的rigorous/ˈrɪɡərəs/ 严格的；严密的rigid /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ 严格的；死板的stern /stɜːn/ 严厉的；船尾rule 规则regulation 法规treaty /ˈtriːti/ 条约；协议charter/ˈtʃɑːtə(r)/ 宪章protocol /ˈprəʊtəkɒl/ 协议；草案draft n.草案；v.起草agreement 协议；共识；契约consensus /kənˈsensəs/共识attempt to reach a consensus 努力达成共识recognition /ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃn/ 承认；识别；赞誉item/ˈaɪtəm/ 条目an undertaking clause/klɔːz/ 承诺条款convention /kənˈvenʃn/ 惯例；协定abide /əˈbaɪd/ 忍受；持续abide by 遵守observe/obey 遵守comply with /kəmˈplaɪ/ 遵守；照做violate/break the laws 违反法律deter 威慑；阻止；使打消念头mandatory /ˈmændətəri/ 法定的；义务的obligation /ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃn/ 义务；职责；债务enact /ɪˈnækt/ 制定(法律)；颁布formulate /ˈfɔːmjuleɪt/规划；制定；确切表达legislate /ˈledʒɪsleɪt/ v.立法legislation /ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃn/ n.立法legislative /ˈledʒɪslətɪv/立法的legislative power 立法权legislative institution 立法机构judicial /dʒuˈdɪʃl/ 司法的executive power/ɪɡˈzekjətɪv/ 行政权constitution /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃn/ 宪法penal law/code /ˈpiːnl/ 刑法civil law/code 民法business/commercial law 商业法international law 国际法court 法院supreme court 最高法院judge 法官；裁判jury /ˈdʒʊəri/ 陪审团attorney /əˈtɜːni/[美]律师solicitor /səˈlɪsɪtə(r)/[英]诉状律师recess /ˈriːses/ n.休庭；休会trail /treɪl/ 审判；试验；痕迹awaiting trail 等候审判accuse /əˈkjuːz/ 控告accuse sb. of sth.petition/pəˈtɪʃn/ 请愿书；诉状prosecute /ˈprɒsɪkjuːt/ 检举；起诉mediate /ˈmiːdieɪt/ 调解；调停reconcile /ˈrekənsaɪl/调解；调停plead /pliːd/ 辩护pleading n.辩护justify/ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/ 替…辩护；证明…合法justifiable /ˌdʒʌstɪˈfaɪəbl/ 可证明为正当的justifiable defense 正当防卫mute /mjuːt/缄默的silent 沉默的oversee 监督；审查witness /ˈwɪtnəs/目击；目击者；证人clue 线索arrest 逮捕detain /dɪˈteɪn/扣押；拘留convict /kən'vɪkt/ 宣告…有罪；罪犯condemn /kənˈdem/ 谴责；判处(某人某种刑罚) condemn to death for murder 因凶杀被判处死刑appeal /əˈpiːl/ 上诉；呼吁appeal against the sentence 提出上诉a light/heavy sentence 轻/重刑victim 受害人hostage /ˈhɒstɪdʒ/ 人质decedent/dɪ'siːd(ə)nt/ 死者confess /kənˈfes/供认；忏悔succumb /səˈkʌm/ 屈从penalty /ˈpenəlti/ 处罚；罚款fine 罚款confine /kənˈfaɪn/ v.监禁n.范围；限制jail /dʒeɪl/监狱prison /ˈprɪzn/监狱suspect /səˈspekt/ 嫌疑人commit/kəˈmɪt/ 犯罪crime /kraɪm/罪行criminal /ˈkrɪmɪnl/ 罪犯guilt 犯罪vice /vaɪs/ 恶习；副的；代替offend /əˈfend/ 冒犯；违法petty/minor offend 轻微的罪行severe penal cases 严重的刑事案件offender 罪犯treason/ˈtriːzn/ 叛国罪bribe /braɪb/贿赂rob v.抢劫robbery/ˈrɒbəri/n.抢劫robber 强盗；劫匪burglar /ˈbɜːɡlə(r)/ 窃贼pirate /ˈpaɪərət/海盗；盗版hijack /ˈhaɪdʒæk/ (尤在交通工具上)劫持steal n.偷窃theif 小偷；盗贼larceny /ˈlɑːsəni/ 偷盗罪smuggle /ˈsmʌɡl/v.走私murder n./v.谋杀kidnap /ˈkɪdnæp/ v.绑架；拐骗kidnapping 拐骗罪murderer /ˈmɜːdərə(r)/ 杀人犯；凶手bloodguilt 杀人罪suicide /ˈsjuːɪsaɪd/ 自杀homicide /ˈhɒmɪsaɪd/他杀；杀人犯deceive /dɪˈsiːv/ v.行骗；欺骗deception /dɪˈsepʃn/ n.欺骗；欺诈fraud /frɔːd/ 欺诈；骗子sexual harassment/həˈræsmənt/ 性骚扰terrorist /ˈterərɪst/ 恐怖分子terrorism /ˈterərɪzəm/ 恐怖主义/行动shooting incident枪击事件evil /ˈiːvl/ 邪恶的wicked /ˈwɪkɪd/ 邪恶的；下流的devil /ˈdevl/ 魔鬼hatred /ˈheɪtrɪd/ 憎恨；仇恨loath=loth /ləʊθ/不情愿的；勉强的loathing 嫌恶；反感averse /əˈvɜːs/不愿意的ethic /ˈeθɪk/ 伦理道德ethical /ˈeθɪkl/ 伦理的moral /ˈmɒrəl/ 道德的inhumane /ˌɪnhjuːˈmeɪn/ 残忍的inhumanity /ˌɪnhjuːˈmænəti/不人道；无人性ruthless /ˈruːθləs/ 无情的；残忍的ruthlessness /ˈruːθləsnəs/ 残忍unfeeling 无情的；无怜悯心的cold-blooded 冷血的；无情的brutal /ˈbruːtl/ 残忍的；野蛮的cruel /ˈkruːəl/ 残忍的；残酷的vicious /ˈvɪʃəs/ 恶毒的；恶意的spite 恶意；不顾spiteful 恶毒的；恶意的venomous /ˈvenəməs/ 有毒的；恶毒的lenient /ˈliːniənt/ 宽大的；仁慈的leniency /ˈliːniənsi/ 宽大；仁慈tolerant /ˈtɒlərənt/宽容的charitable /ˈtʃærətəbl/行善的；宽厚的；慷慨的。
新编英语词汇学教程第二版Chapter6Major ApproachestoWord Meaning
6.1 The naming theory
Problems
• This theory seems to apply to nouns only. • Even within the category of nouns, this theory cannot account
for the meaning of some fictional, mythical, or abstract entities, let alone the meanings of polysemous words. • This theory cannot be used to account for the phenomenon that the same object in the real world can be referred to by different expressions which are both meaningful.
6.2 Componential analysis
Componential analysis is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features or sense components. This analysis is based on semantic contrast. These minimal components can be symbolized in terms of binarity or binary opposition, i.e. they can be X or not X (indicated by +/–) such as [+ADULT] for “adult”, [–ADULT] for “young”.
chapter6 food for thought
Chapter 6 Food for thought 一．重点短语1.seem unfair似乎不公平2.increase one’s brainpower增强智力3.keep awake保持清醒4.be worth doing值得做5.sound good to sb对于某人来说听起来很好6.sound horrible听起来很糟7.bits of8.become a vegetarian成为一个素食主义者9. a programme on TV电视上的一个节目10.be influenced by被---影响11.meat industry肉类加工e sth to do用…做…13.instead of替代14.in tiny spaces在极小的空间15.get sick/ill生病16.need to do sth需要做某事17.needn’t do sth/don’t need todo sth不需要做某事18.be good for sth对于。
有好处19.lose appetite for sth失去对--胃口20.contain vitamins and minerals含有维他命和矿物质21.because of因为22.argue with sb=have an argument with sb与某人争论23.change the subject换个话题24.lose one’s weight减肥25.put on weight增肥26.show one’s feeling表达某人的感情27.grow properly健康成长28. a balanced diet均衡的饮食29.on one hand/on the other hand一方面\另一方面30.the right choice正确的选择e down下来；下降32.advise sb to do =suggest sb do sth=propose sb to do建议某人做某事33.be crazy about …对…疯狂pare A with B与……对比35.feel pity for sb为…抱歉，遗憾36.separate sth from sth将…与…分开37.cost of living生活费用38. a lack of … 缺乏39. a variety of … 各种各样的二．要点解释1. increase v. 增加, 增大, 增多( 指“形状、大小、数量、程度等的增大”)n. 增加, 增大, 增多e.g. Her family increased.她家的人口增加了Increase in population made emigration necessar y.人口的增加使向外移民成为必要。
词汇学chapterSix资料
Name
Definition
Property Example
Denotation
Reference
relation between a lexeme and a relation ships holds between an whole class of extra-linguistics expression and what the
• 2. Naturalists:
• 1) no intrinsic reason
• intrinsic correspondence
• 2) linguistic social contract
Relationship between a sound and its
meaning
• 3. homophones • write, right, rite
generally not applicable to single
word forms, never applicable to single lexeme. John’s computer – er to the specific computer o John.
6.3.2 Denotation and Sense
2. There is no such animal as a unicorn. There is no such book as a unicorn.
Contents (2)
• 6.4. Meaning Relations 6.4.1 Synonymy
6.4.1.1 Strict VS Loose Synonymy 6.4.1.2 Distinguishing Synonyms 6.4.1.3 Explanation for so many Synonyms
英语词汇学第6章
➢Synchronic approach共时研究方法
Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time. 从 共时的角度看，在同一个历史时期，同一个 词可以拥有许多不同的意义。
• 2） Relative synonyms
Synonyms which denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality are called relative synonyms.
3. Sources of synonyms同义词的来源
➢ The basic meaning of a word is called the central meaning 中心意义. The derived meanings are secondary in comparison.
2. Two processes of development
1) Radiation辐射型 2) Concatenation连锁型
Ask
commenceascendFirefirm
conflagration
Fear
question
secure
Fast
mount
initiate
2) Dialects and regional English 地域性语言和方言
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 词的比喻和委婉用法 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 单词与习惯表达在意义上的偶合
大学英语专业词汇学第六章
Chapter 6 Sense RelationsWords are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as their outer facet — orthographical form, is concerned. But semantically, these lexemes are all related in one way or another. A lexeme which is related to other lexemes is related to them in sense, hence sense relations. The subjects that have long held the interest and attention of semanticists in the field of sense relations are polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy. Naturally, this chapter will discuss these relations. Moreover, as part of the meaning study, the discussion will also cover semantic field, which is commonly felt to be an integral part of sense relations.6.1 PolysemyPolysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. This is particularly true of highly developed languages like English. In modern English, an overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. A casual glance of any pages of any English dictionary will justify(证明) the fact. There are words that have two or three senses, and the most commonly used ones can have as many senses as over a hundred. However, when a word is first coined, it is always monosemic(单义的) . But in the course of development, the same symbol may be employed to express new meanings as it is impossible to have one symbol in a language to denote one thing in the world. The result is polysemy. But how does a wordacquire new meanings? In what way are the meanings related to one another?1. Two Approaches to PolysemyThe problem of interrelation and interdependence of the various meanings of the same word can be approached from two different angles: diachronic approach(历时方法) and synchronic approach (共时方法) .1) Diachronic ApproachFrom the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with(被赋予) only one meaning. This first meaning is the primary meaning(原始意义) . With the advance of time and the development of language, more and more meanings were attributed to it. These later meanings are called derived meanings(派生意义) as they are all derived from the primary meaning. Take the word face for example (based on WNWD) :(1) the front of the head(2) the expression of the countenance(表情)(3) a surface of a thing(4) the side or surface that is marked , as of a clock, playing card, domino(多米诺骨牌) , etc.(5) the appearance; outward aspect; resemblance(相似)(6) (CH idiom) dignity; self-respect; prestige(威信) , as in lose/ save face(7) the topography(地形，地势) (of an area)(8) the functional and striking surface (of a tool, golf club, etc.)(9) (Colloq) effrontery(厚颜无耻；傲慢无礼) ; audacity(放肆；胆大妄为)(10) what is shown by the language of a document, without explanation and addition(11) (Mining) the end of a tunnel, drift(水平巷道，平巷) , etc. where work is being done(12) ( Typography印刷术) the type surface on which a letter is cut 铅字字模面Of the twelve meanings spelled out(详细地说明) above, (1) is the primary meaning, i.e. the basic meaning of the word face. All the rest are derived later on from the primary meaning. At the first sight, one may get the impression that some of the derived meanings have little to do with the first meaning. A closer look will reveal various relations between the first meaning and each of the rest, i.e. the senses could be obtained by extension, narrowing, analogy(类推) , transfer(转移) , etc. . In fact, the derived meanings all come from the primary one.There are also many instances in which the primary meaning gavebirth to new meanings, and as a result the primary meaning per se became either obsolete(废弃) or disappeared altogether. For example, the basic sense of the word harvest was 'time of cutting'; now the word is used in the sense of 'reaping and gathering the crops' or 'a season's yield of grain or fruit, etc. '. The primary meaning is no longer in common use. Another good example is pain, whose original meaning was ' penalty(刑罚) or punishment', now preserved only in such phrases as pains and penalty(惩罚) and upon / under pain of(违者以…论处) , the derived meanings 'suffering', 'great discomfort of the body or mind' have become prevalent(流行的；普遍的) . Examples of such can multiply in numbers.2) Synchronic ApproachSynchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time, say, Modern English. Along this line, the basic meaning of a word is considered to be the core of word meaning, called the central meaning. The derived meanings, no matter how numerous, are secondary in comparison. Therefore, for the word face, (1) is the central meaning and all the rest are minor ones. This does not necessarily mean that the secondary meanings are secondary in importance, though it is true in many cases. There are cases where the central meaning has gradually diminished in currency with the changes that have taken place in culture and society, and one of the derived meanings hasbecome dominant(占主导地位的) . This can be exemplified by the word gay. The word used to mean (1) joyous and lively, merry, happy; (2) bright, brilliant; (3) given to social life and pleasure; (4) wanton(放荡的) , licentious(淫荡的) ; (5) homosexual (WNWD). The order of the senses shows the development, the first meaning being the basic and primary and the last the latest. But in usage and currency, the opposite is true. In both CCELD and LDCE (second edition), sense (5) is arranged as No. 1 because it is rated as the most frequently used meaning.2. Two Processes of DevelopmentThe development of word meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses which are called radiation(辐射型模式) and concatenation(连锁型模式) .1) RadiationRadiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. All the meanings are independent of one another , but can all be traced back to the central meaning. If we give a graphic (简图的) description of the meanings of face, it would look very much like a wheel of a bicycle.The word neck offers another good example of radiation. The primary meaning is (1) that part of man or animal joining the head to the body; fromthis are derived (2) that part of the garment(衣服) ; (3) the neck of an animal used as food, e. g. neck of lamb; (4) a narrow part between the head and body or base of any object, e. g. the neck of a violin ; (5) the narrowest part of anything: bottle, land, strait or channel. Though the referent of each of the five may not be the same, yet they are all related to the central meaning. Meaning ( 2 ) is an instance of meaning transfer, (3) an instance of specialization(具体化) , and (4) and (5) are instances of extension(扩展) .2) Concatenation [英] [kɔnˌkætɪˈneɪʃɵnConcatenation, literally meaning 'linking together', is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first signification by successive shifts of meanings until, in many cases, there is not a shadow of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had in it at the outset (Rayevskaya 1957). Concatenation involves shifts of meaning. The meaning reached by the first shift may be shifted a second time, and so on until in the end the original meaning is totally lost. The word treacle is an illustrative example (WNWD):(1) wild beast(2) remedy for bites of venomous(有毒的；分泌毒液的) beasts(3) antidote(解毒剂) for poison or remedy for poison(4) any effective remedy(5) (BrE) molasses(糖浆)Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between. Now for the word treacle, senses (1) and (2) are entirely lost; (3) and (4) are obsolete(废弃不用的) , and only (5) remains in currency. Without a knowledge of etymology（词源学）of the word, no one can make any connection between sense (1) and sense (5). The same can be said of candidate:(1) white-robed(2) office seeker in white gowns(袍子)(3) a person who seeks an office(4) a person proposed for a place, award, etc. (ibid)Radiation and concatenation are closely related, being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together as complementary to each other.6.2 HomonymyHomonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound orspelling.1. Types of HomonymsBased on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three types: perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词) , homographs(同形异义词) and homophones(同音异义词) .1) Perfect homonyms also known as absolute homonyms（绝对同形异义词）are words identical both in sound and spelling, e. g.bank n. the edge of the river, lake, etc.bank n. an establishment for money businessbear n.a large heavy animalbear v.to put up withdate n. a kind of fruitdate n.a boy or girl friend2) Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g.bow / bau/ n bending the head as a greetingbow / bou/ n the device used for shooting arrowssow /sou/ v to scatter seedssow /sau/ n female adult pig3) Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g.son /sAn/ n a male child of a parentsun /SAn/ n the heavenly body from which the earth gets warmth and lightdear /dio/ n a loved persondeer /dio/ n a kind of animalright /rait/ a correct'write /rait/ v to put down on paper with a penrite /rait/ n a ceremonial procedureOf the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.2. Origins of HomonymsThere are various sources of homonyms resulting from change in sound and spelling, borrowing, shortening, etc. .1) Change in Sound and SpellingSome homonyms are native by origin, derived from different earlier forms in Old English. The change in sound and spelling gradually made them identical in modern English, e.g.ear n an organ with which to listen and hear, from eare(OE)ear n the grain-bearing spike of corn or wheat, fromær(OE)long a not short, from Lang (OE)long v to want very much, from langian (OE)2) BorrowingAs a result of heavy borrowing from other languages, many words of foreign origin coincide in sound and/or spelling with those of native origin or with those of other foreign origin, e. g.fair n a market, borrowed from feria (L)fair a pretty, from fæger (OE)ball n a round object to play with, from beallu (OE)ball n a dance party, borrowed from bailer (OF)3) ShorteningMany shortened forms of words happen to be identical with other words in spelling or sound, e. g.ad n shortened from advertisementadd v to cause an increaserock n shortened from rock and rollrock n a large mass of stoneNOW n from the initials of National Organization of Womennow adv at present3. Differentiation of Homonyms from PolysemantsPerfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with referenceto spelling and pronunciation, as both have the same orthographical(书写的；正字法的) form but different meanings. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different lexemes which have the same form and the latter the one and same lexeme which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion by which to differentiate them is 'etymology', i. e. homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is 'semantic relatedness'(相关性). The several meanings of a single polysemous lexeme are related and can be traced back to one central meaning. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.4. Rhetoric Features of HomonymsAs homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns(双关) for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm(讽刺) or ridicule(嘲弄). Consider the following scene that happened in a restaurant.'You're not eating your fish, ' the waitress said to him. 'Anything wrongwith it?'' Long time no sea ,' the man replied.Long time no see is usually said as a form of greeting between two friends when they meet after a long time. Here the customer cleverly employed the structure of the idiom to his advantage to criticize in a humorous way the bad quality of the food served at the restaurant. Long time no sea implies that 'sea food kept for a long time is not fit for eating'. Here is another example.'On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you. 'This was the remark made by a London worker on one Sunday morning when he saw groups of the so-called pious(虔诚的) gentlemen and ladies entering the church for prayer. Prey meaning ' plunder' or 'rob' sounds the same as pray. In the church, the gentlemen and ladies pray for blessing from the God, but once out of church, they show their true features, ruthlessly exploiting the working people like ferocious(凶猛的) animals preying on their victims. The sardonic(讽刺的) tone is unmistakable.6.3 SynonymySynonymy(同义关系；同义现象) is one of the characteristic features of the vocabulary of natural languages. English as a highly developedlanguage is known for its copious(丰富的，富饶的) stock of synonyms. Even as early as in Old English, the use of synonyms to add to the variety of language was noticeable. As Jespersen notes in his Growth and Structure of the English Language, the wealth of synonymous terms found in Old English poetry is astonishing, for example, in Beowulf alone, there were at least thirty-six words used for 'hero' and 'prince', seventeen expressions found used for 'sea' plus thirteen more from other poems, and eleven words for 'ship' or 'boat' plus sixteen more in other poems (ninth edition, p53).1. Definition of SynonymsSynonyms can be defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Reasonable as it sounds, this definition is subject to disagreement. The focal point(焦点) is what is meant by meaning. As we have already known (See Word Meaning) , meaning is a composite consisting of different types. Does the word ' meaning' mean one type or the total of all the different types? If one chooses any group of synonyms and analyses them, one will find different shades of meaning(意义上的细微差别), for example, end —terminate —close, all of which are 'modes of ending', but to terminate is to ' end finally' and to close is to ' end gradually'.Difference is also apparent in pairs of maid—girl, monkey—imitate,generous—extravagant. Although they share similar concept, they differ in stylistic appropriateness and affective values or connotations.Therefore, a better definition might be 'one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning' (WNDS). In other words, synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as part of speech, for a verb cannot have an adjective as its synonym. Similarly, an adverb cannot take a noun as its synonym: * end—final, * brother—fraternally.2. Types of SynonymsSynonyms can be classified into two groups: absolute synonyms(绝对同义词)and relative synonyms(相对同义词).1) Absolute SynonymsAbsolute synonyms, also known as complete synonyms, are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning including conceptual and associative meanings. Synonyms of this type are interchangeable in every way. It is recognized that absolute synonyms are rare in natural languages and some people even hold that such synonyms are non-existent. Absolute synonyms, if any, are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary, such as caecitis —typhlitis(盲肠炎), scarlet-fever—scarlatina in medicine, word-building —word-formation, composition—compounding in lexicology, etc. .2) Relative SynonymsRelative synonyms, also called by some people near-synonyms, are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. Take change —alter —vary for example. To change a thing is to put another thing in its place; to alter a thing is to make it different from which it was before; to vary a thing is to alter it in different manner and at different times: A man changes his habits, alters his conduct, and varies his manner of speaking.Look at stagger—reel —totter. Stagger implies unsteady movement characterized by a loss of equilibrium(平衡) and failure to maintain a fixed course, e. g. stagger under a heavy load; reel suggests a swaying or lurching(倾斜的) so as to appear on the verge(边缘) of falling, e.g. The drunken man reeled down the hall; totter suggests the uncertain, faltering(蹒跚，踉跄) steps of a feeble(虚弱的) old person or of an infant learning to walk, silent—tacit(缄默不语的), shine—glitter—sparkle—glare , different—various , idle—lazy—indolent, strange—odd—queer, large—huge—tremendous—colossal(庞大的)and the like all belong to this group.3. Sources of Synonyms1) BorrowingModern English is extremely rich in synonyms, which come fromdifferent sources. The most important is perhaps borrowing. As Baugh says, 'the richness of English in synonyms is largely due to the happy mingling(混合) of Latin, French and native elements. '(Baugh and Cable 1978: 186) As a result of borrowing, words of native origin form many couplets(成对词)and triplets(三词一组)with those from other languages, e. g.Native ForeignRoom chamberFoe enemyBegin commenceHelp aidLeave departMerry gayWise sageHeaven skyRear raiseBodily corporalEarthly terrestrial(地球的)Warlike bellicose(好战)Buy purchaseNative French Latinask question interrogaterise mount ascendfast firm securefire flame conflagration(火焰)fear terror trepidation(惧怕)holy sacred consecrated(神圣的) goodness virtue probity(德行)time age epoch2)Dialects and regional English, e. g.railway (BrE)railroad (Am E)mother (BrE)minny (Scot)charm (BrE)glamour (Scot)lift (BrE)elevator (Am E)ranch (AmE)run (Aus E)job (Stand E )gig (Black E)jim (Black E)male person (Stand E)3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words, e. g.occupation (profession)walk of life (fig)dreamer star-gazer (fig)drunk elevated (euph)lie distort the fact (euph)4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions, e.g.win gain the upper handdecide make up one's mindfinish get throughhesitate be in two mindshelp lend one a handWithin the native element, words are also found to express similar meanings such as fast—speedy—swift, handsome—pretty—lovely.4. Discrimination of SynonymsGenerally speaking, there is no difference between absolute synonyms whereas relative synonyms always differ in one way or another. Ullmann ( 1962) quotes Collinson's set of nine principles for distinguishing apparent synonyms:(1) One term is more general than another: refuse—reject.(2) One term is more tense than another: repudiate—refuse.(3) One term is more emotive than another: reject—decline.(4) One term may imply approbation(称赞) or censure(指责) whereanother is neutral: thrifty—economical.(5) One term is more professional than another: decease—death .(6) One term is more literary than another: passing—death.(7) One term is more colloquial than another: turn down—refuse.(8) One term is more local or dialectal than another: (Scot)flesher—butcher.(9) One of the synonyms belongs to child-talk: daddy—father.To sum up, the differences between synonyms may boil down to three areas: denotation, connotation, and application.1) Difference in Range and Intensity of MeaningSynonyms are named as such because they convey a similar concept but there are shades (细微的差别) of meaning between them, for example, some words have a wider range of meaning than others. Timid (胆怯的) and timorous (胆怯的) are synonymous, but the former is applied to both the state of mind in which a person may happen to be at the moment, and to the habitual disposition(性情) and the latter only to the disposition. Therefore, timid is the more extensive term than timorous. It is the same with comprehend and understand. The verb understand is used in a much more extended sense than comprehend. Whatever is comprehended is understood, but in many cases, comprehend cannot take the place of understand. It would be quite correct to say, ' I did not comprehend his exposition (讲解) or his arguments, although I understood the language, and the grammatical import of each sentence.Another illustrative example is the synonymous group of extend, increase, expand, which share a general sense but on closer inspection we can find conceptual differences:(1) The company has decided to increase its sales by ten per cent next year.(2) The owner of the restaurant is going to extend the kitchen by ten feet this year.(3) The metal will expand if heated.These examples could illustrate a refinement to the general sense of enlargement in the following way:Synonyms may differ in degree of intensity. Take rich and wealthy for example. A rich man and a wealthy lady are both rich, but the wealthy lady is felt to possess more money and property than a rich man. The same difference is found between work and toil, the former being a general term having no special implications as 'light' or ' heavy' and 'mental' or ' physical', and the latter usually suggesting heavy and tiring work, associated more with manual than mental labor, e.g.(1) The work was not hard and she soon learned to do it well.(2) The wealth of industrial society could only come from the toil of the masses.Want, wish , desire offer another example of the kind. Of the three terms, want is the most general and has the widest range of meaning while wish and desire are much narrower in sense. As far as intensity is concerned, both are stronger than want, and desire is the strongest of all.2) Difference in Stylistic FeaturesAmong the relative synonyms, there are words which share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. For example, the words borrowed from other languages, from French and Latin in particular, are generally more formal than native words: begin—commence , answer —respond, storm —tempest, wood—forest, unlike—dissimilar, handy —manual, homely —domestic, fleshy—carnal(肉的), fast—firm —secure , time—age—epoch . In each couplet, the first term is native and notstyle-specific, while the second term, borrowed either from French or Latin, is more formal. And in the triplets, the first term is native, the second French and the third Latin — stylistically, French being more formal than the native, and the Latin being learned even more formal than the French, naturally appropriate only for technical writing or officialese(公文).The group policeman , constable([ˈkɔnstəbəl, ˈkʌn-][美] [ˈkɑnstəbəl, ˈkʌn-]), bobby([ˈbɔbi]<英俚>警察), cop serves for anot her example. Among them, policeman and constable are stylistically neutral, yet the former is used both in British English and American English while the latter is British specific. Bobby is colloquial used only in British English and cop is slangy. Consider the synonymou s group expressing ' request': ask , beg, request, entreat([enˈtri:t]), beseech([bɪˈsi:tʃ), implore([ɪmˈplɔ:, -ˈpləʊr]). Ask is stylistically neutral, beg is often used in conversation and all the rest are literary in style, implore and beseech, extremely formal, can be labelled 'fr ozen' in Joos' terms.Apart from these, mention should be made of archaic and poetic terms, which are self - suggestive with reference to style. For example,ire([ˈaiə])—anger, bliss—happiness, forlorn([fəˈlɔ:n, fɔ:r-]绝望的，孤立无助的；凄凉的，荒凉的；被弃置的；渺茫的)—distressed , dire([daɪə])—dreadful, list—listen , enow([iˈnau)—enough , save—except, mere—lake and the like are all synonymous pairs, but in each the second is considered to be standard in usage whereas the first isold-fashioned and archaic, only found in poetry, earlier writings or perhaps in legal documents. Besides, the idiomatic expressions are rated less formal than their single word counterparts, e. g. make a mountain of a molehill —exaggerate, take a hand —interfere.3) Difference in Emotive ColouringMany words may be synonymous in conceptual meaning but differ in emotive values (See discussion of Affective Meaning). Take result—consequence for example. Result is affectively neutral, neither appreciative nor derogatory, and can be used with good to convey a positive attitude and with bad to express a negative meaning. Consequence, however, always has a negative implication. Big and great express a similarconcept, big generally used to show the bigness of size, volume, extent, weight, number, and so on, without any emotive coloring, whereas great can be used in the sense of 'distinguished', 'eminent'([ˈeminənt（指人）知名的，杰出的，卓越的；（指品质、特性）明显的，显着的，突出的；显赫的), 'outstanding', etc. , e. g. 'Robert Burns is one of the world's greatest lyric poets. 'Fatherly—paternal and motherly—maternal are formed from corresponding roots in Latin and Saxon, the Latin word being the more polite and cold, the Saxon more hearty and cordial([ˈkɔ:djəl]热诚的；诚恳的；兴奋的). We say paternal government and maternal society, but fatherly kindness and motherly tenderness. The emotive overtones can also be seen in the following examples:Look at that lovely little boy.Look at that Small boy.Look at that tiny boy.All the three adjectives little, small, tiny describe the smallness of the boy. But little suggests 'attractively' and 'pleasantly' small, obviously an appreciative term; tiny means extremely small, implying the abnormal growth of the child; and small is neutral, simply signifying 'not big'.4) Difference in ApplicationMany words are synonymous in meaning but different in collocationsor distribution in sentences. Allow and let are synonyms, but we say ' allow sb to do sth', and ' let sb do sth'. The same is true of answer and reply, the former being transitive and the latter intransitive, thus ' answer the letter' but ''reply to the letter'. Moreover, 'answer the door' is perfectly all right while * ' reply to the door' is unacceptable. Sense and meaning are synonymous and interchangeable in some cases, e. g. 'The word has two senses or two meanings', yet we can say ' He is a man of sense' but not 'He is a man of meaning'. Empty, vacant, blank can be said to be synonyms, but their collocations are not the same:box seat empty street vacant chairroom apartment Empty implies that there is no one or nothing inside while vacant suggests that something or some place is not occupied. However, we can only say 'blank paper'.The English words lump, slice, chunk , sheet, cake can convey the same concept 'piece', but have various collocations, e.g. a lump of sugar, a slice of meat, a chunk of wood, a sheet of paper, a cake of soap.6.4 Antonymy1. Types of AntonymsAntonymy deals with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined。
英语词汇学chapter6
2.The superordinate & the hyponym
(1) genus VS species
Genus: a class of things made up of two or more subordinate classes or species. For example, flower (genus): rose, tulip…(species).
(3) Semantically synonymous field(同 义语义场)
Base on semantic similarity, synonyms are usually arranged into synonymic groups or sets. Within this groups there is the most general term known as “synonymic dominant”(主导同义词). The synonymic dominant is the common denotational component that brings two or more words together into a synonymic group(同义词群), which can be called a semantically synonymous field.
The semantic field of food
hot dog, sandwich, hamburger 豆腐, 馒头
3. Synonymy
(1) Defining synonym
Synonymy is a term used in semantics to refer to a major type of sense relation between lexical items. Lexical items which have the same meaning but differ in morphemic structure, phonological form and usage are synonyms. The relationship between them is one of synonymy.
(完整版)词汇学Unit6-7答案
Unit 6 Semantic Networks of English WordsCheck Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Words from different classes can form a semantic field.b. Most lexical items form semantic field with other lexemes with certain semantic relation.c. The meaning of a hyponym is included in the meaning of its superordinate.d. There is always a superordinate term for its hyponyms.e. Lexical gaps across English and Chinese exist in all semantic fields.Key: F T F F TIn-Class Activities1. Some semantic fields are quite small. For example, each pair of antonyms, such as long andshort forms a lexical field of two members. The meanings of the two antonyms have in common that both relate to an end section of the same scale, and the group is complete since there are no other adjectives that share this part of the meaning.ASK:(1) Can you find more semantic fields of this small type?(2) Do polysemous word old and its antonyms new and young belong to the same semantic field?Key:(1) alive and dead, male and female, big and small(2) No. old & new and old & young belong to different semantic fields.2. In public notices, we often find the use of general words for persons, objects, places, etc. Look at the following three pictures.ASK:(1) What are the general words used in these pictures? Can you provide some hyponyms for eachof them? Does any of the general words have a certain hyponym that finds no equivalent in Chinese?(2) Do you think it is reasonable to use superordinate terms on these occasions?Key: (1) vehicle, pets, food, drinks, shirt, shoes, customer(2) Omit3. Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if x→y and y→z then x→z. For example, since “dog” is ahyponym of “mammal” and “mammal” is a hyponym of “animal”, “dog is a hyponym of animal”.ASK:(1) Can you find other examples to prove the relation of transitivity?(2) Is meronymy a transitive relation like hyponymy? Use examples for illustration.Key:(1) Tulip is a hyponym of flower which is a hyponym of plant.Scarlet, vermilion, carmine and crimson are hyponyms of red which is a hyponym of color.(2) Meronymy is not exactly the transitive relation like hyponymy. For example, “pupil”is a part of “eye”, and “eye” is a part of “face”, while “pupil” is not a part of “face”.4. Often a concept lexicalized in one language may not have a corresponding lexical item in another language and thus presents a translation difficulty.ASK:(1) What methods can you employ to translate the missing word, if the concept is important ormust be cited often?(2) Is it an easy job to translate the Chinese sentence “他铅笔盒里有五支笔” into English? Whyor why not? Name some of the hyponyms of “笔” in both Chinese and English.Key: 1) a compound word, a descriptive phrase, borrowing from one language, etc.2) No. Because there is no English equivalence for Chinese word笔.铅笔pencil 钢笔pen / fountain pan圆珠笔ball-point pen 毛笔writing brush画笔painting brush 鸭嘴笔drawing pen / ruling pen蜡笔(wax) crayon 粉笔chalk5. A term which is a hyponym of itself is an autohyponym in that the same lexical item can operate at both superordinate an d subordinate levels; for example, “man” contrasts with “animal” at one level, but at a lower level it contrasts with “woman” (in effect, “a man is a kind of man”).ASK:(1) Can you find other autohyponyms?(2) Can you account for the existence of autohyponyms in any possible way?Key: Omit6. Hyponymy and meronymy are often found in language use. It is quite common for a general term and a specific term, or a part word and a whole word to substitute for each other in both speaking and writing. The former rhetorical device is called metonymy and the latter one synecdoche. For example, in the sentence “An apple a day keeps the doctor away”, the specific term “apple” refers to the general term “fruit”; in the sentence “How many mouths does he have to feed”, the part word “mouth” is used to replace the whole word “person”. Read the following sentences.a. He could hardly earn his everyday bread.b. I’ve got wheels.c. Last year nearly 6 million vehicles rolled off the assembly lines.d. Put down the steel.ASK:(1) Can you point out the words substituted by the bold-faced words?(2) Can you supply more examples of your own?Key: (1) 1. food 2. car 3. automobiles 4. knife(2) OmitPost-Class Task1.How is meronymy different from hyponymy? Use examples to illustrate their differences. Key: Meronymy is different from hyponymy in that the former is a “part of” or “member of”relation while the latter a “kind of” relation. For example, a leaf is a part of a tree; an oak is a kind of tree.Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if x→y and y→z then x→z. For example, since “dog” isa hyponym of “mammal” and “mammal” is a hyponym of “animal”, “dog is a hyponym ofanimal”. Meronymy is not necessarily a transitive relation. For example, although.2.Read the following tree diagram on the relationship of hyponymy among lexical items in thesemantic field of fruit and illustrate the lexical gap existing in the field.fruit?? etc. berryapple pearblackberry raspberry etc.Key: The term berry acts as the general term for more specific fruits blackberry and raspberry, but there seems to be no term for the category including such fruit as apple and pear.3. Meronymy is classified into the following seven types. Find more examples for each type.1. component — object (branch — tree,)2. member — collection (fish — shoal)3. portion — mass (strand — hair)4. stuff — object (gold — ring)5. feature — activity (paying — shopping )6. place — area (Cambridge — Massachusetts)7. phase — process (adolescence — growing up)Key: Omit4. Identify the meaning relationship between the following pairs.a. window houseb. football gamec. Chinese Languaged. New York USAe. CPU computerf. scarlet redKey: 1)meronymy 2) hyponymy 3) hyponymy 4) meronymy 5)mernymy 6) hyponymy5. The Chinese word “吃” can be used flexibly to form various expressions. Translate thefollowing Chinese slangs into English.吃闲饭吃香吃不消吃力吃苦吃不开Key:吃闲饭”（lead an idle life），“吃香”（be very popular），“吃不消”（more than one can stand, too much）吃力(word hard, be tired)，吃苦（have a tough time）吃不开（be unpopular）6. The following passage is an introduction to “pop”. Please draw a lexical network of “pop” constructed by words with semantic relations of hyponymy, meronymy, etc.Key:Unit 7 The Semantic Relations among English WordsCheck Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. The word classes of gradable antonyms are adjective, noun and verb.b. Chat and gossip form a pair of synonyms in terms of connotation.c. Homonymous words always come from different etymological roots.d. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between two items are said to berelational opposites.e. The cohesive effect of a text is always achieved by the co-occurrence of words with meaningrelations of synonymy and antonymy.Key: T T F T FIn-Class Activities1. Antonyms are commonly found to co-occur in natural languages, among which are (both) X and Y, X as well as Y, X and Y alike, (eithe r) X or Y, neither X nor Y, from X to Y, and now X, now Y. Read the following sentences.a. They were free with the fellows, young and old, about the place, and exchanged banter inrude phrases, which at first shocked her. (Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie)b. That was one reason she did not look forward to Cathy's visit, short or long.c. The Danderlea’s energies were claimed by buying and selling liquor, while Mrs Fortescuewent out a lot. (Doris Lessing: Mrs Fortescue)ASK:(1) What does each italicized part in the above sentences mean respectively?(2) Can you find some idioms formed by the co-occurrence of antonyms?Key: (1) In the first sentence, young and old is used actually to mean, and semantically could well be replaced by, “(fellows) regardless of age” or “(fellows) of all ages”, rather than just“those who are young and those who are old”; short or long in the second sentence hasthe emphasis of “any visit” or “visit of any length in time”; buying and selling in thethird simply means the action of “trading”.(2) Omit2. Antonymy is widely used in wise sayings, as in “A good beginning makes a good ending” and “All things are difficult before they are easy”. Now look at the following incomplete sa yings.a. Adversity leads to __________.b. A good husband makes a good __________.c. A young idler, an __________beggar.d. Be swift to hear, __________ to speak.e. Easy come, easy __________.f. Every advantage has its __________.g. Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes ___________.h. Pride goes before, and shame comes __________.i. The wise man knows he knows nothing, the fool thinks he knows __________.j. The world is a ladder for some to go up and others to go__________.ASK:(1) Can you complete each of the above sayings with a word which has an antonymousrelationship with the bold-faced word?(2) Do you know the meaning of each saying? Try to translate them into Chinese.key:a. Adversity leads to prosperity.穷则思变。
英语词汇学课后答案张维友编
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案【Chapter 1】7． tart: loose woman bloke: fellowgat: pistol swell: greatchicken: coward blue: fightsmoky: police full: drunkdame: woman beaver: girl8.haply = perhaps albeit = althoughmethinks = it seems to me eke = alsosooth = truth morn = morningtroth = pledge ere = beforequoth = said hallowed = holybillow = wave/ the sea bade = bid12.Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loanskettle confrere chopstick dreamdie pro patria typhoonwall Wunderkind black humourskirt mikado long time no seehusband parvenu【C hapter 2】Ex.1The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2.Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic GermanicRoumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6.When in the course of human events, it becomes necessaryfor one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connectedthem with another, and to assumeamong the powers of the earthseparateand equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causeswhich impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. eventful [Latin + English]falsehood [ Latin + English]saxophone [German + Greek] heirloom [ French + English]hydroplane [Greek + Latin] pacifist [Latin + Greek]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television[Greek + Latin]9.amateur (late)finacé(late)empire (early) peace (E)courage (E)garage (L)judgement (E)chair (E)chaise (L)grace (E)servant (E)routine (L)jealous (E)savaté(L)genre (L)gender (E)début (L)morale (L)state (E)chez (L)ballet (L) 11.allegro, f andante, j diminuendo, largo, d pianoforte, a alto, i crescendo, b forte, e piano, h soprano, c 轻快行板g渐弱缓慢轻转慢女低音渐强强轻女高音12.cherub (Hebrew) coolie (Hindi) lasso (Sp) shampoo (Indian) tepee (Am Ind) kibitz (G) chipmunk (Am Ind) cotton (Arab)snorkel (G)tulip (Turk)wok (Ch) chocolate (Mex) jubilee (Gr) Sabbath (Heb) tamale (Mex) voodoo (Afr)loot (Hindi)sauerbraten (G)13.a. alligatorb. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwam h. canoei. hurricane j. boomerangk. panchos【 Chapter 3】1. a. morphemec. bound morphemee. affixg. derivational affixi. stem b. allomorphd. free morpheme f. informational affix h. rootj. base3.individualisticindividualist + ic [stem, base]individual + ist [stem, base]individu + al [stem, base]in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base]desir + able [root, stem, base]morpheme free morpheme = free rootbound rootbound morphemeaffixinflectional affixprefixderivational affixsuffix【Chapter 4】Affixation5.non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6.harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea.apologizedb.beautifyc.lengtheningd.sympathizede.fattenf.falsifyg.memorizing h.Sterilize7. a.employee b.politician c.participantd.waitresse.conductorf.teacherg.pianist h.examinee/examiner8.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompoundingheartbeat [S + V] movie-goer [place + V] far- reaching [V + Adv] lion-hearted [adv + a] boyfriend [S + complement] snap decision [V + O] on-coming [V +adv] light-blue [a + a]brainwashing [V + O] baking powder [ V +adv] dog-tired [adv + a]love-sick [adv + a] peace-loving [V +O] easy chair [ a + n]tax-free [adv +a] goings-on [V +adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bound/homeboundneedle work/homework praiseworthy/respectworthybar-woman/sportswoman nation-wide/college-wideclear-minded/strong-minded military-style/newstyleself-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-related water-proof/fire-proof once-fashionable/once-powerful news-film/news-letter mock-attack/mock-sadnesssister-in-law/father-in-law home-baked/home-produced half-way/half-done ever-lasting/ever-greenage-conscious/status-conscious campus-based/market-based Conversion7. a.stomach [n→ v]b.room [n→ v]c.wolf [n→ v]e/go [v→ n]e.familiar [a→ n]f.innocent [a n]→g.flat [a→ n]h.ah/ ouch [int→ v]i.warm [a → n]j. has-been/might-havebeen- [finite vk. Hamlet [proper n→ v]l. buy [v→ n]m. smooth [a→ v]→n]Blendingmotel(motor + hotel)humint(human + intelligence)advertisetics (advertisement + statistics)psywarrior (psychological warrior)hoverport(hovercraft + port)chunnel(channel + tunnel)hi-fi(high + fidelity)cinemactress cinema( + actress)Clippingcopter (helicopter) lab (laboratory) gas (gasoline) scope (telescope) sarge (sergeant) ad (advertisement)dorm (dormitory)prefab (prefabricated house) prof (professor)champ (champion)mike (microphone)tec (detective)Acronymycf = confer2.kg = kilogram ft = footcm = centimeter $ = dollaribid = ibidem etc. = et ceteraVIP = very important personOPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries TOEFL = teaching of English as aforeign language3. a. SALTb.radarc.AIDSd.BASICserf.WHOg.sonarh.G-manBackformationse (laser) escalate(escalator) babysit(babysitter) peeve(peevish) orate(orator) commute(commuter)Commonization of Proper Namesa.tantalize—Tantalusb.Argus-eyed—Argusc.narcissism—Narcissusd.sabotage—sabotse.martinet—Martinetf.yahoo—Yahoog.Shylock—Shylockh.hoovering—Hooveri.utopia—Utopiaj.Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom【Chapter 5】6. apes—b birds—acattle— m cricket—ndoves—c foxes—jgeese— k sheep—fwolves— g monkeys— epigs—l hyenas—hturkeys— d swans— i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclearpower might have all the positive associationswith“ atomic” , such as“ benefit, energy” , etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the endof World War II, might have all the negative associations withsuch as “ suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics,“ atomic” might be associated withscience, knowledge” , etc.“ atomic“ my10. talkative:articulate:gossip:rambling:fluent:mouthy:implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral) expressing oneself easily and clearly positive()indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative) talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative) speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively positive()overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)11.No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative1 2 3particularcriticalstyle/voguefastidious/fussyfault-finding/pickyfad4 5 6 7 8artfuldevelopingencourage/ promoteunstablegroupcunning/slyfickle/capriciousunderdeveloped/ backwardinstigateclique/gang14. bull[-HUMAN cow[-HUMAN calf [-HUMAN rooster [-HUMAN hen [-HUMAN chicken[-HUMAN +MALE-MALE+MALE+MALE-MALE+MALE+ADULT+ADULT-ADULT+ADULT+ADULT+ADULT+BOVINE]+BOVINE]+BOVINE]+GALLINE]+GALLINE]+GALLINE]bull rooster +MALE -HUMANcowhen-MALEcalfchicken+ADULT+BOVINE+GALLINE【Chapter 6】Polysemy4.boarda piece of timbertabledining table council tablefood served at councilors;the table; meal committee;supplied by the directors of aweek or month companyHomonymy4. 1)Make both endsmeat is a parody of make both ends meet which means“ have enough money for one’ s needs” . Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer tothe lady ’ s question(1). Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausageswith all meat) becausethey cannot make both ends meet (Ifthey made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would notearn enough money to survive.)( 2) Don ’ t complain. All the butchers dothe same.I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2)Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, wecannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean amouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine,one may feel warm.3)arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannonball took off his legs ”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he“laiddown his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3.avaricious:greedycourteously:politelyemancipate:set freecustomary:usualwidth:breadthadversary:opponentgullible:deceivedremainder:residueinnocent:sinlessobstacle:obstructionvexation:annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6.run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, children h. tired, kidsi. declined j. refused k. rancidl. addled m. Penalties n. fineso. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. stingy/ selfish h. simplef. significant/sensible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. smoothj. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppyk. sleepiness/ sleep / slumberm.subjectiven.sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashioned b. completelyc. moisture e. essential g. innocent i. loosenk. deserted m. peremptory d. special f. similarity h. rigidj. clarityl. fruitfuln. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-feverc. haste—leisuree. speech— silenceg. admonish—praiseh. young—old private— publicj. mind— bodyl. danger—securityn. children— parents b. wisdom— folliesd. penny— pound, wise—foolish f. absence—presencei. wise men—foolssaint— devilk. foul — fairm. deliberate--prompto. bully —cowardp.head— tail8.right —wrong single—returndry—sweet hard— easystrong— faint rough— calmlight —dark cold— warm high—low/deepHyponymy3.furniture:desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4.profession workplacesurgeon:clinic, hospitalplumber:house, buildinglawyer:office, law courtsmechanic:garagephotographer:studioforeman:worksite, factory5.mirror comb hairbrushsleepersrugdressing tableBEDROOMcarpetdressing gownbedmattresswardrob clothessheetspillowspyjamasblanket6.In Sentence 1,got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are generaland convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveyinga definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterdayare superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel,burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates.Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3.Group 1 is synonymouslysemantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. Thedifference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words arenot synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.【Chapter 7】4. 1)extension2)extension3)narrowing4)degradation5)elevation6)narrowing7)extension8)extension9)narrowing10)elevation11)narrowing12)degradation13)degradation14)degradation5. a. associated transferb.abstract to concretec.abstract to concreted.abstract to concretee.abstract to concretef.abstract of concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi.synesthesiaj.synesthesia6.a. objective b. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjective h. subjective, objective7.a.die b. graveyardc.bedlam 疯人院d. old peoplee.strikef. Policemang.stupid pupil h. poor peoplei.toilet j. fat personk.unemployed mother【Chapter 8】2. a. to repairb. measurement and determination of one’ s positionc.predicamentd.injectiona. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b.the theatre or acting as a professionc. a particular point or period in a process of developmentd.to plan, arrange and carry outa.interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understandingor harmonyb.conversationc. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymb.explanation/ definitionc.antonymd.examplee.relevant detailsf.relevant detailsg.relevant details4. a.stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc. a picture possessed byBetty a photograph of Bettyd.aunts who are visitingpaying a visit to auntse.take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane’s weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when ithitsthe thing it aims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him【 Chapter 9】6. a—2)b— 9)c—3)d— 6)e— 1)f— 8)g— 5)h— 4)i— 7)j—10)7. a. stand out againstb.approve ofc.get ⋯ over withd.looking intoe up withply withg.cashed in onh.go withouti.to profit by / fromj.dut down ⋯to8. a cool cat= a really calm personblow one's stack= lose control over oneselffly off the handle= become excessivelyangry what's more= furthermoreget away with= commit an illegitimate act withoutpenalty of course= naturallyget on= get oldpepper and salt= grey (hair)make up for= compensate forlost time= time wastedtake it easy= relax, not worryget up= rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of= manage or look afterlike a breeze= without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made= be successfulthis is it= be in a position or place, or have possession of anobject beyond which more of the same is unnecessarySam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardlyever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks ⋯ Needless to say, he,gettingtoo, isolder. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wastedtime by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. Hemanages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someoneelse's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,”he said. Astitch in time saves nine.b.Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Toomany cooks, better let me”.Too many cooks spoil the broth.c.But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still verylarge in every pie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied.I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden”placard in his office. Nobodycan hear themselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden.e.They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it werea wheel in the middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf.He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equallysuspect evidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks.make bricks without straw10.wind and weatherwaifs and straystop and tailrules and regulationsrags and tatters pickand shovel over andaboveoff and on wheeling and dealing town and gown time after timerise and fallpuff and blow peace and quiet one and onlyneck and neckshoulder to shoulder moan and groanmilk and water man and beast11.a. 好奇伤身。
词汇学Unit 6-7 答案
Unit 6 Semantic Networks of English WordsCheck Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Words from different classes can form a semantic field.b. Most lexical items form semantic field with other lexemes with certain semantic relation.c. The meaning of a hyponym is included in the meaning of its superordinate.d. There is always a superordinate term for its hyponyms.e. Lexical gaps across English and Chinese exist in all semantic fields.Key: F T F F TIn-Class Activities1. Some semantic fields are quite small. For example, each pair of antonyms, such as long andshort forms a lexical field of two members. The meanings of the two antonyms have in common that both relate to an end section of the same scale, and the group is complete since there are no other adjectives that share this part of the meaning.ASK:(1) Can you find more semantic fields of this small type?(2) Do polysemous word old and its antonyms new and young belong to the same semantic field?Key:(1) alive and dead, male and female, big and small(2) No. old & new and old & young belong to different semantic fields.2. In public notices, we often find the use of general words for persons, objects, places, etc. Look at the following three pictures.ASK:(1) What are the general words used in these pictures? Can you provide some hyponyms for eachof them? Does any of the general words have a certain hyponym that finds no equivalent in Chinese?(2) Do you think it is reasonable to use superordinate terms on these occasions?Key: (1) vehicle, pets, food, drinks, shirt, shoes, customer(2) Omit3. Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if x→y and y→z then x→z. For example, since ―dog‖ is ahyponym of ―mammal‖ and ―mammal‖ is a hyponym of ―animal‖, ―dog is a hyponym of animal‖.ASK:(1) Can you find other examples to prove the relation of transitivity?(2) Is meronymy a transitive relation like hyponymy? Use examples for illustration.Key:(1) Tulip is a hyponym of flower which is a hyponym of plant.Scarlet, vermilion, carmine and crimson are hyponyms of red which is a hyponym of color.(2) Meronymy is not exactly the transitive relation like hyponymy. For example, ―pupil‖is a part of ―eye‖, and ―eye‖ is a part of ―face‖, while ―pupil‖ is not a part of ―face‖.4. Often a concept lexicalized in one language may not have a corresponding lexical item in another language and thus presents a translation difficulty.ASK:(1) What methods can you employ to translate the missing word, if the concept is important ormust be cited often?(2) Is it an easy job to translate the Chinese sentence ―他铅笔盒里有五支笔‖ into English? Whyor why not? Name some of the hyponyms of ―笔‖ in both Chinese and English.Key: 1) a compound word, a descriptive phrase, borrowing from one language, etc.2) No. Because there is no English equivalence for Chinese word笔.铅笔pencil 钢笔pen / fountain pan圆珠笔ball-point pen 毛笔writing brush画笔painting brush 鸭嘴笔drawing pen / ruling pen蜡笔(wax) crayon 粉笔chalk5. A term which is a hyponym of itself is an autohyponym in that the same lexical item can operate at both superordinate an d subordinate levels; for example, ―man‖ contrasts with ―animal‖ at one level, but at a lower level it contrasts with ―woman‖ (in effect, ―a man is a kind of man‖).ASK:(1) Can you find other autohyponyms?(2) Can you account for the existence of autohyponyms in any possible way?Key: Omit6. Hyponymy and meronymy are often found in language use. It is quite common for a general term and a specific term, or a part word and a whole word to substitute for each other in both speaking and writing. The former rhetorical device is called metonymy and the latter one synecdoche. For example, in the sentence ―An apple a day keeps the doctor away‖, the specific term ―apple‖ refers to the general term ―fruit‖; in the sentence ―How many mouths does he have to feed‖, the part word ―mouth‖ is used to replace the whole word ―person‖. Read the following sentences.a. He could hardly earn his everyday bread.b. I’ve got wheels.c. Last year nearly 6 million vehicles rolled off the assembly lines.d. Put down the steel.ASK:(1) Can you point out the words substituted by the bold-faced words?(2) Can you supply more examples of your own?Key: (1) 1. food 2. car 3. automobiles 4. knife(2) OmitPost-Class T ask1.How is meronymy different from hyponymy? Use examples to illustrate their differences. Key: Meronymy is different from hyponymy in that the former is a ―part of‖ or ―member of‖ relation while the latter a ―kind of‖ relation. For example, a leaf is a part of a tree; an oak is a kind of tree.Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if x→y and y→z then x→z. For example, since ―dog‖ isa hyponym of ―mammal‖ and ―mammal‖ is a hyponym of ―animal‖, ―dog is a hyponym ofanimal‖. Meronymy is not necessarily a transitive relation. For example, although.2.Read the following tree diagram on the relationship of hyponymy among lexical items in thesemantic field of fruit and illustrate the lexical gap existing in the field.fruit?? etc. berryapple pearKey: The term berry acts as the general term for more specific fruits blackberry and raspberry, but there seems to be no term for the category including such fruit as apple and pear.3. Meronymy is classified into the following seven types. Find more examples for each type.1. component — object (branch — tree,)2. member — collection (fish — shoal)3. portion — mass (strand — hair)4. stuff — object (gold — ring)5. feature — activity (paying — shopping )6. place — area (Cambridge — Massachusetts)7. phase — process (adolescence — growing up)Key: Omit4. Identify the meaning relationship between the following pairs.a. window houseb. football gamec. Chinese Languaged. New Y ork USAe. CPU computerf. scarlet redKey: 1)meronymy 2) hyponymy 3) hyponymy 4) meronymy 5)mernymy 6) hyponymy5. The Chinese word ―吃” can be used flexibly to form various expressions. Translate thefollowing Chinese slangs into English.吃闲饭吃香吃不消吃力吃苦吃不开Key:吃闲饭‖（lead an idle life），―吃香‖（be very popular），―吃不消‖（more than one can stand, too much）吃力(word hard, be tired)，吃苦（have a tough time）吃不开（be unpopular）6. The following passage is an introduction to ―pop‖. Please draw a lexical network of ―pop‖ constructed by words with semantic relations of hyponymy, meronymy, etc.Key:Unit 7 The Semantic Relations among English WordsCheck Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. The word classes of gradable antonyms are adjective, noun and verb.b. Chat and gossip form a pair of synonyms in terms of connotation.c. Homonymous words always come from different etymological roots.d. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between two items are said to berelational opposites.e. The cohesive effect of a text is always achieved by the co-occurrence of words with meaningrelations of synonymy and antonymy.Key: T T F T FIn-Class Activities1. Antonyms are commonly found to co-occur in natural languages, among which are (both) X and Y, X as well as Y, X and Y alike, (eithe r) X or Y, neither X nor Y, from X to Y, and now X, now Y. Read the following sentences.a. They were free with the fellows, young and old, about the place, and exchanged banter inrude phrases, which at first shocked her. (Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie)b. That was one reason she did not look forward to Cathy's visit, short or long.c. The Danderlea’s energies were claimed by buying and selling liquor, while Mrs Fortescuewent out a lot. (Doris Lessing: Mrs Fortescue)ASK:(1) What does each italicized part in the above sentences mean respectively?(2) Can you find some idioms formed by the co-occurrence of antonyms?Key: (1) In the first sentence, young and old is used actually to mean, and semantically could well be replaced by, ―(fellows) regardless of age‖ or ―(fellows) of all ages‖, rather than just―those who are young and those who are old‖; short or long in the second sentence hasthe emphasis of ―any visit‖ or ―visit of any length in time‖; buying and selling in thethird simply means the action of ―trading‖.(2) Omit2. Antonymy is widely used in wise sayings, as in ―A good beginning makes a good ending‖ and ―All things are difficult before they are easy‖. Now look at the following incomplete sa yings.a. Adversity leads to __________.b. A good husband makes a good __________.c. A young idler, an __________beggar.d. Be swift to hear, __________ to speak.e. Easy come, easy __________.f. Every advantage has its __________.g. Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes ___________.h. Pride goes before, and shame comes __________.i. The wise man knows he knows nothing, the fool thinks he knows __________.j. The world is a ladder for some to go up and others to go__________.ASK:(1) Can you complete each of the above sayings with a word which has an antonymousrelationship with the bold-faced word?(2) Do you know the meaning of each saying? Try to translate them into Chinese.key:a. Adversity leads to prosperity.穷则思变。
Chapter6Foodforthought(haveto与need)
（一般疑问句）Did Tom have to finish his homework yesterday? 昨天汤姆必须完成作业吗？
实义动词
2.need 的用法 n法如下:
（1）sb. needs + n. / pron. 某人需要某物 （2）sb. needs to do sth. 某人需要做某事 （3）sth. needs doing = sth. needs to be done 某事需要被做
【巩固练习】
1. ----I can't stop smoking , doctor. ----For your health, I'm afraid you _______ . A. may B. can C.have to D. need 解析：may意为“可以”；can意为“能够”； have to意为“不得不”；need意为“需要”。 答案：C
Chapter 6 Food for thought
have to 与 need
【原句重现】
We/They/You have to/need to eat meat. 我们/他们/你们不得不/需要吃肉
have to 意为“不得不”，need意为“需要”，都使我们常 用的两个词汇，下面我们就学习一下它们的用法吧！
答案：D
肯定回答：Yes , 主语 + do / does / did. 否定回答：No , 主语 + don't / doesn't / didn't.
Tom had to finish his homework yesterday. 昨天汤姆必须完成作业。 （否定句）Tom didn't have to finish his homework yesterday. 昨天汤姆没必要完成作业。
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6.2 Psycholinguistics
• It is perhaps useful to distinguish psycholinguistics from the PSYCHOLOGY OF Language, which deals with more general topics such as the extent to which Language shapes thought, and from the PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION, which includes non-verbal communication such as gestures and faciad
Psycholinguisticws
LANGUAGE Comprehension
Language Production
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.0 Introduction: Language Processing in Mind
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.2 Psycholinguistics
• As psychology, in its modern guise, uses and experimental methodology, it also follows that such behavioral manifestations will be studied under experimental conditions, and it is reasonable to see the last thirty years or so of psycholinguistics in terms of the construction of ingenious laboratory techniques for pursuing this goal.
• PSYCHOLINGUISTICS is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.
• Less modestly, it sometimes also produces findings, which make their own mark on linguistic research, leading to the modification of theoretical ideas.
• Questions: • 1. Why do we study Language? • 2. What is language? • 3. What is mind? • 4. What are the relationship between Language and mind?
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
CUIJIANBIN: A Study on Modern English Linguistics L 6
语言与心理
Language Processing in Mind
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
DOFS,WTC
INTRODUCTION
• The study of “Language and mind” aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to Languages.
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.1 Language and Mind
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.0 Introduction: Language Processing in Mind
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.0 Introduction: Language Processing in Mind
• This accounts for the high degree of controversy that surrounds almost all areas of the subject.
• The label most usually given to the study of “Language and mind” is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy.
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.2 Psycholinguistics
• PSYCHOLINGUISTICS “proper” can perhaps be glossed as the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of Language in any medium (spoken or written)
6.1 Language and Mind
• Language is a mirror of the mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness. (Chomsky, Reflections on Language, 1975)