Assertion-Based Design Exploration of DVS in Network Processor Architectures

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软件测试术语中英文对照

data corruption：数据污染
data definition C-use pair：数据定义C-use使用对
data definition P-use coverage：数据定义P-use覆盖
data definition P-use pair：数据定义P-use使用对
data definition：数据定义
data definition-use coverage：数据定义使用覆盖
data definition-use pair ：数据定义使用对
data definition-use testing：数据定义使用测试
Check In :检入
Check Out :检出
Closeout : 收尾
code audit ：代码审计
Code coverage : 代码覆盖
Code Inspection：代码检视
Core team : 核心小组
corrective maintenance：故障检修
correctness ：正确性
coverage ：覆盖率
coverage item：覆盖项
crash：崩溃
Beta testing : β测试
Black Box Testing：黑盒测试
Blocking bug : 阻碍性错误
Bottom-up testing : 自底向上测试
boundary value coverage：边界值覆盖
boundary value testing：边界值测试
Bug bash : 错误大扫除
bug fix : 错误修正
Bug report : 错误报告

A dynamic design estimation and exploration environment

many techniques that can be used to obtain estimates of power, so the design environment has to dynamically resolve which tech-nique to use, based on all given parameters and constraints. The more constraints a designer gives, the more accurate or detailed the estimation can be, limited only by the available estimators.The observation that estimations generally are limited to a spe-ciﬁc knowledge domain inspired the organization of estimation techniques, and all related parameters, constraints, etc., into enti-ties called “domains”.Deﬁnition:A “domain” is an encapsulation of knowledge regarding a speciﬁc design-related area of expertise.The knowledge which is captured in a domain includes parame-ters, constraints, tool encapsulations, ﬁle type deﬁnitions, etc.Domains are discussed in detail in section 3.1. A domain is intended to capture one dimension in the design space (e.g. archi-tecture, cell library, technology, etc.), and domains can derive from other domains to capture increasingly conﬁned portions of a par-ticular dimension.By bringing together orthogonal domains, (i.e. domains that represent different dimensions in the design space) we can create a “context” which contains knowledge in the dimensions repre-sented by the domains. This knowledge is as general or speciﬁc as the domains deﬁne.Deﬁnition:A “context” is a union of domains.Each design, or portion of a hierarchical design, has an associ-ated context. The context can either be chosen by the designer, or it can be automatically chosen by the design environment, based on what is known about the design (parameters, constraints, proper-ties, etc.). Intuitive commands are interpreted within a context, i.e.it is resolved what the meaning of a command is based on the knowledge contained in the union of domains.Example:To illustrate how intuitive commands are interpreted,consider the nine domains shown in ﬁgure 2. The six domains on the bottom are derived from the more general domains on top. The four sample contexts show by example how the command “area” is interpreted based on which domains are in the context.The presented environment offers ubiquitous access through the world wide web (WWW) to allow designers to use the environ-ment remotely, for example from a portable terminal. The environ-ment has a ﬂexible application programming interface that allows a variety of external user interfaces to be used. In addition, since information resources and design data are becoming increasingly distributed across both the internet and company intranets, future versions of our design environment will be able to communicate with each other to share and reuse information and knowledge.Previous efforts in this area includes the work presented as “Clio”, which offers design assistance within the Odyssey CAD framework [1][2][3]. In Odyssey, knowledge is also organized in domains, but different domain hierarchies are not “orthogonal”,i.e. representing different aspects of design. Thus, a context is rep-resented by one domain, instead of a union of domains, and doesn’t offer the inherent ﬂexibility of being able to manipulate which domains are included in a context. Another notable effort in the area of design ﬂow management that has inﬂuenced our envi-A Dynamic Design Estimation and Exploration EnvironmentOle Bentz *, Jan M. Rabaey, and David LidskyDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720* Silicon Graphics, Inc., Mountain View, CA, 94043Figure 1. Exploration Environment.DESIGNERTOOLS MODELS DATABASESExploration Environment“Permission to make digital/hard copy of all or part of this work for per-sonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for proﬁt or commercial advantage, the copyright notice, the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of ACM, Inc. To copy otherwise, to repub-lish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speciﬁc per-mission and /or a fee.”DAC 97, Anaheim, California(c) 1997 ACM 0-89791-920-3/97/06 ..$3.50AbstractThe rapid increase in the complexity of systems demands new approaches to design exploration and trade-off analysis. This paper presents an exploration environment that provides a uniform way to perform exploration at the conceptual (pre-speciﬁcation)stages of design. The environment encapsulates knowledge about how to perform estimations in different application domains, and separates a designer from the mechanics of the estimation process.1. IntroductionAs the complexity of VLSI designs grows it becomes increas-ingly important to explore design alternatives and compare trade-offs very early in the design process. Decisions made during the conceptual stages of design have the greatest potential impact.Unfortunately, early decisions are often based on estimations that are gathered in ad-hoc ways from disparate sources including data sheets, empirical models, estimators, experience, etc. There are no generalized estimation techniques that apply to all areas of exper-tise, and even within a given area there are often several techniques that can be used under different circumstances.From a designer’s perspective, performing estimations is sim-ply a means to obtain design related information. However, the heterogeneous nature of estimations, and the time consuming task of ﬁnding and applying estimation techniques, prohibits extensive exploration. It is clear that aids must be provided to facilitate design estimation and exploration.This paper presents a new design environment that provides the necessary features to enable design exploration in a consistent fashion. The environment ﬁlls the gap between a designer and a heterogeneous set of estimator tools, models, databases, etc. (ﬁg-ure 1). In this paper we broadly use the word “estimations” to refer to any result obtained from design tools, parameterized models,database look-ups, etc., and the word “estimators” to refer to tech-niques for obtaining estimations.The design environment allows the use of intuitive commands,such that a designer doesn’t need to know how to manipulate all available estimators. For example, the command for getting an estimate of the power consumption of a chip is “power”. There areronment is the NELSIS CAD Framework [4][5]. A broad survey of CAD frameworks can be found in [6].The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Chapter 2 pre-sents the system architecture, and chapter 3 describes the compo-nents of the system in detail. In chapter 4 we discuss user interface issues, and in chapter 5 we show a design example using our framework. Finally, chapter 6 concludes the paper and outlines future directions for this work.2. System ArchitectureThe architecture of our design environment is shown in ﬁgure 3.The environment waits for a user to make a request, which consists of one or more words. The words can be intuitive commands, or names of parameters, constraints, or domains. The words in the request are used by a search engine that traverses all domain knowledge, and ﬁnds the domains that best match the words given in the request. A context is automatically assembled from the domains with the most matches, and it is made sure that the chosen domains are compatible. The context is proposed to the designer,who can alter it if desired. If a speciﬁc question is given in the request, it is interpreted within the context, i.e. based on theFigure 2. Sample Domains and Contexts.ASIC DatapathTech1.2Cell Generic StdCellsAdderShifterTech0.6Composition Library Technology Context 1. Cell Library“area” is interpreted as:Average cell area, in units of λ2Context 2. Adder“area” is interpreted as:Adder cell area, in units of λ2Context 3. Adder and Tech0.6“area” is interpreted as:Adder cell area, in units of mm 2Context 4. ASIC Composition and Cell Library“area” is interpreted as:Total chip area: cell area plus routing overhead - cell area estimators are included in Cell Library - routing overhead estimators are included in ASIC Composition, Datapath, and StdCells SearchExecutionCommand ResolutionDevelop Context DesignerRequestFigure 3.System Architecture.D o m a i n sResultExploration Environmentknowledge contained in the domains in the context. The context limits the possible meaning of the request, so the design environ-ment can more easily resolve which technique, contained in a script, will satisfy the user’s request. The chosen script is then exe-cuted, and the result is returned to the user.The importance of the context can not be overstated. A context is the environment in which commands are interpreted, and as such it is the basis of the aid that can be offered to designers. With a large collection of domains it is clearly not practical for a designer to always manually ﬁnd and select the right domains. On the other hand, while the environment can offer the help of a search facility,a task as important as selecting domains for a context should not be blindly left up to the design environment. The best approach is to allow for a balance of the two approaches, allowing the user to interact with the search results whenever desired.Within a context there can be many different techniques for sat-isfying a command. Techniques may offer different levels of accu-racy, or they may operate on different types of design data. The design environment attempts to resolve which of the techniques to use based on which types of design ﬁles, if any, have been identi-ﬁed. If there are two or more techniques that appear to satisfy the request equally well, the user is asked to resolve the ambiguity.3. System ComponentsIn this chapter, the three main components of the design envi-ronment, namely domains, contexts, and the search engine, are described in detail. Our system is written in a version of the Tool Command Language (TCL) [7] that supports object oriented pro-gramming (incr-Tcl) [8], TCP/IP communications (Tcl-DP), and interactive program control (Expect) [9].3.1. DomainsTo reﬂect the view that design takes place in a multi-dimen-sional space, we organize knowledge about orthogonal aspects of design (e.g. architecture, cell library, or fabrication technology)into separate entities called “domains”. Domains can be derived from other domains in an object oriented fashion, and each derived domain adds more and more constraints. Figure 2 (above) showed a simpliﬁed view of three different families of domains. Figure 4shows another family or tree of domains that are derived from a general DSP domain.Domains contain knowledge in these categories:identiﬁers -a list of descriptive words that characterize the con-tents of a domain. Used by the search engine to ﬁnd relevant domains.associated domains -a list of domains that need to be included in any context that the current domain is in. Each listed domain, or aFigure 4. A tree of DSP domains.DSPFIR FFT IIRdirecttransposedDCT loopdirect cascadedladdersymmetricalasymmetricaldomain derived from it, must be included in a context. parameters -a list of common parameters and default values. For example, an FIR ﬁlter domain has a parameter “NrOfTaps”, and a technology domain has a parameter “lambda” (minimum feature size).limits -a list of typical limits within a domain, either on parame-ters or on design features. For example, a parameter can be limited to a range of values, or limits can be speciﬁed for the area or power of a chip. If a limit is exceeded, for example determined by an esti-mation, the designer will be notiﬁed.requests -a list of requests that can be meaningfully posed within the scope of this domain.tools -encapsulations of design tools, including estimation tools. The encapsulation is similar to the TEF (tool encapsulation for-mat) from CFI [10], but it adds two features: a list of computa-tional resources where a tool can be executed, and an optional script for creating supporting ﬁles at run-time, such as simulation scripts/command ﬁles.ﬁle types -a list of the types of ﬁles that are of interest in this domain. Each ﬁle type is given a name (e.g. “c-ﬁle”), and a way to identify ﬁles of that type is given, which can either be a name based rule (e.g., *.c for C ﬁles) or a content based rule (e.g., “look for the string ‘#!/bin/csh’ at offset 0” for C-shell scripts).scripts -a list of scripts that deﬁne estimation techniques or “design ﬂows”. The scripts are written in the extended TCL lan-guage mentioned above. Scripts consist of a descriptive name, the name of the type of ﬁle on which the script can operate (if any), and an executable body. Scripts can call tools (using the encapsula-tions described above), or other scripts. There can be several scripts with the same name, in cases when different techniques can be used to perform a given task.translations -a list of common translations between units. The standard preﬁxes (e.g., for kilo, milli, etc.) are built in, but other translations have to be given as a procedure (e.g., converting power dissipation to heat).stimuli -a list of stimulus generators. The concept here is that some tools, such as simulators, require more than just design ﬁles to run. A stimulus generator is a procedure that is reusable throughout the design ﬂow. It generates a simple list (typically {time,value} pairs) which can be translated to the speciﬁc syntax required by the various tools. The translation process is deﬁned on a “per tool” basis in the tool’s encapsulation.Domains can be created by end users but are typically created by expert designers. Domains can be shared between designers, so the novice designer can gain access to the knowledge captured by experts by simply importing their domains. Domains could also be provided by design tool companies along with their regular soft-ware distributions, or by cell library companies along with their set of library cells.3.2. ContextA designer has to put a design in context by describing the key characteristics of what is being designed. It can be as broad as “DSP” or as speciﬁc as “an ASIC chip performing the function in the ﬁle chip.vhd, using synthesis tool X, and cell library Y, imple-mented in a 0.6 micron technology”. By bringing together domains that represent the various aspects of the description, we can create a collection of the knowledge that is relevant to a design.It is this union of relevant domains that we call a context. A context is the working environment in which commands can be interpreted and translated to speciﬁc scripts. A context is a dynamic entity which evolves throughout the design process. For example, a context that initially contains only a “DSP” domain can be changed to contain the more constrained “FIR” domain while the designer explores the features of an FIR version of a ﬁlter. Later, an “IIR” domain may replace the “FIR” domain in the con-text to enable the designer to compare the features of an IIR imple-mentation.In some cases it is useful to ensure that certain domains are always included in the same design context. For example, a domain that represents a cell library can have features (e.g., height) that are in units of lambda, but the value of lambda is deﬁned in a domain that represents a speciﬁc fabrication technology. Thus, the cell library domain requires a technology domain to provide an interpretation of lambda. Normally, an associated domain should be as general as possible (e.g., a technology domain where lambda is deﬁned as “1.0 lambda”) such that, by default, minimal interpre-tation is made. In other cases it is useful to identify that the estima-tions from one domain have been made assuming the parameters or constraints that are represented by another domain. In order to make sense, in cases when a context does not include the “assumed” domain, the estimates must be translated (by scaling, inter- or extrapolation, etc.) to account for the actual parameters and constraints that are included in the context. These types of automatic translations are supported by our environment.The mechanism for creating and changing contexts is simple and allows two different methods to be used. The overriding prin-ciple is that a designer should have full control over which domains make up the context, as long as the domains are not incompatible. In cases where a designer knows which domains are relevant, the context can be created or changed by manually add-ing or deleting domains. However, in many cases it may not be clear which domains are relevant, so it is necessary to have a search facility that can locate relevant domains and propose a con-text. The search facility will be described in more detail in the next section.When a domain is added to a context, all the associated domains that are listed in the domain’s speciﬁcation are also added, with the following considerations.Rule a. If the context contains a domain that is derived from the domain to be added, the new domain will not be added. This is done to preserve the most speciﬁc domains in a context.Rule b. If the context contains a domain that belongs to the same “family” of domains (i.e. they are derived from the same root domain) then the new domain replaces its family member. This is done to avoid having conﬂicting domains in the same context, such as a 1.2µm technology domain and a 0.6µm technology domain.In hierarchical designs each design entity is allowed to have its own unique context.Example:Consider the example in ﬁgure 5. DomainA1 has an associated domain, DomainB1, and this is inherited by DomainA2. Observe how the context changes when domains are added.3.3. Search EngineThe goal of the search engine in our system is to locate relevant domains and propose a context, or a list of domains, that best matches a user given request. A user request consists of one or more words, and each word is used as a term to search for. Domains are considered relevant if there are items in the domain speciﬁcation that matches any of the search terms.During the search process the engine looks for exact and partial matches for each of the given search terms. When all domains have been searched, four scores are assigned to each domain. The ﬁrst two are the number of exact and partial matches found in the domain. The last two also represents exact and partial matches, but they are summations of matches over all the domain’s associated domains. Based on the 4 scores we choose the domain with the highest score, and create a context with that domain and its associ-ated domains. If that domain (and its associated domains) had matches for all the search terms, the search is over, and the result-ing context is proposed. If the context didn’t have matches for all search terms, then we choose the remaining domain with the high-est score, add it to the context, etc.In some cases it is useful to propose several contexts after per-forming a search. For example, a list of contexts would be required to respond to the command “show the area of all adders.” Propos-ing a list of contexts will be a feature of a future version of the search engine.As a reﬁnement for the search process, we allow two features in the search terms. If a search term contains an equal sign (e.g.word=value) we take that to mean that the word has to match a parameter name and that the parameter’s value has to match the given value. If a search term contains a colon and an equal sign (e.g. word:=value) we search for a parameter name that matches the word, and we make a note for later that the parameter’s value should be set to the given value, if this domain ends up being used in a context.4. User Interface IssuesOur design environment uses a client-server model, in that it acts as a server that responds to requests made by a designer through a user interface client. In this model, the user interface is a separate, or disconnected, entity that is not integrated into the envi-ronment. Since the user interfaces are not built-in, we developed a generic text-based interface language for the environment (called “TILT”) which can easily be translated to the requirements of spe-ciﬁc interfaces. Currently we have an HTML translator as shown in ﬁgure 6. The beneﬁts of the client-server model is that the user interface can be customized for many different applications (e.g.,allowing the environment to be encapsulated by another design tool) and that a designer can access the environment from any-DomainA1DomainB1DomainB2DomainA2Figure 5. Context Example.associated: DomainB1Context:empty Add:DomainA2Context:DomainA2 and DomainB1(DomainA2 inherits the associated domain)Add:DomainB2Context:DomainA2 and DomainB2(DomainB2 replaces DomainB1 (rule b))Add:DomainA1Context:DomainA2 and DomainB2(DomainA1 is less speciﬁc than DomainA2(rule a). If designer wishes to override this behavior, remove DomainA2, then add DomainA1).where in the network.Supporting a disconnected user interface poses a number of challenges. First of all, since the design environment can be accessed from anywhere in the World Wide Web, user identiﬁca-tion is an important issue. Since the environment has full access to a user’s ﬁle system (i.e. can read and write ﬁles), a lot of damage could be done if an intruder could get access. We have imple-mented an identiﬁcation strategy that requires a user to give a name and a password. However, when web browsers are used to access the environment, it would be tedious to have to give a name and password for each interaction. We have augmented the HTML translator to support the “cookies” that are used by popular web browsers, such as Netscape Navigator or Microsoft Explorer. In web terminology, a cookie is a token which the server (in this case the design environment) passes to the web browser when the user has been properly identiﬁed, and which the web browser uses as a special password for successive accesses.Another important challenge arises from the disconnected UI model, since both the user interface and the design environment carry state information. Since the environment has no control over the disconnected UI, it is possible that the UI becomes outdated with respect to the environment. The state information in the envi-ronment is basically contained in the contexts (the unions of domains). The state information in the UI is contained in a list of the available commands for the given context. Therefore, the design environment must be able to determine if a command origi-nated from an outdated list, and notify the designer to update the user interface when necessary. This is accomplished by giving each context an identifying number which is annotated on each list of available commands.The interface also has to provide useful information about what the design environment is doing at run-time. The environment offers two different means for that: execution traces and run-time information. Execution traces are automatically generated when-ever the environment executes scripts or tools. These traces can be used as an after-the-fact way of examining what the environment did. Run-time information (e.g., decisions that are made, tools that are invoked, etc.) is a more immediate indicator of what the design environment is doing. However, in the disconnected UI model it is necessary to be able to redirect run-time information if requested by the UI. Normally, run-time info is directed to the terminal where the design environment is started, but upon request it can be piped somewhere else, e.g. to a web browser. If the browser termi-Exploration EnvironmentFigure 6. User interfaces are externalText-based Interface Language (TILT)HTML Graphical User InterfacesDesign EnvironmentGeneric Text-based InterfaceLocal UI TranslatorsTranslatorNetscape Web Browser TILT-based GUIto the design environment.nates the connection, the run-time info is directed back to the orig-inal terminal.5. ExampleIn this example we show how a designer interacts with the design environment which we call the “Design Server.” The exam-ple shows the actions the Design Server performs, and the infor-mation the designer receives back. The salient points are that the Design Server supports exploration before the design is com-pletely speciﬁed and as the speciﬁcations evolve, and that hetero-geneous estimation approaches are seamlessly integrated.Consider the design of a 1024-point FFT algorithm for use in a real-time system. The FFT can be executed on a DSP or general purpose processor, or it can be implemented in special purpose hardware. In either case, it is important that it can be executed under the real-time constraints. The following subsections describe the exploration process using the Design Server.5.1. Start the Design Server.The designer starts the Design Server and connects via a web browser (ﬁgure 7). A menu is returned (ﬁgure 8): the items that are underlined represent commands that are always available. The last four items represent categories of requests that are deﬁned within contexts. Since no context has been speciﬁed, there are no context speciﬁc requests listed.5.2. Algorithmic ExplorationsThe designer gives the incomplete speciﬁcation “FFT.” In response, the Design Server searches for domains that contain rel-Designer Input:Start the Design ServerConnect through Web browser Give username and password Result:Menu of options (ﬁgure 8).Figure 7. Start the Design Server.Choose design nameDesign Server Actions:Load all domainsFigure 8. Design Server Main Menu.evant expertise, and proposes a context for the design. Please see ﬁgure 9. Since the speciﬁcation only identiﬁes an algorithm, the most relevant aid that can be provided is a measure of algorithmic complexity. To ﬁnd out how this compares to different FFT algo-rithm alternatives, the designer requests to see the context, which includes a list of available domains (see ﬁgure 10). By choosing an alternate FFT domain, namely the Radix-4 domain, a new context is established, and when the designer requests algorithmic com-plexity again a new result is returned (43,520 operations). Like-wise, other FFT styles can be explored.5.3. Exploration of Implementation PlatformThus far, only algorithmic aspects have been explored. To explore how the choice of implementation platform affects the design, the designer adds the term “DSP56K” to the speciﬁcation (ﬁgure 11). The Server searches and ﬁnds a domain that models the given processor, and after adding this domain to the context,the Server is now capable of interpreting the request for execution time. The result is based entirely on models that correlate algorith-mic properties with architectural properties. This type of analysis is often too cumbersome for a designer to do, but it is easy with the aid of the Design Server.Designer Input:Speciﬁcation: “FFT”Figure 9. Algorithm ExplorationChoose/Validate context Design Server Actions:Search for relevant domains Propose contextDesigner Input:Request Algorithmic ComplexityDesign Server Actions:Interpret Request Execute CommandResult:“51,200 operations”Set parameter points = 1024Figure 10. Context menu including listof available domains.Before deciding on a particular platform, the designer changes the DSP56K speciﬁcation to “ASIC,” to explore an ASIC imple-mentation of an FFT. The Design Server removes the DSP56K domain from the context, and adds a domain that models features of ASIC designs. When requesting execution time in this context,the result returned is 5µs. Notice how the design environment facilitates exploration by hiding the underlying set of heteroge-neous estimation and prediction models.5.4. Implementation PhaseThe Design Server can also aid the designer during the imple-mentation phases of the design process. For example, to get started on writing the FFT algorithm (e.g. in C), the Design Server can point to existing FFT descriptions that are available. In addition,the Server can provide proﬁling support for code analysis, or can provide more accurate execution time estimates as the code (and thus the design speciﬁcation) becomes more and more reﬁned.6. Conclusions and Future WorkThis paper has presented a new design environment which pro-vides a framework for design exploration. The environment allows integration of heterogeneous estimation approaches, and frees designers from the mechanics of how to gather the quantitative information that is needed to make important design decisions.The future directions for this work has two main emphases.First, to enable greater sharing and reuse, future versions of Design Servers will be able to communicate with each other and exchange domain knowledge (ﬁgure 16). This will allow users to access a much larger body of distributed knowledge, but the search strategy will need to be extended to work efﬁciently in a distributed envi-ronment.The second thrust is to incorporate support for design guidance.As with estimations and exploration, the design environmentDesigner Input:Add speciﬁcation: “DSP56K”Result:“2.3 ms”Design Server Actions:Search for relevant domains Add domain to context Interpret Request Figure 11. Adding choice of implementation platform.Request Execution TimeExecute CommandDSDSDSDSDSDSFigure 16. Distributed Design Servers.DSInternet/IntranetdesignerdesignerSemiconductor FabsCell LibrariesIP VendorsTool VendorsProcessorswould not give design guidance, since there are emerging tools in that area (e.g., see [11]), but rather provide the underlying infra-structure for handling a heterogeneous set of guidance tools.References[1]M.F. Jacome and S.W. Director, “Design Process Management for CAD Frameworks,” Proc. of the 29th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, pages 500-505, 1992.[2]P.R. Sutton, J.B. Brockman, and S.W. Director, “Design ManagementUsing Dynamically Deﬁned Flows,” Proc. of the 30th ACM/IEEE-CS Design Automation Conference, pages 648-653, 1993.[3]J.C. Lopez, M.F. Jacome, and S.W. Director, “Design Assistance forCad Frameworks,” European Design Automation Conference, pages 494-499, 1992.[4]P. Bingley, O. ten Bosch, P. van der Wolf, “Incorporating DesignFlow Management in a Framework based CAD System”, Digest of Technical Papers, IEEE/ACM International Conference on Com-puter-Aided Design, pages 538-545, 1992.[5]K.O. ten Bosch, P. van der Wolf, and P. Bingley, “A Flow-Based UserInterface for Efﬁcient Execution of the Design Cycle,” Digest of Technical Papers, IEEE/ACM International Conference on Com-puter-Aided Design, pages 356-363, 1993.[6]S. Kleinfeldt, M. Guiney, J.K. Miller, and M. Barnes, “Design Meth-odology Management,” Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 82, No. 2, pages 231-250, Febr. 1994.[7]J.K. Ousterhout, “Tcl and the Tk Toolkit,” Addison-Wesley Publish-ing Company, Reading, Massachusetts, 1994.[8]M.J. McLennan, “[incr Tcl]: Object-Oriented Programming in Tcl,”Proceedings of the Tcl/Tk Workshop, University of California at Ber-keley, June 10-11, 1993.[9] D. Libes, “Exploring Expect: a Tcl-based Toolkit for AutomatingInteractive Programs,” O’Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA, 1995.[10]CAD Framework Initiative, Inc., “Tool encapsulation speciﬁcationstandard,” CFI Doc. DMM-91-G-1, 1991.[11]L. Guerra, M. Potkonjak, and J. Rabaey, “System-Level DesignGuidance Using Algorithm Properties,” IEEE Workshop on VLSI Signal Processing VII, pages 73-82, 1994.。

谈美国历史作文英语

谈美国历史作文英语Title: Exploring American History Through the Ages。

The history of the United States is a tapestry woven with diverse threads, spanning centuries of triumphs, struggles, and transformations. From its humble beginnings as a collection of colonies to its rise as a global superpower, American history is a testament to the resilience, innovation, and spirit of its people.One of the pivotal chapters in American history is the colonial period, which began in the early 17th century with the arrival of European settlers seeking religious freedom, economic opportunities, and adventure. The establishment of the Jamestown colony in 1607 marked the beginning of permanent English settlement in North America. Over the following decades, more colonies were founded along the eastern seaboard, each with its own unique characteristics and challenges.The colonial era was characterized by conflicts between the colonists and indigenous peoples, as well as tensions with the colonial powers in Europe. The French and Indian War, fought between 1754 and 1763, was a pivotal momentthat reshaped the geopolitical landscape of North America.It also laid the groundwork for the American Revolution, as the colonists chafed under British rule and sought greater autonomy.The American Revolution, which began in 1775 and culminated in the Declaration of Independence in 1776, wasa watershed moment in world history. It was a boldassertion of the principles of liberty, democracy, andself-determination, and it inspired similar movements for independence around the globe. The Revolutionary War,fought between the American colonies and the British Empire, tested the resolve and resilience of the fledgling nation but ultimately resulted in victory for the patriots.The period following the American Revolution was one of nation-building and exploration. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 laid the foundation for the Americanpolitical system, establishing a framework of government based on democratic principles and the separation of powers. The ratification of the Constitution in 1789 ushered in a new era of governance and set the stage for the expansion and growth of the United States.The 19th century was a time of rapid expansion and transformation for the United States. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 doubled the size of the young nation, opening up vast new territories for settlement and exploration. The westward expansion fueled by the promiseof manifest destiny brought Americans into conflict with indigenous peoples and other nations, leading to the annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the acquisition of territories such as California and Oregon.The Civil War, fought between 1861 and 1865, was a defining moment in American history, pitting the northern states against the southern states in a bloody struggleover the issue of slavery. The war resulted in theabolition of slavery and the preservation of the Union, but it also left deep scars on the nation and laid bare thedivisions between North and South.The latter half of the 19th century saw the United States emerge as an industrial powerhouse, fueled by technological innovation, immigration, and westward expansion. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the east and west coasts of the country, facilitating trade and commerce and opening up new markets for American goods.The turn of the 20th century brought new challenges and opportunities for the United States. The Progressive Era, marked by social and political reform, saw the rise of movements for women's suffrage, labor rights, and environmental conservation. The United States also emerged as a global power, flexing its muscles in conflicts such as the Spanish-American War and exerting its influence in regions such as Latin America and the Pacific.The 20th century was a century of highs and lows for the United States, marked by triumphs such as victory in World War II and the Civil Rights Movement, as well astragedies such as the Great Depression and the Vietnam War. Despite these challenges, the United States emerged as a beacon of freedom and democracy, inspiring people around the world with its ideals of liberty, equality, and opportunity.In conclusion, the history of the United States is a rich tapestry of triumphs, struggles, and transformations. From its colonial beginnings to its emergence as a global superpower, American history reflects the resilience, innovation, and spirit of its people. By studying the past, we can gain insights into the forces that have shaped the nation and chart a course for the future.。

以美学为舟寻本真之境英文

以美学为舟寻本真之境英文Aesthetic Journey towards the Realm of Authenticity.In the vast ocean of human existence, aesthetics serves as a vessel, guiding us towards the elusive shore of authenticity. It is a quest that transcends the boundaries of perception, challenging our understanding of beauty and its deeper implications. As we embark on this aesthetic odyssey, we are not merely navigating through visible landscapes; we are traversing the inner terrain of our being, seeking a connection with the essential truth.The journey begins with a recognition that beauty is not merely a superficial phenomenon, but a profound expression of the universe's harmony. It is the invisible thread that connects all aspects of creation, from the微观cosm of an atom to the宏观cosm of galaxies. Aesthetics, therefore, is not just about art or appearance; it is about an inner quest for meaning and purpose.As we delve deeper into this quest, we encountervarious manifestations of beauty. We find it in the serene landscape of nature, the elegance of mathematical formulas, and the emotional depth of literary works. Each of these manifestations offers a window into the divine mystery that underlies the fabric of existence.However, the search for authenticity does not end with mere appreciation of beauty. It requires a deeper engagement, an active participation in the creative process. This is where the role of the artist becomes crucial. The artist, through their craft, distills the essence of beauty and presents it to the world, inviting us to participate in the act of creation.The artistic process itself is an embodiment of authenticity. It involves a raw, unfiltered expression ofthe artist's inner world, stripped of all pretense and artificiality. When we engage with art, we are not just observers; we become co-creators, participating in thebirth of a new idea or emotion. This participatory aspectof aesthetics makes the journey towards authenticity notjust an individual pursuit but a collective endeavor.Moreover, authenticity is not static; it evolves with each individual's unique experience and perspective. What may be beautiful and authentic to one person may not resonate with another. This variety and subjectivity are essential aspects of the aesthetic quest. They remind us that authenticity is not a fixed destination but a continuous journey of exploration and discovery.In conclusion, the aesthetic quest for authenticity is a profound and transformative experience. It involves a deep engagement with the world, an active participation in the creative process, and a constant quest for meaning and purpose. Through this journey, we not only appreciate the beauty that surrounds us but also discover the beauty that lies within us. We become more alive, more aware, and more connected to the essence of existence. In essence, aesthetics becomes a powerful tool for self-discovery and personal growth, guiding us towards a deeper understanding of ourselves and the universe we inhabit.。

工程硕士(GCT)英语模拟试题及答案解析(1)

工程硕士（GCT）英语模拟试题及答案解析（1）(1/10)词汇语法第1题He is an artist in ______ but not in reality.A.surfaceB.titleC.rank下一题(2/10)词汇语法第2题It is vital that food and shelter are made ______ for people in the flood-stricken area.A.freeefulC.availableable上一题下一题(3/10)词汇语法第3题We are planning to make a ______ to the Great Wall.A.tripB.journeyC.travelD.tour上一题下一题(4/10)词汇语法第4题She hoped that a long rest might ______ her in health.A.improveB.reformC.strengthenD.perfect上一题下一题(5/10)词汇语法第5题The first ______ in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire.A.intervalsB.breaksC.stagesD.periods上一题下一题(6/10)词汇语法第6题We find such shrubs ______ will best stand up to(抵御) hard weather.A.whichB.asC.whatD.who上一题下一题(7/10)词汇语法第7题Mrs. Douglas unknowingly left a package ______ on the shop counter.yingB.to lieidD.lying上一题下一题(8/10)词汇语法第8题An old friend from abroad, ______ I was expecting to stay with me, telephoned from the airport.A.thatB.whichC.whomD.who上一题下一题(9/10)词汇语法第9题______ that called this morning?A.Who wasB.Who it wasC.Who was himD.Who was it上一题下一题(10/10)词汇语法第10题Earthworms occur ______ adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.A.andB.wheneverC.howeverD.wherever上一题下一题(11~15/共20题)阅读理解Elephants who paint aren"t new. Paintings by Ruby, an Asian elephant who lived at the Phoenix Zoo in Arizona, sold for up to $5,000 in the late 1980s, said Dick George, a consultant with the zoo. "Ruby was about seven months old when she first came to the zoo", said George. "She lived with a goat and some chickens, but she didn"t have an elephant companion for a number ofyears. She spent a lot of time drawing in the dirt with a stick to make her days more stimulating. Her keeper bought her some art supplies". George said, ", Ruby was excited about painting right from the beginning". The elephants at the art academies in the Southeast Asia are taught to hold a paintbrush with the tip of their trunks. Initially, the keeper guides the elephant"s trunk over the canvas(画布) and offers rewards for good performance. "It only takes a few hours to a day to teach them", said Mia Fineman, an art historian whose book When Elephants Paint is an illustrated history of the Asian Elephant Art and Conservation Project.第11题Ruby was an Asian elephant ______.A.who was sold for a price as high as $5,000B.who was famous for being the first painting elephantC.whose paintings sold for as high as $5,000D.who started painting in the late 1980s第12题Why did Ruby start painting according to Dick George?A.Because she was seven years old.B.Because she was the first to come to the zoo.C.Because she learned a lot from the goat and the chickens.D.Because she had no elephant partners to play with.第13题How did Ruby paint at the very beginning?A.She used a stick to draw in the dirt.B.She spent much time in the dirt.C.She stimulated herself every day.D.She painted with her keeper"s art supplies.第14题To encourage the elephants to paint well, the keeperA.bought them a lot of art suppliesB.made them excited at the beginningC.taught them to hold a paintbrush with their trunksD.reinforced the desired behaviors with rewards第15题When Elephants Paint is a book ______.A.on the history of artsB.about the painting elephants in AsiaC.explaining how to teach elephants to paintD.chiefly theorizing about elephant art上一题下一题(16~20/共20题)阅读理解While it is true that Americans believe climbing the educational ladder leads to success, they are less certain that intellectual achievement is the only important factor leading to success. A competitive personality is seen as important to success, especially in men. The development of social and political skills is also considered to be very important. To help Americans develop these other important skills, schools have added a large number of extracurricular(课程外)activities to daily life at school. This is especially tree of high schools and colleges and extends down into elementary schools as well. Athletics, frequently called "competitive sports", are perhaps the most important of these activities. Football, basketball, and baseball teams are seen as very important in teaching students, particularly boys, the "winning spirit". At times, athletic teams seem to become more important to some students and their parents than the academic programs offered by the schools.第16题Americans believe that education is ______.A.the only way to successB.the main purpose of the schoolsC.just like climbing laddersD.important to success第17题Which of the following is NOT mentioned as important to success?A.intellectual achievementpetitive personalityC.social backgroundsD.social and political skills第18题A variety of extracurricular activities are added in American schools ______.A.to help students climb the education ladderB.to enrich students" dull life at schoolC.to help students become more successful in later lifeD.to extend college education down into elementary schools第19题Athletic activities are designed ______.A.to make boys strongerB.to teach students winning spiritC.to develop students" social and political skillsD.to improve the academic programs第20题Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?cation and SuccessB.Extracurricular Activities at SchoolC.Athletic SportsD.Intellectual Achievement上一题下一题(21~25/共20题)阅读理解People once widely believed that intelligent life existed on Mars. The 19th-century discovery of what appeared to be geometric designs cut across the surface was taken as evidence. The lines were thought to have been a system of canals that had been built to irrigate the surface. It is now clear that "canals"—perhaps the most spectacular geologic features of Mars—are natural valleys where ancient rivers once flowed. Another fragmented idea concerns the planet"s seasonal changes in color. Once attributed to the rapid spread of some life-form, these shifts are nowknown to develop from the movement of fine dust in the atmosphere. By the close of the 20th century none of the many experiments conducted by spacecraft had ever found persuasive evidence of life. Nevertheless, speculation continued over the existence of some form of life, in either the present or the past. In 1996 scientists discovered organic compounds and minerals in a meteorite(陨石), consisting of Martian rock, that collided with Earth around 11,000 B.C. These compounds suggest that Mars may have been inhabited by organisms more than three billion years ago.第21题Why did people in the 19th century believe the existence of intelligent life on Mars?A.Because the surface of Mars seemed to be geometric.B.Because the lines were drawn across the surface of the planet.C.Because a system of canals was thought to be there.D.Because it was the Martians that built the canals.第22题The "canals" on Mars have proved to be ______ according to the passage.A.the minor geologic characteristic of MarsB.natural valleys on the surface of MarsC.rivers that have kept flowing since ancient timesD.a system that irrigates the whole surface第23题What were the Mars" seasonal changes in color believed to be?A.The natural changes on the planet.B.The seasonal cycles.C.The movement of some life form.D.The storm of dust in its atmosphere.第24题How is the 1996 discovery related to the possible existence of organisms on Mars?A.The meteorite containing organic compounds is part of Mars.B.A Martian rock struck Earth about 11,000 years ago.C.The organisms came back to life after the collision with Earth.D.The inhabiting organisms appeared more than three billion years ago.第25题How many arguments in this passage lead to the belief of the existence of life on Mars?A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.上一题下一题(26~30/共20题)阅读理解Weather Forecast The following forecast shows for the listed cities the projected weather conditions and the expected range of temperatures from the afternoon high to the evening low. 图片第26题According to the forecast, ______.A.Kansas City will be warmer than TorontoB.temperatures will be the lowest in Seattle and MinneapolisC.the weather will be fine in most of the listed citiesD.more than half of the listed cities ore cloudy or rain likely第27题Among the following four cities, the difference between the afternoon high and the evening low is smallest in ______.A.Kansas CityB.MiamiC.AtlantaD.Seattle第28题Which of the following cities is closest m Miami in weather conditions?A.BostonB.AtlantaC.WashingtonD.Houston第29题The difference between the afternoon high and the evening low is greatest in ______.A.SeattleB.Los Angeless VegasD.Phoenix第30题The differences between the afternoon high and the evening low are the same in ______.A.Chicago, Dallas, Kansas City, and St. LouisB.Atlanta, San Francisco, New Orleans, and SeattleC.Cleveland, Dallas, St. Louis, and Washington,D.C.D.Pittsburg, Miami, Houston, and Boston上一题下一题(31~40/共10题)完型填空How much sleep does a person need?【B1】the physiological bases of the need for sleep remain conjectural(猜想), rendering conclusive answers to this question impossible, much evidence has been gathered on how much sleep people do in fact obtain. Perhaps the most important conclusion to be【B2】from this evidence is【B3】there is great variability among individuals in total sleep time. For adults,【B4】between six and nine hours of sleep as a nightly average is not unusual, and 7.5 hours probably best expresses the norm. Such norms, of course, forms inevitably vary with the criteria of sleep employed. The most【B5】and reliable figures on sleep time, including those cited here, come from studies in sleep laboratories, where EEG criteria are employed. 【B6】consistently has been associated with the varying amount, quality, and pattern of electrophysiologically defined sleep. The newborn infant may spend an average of about 16 hours of each 24-hour period in sleep,【B7】the sleep time drops sharply; by two years of age, it may【B8】from nine to 12 hours. Decreases to approximately six hours have been observed among the elderly. 【B9】will be discussed from below, EEG sleep studies haveindicated that sleep can be considered to consist of several different stages. Developmental changes in the relative proportion of sleep time【B10】in these sleep stages are as striking as age-related changes in total sleep time.第31题【B1】A.AsB.DespiteC.WhileD.Whether第32题【B2】A.arrivedB.benefitedC.drawnD.deprived第33题【B3】A.howB.whatC.whetherD.that第34题【B4】A.somethingB.nothingC.anythingD.everything第35题【B5】A.briefB.preciseC.correctD.concise第36题【B6】A.AgingB.YouthC.AgeD.Teenage第37题【B7】A.unlessB.howeverC.althoughD.even if第38题【B8】A.extendB.rangeC.alterD.rise第39题【B9】A.WhatB.ItC.ThatD.As第40题【B10】A.is spentB.are spentC.spentD.spending上一题下一题(1/10)完成对话第41题Student A: You are not from Britain, are you? Student B: ______.A.Sure, I know the country well.B.I can"t agree more.C.You"d better go there to have look.D.No, but I live there now.上一题下一题(2/10)完成对话第42题Woman: How can we get tickets for the Sunday"s movie? Man: ______.A.Just go to see it.B.No one pays them.C.Just go to the booking office.D.I like the Sunday"s movie.上一题下一题(3/10)完成对话第43题Speaker A: So we"ll have a week off. Have a nice holiday. Speaker B: ______.A.Yes. I"ll. How about you?B.The same to you.C.Are you going anywhere?D.Oh, I"ll stay home.上一题下一题(4/10)完成对话第44题Speaker A: Excuse me. Do you mind if I open the window? Speaker B: ______.A.Well. Don"t open it.B.Well, I"m sorry. It"s a bit cold here.C.Yes. Please open it.D.Well. It"s too hot here.上一题下一题(5/10)完成对话第45题Paul: Peter, why don"t you come to Mary"s birthday party with us? Peter: ______.A.Sorry? Let"s go right away.B.Thank you. I"d love to.C.Yeah, thanks anyway.D.Whether I"ll go or not is not your business, OK?上一题下一题(6/10)完成对话第46题Ann: Oh, it"s ten o"clock. I"d better go home now. Bill: ______.A.OK. Please take your time.B.You can"t go now. Don"t you want to stay any longer?C.Won"t you stay for another cup of coffee?D.Yeah, it"s really late. Why not immediately?上一题下一题(7/10)完成对话第47题Samuel: What a surprise! You have changed your car. Diana: Yes, and another surprise. I"m going to get engaged with Jessica. Samuel: ______.A.Really? Congratulations!B.Oh, sorry, I nearly forgot that.C.I"m sorry to hear it.D.I don"t know what to say. Take care of yourself!上一题下一题(8/10)完成对话第48题Susan: I thought you were going to the conference in USA last Saturday. Gordon: ______, but I haven"t been feeling well, so I stayed home.A.I didn"t plan toB.I didn"t want toC.I was planning toD.I was happy to上一题下一题(9/10)完成对话第49题Jackson: What a lovely coat you are wearing? Chester: ______.A.Of course. It"s excellent. You should buy one.B.No. It"s not very expensive, you see.C.Thank you. My husband gave it to me for my thirtieth birthday.D.Yes. I don"t like it very much.上一题下一题(10/10)完成对话第50题Person A: Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to the museum? Person B: ______.A.Sorry. I"m a stranger here myself.B.Sorry. I can"t tell it to you.C.Well. Go there yourself.D.OK. Next time perhaps.上一题交卷交卷答题卡答案及解析(1/10)词汇语法第1题He is an artist in ______ but not in reality.A.surfaceB.titleC.rank参考答案： D 您的答案：未作答答案解析：解析：surface意为"表面"；title意为"称号，头衔"，如"先生"、"教授"等；rank 意为"等级，地位"；in name意为"名义上"。

地震勘探专业英语

英文汉译Unconformity不整合2D-seismic二维地震3D-seismic三维地震4D-seismic四维地震Abnormal events异常波Absolute permeability绝对渗透率Absorption吸收Absorption coefficient吸收系数Acceleration of gravity重力加速度Accumulate error累计误差Acoustic impedance波阻抗Acoustic logging声波测井Acoustic impedance声阻抗Acoustic impedance section波阻抗剖面Acoustic impedance section声阻抗剖面Acoustic log声波测井Acoustic variable density logging声波变密度测井Acoustic velocity log声速测井Acoustic wave声波Adachi formulas阿达奇公式Adaptive Deconvolution自适应反褶积Adjacent-bed effect围岩影响Adjugate伴随矩阵Aeolotropy各向异性Aerated layer风化层AGC(automatic gain control)自动增益控制Aggradation加积作用Algorithm算法Alias假频Amplitude振幅Amplitude anomaly振幅异常Amplitude distortion振幅失真Amplitude equalization振幅平衡Amplitude log声波幅度测井Amplitude modulation振幅调制Amplitude of the envelope振幅包络Amplitude recovery真振幅恢复AMT（audiomagnetotelluric method）音频大地电磁法Analog模拟Angle of incidence入射角Angular frequency 角频率Anisotropy各向异性Anticipation function 期望函数anticline背斜构造Aperture time时窗时间API unitＡＰＩ单位Apparent表观值Apparent density视密度Apparent dip视倾角Apparent polarity视极性Apparent resistivity视电阻率Apparent velocity视速度Apparent wavelength视波长Apparent wavenumber视波数Applied geophysics应用地球物理学Archie’s formulas阿尔奇经验公式Areal heterogeneity平面非均质Array排列，组合Arrival波至Asynchronous异步的Attenuation衰减Attribute属性，品质Autoconvolution自褶积Autocorrelation自相关Autocovariancet自协方差Auxiliary key horizon辅助标准层Average平均Average velocity平均速度Average velocity平均速度AVO technique AVO技术Axis轴Azimuth方位角，方位Background背景Balanced section平衡剖面Balancing a survey平差Band频带Band-pass通频带Bandwidth带宽Barrier layer隔层Base lap底超Base line基线Base map草图，底图Base station基点Base-line shift基线偏移Basin盆地bedding层理Bias偏差；偏流；偏压；偏磁Bimodal双峰的Bin面元Binary二进制Binate重采样bipole双极bland zone盲区block数据块borehole televiewer井下电视bouguer anomaly布格异常Bouguer correction布格校正boundary conditionBright spot亮点Bulk porosity总孔隙度caprock盖层Chemical sedimentary rock化学沉积岩Clastic sedimentary rock碎屑沉积岩Clay mineral粘土矿物Clean sandstone model纯砂岩模型CMS（chemical remanent magnetization）化学剩磁Compensate neutron log补偿中子测井Complex cycle复合旋回Comprehensive log interpretation测井资料综合解释Concentric folding同心褶皱Connectivity砂体连通性continuation延拓contour等值线convergence收敛Converted wave转换波convolution褶积Core岩芯corer取芯器，取样器correction校正correlation对比；相关；匹配Correlation coefficient相关系数Correlation filter相关滤波COS （common offset stack）共炮检距叠加Cosine law余弦定理coupling耦合Covariance协方差creep蠕变Critical angle临界角Critical damping临界阻尼Crooked line弯曲线测量Cross十字Cross bedding交错层理Crosscorrelation filter互相关滤波crossplot交会图Cross-section剖面；截面Curie point居里点curl旋度Curvature曲率Curve fitting曲线拟合Cycle skip周波跳跃Cylindrical divergence圆柱状发散datum基准面Decay constant衰减常数Decay curve衰减曲线decimate重采样Decimate重采样Declination磁偏角Decollement滑脱面Decomposition分辨Deconvolution反褶积Delay time延迟时间Demodulation解调Density logging密度测井Density contrast密度差Depositional remanent magnetism沉积剩余磁性Depositional sequence沉积层序Depth map深度图Depth migration深度偏移Depth of investigation勘探深度Development seismic开发地震Development well logging开发测井Diaper底避构造Dielectric log介电常数测井Dielectric consist介电常数Differential差异；差分Differential compaction差异压实作用Diffraction绕射Diffraction stack绕射叠加Digital数字Dim spot暗点Dip倾角Dip angle地层倾角Dip direction地层倾向Dip line倾斜测线Dip moveout倾角时差Dipole偶极Direct detection直接检测Direct problem正问题Direct wave直达波Dirichlet condition狄利赫来条件Discrete fourier transform离散傅里叶变换Disharmonic folding不谐和褶皱Dispersion curve频散曲线Displacement偏离Displacement current位移电流Dissertation Abstracts International国际学位论文文摘Distortion畸变Distributed分布Divergence发散；散度Domain域Dome丘，穹隆Dominant frequency主频Doppler effect多普勒效应Downdip下降，下倾，Downlap下超Drape披盖Drift漂移Drill钻机Dual water model双水模型Dynamic correction动校正Dynamic memory动态存储器Dynamic range动态范围Dynamite烈性硝甘炸药Effective permeability有效渗透率Effective porosity有效孔隙度Eigenvalue特征值Eigenvector特征向量Elastic弹性的Elastic constants弹性常数Elastic deformation弹性常数Elastic impedance波阻抗Elastic limit弹性限度Elastic moduli弹性模量Elastic wave弹性波Electromagnetic propagation log电磁波传播测井Elevation correction高程校正emulate仿真End-on端点放炮Engineering geophysics工程地球物理enthalpy焓entropy熵envelope包络equalization均衡Equipotential surface等位面Event同相轴Expectation期望Exponential decay指数衰减Factor analysis因子分析Fade切除Fan-filter扇形滤波Fast fourier transform快速傅里叶变换fault断层Fault断层Fault bench断阶构造Fault drop落差Fault line断层线Fault surface断层面Fault throw断距feedback反馈Fence diagram栅状图Fence effect栅栏效应Fermat’s principle费马原理Filter滤波器Finite-difference method有限差分法Finite-element method有限元法Firing引爆First break初至Flat spot平点Flattened section已拉平的剖面Flexural-slip folding挠曲滑动褶皱Floating datum浮动基准面Flow chart流程图Flushed zone冲洗带flute切除flux通量Flyer检波器串fold地层褶曲folding褶皱format格式formation地层Formation occurrence地层产状Formation sensitivity储层敏感性Formation strike地层走向Formation evaluation地层评价Formation resistivity factor地层电阻率因子Formation-density log地层密度测井Forward solution正演解four-property relationship四性关系fracture裂缝Fresnel diffraction菲涅尔衍射Gas hydrate天然气水合物geochronology地质年代学geodesy大地测量学Geodetic latitude大地纬度Geodetic reference system大地参考系统Geodynamics project地球动力学研究计划Geographic latitude大地纬度geoid大地水准面Geomagnetic pole地磁极Geomagnetic reversal地磁反转Geometric factor几何因子Geometric spreading几何扩散Geophone检波器Geophone检波器组合Geophone array检波器组合Geophone interval检波距Geophone pattern检波器组合geophysicist地球物理学家Geophysics survey地球物理测量geosyncline地槽Geothermal gradient地热梯度ghost虚反射graben地堑graben地堑gradient梯度gravimeter重力仪Gravitational folding重力褶皱Gravitational potential重力位gravity重力Gravity anomaly 重力异常Gravity reduction重力改正Gravity survey重力测量Grid网格Ground roll地滚波Group interval组距Group velocity群速度Guided wave导波hammer重锤Handshake信息交换harmonic谐波Harmonic function调和函数Head wave首波Heat conductivity热导率high-resolution seismic高分辨率地震Horizontal bedding水平层理Horizontal slice水平切片Horizontal spot平点horst地垒horst地垒Igneous rock火成岩Index bed标准层Induced polarization激发极化Inductance电感induction感应Induction electrical survey感应电测井Induction logging感应测井inductivity磁导率Information extracted信息提取Innerbeded heterogeneity层内非均质Instantaneous frequency瞬时频率Instantaneous phase瞬时相位instruction指令insulator绝缘体Integrated circuit集成电路Integrated geophysics综合地球物理Integration混波Intelligent terminal智能终端intensity强度Intensity of magnetization磁化强度Interactive人机联作Interbed夹层Interbed multiple层间多次波Interbeded heterogeneity层间非均质Intercept distortion截断失真Interpretation解释Invaded zone冲洗带Inverse cycle反旋回Inverse draw逆牵引Inversion problem反问题Key bed标志层Laterolog侧向测井Layer velocity section层速度剖面Layer velocity层速度Level calibration层位标定litho-density log岩性密度测井Log interpretation model测井解释模型Log response equation测井响应方程Logging tool standardization测井仪器标准化logging-constrained reversion测井约束地震反演Logs测井曲线Material balance equation物质平衡方程Metamorphic rock变质岩Microelectrode log微电极测井microfacies沉积微相migrated-stacked section偏移叠加剖面Model of bulk-volume rock岩石体积模型Monoclinal strata单斜层mute切除Natural gamma-ray logging自然伽马测井Natural gamma ray spectral log自然伽马能谱测井normal正断层Normal cycle正旋回Normal draw正牵引Normal fault正断层Normal-moveout corrections正常时差校正Nosing structure鼻状构造Oil layer group油层组Oil sandbody油砂体one-step 3D-migration一步三维偏移Parameter参数permeability渗透率Permeability max-mean ratio渗透率突进系数permeability max-min ratio渗透率级差permeability variation coefficient渗透率变异系数Petrophysical property油层物性phase spectrum相位谱Pinch out地层尖灭Polarity reversal极性反转Pore throat孔隙喉道potential势能Primary pore原生孔隙prospect勘探工区，勘探远景区Prospecting seismology勘探地震学Random随机的Ray tracing射线追踪Reciprocity principle互换定理Reconnaissance踏勘，Recover恢复，还原Recovery收获率Recursive filter递归滤波Reef礁Reflecting point反射点Reflection反射Reflection factor反射系数Reflection character analysis反射波特征分析Reflection coefficient反射系数Reflection polarity反射波极性Reflection strength反射波强度Reflection survey反射波勘探Reflector反射界面Refraction折射Refraction wave折射波Refractive index折射系数，折射率Refractor折射界面，折射层Regression海退Regression analysis回归分析Relative permeability相对渗透率Relaxation time驰豫时间Reserving space储集空间reservoir储集层Reservoir fundamental parameter储集层基本参数Resistivity logging电阻率测井Resistivity index电阻率指数resolution分辨率Resolution分辨率Resonance共振Reverberation鸣震reverse逆断层Reverse fault逆断层RMS(root-mean-square)均方根Rock stratum岩层Rock structure岩石构造Rock texture岩石结构Rotational旋转断层Sample ratio取样间隔Sampling theorem采样定理Sand砂岩Sands group砂层组saturation饱和度scattering散射Seal rock封堵层Secondary pore次生孔隙Secondary field二次场Secondary porosity次生孔隙度Sedimentary cycle沉积旋回Sedimentary facies沉积相Sedimentary rhythm沉积韵律Sedimentary rock沉积岩Seis检波器, 地震检波器seiscrop等时切片图Seislog地震测井seisloop三维测量排列Seismic exploration地震勘探Seismic facies地震相Seismic inversion地震反演Seismic normalization地震正演Seismic wavelet地震子波Seismic datum地震基准面Seismic discontinuity地震不连续面Seismic event地震同相轴Seismic exploration地震勘探Seismic facies地震相Seismic log地震测井Seismic map地震构造图Seismic profile地震剖面Seismic pulse地震脉冲Seismic record地震记录Seismic refraction method地震折射波法Seismic section地震剖面Seismic sequence analysis地震层序分析Seismic stratigraphy地震地层学Seismic survey地震勘探Seismic tomography地震层析seismic-geologic section地震地质剖面seismic-sequent stratigraphy地震层序地层学Seismogram地震记录Seismograph地震仪Seismologist地震学家Seismology地震学sensitivity灵敏度Series of development strata开发层系Shale泥岩Shaly sandstone model泥质砂岩模型Shear wave横波Shielding屏蔽，屏蔽层Shoot爆炸，放炮，激发Signal to noise ratio信噪比Significance level显著性水平Similar folding相似褶皱simulated annealing模拟退火Single layer小层Singularity奇点，奇异点，奇异性Skin depth趋肤深度Smoothing平滑SP(spontaneous potential or self potential )自然电位Spacing电极距，源距Spatial aliasing空间假频Spectrum谱，频谱Spherical球面的Spill point溢出点Spontaneous potential log自然电位测井Spread排列，布置Spreading发散，扩散Stacked section水平叠加剖面stacked-migrated section叠偏剖面Stacking velocity叠加速度Standard标准的Static correction静校正Statistical统计的Storage存储器Storm扰动Strain应变，形变，胁变Strata overlap地层超覆Stratigraphic interpretation地层学解释Stratum loss地层缺失Streamer拖缆Strike slip走向滑动断层Stringer高速薄层Structural geology构造地质Structure构造Superposition叠加定理Supervisor野外监督Suppression压制Surface wave面波Survey测量，勘测，勘探Susceptibility磁化率Synchronous同步的syncline向斜构造Synthetic seismogram合成地震记录Synthetic seismogram合成地震记录Systematic error系统误差TAR（ture-amplitude recovery ）真振幅恢复Tectonic map大地构造图Telluric current大地电流Tensor张量Terrain correction地形校正Thermal conductivity热导率Three instantaneous parameter section三瞬剖面throat eveness coefficient喉道均质系数throat mean喉道平均值throat mid-value喉道中值Thrust fault冲断层Thrust fault逆掩断层Tie-line联接测线Time-distance curve时距曲线Time-slice map等时切片Time-variant时变的Tomography层析成像技术Toplap顶超Topographic correction地形校正Total reflection全反射Trace analysis道分析Trace equalization道均衡Trace gather道集Trace integration道积分Trace inversion道反演Trace sequential道序编排transform转换断层Transform fault转换断层Transformed wave转换波Transgression海侵Transient electromagnetic method瞬变电磁法Transistor晶体管Transmission coefficient透射系数Transverse wave横波Transversely isotropic横向各向同性Trap圈闭Travel path传播路径Tree-dimensional survey三维勘探Trough波谷Truncation error截断误差Tumescence火山隆起two-step 3D-migration二步三维偏移Uncertainty不定性，不确定性，不可靠性Updip上倾放炮Uphole geophone井口检波器Upward continuation向上延拓Valley波谷Variable area变面积Variable density变密度Variance方差Vector矢量Velocity analysis速度分析Velocity inversion速度倒转Velocity layering速度分层Velocity spectrum速度谱Velocity sweeping速度扫描Vibration survey振动测量Vibrator振动器Video display视频显示Virtual memory虚拟存储器Viscoelastic粘弹性的Viscosity粘度，粘滞性Water saturation含水饱和度Wave group波组wave equation波动方程Wave equation migration波动方程偏移Wave impedance波阻抗Wave velocity波速Waveform波形Wavefront波前Wavelet地震子波Wavelet equalization子波均衡Wavelet extraction子波提取Wavelet processing子波处理Wavenumber波数Wavy bedding波状层理Weathering 风化层Weathering风化层，低速带Weathering correction低速带校正Weathering layer风化层，低速带Weathering shot低速带测定Weighted array加权平均加权组合Weighted average加权平均Well logging测井Well logging series测井系列White白噪声White noise level白噪水平Young’s modulus杨氏模量Zero-phase零相位Zoeppritz’s equation佐普里茨方程。

英语作文-探索艺术表演场馆与科技的融合

英语作文-探索艺术表演场馆与科技的融合Exploring the Fusion of Art Performance Venues and Technology。

In recent years, the integration of technology into various aspects of our lives has become increasingly prevalent. One area where this fusion is particularly evident is in the realm of art performance venues. The incorporation of technology has revolutionized the way we experience and engage with artistic performances, enhancing both the visual and auditory aspects of the show. This article delves into the exploration of how art performance venues have embraced technology, creating a more immersive and captivating experience for audiences.First and foremost, the integration of technology in art performance venues has significantly transformed the visual aspect of the show. Traditional stage designs have been replaced by state-of-the-art projection systems, allowing for dynamic and interactive backgrounds. These projections can create stunning visual effects, transporting the audience to different worlds and enhancing the overall atmosphere of the performance. For example, a theater production set in ancient Rome can now be brought to life with the help of digital projections that recreate the grandeur of the Colosseum or the splendor of the Roman Forum.Furthermore, technology has also revolutionized the way sound is delivered in art performance venues. Advanced sound systems and acoustics technology ensure that every note, every whisper, and every sound effect is crystal clear and reaches every corner of the venue. This creates a more immersive experience for the audience, allowing them to fully appreciate the intricacies of the music or the nuances of the actors' voices. Additionally, the integration of wireless technology enables performers to move freely around the stage without being hindered by cumbersome cables, further enhancing the overall performance.In addition to enhancing the visual and auditory aspects of art performances, technology has also brought about new forms of artistic expression. Digital art installations, for instance, have gained popularity in recent years. These installationscombine traditional art forms with technology, creating interactive and immersive experiences for the audience. Visitors can engage with the artwork by using touchscreens, motion sensors, or virtual reality headsets, blurring the boundaries between art and technology. This fusion of art and technology not only attracts a wider audience but also allows for a more personal and engaging experience.Moreover, technology has also played a crucial role in expanding the reach of art performance venues. Live streaming of performances has become increasingly common, allowing audiences from all over the world to enjoy the show in real-time. This not only provides accessibility to those who are unable to attend the performance physically but also increases the exposure and popularity of the artists. Social media platforms have also become a powerful tool for promoting art performances, enabling artists to reach a global audience and garner a loyal following.In conclusion, the fusion of technology and art performance venues has revolutionized the way we experience and engage with artistic performances. From visually stunning projections to immersive sound systems, technology has enhanced the overall quality and impact of the shows. Furthermore, the integration of technology has also opened up new avenues for artistic expression, allowing for interactive and immersive experiences. With the continued advancement of technology, we can only expect further innovation and exploration in the realm of art performance venues, creating even more captivating and unforgettable experiences for audiences worldwide.。

发明相对论的英文名词解释

发明相对论的英文名词解释Einstein's Theory of Relativity: Unveiling the Secrets of the UniverseIntroductionThroughout history, groundbreaking scientific discoveries have revolutionized our understanding of the natural world. Few, however, can match the profound impact and enduring legacy of Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity. This article aims to provide a comprehensive explanation and exploration of this groundbreaking theory, which forever changed the course of physics and our perception of space, time, and gravity.Understanding Relativity: A Paradigm Shift in PhysicsAlbert Einstein, a German-born theoretical physicist, introduced his Theory of Relativity in the early 20th century. It challenged and revolutionized the fundamental principles upon which classical physics was built. The theory consists of two pillars: the Special Theory of Relativity, formulated in 1905, and the General Theory of Relativity, established in 1915.Special Theory of Relativity: Spaceships, Time Dilation, and the Speed of LightThe Special Theory of Relativity is primarily concerned with objects moving at constant velocities in the absence of gravitational forces. Its foundation lies in two postulates: the principle of relativity and the constancy of the speed of light.The principle of relativity states that the laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion. Consequently, motion becomes relative, and there is no absolute frame of reference. This principle contradicted the classical Newtonian mechanics that had dominated physics for centuries.Furthermore, the constancy of the speed of light is a fundamental tenet of Einstein's theory. According to this principle, the speed of light in a vacuum is always the same, regardless of the motion of the source or the observer. This assertion defied the common-sense notion that the speed of an object depends on the speed of the observer relative to the object.One of the most mind-boggling consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity is time dilation. As an object moves closer to the speed of light, time for that object slows down relative to a stationary observer. This phenomenon has been experimentally confirmed and is crucial for various practical applications, including space travel and particle accelerators.General Theory of Relativity: Gravity, Curved Spacetime, and the Fabric of the UniverseWhile the Special Theory of Relativity dealt with motion in the absence of gravity, the General Theory of Relativity expanded the framework to include gravity as a consequence of curved spacetime.According to Einstein's theory, mass and energy curve the fabric of spacetime, creating what we perceive as gravitational forces. This concept revolutionized our understanding of gravity, as opposed to the classical theory that described it simply as a force between objects.In the General Theory of Relativity, massive objects like stars and planets cause spacetime to curve, and other objects moving within this curved spacetime experience gravitational effects. This theory successfully explained various phenomena, such as the bending of light by massive objects and the precession of Mercury's orbit, which were previously inexplicable under classical physics.Implications and Applications of RelativityBeyond its profound impact on theoretical physics, the Theory of Relativity has had significant implications and practical applications in various fields.The development of GPS technology, for instance, heavily relies on both the Special and General Theories of Relativity. The precise coordination and synchronization of signals from satellites orbiting Earth require accurate timekeeping, which is affected bytime dilation due to the satellites' velocities and the gravitational fields they experience. Without taking these relativistic effects into account, GPS systems would rapidly become inaccurate.Furthermore, the confirmation of Einstein's theory during the 1919 solar eclipse, when Sir Arthur Eddington observed the apparent bending of starlight by the Sun's gravity, solidified the Theory of Relativity's status as a pillar of modern physics and gained worldwide attention. This monumental scientific discovery also captured the imagination of the public, propelling Einstein to international fame.ConclusionAlbert Einstein's Theory of Relativity stands as one of the most profound scientific achievements in human history. Its impact transcends the boundaries of physics, permeating various aspects of our lives. From our understanding of the fundamental workings of the cosmos to practical applications in technology, the Theory of Relativity has forever changed our perception of the universe. As we continue to probe the mysteries of the universe, the principles and implications of relativity remain at the forefront of scientific exploration.。

Exploring the Boundaries of Space

Exploring the Boundaries of Space The exploration of outer space has always been a subject of fascination and wonder for humanity. The vastness of the universe and the mysteries it holds have captivated the imagination of scientists, researchers, and the general public alike. As we continue to push the boundaries of space exploration, we are faced with a myriad of challenges and opportunities that shape the way we perceive our place in the cosmos. From a scientific perspective, the exploration of space offers a wealth of knowledge and understanding about the origins and nature of the universe. Through space missions, telescopic observations, and research conducted on celestial bodies, scientists have been able to unravel some of the universe's most profound secrets. The study of exoplanets, black holes, and the cosmic microwave background radiation has provided valuable insights into the fundamental laws of physics and the evolution of celestial bodies. Moreover, space exploration has also contributed to technological advancements that havebenefitted society as a whole. The development of satellite technology, for instance, has revolutionized communication, navigation, and weather forecasting. Furthermore, the research conducted in space has led to innovations in materials science, medical technology, and environmental sustainability. The spin-off technologies from space exploration have had a profound impact on various industries and have improved the quality of life for people around the world. On a cultural and societal level, the exploration of space has inspired and unified people across the globe. The iconic "blue marble" image of Earth taken from space has instilled a sense of interconnectedness and environmental awareness. The achievements of space agencies and astronauts have become a source of inspiration for future generations, encouraging them to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Space exploration also serves as a testament to human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of knowledge, transcending national boundaries and political differences. However, the exploration of space is not without its ethical and practical considerations. The cost of space missions and the allocation of resources for space exploration have been subjects of debate, especially in the face of pressing global issues such as poverty, hunger, and climate change. Critics argue that the vast sums of money invested in spaceexploration could be better utilized to address these urgent challenges on Earth. Additionally, there are ethical concerns surrounding the potential exploitation of extraterrestrial resources and the impact of space activities on celestial bodies and their ecosystems. Furthermore, the physical and psychological toll of space exploration on astronauts has been a topic of concern. Extended periods of time in microgravity can have adverse effects on the human body, such as muscle atrophy, bone density loss, and radiation exposure. The isolation and confinement of space travel also pose significant psychological challenges for astronauts, leading to issues such as depression, anxiety, and interpersonal conflicts. As we venture further into space, it is crucial to prioritize the well-being of those who embark on these missions and develop strategies to mitigate the health risks associated with space travel. In conclusion, the exploration of space presents a complex tapestry of scientific, technological, cultural, and ethical considerations. It offers a gateway to profound knowledge and innovation while raising important questions about our place in the universe and our responsibilities as stewards of Earth and beyond. As we continue to push the boundaries of space exploration, it is imperative to approach these endeavors with a holistic perspective, considering the diverse impacts and implications they entail. Only through thoughtful reflection and collaboration can we navigate the frontiers of space exploration with wisdom and foresight.。

The Renaissance

The RenaissanceContentsI. General introductionII. Renaissance in EuropeA.Renaissance in ItalyB.Renaissance in FranceC.Renaissance in SpainD.Renaissance in EnglandIII. Sci-tech AdvancesIV. Impact of the RenaissanceI General IntroductionWhat does “Renaissance” mean?Generally it refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.The term Renaissance, literally means “rebirth”.Rebirth is used in two ways:1.The rediscovery of ancient classical texts and learning and their applications in the arts andsciences.2.The revival of European culture in general.How to appraise the renaissance？It is an influential cultural movement;It brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformationIt marks the transitional period between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the ModernAge in Europe.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was theassertion（坚持，断言）of the greatness of man.Intellectuals of humanist believed in the promotion of wealth, pleasure and a frank admiration forthe beauty of human body.Man‟s interest was shifted from Christianity to Humanity, from religion to philosophy, fromheaven to earth, from beauty of God to the beauty of the human body in all its joys and pains, senses and feelings.Start of RenaissanceRenaissance happened gradually at different places at different times.The movement occurred in different countries with different emphasis.1.In Italy it was mostly in fine arts. （艺术—指诗歌、音乐、绘画、雕塑、建筑等）2.In France it was literature.3.In England it was philosophy and drama.The starting place of the Renaissance is almost universally ascribed to（把…归于）Central Italy,especially the city of Florence. Italy is known as the cradle of the Renaissance.II Renaissance in EuropeA.Renaissance in Italya. Renaissance ArtThe Distinct Features of the Renaissance Art1. Art broke away from the domination of the church.2. Themes of painting changed from purely celestial（天上的，神圣的）realm to an appreciation of nature & man.3. Studies of the ruins of Roman and Greek temples were carried out and the principles of ancient civilization were practiced.4. Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy（解剖学）and perspective（透视法）. Early Renaissance ArtistsGiotto (乔托）Donatello（多那太罗）Filippo Brunelleschi (伯鲁乃列斯基)Sandro Botticelli （波提切利）Giotto(about 1266-1337) （乔托）Forerunner of the RenaissanceHe led the way of restoring dignity to human figures.An Italian painter and architect from FlorenceArt features of GiottoThe flat, symbolic figures gave way to the figures interacting in perspective space.He managed to adopt the visual language of the sculptors — by lending his figures volume andweight.Donatello (1386-1466) （多那太罗）A famous sculptorOne of the first artists engaging in anatomy for the knowledge of human bodyHis most famous sculpture：Hebrew king David, which is in perfect proportion of human body.Filippo Brunelleschi(1377-1446)（伯鲁乃列斯基）A famous architect devoting himself to the study of classical buildings,His works showed a systematic use of perspective,He was widely imitated during the Renaissance,He built the dome穹顶for the cathedral in Florence, which became the most originalconstruction in the building of domes in the world architecture history.Sandro Botticelli(1445-1510) 波提切利An Italian painter during the Early RenaissanceMost famous work is The Birth of Venus（维纳斯的诞生）The High Renaissance Art (Late15th- and Early 16th-century Italian Art)1.This period represented a culmination of the Renaissance.2.Artists no longer pondered the art of antiquity.（古代）3.They went their own way with the tools, technology, training and confidence.The “Big Three Names” of the High Renaissance1.Leonardo da Vinci 达芬奇2.Michelangelo Buonarroti 米开朗基罗3.Raphael (Raffaello Sancio) 拉斐尔Leonardo da Vinci （达芬奇）(1452-1519)an Italian Renaissance Artist who was an architect,musician, anatomist, inventor, engineer,sculptor, geometer, and paintera universal geniusfamous for his masterly paintings, such as The Virgin of the Rocks岩间圣母, Mona Lisa andThe Last Supper.Other talentsHe was anatomist and physiologist at the same time. （生理学家）His study of human anatomy led also to the design of the first known robot in recorded history.Leonardo‟s study of embryos（胚胎）and proportions of the human bodyLeonardo produced detailed studies of the flight of birds, and plans for several flying machinesHe even designed a helicopter powered by 4 men.The glider based on Leonardo‟s design gained a resounding success.His notebooks also contain several designs for military machines: machine guns, an armoredtank powered by humans or horses, cluster bombs（集束炸弹), etcOther inventions include a submarine, a cog-wheeled（嵌齿轮的）device that has beeninterpreted as the first mechanical calculator, and a car powered by a spring mechanism Michelangelo Buonarroti（米开朗基罗）(1475-1564)A Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet.His artistic works are realistic.He believed that art originated from inner inspiration and from culture.Major worksthe fresco（壁画）ceiling of the Sistine Chapel;the Last Judgment over the altar;sculptures of David , Moses;the design of the dome of St. Peter…s Basilica.（正方形教堂）the fresco ceiling of the Sistine Chapel 西斯廷天顶画Raphael (Raffaello Sancio) （拉斐尔）(1483-1520)A painter and architectHis works are of a sweetness of temper (秀美风格）Best known for the portrayal of Madonna (圣母像)Also famous for the painting School of Athens （雅典学派）ｂ．Italian Literature and PoetryGiovanni Boccaccio（卜伽丘）(1313-1375)an Italian author and poet,a close friend of Petrarch,an important Renaissance humanist,the author of the great work ---The Decameron 《十日谈》The DecameronSetting: in 1348, the Black Death 黑死病, in a villa（别墅）outside Florence.Character: 7 ladies and 3 young gentlemenPlot: each one tells one story on each one of the ten nights at the villa; by the end of the ten days,totally 100 stories are told.Analysis--witty licentious stories full of praises of true love and wisdom and satire on thehypocrisy of the priest and the aristocrat.With this book, the courtly themes of medieval literature began to give way to the voice andmores 民德,道德观念of early modern society.B. Renaissance in FranceHistorical BackgroundUnder the influence of Italian renaissance, there emerged in France a whole generation ofhumanist writers.They began to study Greek culture and philosophy and this gave rise to writings of Rebelais andMontaogne.François Rabelais (拉伯雷)A Humanist writerBest known for the satirical work Gargantua and Pantagruel《巨人传》In it he praises the greatness of man, expresses his love of life & his reverence尊敬andsympathy for humanist learning.Michel Eyques de Montaigne(1533-1592) 蒙田An influential French Renaissance writer.Generally considered to be the inventor of the personal essay.His main work is known as Essais(Essays) (in simple style)随笔集C. Renaissance in SpainHistorical BackgroundIn 1492, Columbus discovered America and claimed America for Spain. This is the beginning ofthe age of exploration for Spain.The 16th century saw the beginning of the Golden age of Spanish literature.Miguel de Cervantes(1547-1616)（塞万提斯）A novelist, a dramatist and a poet.Known for his immortal masterpiece Don Quixote 堂•吉珂德Recognized as the father of the modern European novelDon Quixote（堂•吉珂德）Published in 1605, the book was reprinted six times within the next year.An adventure story of the poor country gentleman, Don Quixote and his peasant servant SanchoPanza.The whole adventure was put against the reality of 17th century Spain.The book is a parody satirizing the romance of chivalry.Its sources are romantic as well as realistic, truthful and imaginative.D. Renaissance in EnglandHistorical background"English Renaissance" is a term often used to describe a cultural and artistic movement inEngland from the early 16th century to the mid-17th century.This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as "the age of Shakespeare" or "theElizabethan era,”In the period, the country gained both political and religious stability and economic prosperity.Main figuresPhilosophy: Thomas More,Francis BaconPlay: William ShakespeareThomas More（托马斯•莫尔）An English lawyer, writer, and politician.He earned a reputation as a leading humanist scholar.His best known work—Utopia 乌托邦.Utopia 乌托邦(written in 1515)In the book, a fictional traveler, Raphael Hythloday, describes the political arrangements of animaginary island nation named Utopia.It is an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods incommon, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom inreligious belief.The traveler Raphael Hythloday is depicted in the lower left-hand corner describing to a listenerthe island of Utopia, whose layout is schematically shown above him.Francis Bacon（培根）(1561-1626)an English philosopher,essayist and statesmanbest known as a philosophical advocate and defender of the scientific revolutionheld that philosophy should be kept separate from theologyHis works establish and popularize an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry, often calledthe Baconian method.Induction 归纳法implies drawing knowledge from the natural world through experimentation,observation, and testing of hypotheses.（假说）Major works:The Advancement of Learning 《学术的进步》The New Atlantis《新大西洲》The Novum Organum (New Method) 《新工具》Essays (contained 58 essays)《论说文集》William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 莎士比亚an English poet and playwright who has a reputation as one of the greatest of all writers in theEnglish language and in Western literatureOne of the world's pre-eminent dramatistsShakespeare is among the very few playwrights who have excelled in both comedy and tragedy.a great master of the English languageUniversally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatestwriters in the world ever.Major WorksShakespeare Comedies:•The Tempest暴风雨•The Two Gentlemen of Verona 维洛那二绅士•The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流娘们•Measure for Measure一报还一报•The Comedy of Errors 错中错•Much Ado About Nothing 无事生非（捕风捉影）•Love's Labour's Lost 爱的徒劳•A Midsummer Night's Dream 仲夏夜之梦•The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人•As You Like It 皆大欢喜•Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记•All‘s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属（如愿）•Twelfth Night or What You Will 第十二夜•The Winter's Tale冬天的故事•Pericles, Prince of Tyre泰尔亲王佩力克尔斯•The Two Noble Kinsmen两贵亲Four Comedies皆大欢喜(As You Like It)仲夏夜之梦(A Midsummer Night's Dream)第十二夜(Twelfth Night or What You Will)威尼斯商人(The Merchant of V enice)Shakespeare Tragedies:Troilus and Cressida 特洛埃围城记Coriolanus 科利奥兰纳斯Titus Andronicus 泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门Julius Caesar 裘力斯·凯撒Macbeth 麦克白Hamlet 哈姆雷特King Lear 李尔王Othello 奥赛罗Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克莉奥佩屈拉Cymbeline * (normally classed as a comedy today)辛伯林Four TragediesHamlet 《哈姆雷特》Othello 《奥瑟罗》King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth 《麦克佩斯》Macbetha tragedy based loosely on historical events of the king Macbeth of Scotland;Shakespeare‟s shorte st tragedy;seen as a tale of dangers of the lust （贪欲）for power and betrayal of friends.King Learbased on the legend of Leir, a king of pre-Roman Britain;regarded as one of Shakespeare's greatest achievements.Othelloalso The Moor of Venicea tragedy by Shakespeare written around 1603;Othello made madly jealous by the evil Lago, kills his faithful & loving wife.Hamletone of Shakespeare‟s most well-known and oft-quoted plays;“To be or not to be, that is the question.”生存还是毁灭，这是一个问题may be the most often produced work in almost every western country;has been translated into every major living language.III. Science and Technology during the RenaissanceGeographical DiscoveriesAstronomyAnatomyPolitical Science and Historiography （编史工作）Geographical DiscoveriesIt is a golden age of geographical discoveries.By the year 1600, the surface of the known earth doubled.Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) 哥伦布Navigator and discoverer of the New WorldMade four voyages with the help of his Spain patrons. On his 4th voyage, he found CentralAmerica.Bartholomeu Dias(1466-1500) 迪亚斯the Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good HopeHe is the first European known to do so since ancient times.Vasco da Gama 达•伽马A Portuguese navigatorHe discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope.He is the first person to sail directly from Europe to India.AstronomyNicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)哥白尼a Polish（波兰）astronomer, mathematician and economistConsidered as father of modern astronomy.He developed the heliocentric(Sun-centered)theory of the solar system.（日心说）His theory affected many aspects of human life, opening the door for young astronomers,scientists and scholars to take a skeptical 怀疑论的，无神论的attitude toward established dogma. (教理,教条)AnatomyAndreas Vesalius维萨里(1514-1564)a Flemish( Belgium)anatomistthe founder of modern medicine (anatomy)author of the first complete textbook on human anatomy, On the Workings of the Human Body《人体构造》Political Science and HistoriographyNiccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527）马基雅维里an Italian philosopher/writerWas called “Father of political science” in the West.Major works are Prince君主论(1513年）and DiscoursesHe criticized the Church on the one hand and stated his ideas of liberty and democracy on theother.IV. Impact of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way notpossible under the medieval Church‟s dispensation.In this release lay the way of development of the modern world.“It was the greatest progressive revolution that mankind had so far experienced, a time whichcalled for giants and produced giants in power of thought, passion and character, in universality and learning.”--Friedrich Engels。

翻译资料 (35)

在元朝末年，朝廷变得腐败无能。

许多读书人都坚信蒙古人已失掉了天命，不再能统治天下了。

然而他们当中谁曾料到，天命竟然会落到朱元璋这样一位几乎终生目不识丁的人头上。

明太祖朱元璋出身极其微贱，除了天生才具之外一无所有。

他的父母是极其贫苦的农民，因饥荒而背井离乡。

为了不至于全家都饿死，他们把儿子卖进了寺庙。

朱元璋做了几年小和尚，然后就跑掉当了土匪。

在当时天下大乱、反叛四起的情况下，他这么做倒是顺理成章。

过了一些年，他在南京登基坐殿，开创了明朝近三百年的江山。

In the final years of Y uan dynasty, the imperial government had become corrupt andincompetent. Many scholars firmly believedthat the Mongols hadlostthe mandate of heaven to rule the country. But none of them expected that themandate of heaven wouldbe passedonto Zhu Y uanzhang, who remainedvirtuallyilliterate all his life. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Emperor Taizu of Ming, was a man of the most humble origin ，with nothingbut his natural ability at his disposal. His parentswere poor peasants. Forced to leave their homeland because of famine, they sold their son intoa Buddhist monastery tosave both his life andtheir own. After a fewyears as a novice monk, Zhu ran away andbecame a bandit ．This was a logical step for him to take, considering the great confusion of the age, with revolts breaking out everywhere. Some years later, he ascended the throne in Nanjing and proclaimed the founding of the Ming dynasty, which was to last nearly 300 years.George SantayanaL et me come to the point boldly; what governs the Englishman is his inner atmosphere,the weather in his soul.It is nothing particularly spiritual or mysterious. When he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer and lighting his pipe; when, in his garden or by his fire, he sprawls in an aggressively comfortable chair; when well-washed and well-brushed, he resolutely turns in church to the east and recites the Creed (with genuflexions, if he likes genuflexions)without in the least implyingthat he believes one wordof it; when hehears or sings the most crudely sentimental and thinnest of popular songs, unmoved but not disgusted; when he makes up his mind who is his best friend or his favorite poet; when he adopts a party or a sweetheart; when he is huntingorshootingor boating, or stridingthrough the fields; when he is choosinghis clothesor his profession ——never is it a precise reason,or purpose,or outer fact that determines him; it is always the atmosphere of his inner man.To say that this atmosphere was simply a sense of physical well-being,of coursing blood and a prosperous digestion,would be far too gross;for while psychic weather is all that, it is also a witness to some settled disposition, someripening inclination for this or that, deeply rooted in the soul. It gives a sense ofdirection in life which is virtually a code of ethics, anda religion behindreligion. Onthe other hand, to say it was the vision of any ideal or allegiance to any principlewould be making it far too articulate and abstract. The inner atmosphere, when compelled to condense into words, may precipitate some curt maxim or over-simple theory as a sort of war-cry; but its puerile language does it injustice,because it broods at a much deeper level than language or even thought. It is amass of dumb instincts and allegiances, the love of a certain quality of life, to be maintained manfully. It is pregnant with many a stubborn assertion and rejection. It fights under its trivial flutteringopinions like a smokingbattleshipunder its flags andsignals; you must consider, not what they are, but why they have been hoistedand will not be lowered. One is tempted at times to turn away in despair from the most delightful acquaintance —— the picture of manliness, grace, simplicity ，and honor, apparently rich in knowledge and humor —— because of someenormous platitude he reverts to, some hopelessly stupidlittle dogma fromwhich one knowsthat nothingcan ever liberate him. The reformer must give himup; but why shouldone wish to reform a person so much better than oneself? He is like a thoroughbred horse, satisfying to the trained eye, docile to the light touch, andcoursingin most wonderful unison with you through the open world. What doyoucare what words he uses? Are you impatient with the lark because he sings rather than talks? And if he could talk, would you be irritated by his curious opinions? Of course, if any one positively asserts what is contrary to fact, there is an error,though the error may be harmless; and most divergences between men shouldinterest us rather than offend us,because they are effects of perspective,or of legitimate diversity in experience and interests. Trust the man who hesitates in his speech and is quick and steady in action, but beware of long arguments and long beards. Jupiter decided the most intricate questions with a nod, and a very fewwords andnogestures suffice for the Englishman tomake his inner mindfelt most unequivocally when occasion requires.Instinctively the Englishmen is no missionary, no conqueror. He prefers the country to the town, and home to foreign parts. He is rather glad and relieved ifonly natives will remain natives and strangers strangers, and at a comfortable distance from himself.Yet outwardly he is most hospitable and accepts almost anybody for the time being;he travels and conquers without a settled design, because he has the instinct of exploration.His adventures are all external;they change him so little that he is not afraid of them. He carries his English weather in his heart wherever he goes, and it becomes a cool spot in the desert, and a steady andsane oracle amongst all the deliriums of mankind. Never since the heroic daysof Greece has the worldhadsucha sweet, just, boyish master. It will be a black dayfor the human race when scientific blackguards,conspirators,churls,and fanatics manage to supplant him.英国人灵魂的气象乔治·桑塔雅那让我直接进入正题吧：左右 (主宰，支配) 英国人的是他内在的情调 (情绪 )，心灵里的气象。

自画像-最全的发展史及讲课介绍

自画像艺术家为自己所绘的肖像作品，称为自画像。

雕塑家类似的创作则称为自塑像。

法国艺术家Jean Fouquet于1450前后创作的自画像或为西方传统中现存的最早的自画像，若不拘泥于平面，则埃及法老Akhenaten之雕塑家Bak早于公元前13 65年前后已完成雕刻自己与其妻Taheri的作品。

西方绘画传统中的自画像，于文艺复兴时代为人瞩目。

当时，艺术家被视为优秀乃至卓越的个体。

独立的自画像的出现，常与给予艺术家的这种巨大肯定相联系。

这一时期亦有大量的自画像涉及作画者之外的他人。

这其中，有赞助人，或是夫人子女。

亦有艺术家在画幅中纳入友人、情人、老师、学生、模特甚至死神。

在文艺复兴的意大利，自画像被称为“镜中肖像”。

当时的自画像将艺术家本人描绘为绅士或淑女，而并不表现艺术家工作的情形。

从16世纪中起，艺术家们开始选择表现他们自己与画架为伍，手持调色板和画笔，支着腕杖。

每一幅自画像都可被视为一种表演，艺术家为其观众选择一种特别的装束与姿态，呈现一个角色。

几个世纪以来，无数画家耕耘于这一题材，文森特·梵高、勃朗·马尔曼松·里因、雷诺兹（Joshua Reynolds)、弗里达·卡罗（Frida Kahlo)等尤其留下数量可观的自画像。

亦有收藏专精于这一领域，最著名的即是佛罗伦萨的美第奇家族的藏品。

艺术家代表开始在自己的重要舞台保证金像的装饰元素。

高小姐模型，在生涯的开始，对工作immortaliser愿望... Titien（1477年至1576年），这些费用被认为是那种发明。

这种新型恰逢是画家的社会地位的承认。

这一个是revalorized，画家是不会被视为边缘人更多。

自画像成为了艺术家对自己的身份，反映的觉醒，其艺术价值。

但是，社会承认的说法产生的地方往往对自己的承认。

许多艺术家代表的整个生命本身。

揭示怎样的方式可以有时间上的图像，没有人真正控制措施。

一些自画像是令人沮丧的，他们证明了相反的疾病的进展...学校维也纳的幻想现实主义画家的痛苦使用自画像车由围绕健全的国家进行绘画“我出去”。

典范英语7第四篇读后感

典范英语7第四篇读后感The fourth passage of Exemplary English 7 offers a thought-provoking exploration of the concept of happiness and its pursuit in modern society. The author skillfully weaves together philosophical insights, personal anecdotes, and observations of contemporary culture to challenge the reader's preconceptions about what it means to live a fulfilling and meaningful life.At the heart of the passage lies the assertion that true happiness is not found in the accumulation of material possessions or the constant pursuit of external validation. The author argues that in our increasingly consumerist and individualistic world, we have become increasingly disconnected from the deeper sources of contentment and inner peace. Too often, we find ourselves chasing after the latest trends, the newest gadgets, or the most prestigious achievements, all in the misguided belief that these will bring us the happiness we so desperately seek.The author's personal experiences serve as a powerful counterpoint to this dominant narrative. Recounting a time when they had losteverything, including their home and possessions, the author describes a profound sense of liberation and clarity that emerged from this seemingly devastating situation. It is in this moment of stripping away the superficial trappings of life that the author discovers a deeper well of joy and fulfillment, one that is not dependent on external circumstances but rooted in the cultivation of inner resources such as gratitude, resilience, and a sense of purpose.The passage also delves into the societal pressures and cultural norms that often compel us to conform to a narrow definition of success and happiness. The author highlights the ways in which our education system, media landscape, and economic structures all contribute to the perpetuation of a worldview that equates material wealth, professional achievement, and social status with true well-being. This critique invites the reader to question the underlying assumptions that shape our collective understanding of what it means to live a good life.One of the most compelling aspects of the passage is the author's exploration of the role of mindfulness and self-awareness in the pursuit of happiness. Drawing on insights from various philosophical and spiritual traditions, the author emphasizes the importance of cultivating a present-moment awareness, of learning to let go of the constant mental chatter and anxious projections that so often consume our attention. It is through this practice of mindfulness, theauthor suggests, that we can begin to reconnect with the inherent joy and contentment that resides within us, regardless of our external circumstances.The passage also touches on the significance of cultivating meaningful relationships and a sense of community in the quest for happiness. The author highlights the ways in which our increasing isolation and disconnection from others can contribute to feelings of loneliness, depression, and a lack of purpose. By fostering genuine connections, practicing empathy, and engaging in acts of service and compassion, the author argues, we can tap into a deeper well of fulfillment that transcends the narrow confines of individual gratification.Throughout the passage, the author's writing is characterized by a poetic sensibility and a deep respect for the complexity of the human experience. The language is at once accessible and profound, inviting the reader to engage in a process of self-reflection and contemplation. The author's willingness to vulnerably share their own struggles and insights serves to create a sense of intimacy and trust, further drawing the reader into the exploration of this vital and timeless question: what does it mean to live a truly happy and fulfilling life?In the end, the fourth passage of Exemplary English 7 emerges as apowerful call to reexamine our priorities and to cultivate a more holistic and sustainable approach to happiness. By challenging the dominant narratives of our time and offering alternative perspectives rooted in wisdom and self-awareness, the author encourages the reader to embark on a journey of personal growth and transformation. It is a passage that invites us to look beyond the surface-level trappings of success and to discover the deeper sources of joy and meaning that lie within us all.。

简爱35章细致的心理描写句子

简爱35章细致的心理描写句子Jane Eyre Chapter 35 provides intricate psychological descriptions that delve into the depths of Jane's emotions as she navigates through her tumultuous relationship with Mr. Rochester and grapples with her own sense of self-worth and independence. In this chapter, we see Jane struggling with conflicting emotions of love and self-preservation, torn between her desire for Mr. Rochester and her need to assert her independence and stand up for herself. She demonstrates a strong sense of self-awareness and courage as she confronts Mr. Rochester about their relationship and refuses to be treated as a mere object of desire.简爱第35章提供了复杂的心理描写，深入探讨简在与罗切斯特先生之间动荡关系中的情感，以及她对自我价值和独立性的探索。

在这一章中，我们看到简在爱与自我保护的矛盾情感中挣扎，她既渴望罗切斯特先生，又需要坚持独立和为自己辩护。

她展现了强烈的自我意识和勇气，当她与罗切斯特先生就他们的关系进行对峙时，拒绝被视为仅仅是欲望的对象。

Throughout the chapter, Jane's internal monologue reveals the profound turmoil and inner conflict she experiences as she grappleswith her conflicting feelings towards Mr. Rochester. Her emotions fluctuate between love, anger, resentment, and a deep-seated sense of betrayal as she comes to terms with the reality of Mr. Rochester's past actions and their implications for their relationship. Jane's struggle to reconcile her love for Mr. Rochester with her need forself-respect and autonomy is palpable, highlighting the complexityof human emotions and the challenges of maintaining one's integrity in the face of adversity.在整个章节中，简的内心独白揭示了她在与罗切斯特先生的矛盾感情中所经历的深刻纷扰和内心冲突。

追求真理,坚持自我800作文

追求真理,坚持自我800作文英文回答：The Pursuit of Truth and the Assertion of Self.In the tapestry of human existence, the pursuit oftruth and the assertion of self are threads that intertwine and shape the fabric of our being. Embarking on the path of truth-seeking entails a relentless exploration of the world around us, an unyielding quest for knowledge and understanding. It requires an open mind, a willingness to challenge preconceived notions, and a deep-seated belief in the power of reason and evidence.The assertion of self, on the other hand, involves cultivating a sense of self-awareness, self-respect, and authenticity. It demands the courage to embrace our individuality, to live in accordance with our values, and to stand up for what we believe in. While the pursuit of truth often necessitates self-reflection and a willingnessto confront our own biases and limitations, the assertion of self is about owning our unique perspectives and making our voices heard.These two endeavors, seemingly distinct yet profoundly interconnected, are essential for a fulfilling and meaningful life. The pursuit of truth empowers us to make informed decisions, to navigate the complexities of the world, and to contribute to the collective knowledge and progress of humanity. The assertion of self empowers us to live authentically, to follow our dreams, and to make a positive impact on the world around us.However, the pursuit of truth and the assertion of self are not without their challenges. In an age of misinformation and polarization, it can be difficult to discern what is true and to stand up for our beliefs without fear of ridicule or reprisal. Yet, it is precisely in these times that these endeavors become even more imperative. By embracing critical thinking, fostering open dialogue, and supporting those who speak their truth, we can create a society where both the pursuit of truth andthe assertion of self can flourish.Ultimately, the pursuit of truth and the assertion of self are not solely about acquiring knowledge or expressing our individuality. They are about cultivating a life of integrity, purpose, and impact. By seeking truth with unwavering determination and asserting ourselves with confidence and compassion, we not only shape our own destinies but also contribute to a better world for all.中文回答：追寻真理，坚持自我。

一直都在半命题作文600字

一直都在半命题作文600字英文回答：In the vast expanse of time, human existence has been marked by an unceasing pursuit of knowledge, wisdom, and purpose. Throughout history, philosophers, thinkers, and scholars have grappled with the fundamental question of our being, exploring the nature of reality, consciousness, and the meaning of life. One such inquiry that has captivated minds for centuries is the exploration of "being" and "non-being." This philosophical dichotomy has permeated various disciplines, from metaphysics to existentialism, and has given rise to a multitude of perspectives and interpretations.中文回答：一直都在。

时光的洪流中，人类的存在一直被对知识、智慧和意义的孜孜不倦的追求所标注。

纵观历史，哲学家、思想家和学者一直在与我们存在的根本问题作斗争，探索现实、意识和生命意义的本质。

其中一个让思想家着迷几个世纪的是对“存在”和“不存在”的探索。

这种哲学上的二分法已经渗透到形而上学到存在主义等各个学科，并产生了众多不同的观点和诠释。

英文回答：In the realm of ancient Greek philosophy, the conceptof "being" was often associated with the idea of substanceor essence. The pre-Socratic philosopher Parmenidesfamously argued that being is one, eternal, and unchanging, while non-being does not exist. In contrast, his contemporary Heraclitus maintained that everything is in a constant state of flux and becoming, emphasizing the transience of being.中文回答：在古希腊哲学领域，“存在”的概念通常与实体或本质的思想联系在一起。

青春不能被定义英语作文

青春不能被定义英语作文Youth: A Tapestry of Experiences Unconfined by Dogma.In the annals of human existence, the enigmatic tapestry of youth has captivated the minds and hearts of philosophers, poets, and scholars alike. It is a period of profound transformation, both physical and psychological, characterized by an intense yearning for self-discovery, exploration, and the pursuit of boundless possibilities. However, attempts to define and categorize this elusive phase of life often fall short, as youth defies rigid boundaries and resists simplistic labels.The notion that youth can be encapsulated within a neat definition fails to acknowledge the vast spectrum of experiences and trajectories that characterize this period. Each individual's journey through youth is unique, shaped by a myriad of factors, including cultural context, socioeconomic circumstances, personal aspirations, and the complex interplay of myriad social forces. To impose asingular definition upon such a diverse and multifaceted phenomenon is akin to attempting to capture the boundless ocean within a finite vessel.Moreover, the very concept of a fixed definition for youth is inherently problematic. As societies evolve and cultural norms shift, so too do our perceptions and understandings of what it means to be young. What was once considered youthful behavior in one era may be deemed inappropriate or outdated in another. The fluidity ofsocial constructs and the ever-changing nature of human experience render any attempt at a static definition futile.Furthermore, the imposition of a narrow definition upon youth can lead to the exclusion and marginalization ofthose who do not conform to prescribed norms. In a society that values conformity and adherence to established standards, young people who deviate from traditional expectations may face societal disapproval or even discrimination. By refusing to recognize the diversetapestry of youthful experiences, we inadvertently perpetuate a culture of judgment and intolerance that failsto embrace the full potential of our youth.Instead of seeking to define youth, it is more meaningful to recognize and celebrate its inherent fluidity and diversity. Youth is not a destination but rather a dynamic and ever-unfolding journey. It is a time of exploration, experimentation, and the pursuit of personal growth. By fostering an environment that encourages self-expression, creativity, and critical thinking, we empower young people to navigate the complexities of this transitional phase with confidence and resilience.In embracing the multifaceted nature of youth, we unlock a wealth of untapped potential. Young people are often at the forefront of social change, bringing fresh perspectives and innovative ideas to the world. They are the architects of our future, and it is through their unbridled enthusiasm, creativity, and passion that we can build a more just and equitable society for all.In conclusion, the assertion that youth can be defined is a fallacy that fails to capture the true essence of thisremarkable period of life. Youth is a tapestry of experiences as vast and diverse as the individuals who traverse it. By recognizing and celebrating its fluidity, we empower young people to embrace their own unique journeys and contribute their unique talents and perspectives to the world. It is in the boundless embrace of diversity that we truly honor the transformative power of youth.。

教室里的争论英语作文600字初一

教室里的争论英语作文600字初一In the hallowed halls of Willow Creek Middle School, where knowledge reverberated through the corridors, a fervent debate raged within the walls of the esteemed Room 205. Ms. Rodriguez's seventh-grade English class had embarked upon an electrifying discussion that ignited the minds of her students and challenged their perspectives.At the heart of the controversy lay a provocative statement inscribed upon the whiteboard: "The pursuit of knowledge is inherently superior to the pursuit of wealth." This audacious assertion, posed by a renowned scholar, had set the stage for a heated exchange of opinions that would echo throughout the classroom.Leading the charge for intellectual primacy was Emily, a precocious and eloquent young orator. With a fire in her eyes and a quiver in her voice, she argued that the accumulation of knowledge bestowed upon humanity the power to unravel the mysteries of the universe, to createtechnological marvels, and to advance the frontiers of human understanding. "Through the pursuit of knowledge, we cultivate wisdom, compassion, and the ability to make informed decisions that shape our world for the better," she proclaimed.Her words resonated deeply with a segment of the class, including Ethan, a budding scientist whose thirst for knowledge had led him to countless hours of exploration and experimentation. "Knowledge is the foundation of progress," he interjected. "It empowers us to solve complex problems, develop innovative solutions, and contribute to the betterment of society."Yet, not all were swayed by Emily's impassioned fervor.A dissenting voice emerged from the opposite side of the room, where Benjamin, a pragmatic and ambitious spirit, rose to challenge the notion of knowledge's supremacy. "While knowledge is undoubtedly valuable," he countered, "the pursuit of wealth holds equal, if not greater, importance for the well-being of individuals and society as a whole."Benjamin argued that financial stability and economic prosperity enabled individuals to access essential resources such as quality education, healthcare, and housing. "Wealth provides the means to pursue our passions, support our families, and create a more comfortable and secure future for ourselves and generations to come," he declared.The classroom erupted in a chorus of voices as students from both sides of the debate presented their arguments with passion and conviction. Some emphasized the transformative power of knowledge in shaping minds and fostering critical thinking, while others extolled the practical benefits and opportunities afforded by wealth.The debate reached its crescendo when Sophia, a thoughtful and compassionate soul, interjected with a poignant observation. "While it is true that both knowledge and wealth can enrich our lives, I believe that true fulfillment lies in finding a balance between the two," she asserted.Sophia argued that an excessive focus on either knowledge or wealth could lead to an impoverished existence. "Knowledge without financial means may limit our ability to make a meaningful impact in the world, while wealth without intellectual pursuits can lead to a life devoid of purpose and meaning," she explained.Her words struck a chord with many students, whorealized the wisdom in seeking a harmonious integration of both pursuits. They recognized that a well-rounded education, coupled with financial stability, could provide them with the greatest opportunities to lead fulfilling and impactful lives.As the bell signaling the end of class rang throughout the room, the debate had not reached a definitive conclusion. However, the heated exchange of ideas hadignited a profound spark within each student's mind. They had grappled with complex concepts, challenged their assumptions, and expanded their perspectives.The classroom that had once been a battleground of opposing viewpoints had transformed into a crucible of intellectual growth and self-discovery. And as the students filed out of Room 205, they carried with them the knowledge that the pursuit of both knowledge and wealth could be a lifelong journey filled with both challenges and rewards.。

君主论读后感英文

君主论读后感英文Reading "The Prince" by Niccolò Machiavelli was an enlightening journey into the pragmatic and often ruthless world of political power. The book's candid exploration of the nature of leadership and statecraft challenged my preconceived notions of morality in governance.Machiavelli's assertion that the ends justify the means is both provocative and thought-provoking. It presents a stark contrast to the idealistic view that leaders should always act with virtue. His emphasis on the practicality of power, rather than the morality of actions, offers a realistic, albeit sometimes uncomfortable, perspective on political life.One of the most striking aspects of "The Prince" is its portrayal of the qualities necessary for a successful ruler. Machiavelli's advice on the importance of being adaptable and sometimes deceitful to maintain power is a stark reminder of the complexities of leadership. It's a reminder that the path to success is not always a straight line.The book also delves into the relationship between the ruler and the people, highlighting the delicate balance that must be struck to maintain stability and control. It underscores the importance of public perception and the need for a leader to be both feared and loved by their subjects.However, "The Prince" is not without its criticisms. Some of its strategies, such as the use of fear and manipulation, can be seen as a blueprint for tyranny rather than enlightened leadership. This raises important ethical questions about the price of power and the true cost of success.In conclusion, Machiavelli's work is a seminal piece that continues to spark debate and reflection on the nature of power and leadership. It offers a nuanced view that, while not always agreeable, is undeniably influential and relevant even in today's political landscape. The lessons from "The Prince" serve as a cautionary tale for those who seek to understand the art of ruling.。

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Assertion-Based Design Exploration of DVS in Network Processor ArchitecturesJia Yu,Wei Wu,Xi Chen,Harry Hsieh,Jun Yang University of California,Riverside jiayu,wwu,xichen,harry,junyang@Felice Balarin Cadence Berkeley Laboratories felice@AbstractWith the scaling of technology and higher requirements on performance and functionality,power dissipation is becoming one of the major design considerations in the development of network processors.In this paper,we use an assertion-based methodology for system-level power/performance analysis to study two dynamic voltage scaling(DVS)techniques,trafﬁc-based DVS and execution-based DVS,in a network processor ing the automatically generated distribution analyz-ers,we analyze the power and performance distributions and study their trade-offs for the two DVS policies with different parameter settings such as threshold values and window sizes. We discuss the optimal conﬁgurations of the two DVS policies under different design requirements.By a set of experiments, we show that the assertion-based trace analysis methodology is an efﬁcient tool that can help a designer easily compare and study optimal architectural conﬁgurations in a large de-sign space.1Introduction and MotivationAs Internet gets more and more complicated with the rise of new protocols and services,so does the cost of new equipment and upgrades.A network processor(NPU)is a base hardware platform that provides high performance andﬂexible program-ming capabilities,which allows it to address many market seg-ments and a wide range of applications.As a result,the cost of upgrade can be reduced and developing cycles for new pro-tocols and data types can be shortened.Therefore,NPUs are poised to replace expensive and inﬂexibleﬁxed-function sili-con application-speciﬁc integrated circuits(ASICs).A number of challenges for NPU implementation are al-ready evident,and power dissipation is among one of them. For example,in a typical router conﬁguration,there may be one or two NPUs per line card.A group of line cards,e.g.16or 32,are generally placed within a single rack or cabinet.Thus, the aggregated heat dissipation becomes a big concern,given that each NPU typically consumes around20Watts and the operating temperature can reach as high as70o C[13].On the other hand,with the demand of performance scaling,NPU’s clock frequency is increasing and more computation enginesDescription IXP1200IXP2400IXP2800Performance(MIPS)1200480023000Media Bandwidth(Gbps)1 2.410Frequency of ME(MHz)2326001400Number of MEs6816Power(W) 4.51014Figure1:The power and performance of Intel IXP NPUs.will be put on an NPU.Figure1shows the power and perfor-mance changes in three Intel IXP family NPUs[10,12,13]. Note that the power dissipation increases as the complexity of NPU increases.This trend brings signiﬁcant challenges for the NPU design.System level modeling with executable languages such as C/C++or other modeling frameworks have been crucial in de-signing large electronic systems.Unfortunately,most cycle-level accurate simulators only report performance and power data for worst and/or average cases,which pose limitation on power/performance analysis.For example,an NPU’s perfor-mance and power dissipation are closely related to the work-load,namely the incoming packet rate.The workload is usu-ally unbalanced,which may cause extreme high power dissi-pation occasionally.The unbalanced workload provides op-portunities for power and performance tuning.The power and performance distribution patterns are important complements to average/worst-case data in the design exploration.It has been shown that the assertion-based analysis method-ology is very suitable for transaction-level or cycle-level de-sign exploration,specially in power/performance analysis of NPU designs.The basic methodology has been proposed in[6] for verifying and analyzing basic functional and performance properties of an NPU design.From formally speciﬁed as-sertions,trace checkers and distribution analyzers are auto-matically generated to validate or analyze simulation traces. Designers do not need to write separate reference models or scripts to scan through the traces.So it is very suitable for design exploration of large systems with high complexity and functionality such as NPU designs.In this paper,we focus on the assertion-based design ex-ploration of dynamic voltage scaling techniques in the NPU model.In order to efﬁciently analyze the power-performance trade-offs among different DVS policies with different param-eter settings,we use Logic of Constraints(LOC)[4]to specify assertion formulas for power and performance distributions.With automatically generated distribution analyzers,we com-pare their power and performance characteristics and identifyoptimal conﬁgurations in their large design spaces.The rest of the paper is organized as follows.In the next sec-tion,we introduce the network processor model,the basic DVS technique and the assertion-based trace analysis methodology. In Section3,we describe the experiment settings for the net-work processor simulator NePSim including benchmarks,IP trafﬁcﬁles,and simulation traces.In Section4,we present theprocedures and analysis results of assertion-based design ex-ploration for DVS policies in the NPU model.We compare two types of DVS techniques,trafﬁc-based DVS and execution-based DVS,with different parameter settings,andﬁnd optimal conﬁgurations for both DVS techniques under different design requirements.Section5concludes the paper.2Background2.1Network Processor ModelA network processor design usually contains multiple RISC processing cores,dedicated hardware for common networkingoperations,high-speed memory interfaces,high-speed I/O in-terfaces,and interfaces to general purpose processors.Herewe use NePSim simulator[8]to model the NPU architec-ture.NePSim is based on Intel IXP1200and includes a cycle-accurate architecture simulator and a power estimator.All theconﬁgurations in NePSim are parameterizable.The reference model of the network processor design fol-lows IXP1200and consists of a StrongARM core,six multi-threaded processing units called microengines(MEs),memory controllers,high-speed buses,and packet buffers.The Stron-gARM core initializes the microcode program to control stores of the microengines and loads necessary data into memory be-fore enabling the microengines.The off-chip SRAM(up to 8M)is typically used to store the forwarding table,while the SDRAM(up to256M)is typically used to store IP packets.The usage of each component is highly dependent on the ap-plication and workload.2.2Dynamic Voltage ScalingDynamic voltage scaling(DVS)[3]is a popular low power technique and has been employed widely for microprocessors, resulting in signiﬁcant power and energy savings.DVS ex-ploits the variance of a processor’s utilization,reducing voltage and frequency(VF in short)when the processor has low activ-ity and increasing VF when the peak performance is required.Dynamic power consumption is proportional to C Vdd2αf, so reducing voltage(Vdd)and frequency(f)can signiﬁcantlyreduce power consumption.Although many DVS algorithms appear in literature,the un-solved difﬁculty is how to derive the optimal settings from ex-ternal observations,for example,by monitoring the workload or idle time.In this paper,we will use assertion-based method-ology to study andﬁnd out optimal DVS parameters in NPUs.2.3Assertion-Based Analysis MethodologyAssertion-based checking is similar to the popular embed-ded assertion technique in hardware design,where simple comparison circuitry is inserted into HDL descriptions to helpdesigners uncover bugs during simulation.The methodology begins with a formula,e.g.in Logic of Constraints(LOC),andgenerates stand-alone checkers,independent of any simulationlanguage and platform[4,6].Furthermore,LOC is designed to specify quantitative performance and functional propertiesfor analysis of transaction-level execution traces.The basiccomponents of LOC are event names,instances of events,an-notations,and a single index variable i.For example,a latency property(a dequeue event happens no later than50cycles af-ter the corresponding enqueue)can be formally speciﬁed as anLOC formula:cycle(deq[i])-cycle(enq[i])=50.The formula is satisﬁed if it holds for all event instances,i.e.for all values of i.The automatically generated checkers are used to ana-lyze simulation traceﬁles and report all the violations of theassertions.To automate quantitative distribution analysis that is com-mon in design exploration,we extend the LOC assertions by introducing3more operators,and.To analyze the distri-bution of some quantity over certain ranges,we can use a for-mula,in the form of quantity min max step,to automat-ically generate a corresponding analyzer.An analysis period is speciﬁed with a triple min,max,step,where min and max are lower and upper bounds,and the interval between these two values is divided into bins of width step.For example,given a formula:time forward i100time forward i40805(1) an assertion analyzer is generated to evaluate the left hand side with i being0,1,2,...,and report the percentage of formula instances whose values fall within the ranges of(∞,40],(40, 45],...,(75,80],(80,∞).If we replace the operator with or,the ranges become(∞,40],(∞,45],...,(∞,75], (∞,80]or[40,∞),[45,∞),...,[75,∞),[80,∞),re-spectively.3Experimental SettingsIn this section,we introduce our experiment environment, IP packet trafﬁc models used in the simulation,and the simu-lation traces.3.1Benchmark ApplicationsIn our experiments,we choose four representative network-ing applications to explore different architectural features of the NPU model,i.e.ipfwdr,url,nat and md4.The applica-tion ipfwdr is an IP forwarding software provided in Intel’s5e+071e+08 1.5e+08 2e+08 2.5e+089:4711:10 12:33 13:57 15:20 16:43T h r o u g h p u t (b i t s /s )Time (Hour:Minute)MaxMedMinFigure 2:Example IP packets distributionSDK.The routing table is stored in the SRAM and the out-put port information is stored in the SDRAM.The program url routes packets based on URL requests.It checks the payload of packets frequently,so it needs a large number of SRAM and SDRAM accesses.In nat (network address translation),each packet only needs an access to SRAM for looking up the IP forwarding table.The md4provides a 128-bit digital signature algorithm.It moves data packets from SDRAM to SRAM and accesses SRAM multiple times for computation.It is therefore both memory and computation intensive.Memory accesses,specially SDRAM accesses,have long latency.They lead to long idle time for MEs,which in turn shows up as lower power and putation-intensive benchmarks,those that do not wait on memories,will tend to show higher power consumption.3.2IP Trafﬁc PatternsThe simulation inputs follow IP packet trafﬁc patterns in a real world edge router from NLANR [15].Figure 2shows a day time distribution of IP packet arriving rates.It is obviously too expensive to simulate the entire day’s worth of simulation traces for the purpose of design space exploration.We sample a few seconds of real trafﬁc in high,medium and low arriving rates as individual inputs to the simulator.3.3Simulation TracesThe simulator provides the assertion analyzer with neces-sary data traces.The traces contain a set of architectural ex-ecution events that occur frequently during simulation and a set of power/performance related values called annotations.In our experiments,we mainly use three types of events,pipeline ,forward and ﬁfo ,explained in Figure 3.In a simulation trace,the events are preﬁxed to differentiate different microengines (MEs)or conﬁgurations.For example,m2pipeline represents a pipeline event from ME2.Each event is associated with ﬁve annotations (see Figure 3).A snapshot of a trace ﬁle generated by NePSim simulator is shown in Figure 4.Event type Detailspipeline an instruction enters the execution pipeline forward an IP packet is forwardedﬁfoan IP packet is put into the processing queue Annotation type Detailscycle number of core clock cycles elapsed from the beginning time simulated time elapsed from the beginning energy cumulative energy consumedtotal pkt total packets received or transmitted total bit total bits received or transmittedFigure 3:List of event and annotation types.cycletime(us)energy p loss event ......365 1.5730.768133120m2pipeline 366 1.5770.773932120m3pipeline 367 1.5800.784506121forward 368 1.5830.794108121m5pipeline 3691.5870.809369121m4pipeline......Figure 4:A snapshot of NePSim simulation trace.4Design Exploration of DVSIn a real system with DVS,the frequency and voltage are adjusted dynamically according to the processing workload.A DVS scheduler relies on the history information of workload to make decisions.In an NPU design,two types of information can be used for this purpose,network trafﬁc load and processor idle time.We call the two DVS policies trafﬁc based dynamic voltage scaling (TDVS)and execution based dynamic voltage scaling (EDVS).We do not combine the two policies because monitoring both trafﬁc load and processor idle time on a chip is expensive in terms of area and power.In this section,we analyze the power/performance trade-offs of DVS policies by varying the window size and threshold for voltage/frequency scaling,and search for optimal points in the design space.We also compare the two DVS policies through their power and performance results under different design requirements.4.1Trafﬁc based Dynamic Voltage ScalingTDVS uses the total trafﬁc load detected at the 16device ports as the control parameter for scaling.If the trafﬁc vol-ume in the previous time window is smaller or larger than a particular threshold value,we scale down or up the VF of the processor by one step,until a lower or upper bound is hit.The lower and upper bounds of VF,similar to those used in Intel XScale [11],are from 400MHz to 600MHz and 1.1V to 1.3V.We set the frequency step to 50Mhz and compute the voltage as in XScale.In order to match higher NPU frequency,we scale the speed of SDRAM,SRAM and ixbus to 1.3times of those in IXP1200.To estimate the power in TDVS,we modiﬁed NePSim’s power estimation module to include the power overhead,a 32-bit adder.The adder is used to accumulate the packet sizes in each monitor window,and compare the trafﬁc volume with thethreshold.Note this adder is only used when a packet comes in,much less frequently than the ALUs in ME pipelines.From the experiment results,weﬁnd the overhead is less than1%of total power.TDVS reduces the power,but it may adversely affect the performance.The clock cycle becomes longer if Vdd is de-creased,so the NPU takes longer time and possibly more en-ergy to get the same amount of work done.The trade-off moti-vates us to analyze both power consumption and performance of the NPU with different TDVS policies applied.The goal is toﬁnd the optimal points in the design space for each bench-mark.We use the following LOC formula to analyze the power consumption distribution:energy forward i100energy forward itime forward i100time forward i05225001(2) The left hand side of the formula calculates the average power consumption for each100packets forwarded.To study the performance of the processor with various conﬁgurations,we analyze the distribution of the transmitting throughputs using the following formula:total bit forward i100total bit forward i106 time forward i100time forward i100330010(3) The left hand side of the formula calculates the average for-warding bit rate in Mbps for each100packets forwarded.With the two formulas,we search for the optimal settings of TDVS policies.In TDVS,two main types of parameters that need to be carefully tuned are the trafﬁc thresholds and window size.For each TDVS policy,the trafﬁc thresholds are a set of volume numbers that control the voltage scaling in different VF combinations.With the frequency and volt-age reduced,the trafﬁc threshold is also lowered to match the reduced ME processing capability.Taking ipfwdr as an exam-ple,we choose a top threshold of1000Mbps for the normal frequency of600MHz and other thresholds for reduced VFs are decided as shown in Figure5.In our experiments,we use the benchmark ipfwdr to compare the TDVS policies with four different top thresholds:800,1000,1200,and1400Mbps.Frequency(Mhz)600550500450400Voltage(V) 1.3 1.25 1.2 1.15 1.1Trafﬁc Threshold(Mbps)1000916833750666Figure5:The detailed scaling values.The window size decides how long a trafﬁc history is used to make voltage scaling decisions,and it also directly affects the overall performance of the TDVS policy.For example,if the window size is set to20k clock cycles,the average trafﬁc volume in the previous20k cycles is compared to the current threshold to decide whether the VF needs to be changed.If a0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91Normalized#ofinstancesPower -- threshold 300Mbps0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91Normalized#ofinstancesPower -- threshold 400Mbps0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91Normalized#ofinstancesPower -- threshold 500Mbps0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91Normalized#ofinstancesPower -- threshold 600Mbps Figure6:Power under different design points with TDVS.0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91Normalized#ofinstancesThroughput -- threshold 800Mbps0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91Normalized#ofinstancesThroughput -- threshold 1000Mbps0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91Normalized#ofinstancesThroughput -- threshold 1200Mbps0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91Normalized#ofinstancesThroughput -- threshold 1400Mbps Figure7:Throughput under different design point with TDVS. window size is too large,it may smooth the peak trafﬁc with low trafﬁc and miss a good chance to reduce power;If window size is too small,VF may change too frequently,which in-curs more penalty and eventually hurts the performance.In our experiments,the penalty for each voltage scaling is10us[8], which is equivalent to6000cycles at the normal frequency of 600MHz.We compare4different window sizes for ipfwdr, ranging from20k to80k cycles.We run the simulation8106cycles for each TDVS con-ﬁing the automatically generated distribution an-alyzer with the formulas(2)and(3),we compare the power and performance distributions with different TDVS policies or no TDVS enabled.The distributions for the power and perfor-mance are plotted in Figure6and Figure7respectively.Each subgraph shows the power or throughput distribution with a particular top threshold and different window sizes.In the power distribution graphs,the horizontal axis represents pos-sible power values and the vertical axis represents the per-centages of assertion instances that are smaller than particular power values.Similarly,in the throughput distributions,the vertical axis represents the percentages of assertion instances that are larger than particular throughput values.From Figure6,we can see that compared with no TDVS policy,the power saving by TDVS is obvious no matter what threshold or window size is chosen.In most cases(except with window size of20k),the performance degradation is small (from Figure7).It is therefore shown that TDVS is a very80090010001100120013001400Threshold (Mbps)20000300004000050000600007000080000Window size (cycle)0.80.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25Power (W)Figure 8:Power under different design points with TDVS.successful power saving technique.We also see that TDVS conﬁgurations with smaller window sizes have lower power consumption but worse throughput,regardless the threshold values.When window size is small,e.g 20k,the TDVS pol-icy becomes very aggressive.The VFs are changed very fre-quently,and as a result,the 6000-cycle penalties almost con-sume 30%of the window time.That is the reason why there is dramatic drop in throughput for window sizes of 20k.On the other hand,for 80k window sizes,certain power savings are still achieved with almost no performance loss.To compare the results of different thresholds more clearly and look for a best TDVS policy for ipfwdr with an optimal threshold-window size combination,we generate 3-D graphs for power and performance distributions in Figure 8and Fig-ure 9.A vertex on the surface shown in Figure 8represents that 80%of formula (2)instances are lower than a power value for a particular threshold and window size.Similarly,a vertex on the surface in Figure 9represents that 80%of formula (3)instances are higher than a throughput value for a particular threshold and window size.As shown in Figure 8,for a partic-ular window size,the threshold of 1000Mbps has higher power than others,and this trend becomes more signiﬁcant as the win-dow size increases.As shown in Figure 9,if the window size is small,the performances for different thresholds are simi-lar;as the window size becomes larger,the performance for 1000Mbps threshold becomes much better than others.Based on above analysis,if performance has a higher pri-ority in the design,we should choose threshold of 1000Mbps and 80k window size resulting in limited power savings.On the other hand,if saving power is more important,the conﬁg-uration with 1400Mbps and 40k of window size is preferred.And this result is speciﬁc to this particular ipfwdr application.4.2Execution based Dynamic Voltage ScalingIn execution based dynamic voltage scaling (EDVS),the idle time of microengine is used as the control parameter for voltage scaling.When the idle time is longer or shorter than a certain percentage of an observed period,the VF of the mi-croengine is scaled down or up by one step,until a lower or upper bound is hit.Note that in EDVS,each ME changes its VF independent.Intuitively,ME idle time is usually seen to be80090010001100120013001400Threshold (Mbps)20000300004000050000600007000080000Window size (cycle)860880 900 920 940 960 980Throughput (Mbps)Figure 9:Throughput under different design point with TDVSproportional to the workload,which makes TDVS and EDVS almost the same.However,this is not really the case in the NPU model.Even if an ME does not process packets during low workload,it will actively execute instructions to poll the buffers and status registers to check new packets.In the NPU model,the idle time of an ME is mainly introduced by long latency of memory accesses since an SDRAM access can take as much as 100clock cycles.If all the threads in an ME are waiting for memory accesses to be completed,we consider the ME idle.To analyze EDVS policies,the idle time thresholds and win-dow sizes are the main parameters.Other parameters are con-ﬁgured as those used in TDVS.We use the assertion-based distribution analyzer to ﬁnd the good idle time thresholds by analyzing the distribution of the idle time in simulations.It is observed that for receiving MEs,in around 90%of the to-tal simulation time,idle time is either under 5%,or between 30%and 40%,indicating two modes of operation.For trans-mitting MEs,idle time is almost always under 5%,indicating a transimmion constrained scenario.The microengines seem working under only two statuses,either busy or idle.Here we simply choose the idle time threshold value as 10%,i.e.if the idle time of an ME is longer or shorter than 10%of an ob-served period determined by the window size,its VF may be changed.We study three different window sizes,20k,40k and 60k and still use ipfwdr as the example benchmark.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1N o r m a l i z e d # o f i n s t a n c e sThroughput0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.81N o r m a l i z e d # o f i n s t a n c e sPowerFigure 10:Power and performance distribution for EDVSWe run the simulation 8106cycles for each EDVS con-ﬁguration and plot the distributions of throughput and power in Figure 10.From the power distribution graph,we observe that power dissipation generally drops from 1.5W to 1.15W for most cases with EDVS applied,achieving around 23%of power saving.Meanwhile,there is nearly no performance0.20.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8noDVS EDVS TDVS 00.20.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8noDVS EDVS TDVS 00.20.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8noDVS EDVS TDVS 00.20.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8noDVS EDVS TDVS0.20.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8noDVS EDVS TDVS0.20.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8noDVS EDVS TDVS0.20.4 0.6 0.8 10.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8noDVS EDVS TDVS0.20.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8noDVS EDVS TDVS0.20.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8noDVS EDVS TDVS0.20.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8noDVS EDVS TDVS 00.20.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8noDVS EDVS TDVS 00.20.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8noDVS EDVS TDVS Power(W)- Min Power(W)- MedPower(W)- Max N o r m a l i z e d # o f I n s t a n c e s u r l n a t m d 4 i p f w d rFigure 11:Energy comparisons for employing DVSdegradation from the throughput distributions.In EDVS,each ME changes its VF independently and the transmitting MEs never scales down their VFs due to their low idle time.4.3Comparison between TDVS and EDVSWe have shown that both TDVS and EDVS are capable of saving power with little performance sacriﬁced.Now we are ready to compare the two policies,and ﬁnd which one is better given a particular power or performance requirement.We sam-ple the real trafﬁc ﬁle in three periods with high,medium,and low trafﬁc volumes respectively.We simulate all four bench-marks with the optimal conﬁgurations (from previous analy-sis)for two DVS policies and compare the power distributions in Figure 11.We do not show the throughput performances and only note that in all cases EDVS has no signiﬁcant per-formance loss while TDVS never drops more than 2-5%com-pared to the original NPU model with no DVS applied.Overall,TDVS has more power savings than EDVS.But as the trafﬁc volume becomes higher,power savings by TDVS re-duce quickly,while EDVS has a more steady reduction under every situation.EDVS has better results for memory intensive benchmarks.We observe that ipfwdr shows the most power savings if trafﬁc volume is medium or high.This is because ipfwdr needs to check routing tables in SRAM and the out-put port information in SDRAM for each packet.There are plenty of opportunities for EDVS.The benchmark nat shows no power savings from EDVS under every trafﬁc patterns due to the fact that nat has very few memory accesses,and the MEs are kept busy.In summary,if the power consumption is the dominant de-sign factor,TDVS shall be a better choice.Otherwise,if performance is more important and packet loss needs to be avoided as much as possible,EDVS shall be used.5ConclusionsIn this paper,we used an assertion-based design exploration methodology to study two different dynamic voltage scaling techniques in a network processor model:TDVS and EDVS.We analyzed the power and performance distributions with the two DVS policies and different parameter settings using auto-matically generated distribution analyzers based on assertion formulas.We studied the power-performance trade-offs with TDVS and EDVS applied and different thresholds and win-dow sizes used.It was shown that in the NPU model the op-timal conﬁguration of a DVS policy usually depends on mul-tiple factors such as the characteristics of the application,traf-ﬁc loads and power or performance design requirements.The assertion-based analysis methodology was shown to be an efﬁ-cient tool to help a designer choose an optimal conﬁguration in a large design space,specially when the number of considered parameters is large and manual analysis of simulation results becomes tedious.References[1]Y .Abarbanel,I.Beer,L.Gluhovsky,S.Keidar,and Y .Wolfsthal,“FoCs -automatic generation of simulation checkers from formal speciﬁcations”,Technical Report,IBM Haifa Research Laboratory,Israel ,2003.[2] F.Balarin,Y .Watanabe,J.Burch,vagno,R.Passerone,andA.Sangiovanni-Vincentelli,“Constraints speciﬁcation at higher levels of abstraction”,International Workshop on High Level Design Validation and Test ,2001.[3]T.Burd and R.Brodersen,“Design issues for dynamic voltage 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