2008年初赛试题最新修正版
2008年全国高中化学竞赛初赛备用试题答案
第1题（8分）X 是碘一氧系中研究得最多的稳定化合物，白色粉状固体，分解温度573K ，相对分子质量334。
在343K 时能将一氧化碳定量地转变为CO 2，这一性质被用于合成氨厂中测定合成气中CO 的含量。
1—1写出X 的化学式及其热分解反应方程式1—2写出X 与CO 反应的化学方程式，并简述X 能用于测定合成气中CO 含量的理由。
1—3画出X 的分子结构示意图1—4 X 的水溶液中添加盐酸并将逸出的气体通入氯仿中得化合物Y ，Y 是制造一种灭火器的原料，写出上述两步反应的化学方程式。
第2题（11分）钯是一种重要的贵金属，自然界中常以伴生矿和二次形态存在，提取、分离、提纯和回收工作显得很为重要，溶剂萃取法易实现工业化作业，萃取剂容易回收利用。
回收钯的中间物常以PdCl 42-形态存在于溶液中，利用某些含硫萃取剂可以有效地将钯与其它贵，贱金属分离，如二丁基硫醚（以A表示）的煤油溶液对钯（Ⅱ）的萃取率＞99.9%,而此时钯和铂的分离系数达到1578,与铜、铁和镍等的分离系数均高于7500，可有效地将贱金属分离。
图1是在固定酸度、钯浓度、A 浓度和相比的条件下lgD~lg[Cl -]的关系，图2是在固定酸度、钯浓度、Cl -浓度和相比时lgD~lg[A]的关系。
整个萃取过程中钯（Ⅱ）的配位数和温度保持不变。
（注：D 为分配系数，其值指有机相中金属组分浓度与平衡水相中金属组分浓度之比）姓名学校赛场报名号赛区省市自治区第3题（11分）3—1 PCl 3和NH 3在CHCl 3中于195K 时生成A 物质，A 不稳定在稍高温度下即分解为一种不溶于液氨、氯仿等溶剂中的黄色无定形物质B ，B 中含磷68.89%。
写出生成A 的化学反应方程式和A 分解为B 的反应方程式，画出B 的路易斯结构式。
3—2 POCl 3和NH 3作用生成一种易溶于水的晶体C ，它在NaOH 溶液中水解浓缩得化合物D ，D 于483K 时置于真空条件下发生缩合反应生成E ，数天后将E 在水中重结晶得到含十个结晶水的盐类F ，F 和十水焦磷酸钠是等电子体。
NOIP2008年提高组初赛试题(十四届)(非常详细)
第十四届全国青少年信息学奥林匹克联赛初赛试题（提高组 Pascal语言二小时完成）●●全部试题答案均要求写在答卷纸上，写在试卷纸上一律无效●●一、单项选择题（共10题，每题1.5分，共计15分。
每题有且仅有一个正确答案）。
1．在以下各项中，（）不是操作系统软件。
A．Solaris B．Linux C．Sybase D．Windows Vista E．Symbian【答案】C。
Solaris 是Unix操作系统，Symbian(赛班)-诺基亚手机操作系统。
Sybase是关系型数据库。
2．微型计算机中，控制器的基本功能是（）。
A．控制机器的各个部件协调工作 B．实现算术运算与逻辑运算 C．存储各种控制信息D．获取外部信息E．存放程序和数据【答案】A。
3．设字符串S=“Olympic”，S的非空子串的数目是（）。
A．29 B．28 C．16 D．17 E．7 【答案】B。
长度为1的子串有7个，长度为2的子串有6个，……，长度为7的子串有1个，所有非空子串数目是：7+6+5+4+3+2+1=28。
4．完全二叉树有2*N-1的结点，则它的叶子结点数目是（）。
A．N-1 B．2*N C．N D．2N-1 E．N/2 【答案】C。
设二叉树中度为0的结点(叶子)有N0个，度为1的结点有N1个，度为2的结点有N2个，所有结点个数：N0＋N1＋N2，所有的边数：N0*0+N1*1+N2*2=N1+2N2。
由于每个结点上都有一条边，除根结点外，所以有N0+N1+N2=N1+2N2+1→N0=N2+1 …………①完全二叉树有2*N-1个结点（奇数个），而完全二叉树的上一层是一棵满二叉树，而满二叉树的结点个数是2^k-1（k是层数，是奇数个），所以此二叉树最下一层是偶数个结点，这样的二叉树没有度为1的结点，即N1=0，得到N0+N2=2*N-1 →N2=2*N-N0-1 …………②将②式代入①式，得到N0=N。
5．将数组{8，23，4，16，77，-5，53，100}中元素从大到小按顺序排序，每次可以交换任意两个元素，最少要交换（）次。
2008年全国初中数学联赛四川初赛试卷
2008年全国初中数学联赛四川初赛试卷(3月21日下午2：30━4：30或3月22日上午9：00━11：00)学校___________________年级___________班 姓名_________________一、选择题（本大题满分42分，每小题7分） 1、若121≤≤-x ，则式子1449612222++++-++-x x x x x x 等于（ ） （A ）－4x ＋3 （B ）5 （C ）2x ＋3 （D ）4x ＋32、用三种边长相等的正多边形地砖铺地，其顶点拼在一起，刚好能完全铺满地面．已知正多边形的边数为x 、y 、z ，则zy x 111++的值为（ ） （A ）1 （B ）32 （C ）21 （D ）313、已知a 为非负整数，关于x 的方程0412=+---a x a x 至少有一个整数根，则a 可能取值的个数为（ ）（A ）4 （B ）3 （C ）2 （D ） 14、如图，设△ABC 和△CDE 都是正三角形，且∠EBD ＝62o ，则∠AEB 的度数是（ ） （A ）124o （B ）122o （C ）120o （D ）118o5、如图，直线x ＝1是二次函数y ＝ax 2＋bx ＋c 的图象的对称轴，则有（ ） （A ）a ＋b ＋c ＞0 （B ）b ＞a ＋c（C ）abc ＜0 （D ）c ＞2b6、已知x 、y 、z 是三个非负实数，满足3x ＋2y ＋z ＝5，x ＋y －z ＝2，若S ＝2x ＋y －z ，则S 的最大值与最小值的和为（ ） （A ）5 （B ）6 （C ）7 （D ）8二、填空题（本大题满分28分，每小题7分）1、已知a 是方程x 2－5x ＋1＝0的一个根，则44-+a a 的个位数字为_____________． 2、在凸四边形ABCD 中，对角线AC 、BD 交于O 点，若S △OAD ＝4，S △OBC ＝9，则凸四边形ABCD 面积的最小值为__________________．3、实数x 、y 满足x 2－2x －4y ＝5，记t ＝x －2y ，则t 的取值范围为___________________．4、如图，△ABC内接于⊙O，且AB＝AC，直径AD交BC于E，F是OE的中点．如果BD//CF，BC＝25，则线段CD的长度为__________________．三、（本大题满分20分）已知方程x2＋ax－b＝0的根是a和c，方程x2＋cx＋d＝0的根是b和d．其中，a、b、c、d为不同实数，求a、b、c、d的值．四、（本大题满分25分）如图，四边形A1A2A3A4内接于一圆，△A1A2A3的内心是I1，△A2A3A4的内心是I2，△A3A4A1的内心是I3．求证：（1）A2、I1、I2、A3四点共圆；（2）∠I1I2I3＝90o．五、（本大题满分25分）如图，将3枚相同硬币依次放入一个4×4的正方形格子中（每个正方形格子只能放1枚硬币）．求所放的3枚硬币中，任意两个都不同行且不同列的概率．2008年全国初中数学联赛四川初赛试卷参考答案及评分细则一、选择题（本题满分42分，每小题7分）1、B2、C3、B4、B5、D6、A 二、填空题（本大题满分28分，每小题7分） 1、7 2、25 3、29≤t 4、6 三、（本大题20分）解：∵方程x 2＋ax －b ＝0的根是a 和c ，∴a ＋c ＝－a ，ac ＝－b ∵x 2＋cx ＋d ＝0的根是b 和d ，∴b ＋d ＝－c ，bd ＝d ······································· 5分 （一）若d ≠0，则由bd ＝d 知b ＝1由a ＋c ＝－a 知c ＝－2a ，由ac ＝－b 知－2a 2＝－1，解得22±=a ················· 10分 当22=a 时，2-=c 得d ＝－c －b ＝12-； ········································· （1） 当22-=a 时2=c ，得d ＝－c －b ＝12--． ······································· （2） 经验证，22±=a ，b ＝1，2 =c ，d ＝12-±是符合条件的两组解． ······· 15分 （二）若d ＝0，则b ＝－c ，由a ＋c ＝－a 知c ＝－2a ，由ac ＝－b 知ac ＝c 若c ＝0，则a ＝0，这与a 、b 、c 、d 是不同的实数矛盾． 若c ≠0，则a ＝1，再由c ＝－2a 知c ＝－2，从而b ＝－c ＝2 经验证，a ＝1，b ＝2，c ＝－2，d ＝0也是符合条件的解． ································ 20分 四、（本大题25分） 证明：（1）如图，连结I 1A 1，I 1A 2，I 1A 3，I 2A 2和I 2A 3∵I 1是△A 1A 2A 3的内心，∴∠I 1A 1A 2＝∠I 1A 1A 3＝21∠A 2A 1A 3 ∠I 1A 2A 1＝∠I 1A 2A 3＝21∠A 1A 2A 3，∠I 1A 3A 1＝∠I 1A 3A 2＝21∠A 1A 3A 2 ···················· 5分延长A 1I 1交四边形A 1A 2A 3A 4外接圆于P ，则∠A 2I 1A 3＝∠A 2I 1P ＋∠PI 1A 3＝∠I 1A 1A 2＋∠I 1A 2A 1＋∠I 1A 1A 3＋∠I 1A 3A 1 ＝21(∠A 2A 1A 3＋∠A 1A 2A 3＋∠A 2A 3A 1)＋21∠A 2A 1A 3＝90o ＋21∠A 2A 1A 3 ··············· 10分同理∠A 2I 2A 3＝90o ＋21∠A 2A 4A 3，又∵四边形A 1A 2A 3A 4内接于一圆 ∴∠A 2A 1A 3＝∠A 2A 4A 3，∴∠A 2I 1A 3＝∠A 2I 2A 3．∴A 2、I 1、I 2、A 3四点共圆．········ 15分 （2）又连结I 3A 4，则由（1）知A 3、I 2、I 3、A 4四点共圆∴∠I 1I 2A 3＝180o －∠I 1A 2A 3＝180o －21∠A 1A 2A 3 同理∠I 3I 2A 3＝180o －∠I 3A 4A 3＝180o －21∠A 1A 4A 3 ··········································· 20分∴∠I 1I 2I 3＝360o －(∠I 1I 2A 3＋∠I 3I 2A 3)＝21(∠A 1A 2A 3＋∠A 1A 4A 3)＝90o ················· 25分五、（本大题25分）解：1、计算总的放法数N ：第一枚硬币放入16个格子有16种放法；第二枚硬币放入剩下的15个格子有15种放法；第三枚硬币放入剩下的14个格子有14种放法．所以，总的放法数N ＝16×15×14＝3360． ············································ 10分2、计算满足题目要求的放法数m ：第一枚硬币放入16个格子有16种放法，与它不同行或不同列的格子有9个．因此，与第一枚硬币不同行或不同列的第二枚硬币有9种放法．与前两枚硬币不同行或不同列的格子有4个，第三枚硬币放入剩下的4个格子有4种放法．所以，满足题目要求的放法数m ＝16×9×4＝576． ·································· 20分所求概率P ＝3561415164916=⨯⨯⨯⨯=N m ． ·················································· 25分。
2008年初赛及答案(C级)
2008 National English Contest for College Students(Level C--- Preliminary)Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 30 marks)Section A (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. A. To buy a newspaper. B. To find a chemist. C. To post a letter.2. A. Their billing system has been efficient.B. Their old billing system is outdated.C. He’s u nimpressed with the new billing system.3. A. She’s been on vacation. B. She’s been at the grocery store.C. She’s been on a business trip.4. A. To go to the market. B. To have coffee. C. To have a discussion.5. A. Changing a flight reservation. B. Canceling a hotel reservation.C. Reserving an extra hotel room.Section B (10 marks)In this section, you will hear two long conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, read the five questions, each with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Conversation one6. What’s Tania’s phone number?A. 506-6178B. 501-6678C. 501-66877. Who is going shopping at Harrods?A. Tania.B. Karl.C. Karl’s mother.8. How is Tania going to get to Harrods?A. On foot.B. By taxi.C. By tube.9. Which street plan shows the way from the station?A. B. C.10. What kind of wine does Karl want?A. Red Merlot.B. White Bordeaux.C. Rose Chianti. Conversation Two11. Which drawing shows the position of the handle?A. B. C.12. What other product features are included?A. A range of handle sizes.B. A variety of color combinations.C. A set of rings for different-sized tins.13. What’s the purpose of the V-clip?A.To hold the paint brush so it drips in the can.B.To prevent paint from getting onto the painted surfaces.C.To prevent the brush drying out if the painter is interrupted.14. Who will probably use the can-holder?A. Artists.B. Decorators.C. Soldiers.15. How much does the product cost?A. ￡4.B. ￡5.C. $4.Section C (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short news item. Each item will be read only once. After each item, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.16. What has prompted the new administration to review the Australia’s citizenship test?A. It’s out of date.B. Higher immigration rates.C. Many applicants failing it.17. Which train provides the easiest way to see Mount Fuji?A. From Tokyo to Y okohama.B. From Osaka to Y okohama.C. From Tokyo to Osaka.18. How many U.N. employees were killed in 2007?A. 17.B. 42.C. 59.19. What have studies found out about severe pneumonia treatment?A.No medication works in developing countries.B.It can be effectively treated at home with oral antibiotics.C.It can only be treated in the hospital with injectable antibiot ics.20. What was the bar’s business like before the smoking ban?A. Almost empty every day.B. Usually crowded at midday.C. Empty on Wednesdays.Section D (10 marks)In this section, you will hear a short passage. There are ten missing words or phrases. Fill in the blanks with the exact words you hear on the tape. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Crime isn’t rising because the laws are not strict enough, or because the (21) ________ are not tough enough, or simply because there ar en’t enough policemen on the beat. It is rising because the agencies and individuals who can have a (22) _______ effect on crime are not pulling together or in the same (23) ______. The police are one of those agencies, of course. But crime prevention is also a matter for (24) ______ who are content to see mass (25) _______ turn into a way of life, for councils who prefer to shout yah-boo at the police, (26) _____ getting on with making life safer for local people, for architects who design exposed and indefensible buildings, for parents who don’t take enough interest in what their teenage children are getting up to and for (27) ______ who sit inside and moan (28) ______ do anything about the state of the neighborhood or the street. Crime prevention has been neglected for too many by too many. Over the last ten years it has been willfully neglected in defiance of mounting (29) _______ that it is the central hope of (30) ________ action against crime.Part II Vocabulary and Structures (10 minutes, 15 marks)There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each blank there are four choices, marked A, BC and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.31. They are looking for _______ man with _______ long dark hair. He is armed and dangerous.A. a; aB. the; aC. a; /D. /; the32. It was unfortunate, but she had no _____ but to act as she did.A. chance.B. opportunityC. optionD. solution33. The _____ driver thinks that accidents only happen to other people.A. generalB. usualC. commonD. average34. How did they manage to steal the V an Gogh? It was right ____ the security guard’s nose.A. belowB. beforeC. underD. beside35. The student ______ continuing his studies when he had to return to his home country unexpectedly.A. is consideringB. was consideringC. should considerD. has considered36. My friends and I enjoy doing many of the same things. In that respect, we have a lot _______.A. in similarB. in particularC. in commonD. in accordance37. Our planned visit to the United States _______ because we were unable to get the visas.A. fell overB. fell downC. fell throughD. fell on38. Lest anyone _____ it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.A. thoughtB. should thinkC. had thoughtD. thinking39. When Sally ______ the criminal ______ her house, she screamed at the top of her voice because she didn’t want ______.A. saw; enter; killedB. saw; enter; to be killedC. sees; entering; be killedD. sees; enter; killing40. Tina’s children, _____ all live nearby, organized a big party for her eightieth birthday.A. whoB. thatC. whichD. as41. Sometimes it is necessary to be careful _______ the right date to sit for a test.A. when choosingB. when you will chooseC. when you have chosenD. when you chose42. Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time _______.A. when he first introducedB. that he first introduced itC. he first introducedD. which he first introduced it43. ________ really. I like both public transport and driving.A. On second thoughtsB. I could go either wayC. I will never learn to driveD. But then again44. _____ I’m getting married!A. Can you keep a secret?B. Well I never!C. Many happy returns.D. Congratulations!45. --- So, do you know where you’d like to go?--- Actually, I’ve heard that it’s very expensive and it’s c old all the time.A. I beg your pardon?B. Y eah, but it’s not very good.C. Do you know any good hotels?D. Do you have any suggestions?Part III Reading Comprehension (20 minutes, 40 marks)Section A (4 marks)There is one passage in this section with 4 questions. For each question, there are four choicesmarked A, B C and D. You should decide on the best choice, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 46-49 are based on the following passage.Most sore throats are caused by an infection which treatment with antibiotics cannot cure. But with simple remedies the patient normally gets better in 4 or 5 days.Tonsillitis, however, usually starts with a sore throat which causes pain on swallowing. With children and some adults there may be a fever and the patient is obviously not feeling well. It may be possible to see white spots on the back of the throat. The neck may also swell, both of which are the normal response to infection.Sometimes a sore throat may occur with the common cold, and with influenza there may be dryness of the throat, pain on coughing and loss of voice.TREATMENTAspirin: To help relieve the pain on swallowing and (if there is one) the fever, use aspirin tablets dissolved in water, so that the patient can gargle before swallowing. Repeat the treatment every 4 hours.Drink: Encourage the patient to drink plenty of liquids.Food: Food should not be forced on a patient who does not want to eat.Steam: If there is pain in the throat on coughing, breathing in steam may help.CHILDRENY oung children, who may not be able to gargle, should be given aspirin dissolved in water every 4 hours at the right dose for their age.At one year: a single junior aspirin.At five years: half an adult aspirin.At eight years: one whole adult aspirin.WHEN TO SEE THE DOCTORIf the sore throat is still getting worse after 2 days.If the patient complains of earache.If the patient or parent is very worried.46. According to the passage, it would appear that most sore throats _________.A.require an immediate visit to a doctorB.respond quickly to treatment with an antibioticC.rarely turn out to be symptoms of serious illnessD.result in tonsillitis even when treated47. In order to treat a sore throat one should ________.A.prevent the patient from eating too muchB.give the patient up to 4 aspirin tablets every dayC.advise the patient to drink large amounts of liquidsD.make the patient gargle with hot liquids48. Y ou should call the doctor in if _________.A.swelling occurs in the region of the earsB.the patient’s condition worsens after 2 daysC.the patient’s throat is still sore after a weekD.the disease spreads to another member of the family49. What difference is there in the way adults and young children should be treated with aspirin?A.Y oung children should not be allowed to gargle with it.B.Adults should be given tablets to swallow whole.C.Y oung children should be given aspirin more often than adults.D.Adults should be given larger doses of aspirin than children.Section B (14 marks)There is one passage in this section with 10 questions. Go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.For questions 50-55, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 56-59, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.In 1945 leaders from 51 countries met in San Francisco, California, and organized the United Nations (often called the UN). World War II had just ended. Millions of people had died, and there was destruction everywhere. People hoped they could build a future of world peace through this new organization.The United Nations has four main goals and purposes:1.To work together for international peace and to solve international problems;2.To develop friendly relations among nations;3.To work together for human rights for everyone of all races, religions, and of bothsexes;4.To build a center where nations can work together for these goals.Today almost every country in the world is a member of the UN. Each country has signed an agreement that says:1. All members are equal.2. All members promise to solve international problems in a peaceful way.3. No member will use force against another member.4. All members will help the UN in its actions.5.The UN will not try to solve problems within countries except to enforce international peace.Obviously, the United Nations has not been completely successful in its goals. There have been several wars since 1945. However, the organization has helped bring peace to some countries that were at war. It has helped people who left their countries because of wars. It has helped bring independence to colonies.The main United Nations organization is in New Y ork City, but the UN has a “family” of other related organizations all over the world. These organizations try to provide a better life for everyone. One example is UNICEF, an organization that provides food, medical care, and many other services for poor children wherever they live. Another example is the World Health Organization, which develops medical programs all over the world.There are thousands of UN workers in developing countries. They work as planners to increase production in farming and industry. They provide medical services, improve education programs, and spread scientific information. They develop programs that provide jobs and better living conditions. They help countries control their population growth.The United Nations also holds large international conferences, where people meet to discussimportant world issues. One conference was about the uses and ownership of oceans. Another was about women. There are also International Y ears. In these special years, people work together to improve situations and solve problems. One year was the International Y ear of the Child.For centuries countries have fought each other, and powerful countries have taken control of weaker ones. It is very difficult to persuade nations to live together in peace. Nevertheless, the United Nations is attempting to do this. It is the only organization that unites the world in the search for peace.Section C (10 marks)In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions. Read the passage carefully, and then answer the questions in as few words as possible (not more than 10 words). Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 60-64 are based on the following passage.A language is a system of sounds, gestures, or characters used by humans to communicate their ideas and feelings. There are about 4,000 spoken languages in the world. Some are spoken by millions of people. Other languages have only a few speakers.All languages have rules for forming words and for ordering those words in sentences. In written languages, meaning is expressed through a system of characters and rules for combining those characters. In spoken languages, meaning is expressed through a system of sounds and rules for combining those sounds. Many deaf people use sign languages, in which gestures do the work of the sound system of spoken languages.Word order is more important in English than it is in some other languages, such as Russian. The sound system is very important in Chinese and in many languages spoken in West Africa.Languages are always changing, but they change very slowly. People invent new words for their language, borrow words from other languages, and change the meanings of words as needed. For example, the English word byte was invented by computer specialists in 1959. the English word tomato was borrowed from Nahuatl, and American Indian language spoken in Mexico. The English word meat once referred to food in general.There are several major language families in the world. The languages in each family are related, and scientists think they came from the same parent family. Language families come in different sizes. The Austronesian family contains at least 500 languages, including Pilipino, Malay,and Maori. The Basque language, spoken in northern Spain, is the only member of its language family.The Indo-European language family contains 55 languages, including English, German, Spanish, Russian, and Hindi.Another language family is Sino-Tibetan, which includes Chinese, Burmese, and Tibetan. The Afro-Asiatic family includes Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic. There are about 150 American Indian languages spoken today. These languages have many differences and have been divided into more than 50 language families.People learn languages by listening, copying what they hear, and using the language. Most children learn their first languages easily, and sometimes other languages as well. Adults often must work harder at learning a second language.Questions:Section D (12 marks)In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in each of the spaces, 65-70. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage.Welcome to “Software World” --- bringing you the very latest information on what is currently available on CD-ROM. Are you a director or producer looking for an unusual actor to play a part in a new movie project, or with that special look for a new commercial on TV? OK. The usual procedure would be to contact a theatrical agency, who would try and sell you the idea of using one of the actors listed on their books. Books? Too old-fashioned for you? Then get yourself a copy of this latest electronic database called “The Electronic Curtain”.The brainchild of casting agent Fred Harkney of the Better Talent Agency, he says he got the idea of an actor’s directory from his son playing computer games. Noting that junior had to type in the details of the characters in his favorite game, he realized he could do the same for the actors he represents. Eventually, he came to include information on nearly three quarters of the approximately 34,000 actors registered and looking for work in Britain. With some theatrical agencies boasting that they represent over 500 performers, the need for this product is not hard to fathom. It can be a nightmare trying to remember just which actor has done what, or just what an actor can do. The database lists details of over 5,500 actors: TV shows they have appeared in, special skills they possess --- everything down to the color of their eyes and other distinguishing physical features. By entering the details of the type of person you are looking for, the database quickly locates only those persons with the particular qualities requested.One problem though, is that many actors feel it is too impersonal, and they could be missing out on much needed auditions for parts in theatrical shows. On the other hand, it might just get them that elusive job. The days of nervous nail-biting while waiting around to give an auditioncould well and truly be over. And all because of a small plastic disk. For product details ring this number now: 0171-379-60000.Summary:Part IV Cloze (15 minutes, 15 marks)Section A (5 marks)There are 5 blanks in the passage. Use the word given on the right-hand side to form a word thatSection B (10 marks)There are 10 blanks in the passage. For each blank, one or more letters of the word have been given (not exceeding 3 letters). Read the passage below and decide which word best fits each blank, using only one word in each word in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.True relaxation is most certainly not a matter of flopping down in front of the television with a welcome drink. Nor is it about drifting into an exhausted sleep. Useful though these responses to tension and over-tiredness (76) mi_______ be, we should distinguish between them and conscious relaxation in (77) te_____ of quality and effect. Regardless of the level of tiredness, real relaxation is a state of alertness, yet, at the same (78) t______, passive awareness, in which our bodies are (79) a________ rest while our minds are awake.Moreover, it is as natural for a healthy person to be relaxed when moving as resting. (80) Be_____ relaxed in action means we bring the appropriate energy to everything we do, (81) W______needs to be rediscovered is conscious relaxation. With this in (85) m______ we must apply ourselves to understanding stress and the nature of its causes, however deep-seated.Part V Translation (15 minutes, 15 marks)Section A (8 marks)Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.After my mother passed away, my dad tried even harder to stay healthy and active. Every morning, until the weather turned too cold, he swam in the turquoise pool in the complex where he lived. (86) Each day, no matter how he felt, he swam one more lap than the previous day, just to prove there was always room for improvement. Every few days he reported the new number of laps to me, pride edging his voice.By his late seventies, in spite of swimming and working six days a week, my dad had noticeably dwindled in strength and energy. By age eighty-one he was in poor health and had to retire. (87) He pretended he didn’t need to lean heavily on me for support as we walked slowly, and I pretended not to notice. His mind was clear, but congestive heart problems and disabling arthritis had worn him down. One day he said, “In case of an emergency, I do not wish to be kept alive by any extraordinary means. I’ve signed an official paper to this effect.” He smiled his wonderful, broad grin and said, “I’ve been blessed to have had your mother as my wife and you as my only child, and I’m ready to go.”Less than a month later he had a heart attack. In the emergency room, he again reminded his doctor and me of his wishes, but I couldn’t imagine, in spite of this latest crisis, that he wouldn’t always be saying, “Have I told you yet today that I adore you?”(88) He was miserable in intensive care; tubes seemed to come from every opening. But my dad still had his sense of humor, asking me, “Does this mean we can’t keep our lunch date tomorrow?” His voice faltered.“I’ll be here to pick you up and we’ll go someplace special,” I answered, a lump in my throat.(89) Dad refused to look at me for the first time in his life and turned toward the blank green wall next to his hospital bed. There was a painful silence between us. He said, “I don’t want you to remember me like this. Promise me you won’t, darling! And please go now --- I’m so mis erable.Section B (7 marks)Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.90. 她在阳光下只晒了一会儿，脸就开始变红了。
NOIP2008提高组初赛试题_C++含答案 改动-推荐下载
典型的 Web2.0 应用。
A. Sina B. Flickr C. Yahoo
D. Google
15. (2008)10 + (5B)16 的结果是（ ）。 A. (833)16 B. (2099)10 C. (4063)8 D. (100001100011)2
16. 二叉树 T，已知其先根遍历是 1 2 4 3 5 7 6（数字为结点的编号，以下同），后根遍历是 4
b，d，c，f，e，a，则栈 S 的容量至少应该是（ ）。
A. 6
B. 5
C. 4
D. 3
7. 与十进制数 28.5625 相等的四进制数是（ ）。
E. 2
A. 123.21 B. 131.22 C. 130.22 D. 130.21 E. 130.20
8． 归过程或函数调用时，处理参数和返回地址，通常使用一种称为（）的数据结构。
A. 链路层 B．网络层 C. 传输层 D. 应用层 E.会话层 10． 对有序数组{5, 13, 19, 21, 37, 56, 64, 75, 88, 92, 100}进行二分查找，等概 率的情况下查找成功的平均查找长度（平均比较次数）是（ ）。
A. 35/11 B. 34/11 C. 33/11 D. 32/11 E. 34/10 二、 不定项选择题 （共 10 题，每题 1.5 分，共计 15 分。每题正确答案的个数大于或等于 1。多 选或少选均不得分）。
2 7 5 6 3 1，则该二叉树的可能的中根遍历是（ ）。
A. 4 2 1 7 5 3 6
B. 2 4 1 7 5 3 6
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17. 面向对象程序设计（Object-Oriented Programming）是一种程序设计的方法论，它将对
全国大学生英语竞赛A类考试2008年初赛试题
全国大学生英语竞赛A类考试2008年初赛试题Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (略)Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and StructuresInstructions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each blank there are four choi ces marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corre sponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.31. He can't ______ ignorance as his excuse; he should have known what was happening in his o wn department.A. insistB. referC. pleadD. defend32. His father came home to dinner every night, and ______ in his life Jack felt that they were a r eal family.A. for the first timeB. firstlyC. at first timeD. at first33. After the robbery, the shop installed a sophisticated alarm system as an insurance ______ furt her losses.A. towardsB. forC. fromD. against34. The bones, tendons and cartilages require a small amount of blood, ______ such organs as the kidneys and brain need large amounts of blood.A. asB. whileC. becauseD. so that35. Although they usually did their own painting and papering, on this occasion they brought in a firm of ______ decorators.A. insideB. inwardC. interiorD. internal36. ______ the neighboring street, it would have had to pass through the station barriers, wherea collector is always standing.A. Had it not been pulled downB. But for bringing it upC. Should it not have been carried down fromD. Had it not been carried down from37. The people around him kept saying ______ the drowned man but he went on doing artificial r espiration.A. it was useless revivingB. there was no use revivingC. there was no use to try to reviveD. it was no use trying to revive38. Although they had only been invited for lunch they ______ till suppertime.A. stayed outB. stayed onC. stayed upD. stayed off39. When he heard how well the new company was doing, he took a calculated ______ and inves ted all his money in it.A. riskB. opportunityC. dangerD. venture40. More and more people are signing up for yoga classes nowadays, ______ advantage of the he alth and relaxation benefits.A. takingB. to have takenC. having takenD. having been taken41. In the same area _____, with a circular church--so that the devil couldn't find a corner to conc eal himself in, or so the locals say.A. a village of Bowmore isB. there is a village of BowmoreC. is the village of BowmoreD. the Bowmore's village is42. There are no trips that will make it possible for the tourists to stop everywhere and see _____ _ they want.A. all whatB. everything thatC. everything whatD. all which43. More and more people are becoming aware of the dangers facing our planet. ______, we still have a lot of work to do before our environment is safe again.A. ConsequentlyB. In spite of the fact thatC. Because of thatD. Despite that44. Ray: Have you met the new boss yet? David: No, tell me--what's he like?Ray: Well, I met him this morning and my first impression was very positive. ______. and I hear he's got a great sense of humor.David : That's great!A. He came across as very pleasantB. He has a large officeC. He seems very unfriendlyD. He's not very sharp45. Customer: I think I'll have the tomato soup to start. ______. Waiter: Right. And would you like croutons in your soup? Customer: No, thank you.Waiter: How would you like your steak? Rare, medium or well done?A. And I'd like some tea.B. And I'd also like a steak.C. And perhaps some orange juice.D. And I'd like to order now.Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Section AInstructions: There is one passage in this section with 5 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 46-50 are based on the following passage.Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the cr owd assembled in the auction room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He en courages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyerof the goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the La tin auctio, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a sig nal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold "by the candle": a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skin s, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for la nd and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The a uction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world-famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and whe re and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full deta ils, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually gi ven a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots the y are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing upthe bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, a nd he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a hi gh price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his ad vice that a seller will fix a "reserve" price, that is, a price below which the goods cannot be sold. E ven the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a "knock-out", whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bi dder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a "knock-out" comes off, the re al auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.46. The end of the bidding is called "knocking down" because ______.A. the auctioneer knocks the price downB. the rostrum is knocked downC. the goods are knocked downD. the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the La tin auctio, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a sig nal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold "by the candle": a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skin s, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for la nd and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The a uction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world-famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and whe re and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full deta ils, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually gi ven a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots the y are likely to be interested in. Theauctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. T he auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, a nd he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a hi gh price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his ad vice that a seller will fix a "reserve" price, that is, a price below which the goods cannot be sold. E ven the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a "knock-out", whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bi dder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a "knock-out" comes off, the re al auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.46. The end of the bidding is called "knocking down" because ______.A. the auctioneer knocks the price downB. the rostrum is knocked downC. the goods are knocked downD. the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer47. The Romans used to sell by auction ______.A. spoilt goodsB. old worn-out weaponsC. property taken from the enemyD. spears48. The auctioneer may decide to sell the "lots" out of order because ______.A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB. he knows from experience who will want whatC. he wants to keep certain people waitingD. he wants to increase the number of buyers49. A clever auctioneer encourages ______.A. knock-out dealsB. rivals to compete for higher pricesC. the seller to mark the prices of their goods reasonablyD. buyers to be careful in bidding50. "Knock-outs" are illegal agreements ______.A. among the dealers onlyB. between the seller and the auctioneerC. between the auctioneers and dealersD. among the sellers onlySection B Instructions: There is one passage in this section with 5 questions. Read the passage quickly and an- swer the questions on the Answer Sheet. The idea of a fish being able to generat e electricity strong enough to light lamp bulbs--or even to run a small electric motor--is almost un believable, but several kinds of fish are able to do this. Even more strangely, this curious power h as been acquired in different ways by fish belonging to very different families.Perhaps the best known are the electric rays, or torpedoes, of which several kinds live in warm seas. They possess on each side of the head, behind the eyes, a large organ consisting of a numbe r of hexagonal shaped cells rather like a honeycomb. The cells are filled with a jelly-like substance , and contain a series of fiat electric plates. One side, the negative side, of each plate, is supplied with very fine nerves, connected with a main nerve coming from a special part of the brain. Curre nt passes from the upper, positive side of the organ downwards to the negative, lower side. Gene rally it is necessary to touch the fish in two places, completing the circuit, in order to receive a sh ock. The strength of this shock depends on the size of the fish, but newly born ones only about 5 centimetres across can be made to light the bulb of a pocket flashlight for a few moments, while a fully grown torpedo gives a shock capable of knocking a man down, and, if suitable wires are co nnected, will operate a small electric motor for several minutes.Another famous example is the electric eel. This fish gives an even more powerful shock. The system is different from that of the torpedo in that the electric plates run longitudinally and are supplied with nerves from the spinal cord. Consequently, the current passes along the fish from h ead to tail. The electric organs of these fish are really altered muscles and like all muscles are apt to tire, so they are not able to produce electricity for very long.The electric catfish of the Nile and of other African fresh waters has a different system again, by which current passes over the whole body from the tail to the head. The shock given by this arrangement is not so strong as the other two, but is none the less unpleasant. The electric catfis h is a slow, lazy fish, fond of gloomy places and grows to about 1 metre long; it is eaten by the Ara bs in some areas.The power of producing electricity may serve these fish both for defence and attack. If a large en emy attacks, the shock will drive it away; but it appears that the catfish and the electric eel use th eir current most often against smaller fish, stunning them so that they can easily be overpowered .For answers 51-55, mark Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the pass age; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information, given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 51. Some fish produce enough electricity to dr ive electric motors. 52. Usually you will not get a shock by touching the electric ray in one place only.53. The electric plates on the electric eel are supplied with nerves from its brain.54. The shock of the electric catfish is more unpleasant than that of the torpedo or electric eel.55. Nowadays people are making full use of these electric fish to light lamp bulbs.For answers 56 - 60, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage in a maxi mum of 4 words.56. The fish that produce electricity belong to ______.57. A torpedo's hexagonal shaped cells contain a number of ______.58. A fully grown torpedo can give a ______ than a young one.59. The catfish's electric current passes from the ______.60. The electric fish produce electricity mainly for ______.Section C Instructions: In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions. Read the p assage carefully, then answer the questions in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.We love them so much that some of us sleep with them under the pillow, yet we are increasingly concerned that we cannot escape their electronic reach. We use them to convey our most intima te secrets, yet we worry that they are a threat to our privacy. We re]y on them more than the Inte ract to cope with modern life, yet many of us don't believe advertisements saying we need more advanced services.Sweeping aside the doubts that many people feel about the benefits of new third generation pho nes and fears over the health effects of phone masts, a recent report claims that the long-term ef fects of new mobile technologies will be entirely positive, so long as the public can be convinced t o make use of them. Research about users of mobile phones reveals that the mobile has already moved beyond being a mere practical communications tool to become the backbone of modern s ocial life, from love affairs to friendship to work. One female teacher, 32, told the researchers, "I l ove my phone. It's my friend. "The close relationship between user and phone is most pronounced among teenagers, the report says, who regard their mobiles as an expression of their identity. This is partly because mobiles are seen as being beyond the control of parents. But the researchers suggest that another reason may be that mobiles, especially text messaging, were seen as a way of overcoming shyness. "Text ing is often used for apologies, to excuse lateness or to communicate other things that make us u ncomfortable," the report says. The impact of phones, however, has been local rather than global , supporting existing friendships and networks, rather than opening users to a new broader com munity. Even the language of texting in one area can be incomprehensible to anybody from anoth er area. Among the most important benefits of using mobile phones, the report claims, will be a v astly improved mobile infrastructure, providing gains throughout the economy, and the provision of more sophisticated location-based services for users. The report calls on government to put m ore effort into the delivery of services by mobile phone, with suggestions including public transpo rt and traffic information and doctors' text messages, to remind patients of appointments. "I love that idea," one user said in an interview. "It would mean I wouldn't have to write a hundred mess ages to myself. "There are many other possibilities. At a recent trade fair in Sweden, a mobile navigation product was launched. When the user enters a destination, a route is automatically downloaded to their mobile and presented by voice, pictures and maps as they drive. In future, these devices will also be able to plan around congestion and road works in real time. Third generation phones will also allow for remote monitoring of patients by doctors. In Britain, scientists are developing an asthm a management solution, using mobiles to detect early signs of an attack.Mobile phones can be used in education. A group of teachers in Britain use third generation phon es to provide fast, internet service to children who live beyond the reach of terrestrial broadband services and have no access to online information. "As the new generation of mobile technologie s takes off, the social potential of the mobile will vastly increase," the report argues. Questions :61. What feelings does the writer suggest in the first paragraph about our attitudes to mobile ph ones?62. What have mobile phones become according to research about their users?63. Why do teenagers have such a close relationship with their mobile phones?64. What can doctors use third generation mobile phones for in future?65. What does a recent report claim about the long-term effects of mobile phones?Section D Instructions : In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the p assage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing no more than three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Answers 66 - 70 are based on the following passage.Few would deny that what we see in the media affects the way we think and act. Advertisers, kno wing this better than anyone else, pay millions of dollars every year to sell their products. For pri me time television advertising in the United States, companies pay up to two million dollars for a single forty-second advertisement.In the competition for audience attention, advertisers will do almost anything they can think of to sell their product. A common tactic in commercial advertising is to tie the advertised product to sex or glamour, even when these features do not directly relate to the product. How many times have we seen a pretty woman selling a car? Other ads may make exaggerated claims about the ef fectiveness of their products.Consumer complaints about misleading or inappropriate content in advertisements have led to m ultiple restrictions on advertising. Laws exist in many countries to regulate advertising. In the Unit ed States, television advertisements for alcoholic beverages cannot show a person actually drinki ng the beverage.Restricting advertisers through legislation brings up issues of freedom of speech and individual ri ghts. For this reason, US law makers have tried to avoid passing many laws that might limit advert isers' rights. Instead, they have asked the advertising industry to find ways to regulate itself. This l ed to the creation of the National Advertising Review Council (NARC) in the 1970s.Major advertisers and advertising agencies set up NARC, an industry-run agency that would main tain standards of accuracy, morality, and social responsibility in advertising. Since then, there hav e been two branches within the organization: the National Advertising Division (NAD) and the Nat ional Advertising Review Board (NARB). The NAD is like the police of the organization. They receiv e complaints by consumers, consumer groups, companies, or associations about advertisements.NAD then investigates the ads and reports any misconduct. If NAD and the advertiser cannot find a way to correct the ad together, the case goes before the NARB for review. The Review Board the n reviews the ad and makes a recommendation.As part of the trend towards non-governmental regulation, the media in which advertising appea rs also work as a kind of censor. Television stations all have departments for reviewing ads before the ads can be shown on the air. This is true for radio stations as well. Likewise, magazines and ne wspapers review ads before publication to make sure both the products and the content are appr opriate for their readers. In addition to their reviews for appropriateness, some publications even check the accuracy of the information in the ads. Along with national advertising organizations a nd the media, individual advertising agencies comprise a third layer of censorship. Advertising ag encies certainly want the public to have confidence in their ads. Therefore, most advertisers use market research as a way to verify the claims made in advertisements. Furthermore, if consumers learn about misleading claims in the ads for a product, the consumers can sue the advertisers. Th is is why most large advertising agencies employ in-house lawyers for reviewing ads.The medium of web advertising has opened entirely new questions about advertising, targeting o ne's intended audience, and appropriateness of ad content. At the same time, consumers have m ade more and more focused demands on all forms of media. In the UK, for example, some have c alled for a ban on the advertising of fast food, which is widely blamed for problems of obesity. For the time being, acombination of government regulation, citizen demands, and industry self-regulation will continu e to shape what marketers do.SummaryMedia affects the way we think and act. With so many advertisements, their creators must think of innovative ways to get consumers' (66) . Some ads may make exaggerated claims about their p roducts or have misleading content. Public complaints about advertising have led to government regulations in many countries. In the United States, advertisers have set up a self-policing (67) cal led NARC to censor ads. Through self-regulation, the industry avoids issues of (68) of speech and makes sure that their ads are accurate. Advertisers with deceptive ads can be (69) . However, ne w forms of media, such as the web, have created new questions about (70) .Part Ⅳ Cloze Section AInstructions: There are 5 blanks in the passage. For each blank, some letters of the word have bee n given (not exceeding 3 letters). Read the passage below and decide which word best fits each blank, using only one word in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. Many people make corn (71) about their working environment. Those in open-plan offices often dislike the noise and especially the lack of privacy. Making telephone calls where con (72) inform ation is discussed is almost impossible and it may also be difficult to concentrate when the perso n sitting next to you is on the phone. However, the division of the workspace into smaller offices can lead to a feeling of isolation. An alternative approach is needed to so (73) these problems. W hy not allow people to choose to work in dif (74) places according to what they are doing--a coffe e bar or meeting room for social and noisy activities, or a small room for quiet work? The idea of i ndividual desks would disappear in this system and be rep (75) by a different approach to using space.Section BInstructions: There are 10 blanks in the passage. Use the word given in each set of brackets to form a word that fits in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.The Independent on Sunday's (76) (industry) editor, David Bowen, collects airline sick-bags. He st arted about 10 years ago when he used to travel (77) (extensive), but now the (78) (collect) has it s own momentum. "I get sent several bags a month," he says. "All my friends know that I collect t hese things, and they mention it to their friends. Then when any of them go on flights, they stare ahead of them for hours on end and (79) (soon) or later remember to pick one up. "He now has about 400 bags (80) (cover) about 200 airlines: they are displayed all over the walls o f his house. He asks people to pick up a couple so that he has one to swap although, he says, "The re is a slightly (81) (limit) market: my only real trading partner is a German who I met in Jordan ei ght years ago. "The bags, Bowen says, say a lot about the country of origin. Far Eastern ones tend to be lavish an d exotic. Germanic ones are severely (82) (practice) , eastern European ones reflect "the (83) (sho rt) of decent paper".Bowen is keen to hear from anyone who wants to join the bag (84) (barter) system. The hobby is not sufficiently developed to have monetary value (85) (attach) to it, but the swap system should work well. "Mind you, if someone came up with a pre-War bag, possibly from Imperial Airways, I would very seriously think about letting them have several pounds for it, maybe even an Air Afriq ue one, too. "Part Ⅴ Translation Section AInstructions: Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remembe r to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.People have attempted to simulate human voices in machines for quite some time. In the late 17 00s, Hungarian scientist Wolfgang yon Kempelen used whistles, resonance chambers, and other o bjects to create voice sounds for his "Speaking Machine. " With the rise of computers, scientists were able to create artificial voices by storing and digitally processing real voice sounds. By the 19 70s, these computer-generated voices were widely used. Although theseearly voices were understandable, they had a distinct mechanical or " robotic" sound to them. Coming up with more natural-sounding voices has been a challenge due to the complex nature of language. (86) To produce a natural-sounding voice, scientists need to simulate not only the indiv idual sounds of a language, but also the volume, pitch, rhythm, and tones that help to express me aning. Natural-sounding computer voices are now used to provide information to people in a vari ety of applications, from automated phone lines to language learningprograms. Many systems are also able to listen to users' questions and statements and respond t o them.One good example of this comes from the BMW car company. BMW has programmed cars to bot h listen and speak to the driver. (87) The car can give directions, provide warnings and informatio n about traffic and safety conditions, and even control certain functions, such as raising or loweri ng the windows or playing music. When BMW first released cars with a computer-generated voic e, many drivers had anegative reaction to it because drivers perceived the voice as female. German drivers were unco mfortable with a "female" voice givingdirections. As a result, BMW recalled the cars and gave them "male" voices.The reaction to the female voice was emotional. It had noreasoning behind it. Common sense says that the "gender" of the voice in the car shouldn't matte。
(完整word)08年全国高中化学竞赛初赛试卷免费43
2008 高中化学比赛初赛模拟试卷（43）第 i题（5分）X的单质是一种软的、白色的、较开朗的金属；该元素的克拉克值低、散布分别、绝大多数伴生在有色金属、煤和铁矿中；X 元素的世界储量不大，而我国的资源储量居世界前茅。
其化合物XP 、 XAs y P1－y是人们熟习的半导体资料。
X 在高价化合物中比在其廉价化合物中稳固。
当前，具有层状构造的特别性能物质（该金属的非整比化合物）CdGa2XS 5和 HgGaX S5正在深入研究。
1．写出X 的元素符号和名称；2．指出X 的价电子构型和周期表中的地点；3． X 还可用于制造哪一种类的合金。
第 ii 题（5分）1．熵增添原理的内容是什么？2．合用于什么样的系统？3．它在平时生活中有哪些应用？举例说明。
4．熵增添原理能够用于宇宙吗？为何？第 iii 题（5分）Mn 3O4的用途很广，在电子工业上，它是生产软磁铁氧体的原料，而软磁铁氧体则宽泛地用作磁记录资料；在化学工业上，它可用作多种反响的催化剂。
能够高锰酸钾与乙醇（1g︰ 80mL ）为反响物在较低的温度下制备出Mn 3 O4纳米粉体。
1．写出合成反响方程式（有乙醛生成）2．过度乙醇在反响中还有什么作用？3．当乙醇溶剂中含有水分时，反响速度显然加速。
100 ℃时，关于95% 乙醇，大概16h KMnO 4的反响就基本完整；而关于无水乙醇，反响到同样程度则需要24h 以上。
解说反响速率加快的原由。
第 iv题（5分）以烯丙基溴和硫脲为原料，在相转移催化剂四丁基溴化铵的作用下，以水作溶剂，分三步反响合成了烯丙硫醇。
已知这三步反响在不一样的 pH 条件下进行（酸性、中性、碱性，未按次序），写出合成反响流程式。
第 v题（8分）在乙醇溶液中，电解钛片4h，而后电解铅片2h，每隔 30min 加入 0.1mL 乙酰丙酮，制得中间体 A ，而后在必定条件下水解获取纳米资料 B 。
A 是不定构成型物质，红外光谱显示 A 中存在 C＝C、 C＝ O 等官能团。
2008年全国化学竞赛(初赛)试题与答案
2008年全国化学竞赛(初赛)试题第1题(14分)1-1EDTA是乙二胺四乙酸的英文名称的缩写，市售试剂是其二水合二钠盐。
（1）画出EDTA二钠盐水溶液中浓度最高的阴离子的结构简式。
（2）Ca(EDTA)2-溶液可用于静脉点滴以排除体内的铅。
写出这个排铅反应的化学方程式（用Pb2+ 表示铅）。
（3）能否用EDTA二钠盐溶液代替Ca(EDTA)2-溶液排铅？为什么？1-2氨和三氧化硫反应得到一种晶体，熔点205o C，不含结晶水。
晶体中的分子有一个三重旋转轴，有极性。
画出这种分子的结构式，标出正负极。
1-3Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)]的磁矩为零，给出铁原子的氧化态。
Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)]是鉴定S2-的试剂，二者反应得到紫色溶液，写出鉴定反应的离子方程式。
1-4CaSO4• 2H2O微溶于水，但在HNO3 ( 1 mol L-1)、HClO4 ( 1 mol L-1)中可溶。
写出能够解释CaSO4在酸中溶解的反应方程式。
1-5取质量相等的2份PbSO4 (难溶物)粉末，分别加入HNO3 ( 3 mol L-1) 和HClO4 ( 3 mol L-1)，充分混合，PbSO4在HNO3能全溶，而在HClO4中不能全溶。
简要解释PbSO4在HNO3中溶解的原因。
1-6 X和Y在周期表中相邻。
CaCO3与X的单质高温反应，生成化合物B和一种气态氧化物；B与Y的单质反应生成化合物C和X的单质；B水解生成D；C水解生成E，E水解生成尿素。
确定B、C、D、E、X和Y。
第2题(5分) 化合物X是产量大、应用广的二元化合物，大量用作漂白剂、饮水处理剂、消毒剂等。
年产量达300万吨的氯酸钠是生产X的原料，92%用于生产X—在酸性水溶液中用盐酸、二氧化硫或草酸还原。
此外，将亚氯酸钠固体装柱，通入用空气稀释的氯气氧化，也可生产X。
X有极性和顺磁性，不形成二聚体，在碱性溶液里可发生歧化反应。
2-1写出X的分子式和共轭π键（m nπ）。
全国化学竞赛初赛2008年答案
评分通则：1.凡要求计算的，没有计算过程，即使结果正确也不得分。
2有效数字错误，扣0.5分，但每大题只扣1次。
3单位不写或表达错误，扣0.5分，但每大题只扣1次。
4只要求1个答案、而给出多个答案，其中有错误的，不得分。
5方程式不配平不得分。
6不包括在此标准答案的0.5分的题，可由评分组讨论决定是否给分。
第1题 (14分)1-1 EDTA 是乙二胺四乙酸的英文名称的缩写，市售试剂是其二水合二钠盐。
（1）画出EDTA 二钠盐水溶液中浓度最高的阴离子的结构简式。
C H 2NC H 2H 2C N H 2C CH 2H 2CCOO -COO --OOC-OOC H H (2分)答(-OOCCH 2)2NCH 2CH 2N(CH 2COO -)2H H或CH 2NH(CH 2COO -)22 得2分，质子必须在氮原子上。
（2） Ca(EDTA)2-溶液可用于静脉点滴以排除体内的铅。
写出这个排铅反应的化学方程式（用Pb 2+ 表示铅）。
Pb 2+ + Ca(EDTA)2- = Ca 2+ + Pb (EDTA)2-(1分)（3）能否用EDTA 二钠盐溶液代替Ca(EDTA)2-溶液排铅？为什么？不能。
若直接用EDTA 二钠盐溶液，EDTA 阴离子不仅和Pb 2+反应, 也和体内的Ca 2+结合造成钙的流失。
(答案和原因各0.5分，共 1分)1-2 氨和三氧化硫反应得到一种晶体，熔点205o C ，不含结晶水。
晶体中的分子有一个三重旋转轴，有极性。
画出这种分子的结构式，标出正负极。
(2分)硫氧键画成双键或画成S →O ，氮硫键画成N →S ，均不影响得分。
结构式1分，正负号1分。
答H 3NSO 3、H 3N-SO 3等不得分。
正确标出了正负号，如+H 3NSO 3-、+H 3N-SO 3-得1分。
其他符合题设条件（有三重轴，有极性）的结构，未正确标出正负极，得1分，正确标出正负极，得2分。
1-3Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)]的磁矩为零，给出铁原子的氧化态。
2008年NOIP普及组初赛试题及参考答案
一、选择题
14. 将数组{8,23,4,16,77,-5,53,100}中的元素按从大到小的顺序排 列，每次可以交换任意两个元素，最少需要交换（ ）次。 A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7
│ 15
一、选择题
15． 对有序数组{5,13,19,21,37,56,64,75,88,92,100}进行二分查 找，成功查找元素 19 的查找长度（比较次数）是（ ）。 A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
│ 22
二、问题解答
2. 有 6 个城市，任何两个城市之间都有一条道路连接，6 个城市两两之间的距离如表所示，则城市 1到城市 6 的最短 距离为 。
│ 23
三、程序完善
第一题：（字符串替换）给定一个字符串 S（S 仅包含大小写字母），下面的程序 将 S 中的每个字母用规定的字母替换，并输出 S 经过替换后的结果。程序的输入是 两个字符串，第一个字符串是给定的字符串 S，第二个字符串 S’由 26个字母组成 ，它是 a-z 的任一排列，大小写不定，S’规定了每个字母对应的替换字母：S’中 的第一个字母是字母A 和 a 的替换字母，即 S 中的 A 用该字母的大写替换，S 中 的 a 用该字母的小写替换；S’中的第二个字母是字母 B和 b 的替换字母，即 S 中 的 B 用该字母的大写替换，S 中的 b 用该字母的小写替换；……以此类推。
1：A 2：B 3：C 4：C 5：B 6：D 7：C 8：D 9：A 10：B 11：D 12：A 13：B 14：B 15：B 16：A 17：B 18：A 19：B 20：D
二、问题解答 1：12 4 2：7 三：程序阅读 1、23 2：2,3,1 3：5 4 10 1 6 22 -59 -6 -11 -6 4：DBGEFCA 四、程序完善 1： change[i]>='A' && change[i] <='Z' str[i]>='A' && str[i] <='Z'
2008年全国英语能力竞赛初二组初赛和决赛试题参考答案
2008年全国中学生英语能力竞赛初赛初二组试题参考答案听力部分（共四大题，计30分）I．Sentences （句子理解）1—5 DCADBII．Responses （问句应答）6—10 BADCBIII. Dialogues （对话理解）A) 11—15 CADBAB) 16—20 ADCDBIV．Passages （短文理解）A) 21—25 BCACDB) 26. Science27. Running28. country(side)29. bike / bicycle30. farm笔试部分（共八大题，计120分）I. Multiple-choice （选择填空）A) 31—35 BCDACB) 36—40 DCACA41—45 BDCDA46—50 CBDABII．Reading comprehension （阅读理解）A）51—55 CBDBAB）A. 56. In a cave.57. He thought the other boys were behind the wall.58. Some old pieces of paper.59. 他（老师）告诉他们，那些纸是地图，而且可能有2000年的历史。
60. b d f a e cB. 61. invitation; Debbie62. big garden63. great / good time64. Green Road65. Baker’sC. 66. animals / creatures67. together68. dies69. shapes70. 它们有着和它们形状相似的（陆地）动物的名字。
III. Cloze （完形填空）A) 71. how far72. find out73. windy74. First75. to76. write back77. their78. who79. later80. balloonsB) 81. walking82. Is83. touch84. to bite85. didn’t lieIV. Sentence pattern transformation （句式转换）86. went into space before people did / went into space earlier than people did87. the second monkey to go into space Enos88. How long did his trip last?89. What did Enos do when the spaceship was opened?90. How happy Enos was to be back on Earth!V. Translation （翻译）91. I will go to the science centre with you if I have time. / If I have time, I will go to the science centre with you.92. Eating a balanced diet / A balanced diet is good for our health.93. It took him an hour to get to the railway station.94. She didn’t leave school until 8 pm yesterday.95. They decided not to go there because of the bad weather.VI. IQ （智力测试）96. stop97. breakfast98. MEET ME AT THE LAB TONIGHT99. It means “can’t understand”. / 弄不明白。
2008年全国小学生英语竞赛初赛赛题及答案
2008年全国小学生英语竞赛(NECPS)五年组初赛赛题I. 听辨单词(Words) (共5小题,计5分)听音，从A, B, C 三个选项中选出你所听到的句子中含有的单词。
每个句子读两遍。
1. A. evening B. exercises C. dancing2. A. paper B. player C. goalkeeper3. A. bored B. bought C. lessons4. A. likes B. collects C. often5. A. quickly B. pleasure C. lakeII. 句子理解(Sentences)（共5 小题，计5 分）听音，判断下列句子与你所听到的句子意思是（Y）否（N）一致。
（答案涂在答题纸上）6. It's raining today.7. She can't go to school because she's too young.8. I went to the cinema on June 7th. It was a Thursday.9. Jim is shorter than Lucy.10. I don't like sweets because they're so sweet.III. 对话理解(Dialogues)（共10小题，计10 分）A) 根据你所听到的对话内容，从A，B，C三个选项中选择正确的答案。
每组对话读两遍.11. What's the matter with the boy?A. He's got a toothache.B. He's got a bad headache.C. He's got a stomachache.12. Which season does the man like best?A. Summer.B. Winter.C. Spring.13. What is the girl's science teacher like?A. Tall and strong.B. Short and strong.C. Tall and thin.14. What does the girl usually do on weekends?A. She waters the flowers.B. She cooks the meals.C. She sweeps the floor.15. Where does the girl want to go in the summer holiday?A. To Beijing.B. To London.C. To New York.B) 听音，选择与所听对话内容相关的图片。
08年全国化学竞赛(初赛)试题与答案
最新高中化学(初赛)试题第1题 (15分)1-1 2009年10月合成了第117号元素，从此填满了周期表第七周期所有空格，是元素周期系发展的一个里程碑。
117号元素是用249Bk 轰击48Ca 靶合成的，总共得到6个117号元素的原子，其中1个原子经p 次α衰变得到270Db 后发生裂变；5个原子则经q 次α衰变得到281Rg 后发生裂变。
用元素周期表上的117号元素符号，写出得到117号元素的核反应方程式（在元素符号的左上角和左下角分别标出质量数和原子序数）。
1-3 一氯一溴二(氨基乙酸根)合钴(III)酸根离子有多种异构体，其中之一可用如下简式表示。
请依样画出其他所有八面体构型的异构体。
第2题 (5 分) 最近我国有人报道，将0.1 mol L -1的硫化钠溶液装进一只掏空洗净的鸡蛋壳里，将蛋壳开口朝上，部分浸入盛有0.1 mol L -1的氯化铜溶液的烧杯中，在静置一周的过程中，蛋壳外表面逐渐出现金属铜，同时烧杯中的溶液渐渐褪色，并变得混浊。
2-1设此装置中发生的是铜离子和硫离子直接相遇的反应，已知φӨ(Cu 2+/Cu)和φӨ(S/S 2-)分别为0.345 V 和 -0.476 V ，nFE Ө ＝RT ln K ，ＥӨ表示反应的标准电动势，n 为该反应得失电子数。
计算25o C 下硫离子和铜离子反应得到铜的反应平衡常数，写出平衡常数表达式。
2-2金属铜和混浊现象均出现在蛋壳外，这意味着什么？2-3 该报道未提及硫离子与铜离子相遇时溶液的pH 。
现设pH = 6，写出反应的离子方程式。
2-4请对此实验结果作一简短评论。
第3题( 7分) 早在19世纪人们就用金属硼化物和碳反应得到了碳化硼。
它是迄今已知的除金刚石和氮化硼外最硬的固体。
1930年确定了它的理想化学式。
左下图是2007年发表的一篇研究论文给出的碳化硼晶胞简图。
3-1该图给出了晶胞中的所有原子，除“三原子”（中心原子和与其相连的2个原子）外，晶胞的其余原子都是B12多面体中的1个原子，B12多面体的其他原子都不在晶胞内，均未画出。
NOIP2008普及组初赛试题答案
第十四届全国青少年信息学奥林匹克联赛初赛试题（普及组Pascal语言二小时完成）●●全部试题答案均要求写在答卷纸上，写在试卷纸上一律无效●●一、单项选择题（共20题，每题1.5分。
每题有且仅有一个正确答案。
）1．微型计算机中，控制器的基本功能是（）。
A．控制机器各个部件协调工作B．实现算术运算和逻辑运算C．获取外部信息D．存放程序和数据2．设A=True，B=False，C=True，D=False，以下逻辑运算表达式值为真的是（）。
A．(A∧B)∨(C∧D∨﹁A)B．((﹁A∧B)∨C)∧﹁DC．(B∨C∨D)∧D∧A D．A∧（D∨﹁C）∧B3．在下列关于图灵奖的说法中，不正确的是（）。
A．图灵奖是美国计算机协会于1966年设立的，专门奖励那些对计算机事业作出重要贡献的个人B．图灵奖有“计算机界诺贝尔奖”之称C．迄今为止，还没有华裔计算机科学家获此殊荣D．图灵奖的名称取自计算机科学的先驱、英国科学家阿兰·图灵4．计算机在工作过程中，若突然停电，（）中的信息不会丢失。
A．ROM和RAM B．CPU C．ROM D．RAM5．完全二叉树共有2*N-1个结点，则它的叶节点数是（）。
A．N-1B．N C．2*N D．2N-16．在以下各项中，(）不是操作系统软件。
A．Solaris B．Linux C．Windows Vista D．Sybase7．设栈S的初始状态为空，元素a，b，c，d，e，f依次入栈S，出栈的序列为b，d，f，e，c，a，则栈S的容量至少应该是（）。
A．6B．5C．4D．38．与十进制数28.5625相等的四进制数是（）。
A．123.21B．131.22C．130.22D．130.219．设字符串S=”Olympic”，S的非字串的数目是（）。
A．28B．29C．16D．1710．Web2.0是近年来互联网的热门概念之一，其核心思想是互动与分享。
下列网站中，（）是典型的Web2.0应用。
全国2008年初中化学奥林匹克竞赛试题(中山市初赛)
2008年某某市初中学生化学竞赛初赛试题．可能用到的相对原子质量：H-1C-12O-16 Mg-24 Na-23 S-32 Fe-56一、选择题（本题包括14小题，每小题2分，共28分。
每小题只有一个选项符合题意） 1．下图所示物质的用途中，主要是利用其化学性质的是2．下列有关日常生活的说法正确的是A ．沼气主要成分是H 2B ．焚烧法消除塑料用品造成的白色污染C ．蛋白质是人体所需的六大营养素之一D ．棉花、涤纶都属于天然有机高分子材料 3．人体缺乏微量元素碘就会引起甲状腺肿大，碘在元素周期表中如右图所示。
则下列说法错误．．的是 A ．加碘食盐中的碘是以KIO 3形式存在B ．原子序数是53C ．碘元素主要存在于新鲜蔬菜、瓜果中D ．相对原子质量是126.94．火箭推进器中盛有液态肼（X ）和双氧水（H 2O 2），当它们混合反应时放出大量的热，其反应为：X + 2H 2O 2 ==== N 2 + 4H 2O 。
据此判断肼的化学式是A ．N 2B ．NH 3C ．NH 2D ．N 2H 4 5.）与乙（的微粒数变化示意图，则下列说法正确的是A ．甲一定是氧化物B ．右框图的物质是纯净物C ．该反应类型是分解反应D ．甲、乙、丙的化学计量数之比为2:1:26．“可燃冰”[CH 4·(H 2O) n ]是一种沉睡在海底和高寒冻土的独特能源。
2007年5月，在我国南海北部成功钻获“可燃冰”样品。
下列有关“可燃冰”的说法正确的是 A ．属于海底生物 B ．说明水可以变成油 C ．CH 4·(H 2O) n 属于氧化物D ．是燃烧值高、污染少的新能源7．下列四个化学反应中，符合此漫画情景的是A ．Fe ＋CuSO 4＝FeSO 4＋CuB ．Fe 3O 4＋4CO====3Fe ＋4CO 2C ．H 2＋CuO==Cu ＋H 2OD ． Fe ＋H 2SO 4＝FeSO 4＋H 2↑8．下列关于实验现象的描述错误．．的是 C.用金刚石刀划破玻璃D.用某某石做天安门的华表B.用氢气做高能燃料 我是金属1我是金属2我比金属2活泼，把它给赶走了△ 高温A.用石墨做干电池的电极 点燃A ．向淀粉中滴加碘水，淀粉变蓝B ．电解水产生的两种气体的体积比是1:4C ．镁条在空气中燃烧放出耀眼的强光D ．点燃羊毛纤维可闻到烧焦的羽毛味 9．下列各组物质的溶液，不另加．．．任何试剂就能将它们区别开来的是 A ．CuSO 4、NaCl 、KNO 3、BaCl 2B ．KCl 、AgNO 3、HCl 、HNO 3C ．Fe(NO 3)3、NaOH 、H 2SO 4、KClD ．HNO 3、NaOH 、Na 2CO 3、HCl11．要从不饱和食盐水中获得食盐晶体，下列实验能成功的是12．为检验某化合物是否含碳、氢、氧三种元素，取一定质量该化合物在氧气中充分燃烧， 接下来还须进行的实验有：①用带火星的木条检验氧气；②用无水硫酸铜检验是否有水 生成；③用澄清石灰水检验是否有二氧化碳生成；④测定生成水和二氧化碳的质量。
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上海市第二十二届初中物理竞赛（大同中学杯）初赛试卷说明：1、本试卷共分两部分，第一部分为单项选择题，每题4分，共24题，计96分；第二部分也是单项选择题，每题3分，共18题，计54分，全卷满分150分。
2、考试时间为90分钟。
3、考生使用答题纸，把每题的正确答案填在答卷相应空格内，允许使用计算器，考试完毕只交答卷纸，试卷自己带回。
第一部分1、获得2007年诺贝尔物理学奖科学家的主要贡献是：（ ）A 、发现“巨磁电阻效应”B 、发现“宇宙微波背景辐射黑体形式和各向异性”C 、发现“强粒子渐近自由现象”D 、提出“光子相干量子理论”2、我国宋代诗人陈与义在《襄邑道中》写道“飞花两岸照船红，百里榆堤半日风。
卧看满天云不动，不知云与我俱东。
”诗中描述“我”运动时选取的参照物是（ ）A 、风B 、船C 、云D 、岸3、如图所示为高速摄影机拍摄到的子弹穿过苹果瞬间的照片。
该照片经过放大后分析出，在曝光时间内，子弹影像前后错开的距离约为子弹长度的1%~2%。
已知子弹飞行速度约为500米/秒，则这幅照片的曝光时间最接近（ ）A 、10-3秒。
B 、10-6秒。
C 、A10-9秒。
D 、10-12秒Pm4、如图所示，P 是位于水平粗糙桌面上的物块。
用跨过定滑轮的轻绳将P 与装有砝码的小盘相连，小盘与砝码的总质量为m 。
在P 运动的过程中，若不计空气阻力，则关于P 在水平方向受到的作用力与相应的施力物体分别是（ ）A 、拉力和摩擦力；地球和桌面。
B 、拉力和摩擦力；轻绳和桌面。
C 、重力mg 和摩擦力；地球和物块。
D 、重力mg 和摩擦力；轻绳和桌面。
5、如图所示，带有活塞的烧瓶内封闭一定的气体，不考虑烧瓶和外界的热传递，现在外力F 作用下，活塞向内移动一段距离，则烧瓶内的气体温度会（ ）A 、升高。
B 、降低。
C 、不变。
D 、无法确定。
6、如果不慎在照相机的镜头上沾上了一个小墨点，则照出的相片上（ ）A 、有一个放大的墨点像。
B 、有一个缩小的墨点像。
C 、一片漆黑。
D 、没有墨点的像。
7、如图所示，物体A 靠在竖直墙面上，在竖直向上的力F 的作用下，A 、B 保持静止，物体B 的受力个数为（ ）A 、2个。
B 、3个。
C 、4个。
D 、5个。
8、在如图所示的电路中，闭合电键S 后，灯L 不发光。
现用电压表检查电路故障，测得U ad =6.0伏，Ucd=0伏，Ubc=0伏，U ab =6.0伏，该电路的故障可能是（ ）A 、灯L 断路。
B 、电阻R 断路。
C 、电阻R ’断路。
D 、电键S 断路。
9、如图所示，使带电金属球靠近不带电的验电棒，验电器的金属箔片张开。
下列表示验电器上感应电荷分布情况的各图中，正确的是（ ） R R ’b cA B C D10、如图所示，位于水平桌面上的物块P，由跨过定滑轮的轻绳与物块Q相连，滑轮到P、Q的两段绳都是水平的。
已知Q与P之间以及P与桌面之间的动摩擦因数都是µ，两物块的质量都是m，轻绳与滑轮之间的摩擦不计，在水平向右的拉力F作用下，P向右做匀速运动，则F的大小为（）A、4µmgB、3µmgC、2µmgD、µmg11、如图所示，A、B是两个密闭的球形容器，C、D、E都是两端开口的玻璃管，它们与容器接口处紧密封接。
容器A、B和玻璃管D、E内盛有水，各水面高度差如图所示。
则E管内水面高出B容器水面的高度h应等于：（）A、0.5米B、1.0米C、1.5米D、2.5米12、A、B两物体质量相等，温度均为10℃，甲、乙两杯水质量相等，温度均为50℃，现将A放入甲杯，B放入乙杯，热平衡后，甲杯水温降低了4℃，乙杯水温降低了8℃，则A、B两种物理的比热容之比为（）A、2：3B、3：5C、4：9D、1：213、为研究影响保温瓶保温效果的因素，某同学在保温瓶中灌入热水，先测量初始水温，下列研究方案中符合控制变量方法的是（ ）A 、 若研究瓶内水量与保温效果的关系，可用序号2、4、6的数据。
B 、 若研究初始水温与保温效果的关系，可用序号1、2、3的数据。
C 、 若研究保温时间与保温效果的关系，可用序号4、5、6的数据。
D 、 若研究瓶内水量与保温效果的关系，可用序号1、3、5的数据。
14、如图所示，水池的宽度为L ，在水池右侧距离池底高度H 处有一激光束，水池内无水时恰好在水池的左下角产生一个光斑。
已知L=H ，现向水池内注水，水面匀速上升，则光斑（ ）A 、匀速向右移动，且移动速度小于水面上升的速度。
B 、匀速向右移动，且移动速度大于水面上升的速度。
C 、减速向右移动，但速度始终大于水面上升的速度。
D 、加速向右移动，但速度始终小于水面上升的速度。
15、在如图所示的电路中，电源电压保持不变，R 0、R 1和R 3均为定值电阻，R 2为滑动变阻器。
当R 2的滑片在a 端时，闭合电键S ，三个电表A 1、A 2和V 的示灵敏分别为I 1、I 2和U 。
现将R 2的滑片向b 端移动，则三个电表示数的变化情况是（ ）A 、I 1增大，I 2不变，U 增大。
B 、I 1减小，I 2增大，U 减小。
C 、I 1增大，I 2减小，U 增大。
D 、I 1减小，I 2不变，U 减小。
16、如图（a ）所示，在盛有水的圆筒形容器内，铁块甲放在木块乙上，木块乙浮在水面上，木块受的浮力为F ，水对容器底部的压强为P ，水面距容器底部的高度为h 。
现将甲取下并用轻绳系在乙的下方，如图（b ）所示，则（ ）A 、浮力F 减小。
B 、压强P 减小。
C 、高度h 减小。
D 、甲受到的合力减小。
17、地面某处发生一次爆炸，由于爆炸地点的上空有面积较大的浓云层，距离爆炸地点3千米处的某人先后听到两次爆炸声，时间相差6秒。
则可以估算出云层下表面距离地面的高度为（假设空气中的声速为31千米/秒） A 、1.5千米。
B 、2.0千米。
C 、2.5千米。
D 、3.0千米。
18、阻值都是R 的五个电阻连接如图所示，则A 、B 之间的等效电阻值为（ ）A 、0B 、RC 、2R D 、5RA B19、AB、BC、AC、AD、BD、CD六根阻值均为R的电阻线连接如图所示，则A、D 之间的等效电阻为（）A、2RB、RC、32RD、3R20、塔式起重机的结构如图所示，设机架重4×10牛，平衡块重2×10牛，轨道间的距离为4米。
当平衡块距离中心线OO’1米时，右侧轨道对轮子的作用力是左侧轨道对轮子作用力的2倍。
现起重机挂钩在距离中心线OO’10米处吊起重为105牛的重物时，把平衡块调节到距离中心线6米处，此时右侧轨道对轮子的作用力为（）A、1.5×105牛。
B、2.5×105牛。
C、3.5×105牛。
D、4.5×105牛。
21、如图所示，一块矩形玻璃砖切割成图中形状后拉开一段距离，平行于主光轴的光线从左面射入，则从最右边射出的光线（）A、可能是平行光线B、一定是发散光线C、一定是会聚光线D、可能是会聚光线，也可能是发散光线22、如图所示，面积较大的水池内水深为H，水面上浮着一边长为a、质量为m的正方体物块，物块的一半体积浸在水中。
现用力将木块缓慢地压入水中直到池底，则从木块刚好浸没水中开始到最终压在池底的过程中，池中水的能量增加了（）A、2mg(H-a)。
B、mg(H-a)。
C、mg(H-2a)。
D、2mg(H-2a)。
ACB23、如图所示，两平面镜OA、OB夹角为O，位于镜前P点的某人分别在OA、OB镜内看到自己像的个数为（）A、1；1B、2；1C、2；0D、1；024、如图所示，凸透镜竖直放置，凸透镜焦距为f，现有一点光源S在凸透镜左侧以凸透镜两倍焦距处为圆心，在经过主光轴的竖直平面内做顺时针圆周运动，直径为D，则f<D<2f，则在下列关于点光源所成像S’运动轨迹的各图中，正确的是（）A B C D第二部分一、2008年1月中旬以来，我国湖南、湖北、贵州、广西、江西和安徽等地遭遇了罕见的冰冻雨雪天气。
25、下列关于雪的说法中错误的是（）A、雪能够吸收所有的光线，所以看上去是白色的。
B、积雪能吸收声波，从而减少噪音产生的环境污染。
C、尚未开始融化的积雪对被覆盖物具有一定的保温作用。
D、积雪虽没有融化，也会由于升华而使积雪层变薄。
26、大雪严重影响了民航、铁路和高速公路等交通，为了尽快清除积雪，常用的办法是撒“融雪盐”，这是因为撒入冰雪中的“融雪盐”A、与少量水发生化学反应，产生的热量熔化周围的冰雪。
B、产生“保暖层”，使冰雪吸收足够“地热”而熔化。
C、溶入雪水中形成盐水，盐水熔点较低，从而加快冰雪的熔化。
D、增加冰雪对光线的吸收，从而加快冰雪的熔化。
27、积雪会造成简易厂房和集贸市场屋顶坍塌事故，新下的积雪密度约为0.1克/厘米3 ，一夜积雪厚度为10厘米，则家用轿车车顶雪的质量约为A、4千克。
B、40千克。
C、400千克。
D、4000千克。
28、灾害性天气频繁出现的一个重要根源是生态环境的严重破坏，如城市工业化的飞速发展导致大气中CO2含量增多，导致全球气温增高，即温室效应。
CO2对地面附近气温产生影响，主要是因为CO2（）A、吸收太阳光中的红外线。
B、吸收太阳光的热大于向地球外辐射的热。
C、吸收地面向外辐射的红外线。
D、吸收地面向外辐射的红外线，同时向地面辐射红外线。
二、嫦娥奔月是一个中国流传古老的神话故事。
“嫦娥一号”是中国的首颗绕月人造卫星，它实现了中国人奔月的千年梦想。
“嫦娥一号”运行在距月球表面200千米的圆形轨道上，计划绕月飞行一年。
29、发射“嫦娥一号”的时间是（）A、2007年9月10日。
B、2007年10月12日。
C、2007年10月24日。
D、2007年11月18日。
30、某中学的科技研究小组为太空工作站的宇航员设计了如图所示的四种电加热水壶。
其中合理的是（）A B C D31、我国曾成功发射地球同步气象卫星，卫星发送回地面的红外云图是由卫星上设置的具有接受云层辐射热的红外线传感器完成的，云图上的黑点密集度由辐射红外线的云层温度高低决定，这是利用了红外线的（）A、不可见性B、热效应C、穿透性D、化学效应32、我国已经成功发射了载人飞船和绕月卫星，登月将是中国人的一个新的梦想。
下列说法中错误的是（）A、“白天”，在地球上看到天空是亮的，而在月球上看到天空是暗的。
B、宇航员在月球上看到天空中星星是闪烁的。
C、由于没有空气，所以月球表面是寂静的。
D、宇航员登月时必须穿宇航服，因为宇航服具有防止辐射、调节温度和提供氧气等功能。
33、飞机在赤道上方由西向东匀速飞行，不考虑光线在大气中的折射，下列说法正确的是（）A、乘客看到“日出”时，飞机正下方地面上的人过一会儿才能看到，乘客看到“日落”时，飞机正下方地面上的人已经提前看到了。