2003年全国医学考博英语真题

’ Part IIVocabulary (10%) Section A Directions : In this section all the sentences are incomplete, beneath each ofwhich are four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can best completes the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET .31. Sometimes you can get quite _____ when you are trying to communicate with someone in English. A. frustrated B. depressed C. approved D. distracted32. The company has ______ itself to a policy of equal opportunity for all. A. promised B. committed C. attributed D. converted33. I haven ’t met anyone ____ the new tax plan. A. in honor of B. in search of C. in place of D. in favor of 34. Salk won _____ as the scientist who developed the world ’s firsteffective vaccine against polio. A. accomplishmentB. qualificationC. eminenceD. patent 35. This software can be ____ to the needs of eachcustomer. A. tailored B. administratedC. entailedD. accustomed 36.The average commercial business can shut down in such an emergency but a hospital doesn t dare, for lives are ____. A. in circulation B. under consideration C. on hand D. at stake 37.As we need plain,____food for the body,so we must have serious reading for the mind. A. wholesome B. diet C. tasteful D. edible 38. He never gave much thought to the additional kilograms he had ____ lately. A. shown up B. piled up C. put on D. taken on 39.The teacher tried hard to read ____ handwriting in her student s test papers.A. irregularB. illiterateC. illegibleD. irrational 40.A coronary disease is the widely-used term ____insufficiency of bloodsupply to the heart.A. denotingB. donatingC. relatingD. resorting42. Drinking water in many areas of the developing world is contaminated withbacteria. A. purified B. multiplied C. tainted D. blended43. One of the most noticeable features of U.S. society is the diversity of itspeople. A. liberty B. democracy C. varietyD. origin44. The controversy about abortion has been going on in the United States for more than twenty years. A. resentment B. consensus C. notion D. dispute45. As human settlement advance, the tropical forests are retreating and becoming smaller every year. A. retrieving B. sprawling C. consuming D. withdrawing46. The war ’s impact on the population of the country was catastrophic. A. influential B. disastrous C. apparent D. critical 47. His physician told him not to take too much of the drug because it wasvery potent.A. bitterB. irritantC. effectiveD. powerful48. Certain drugs can cause transient side effects, such assleepiness.A. permanentB. residualC. irreversibleD. fleeting49. Nervous illness may stem from being treated inconsiderately inchildhood.A. complain ofB. give rise toC. originate inD. dominate overSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phraseunderlined,beneath which are four words or phrases.Choose the word orphrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstitutedfor the underlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET. 41. Humans are using upthe world s natural riches at an alarming rate. A. appalling B. appealingC. alertD. abnormal50. Both a person’s heredity and his surroundings help to shape his character.A. formB. correctC. modifyD. improvePart ⅢCloze （10%）Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D listed on the rightside. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.51. A. pay offThere were red faces at one of B. pay upBritain’s biggest banks recently. They C. pay forhad accepted a telephone order to buy D. pay out$100,000 worth of shares from afifteen-old schoolboy(they thought he 52. A. principlewas twenty-one).The shares fell in value B. criterionand the schoolboy was unable to __51__. C. customThe bank lost $20,000 on the D. deal__52__ that it cannot get backbecause, for one thing, this young 53. A. to bespeculator does not have the money and, B. having beenfor another, __53__ under eighteen, he is C. beingnot legally liable for his debts. If the D. isshares had risen in value by the sameamount that they fell, he would have 54. A. profitpocketed $20,000 __54__. Not bad for a B. advantagefifteen-year-old. It certainly is better than C. benefit__55__ the morning newspaper. In D. commissionanother recent case, a boy of fourteenfound, in his grandfather’s house, a 55. A. sendingsuitcase full of foreign banknotes. The B. transmittingclean, crisp, banknotes looked very C. deliveringD. dispatching全国医学博士外语统一考试第9页共22页_56_ but they were now not used in their country of origin or anywhere else. This young boy _57_ straight to the nearest bank with his pockets filled with notes. The cashiers did not realize that the country in _58_ had reduced the value of its currency by 90%.they exchanged the notes at their face value at the current exchange rate. In three days, before he was found out, he took $200,000 from nine different banks._59_, he had already spend more than half of this on taxi-rides, restaurant meals, concert tickets and presents for his many new girlfriends (at least he was generous!) before the police caught up with him. Because he is also under eighteen the banks have _60_ a lot of money, and several cashiers have lost their jobs. 56. A. convincingB. valuableC. unusualD. priceless57. A. cameB. pulledC. headedD. pushed58. A. problemB. questionC. talkD. saying59. A. InterestinglyB. UnfortunatelyC. ParticularlyD Amazingly60. A. kissed goodbye toB. got rid ofC. lived up toD. made up forPart ⅣReading Comprehension (30%) Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marled A,B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choicein the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIn a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence. Without the vast advances made by chemists, physicists, biologists, geologists, and other diligent scientists, our全国医学博士外语统一考试第10页共22页standards of living would decline, our flourishing, wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer from disease that could not be cured. As a society we ignorantly take advantage of the amenities provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminably without them.Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the vaccines created by doctors, disease such as polio, measles, hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to our citizens, for although some of these diseases may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease.In addition, science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring, vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine, our world could exist, but the conveniences brought into life by the computer are unparalleled.Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations, it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For instance, the light bulb, electricity, the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples of our society; however, they were not present until scientists discovered them.Because of the contribution of scientists, our world is ever metamorphosing, and this metamorphosis economically and personally comprises our society, whether our society is cognizant of this or not.61. In the first paragraph the author implies that weA. would not survive without scienceB. take the amenities of science for grantedC. could have raised the standards of living with scienceD. would be free of disease because of scientific advances62. The author uses health care and vaccines to illustrateA. how science has been developedB. what science means to societyC. what the nature of science isD. how disease affects society63. Nothing, according to the author, can match the invention of the computer interms ofA.powerB. noveltyC. benefitsplexity64.The author seems to be unhappy about __________.A.people s ingnorance of their cultureB.people s ignoring the amenities of scienceC.people s making no contributions to societyD.people s misunderstanding of scientific advances65. The author s tone in the passage is ________.A.critiealB.cognizant’ ’’ ’’ Passage TwoBiotechnology is expected to bring important advances in medical diagnosisand therapy, in solving food problems, in energy saving, in environmentallycompatible industrial and agricultural production, and in specially targeted environmental protection projects. Genetically altered microorganisms can break down a wide range of pollutions by being used, for example, in bio-filters andwastewater-treatment facilitiee, and in the clean-up of polluted sites. Genetically modified organisms can also alleviate environmental burdens by reducing the needfor pesticides,fertilizers, and medications. Sustainability,as a strategic aim, involves optimizing the interactions between nature, society, and the economy, in accordance with ecological criteria. Politicalleaders and scientists alike face the challenge of recognizing interrelationships and interactions between ecological, economic, and social factors and taking account of these factors when seeking solution strategies. Tomeet this challenge, decision-makers require interdisciplinary approaches and strategies that cut across political lines. Environmental discussions must become more objective, and this includes, especially, debates about the risks of new technologies, which areoften ideologically charged. In light of the complex issues involved in sustainable development, we need clearer standards for orienting and assessing our environmental policies.Sustainabledevelopment can succeed only if all areas of the political sector,of society,and of science accept the concept and work together to implement it.Acommon basicunderstanding of environmental ethics is needed to ensure that protection of the natural foundation of life becomes a major consideration inall political and individual action.A dialogue among representatives ofall sectors of society is needed if appropriate environmental ploicies are tobe devised and implemented.66. Biotechnology_________.A.can help save energy and integrate industry andagriculture B.can rid humans of diseases and solve food problemsC.cantreat pollution and protect environment D.all of the above 67.Wastewatercan be treated________. A.in genetic engineeringB.by means of biotechnologyC.in agriculture aswell as in industry D.withoutthe need for breaking down pollutants 68.When he says approaches and strategies that cut across political lines ,theauthor means that they________.A.involve economic issuesB.observe ecological criteriaC.are politically significantD.overcome political barriers 69. It can be inferred from the passage that the complexity of sustainable development_______. A.makes it necessary to improve the assessing standards B.renders environmental discussion possible C.charges new technologies risks D .requires simplification 70.The success of sustainable development lies in________. A.its concept to beB.good social teamworkC.appropriate environmental policiesD. the representatives of all sectors of societyPassage ThreePeople from around the world flock to the United States excepting to find a better life. But to scientist’s surprise, a growing body of evidence indicates that increasing familiarity with U.S. culture and society renders immigrants and their children for more susceptible to many mental and physical ailments, even if they attain financial success.The latest study of this phenomenon, directed by epidemiologist William A. V ega of the University of Texas, San Antonio, finds much higher rates of major depression, substance abuse, and other mental disorders in U.S. -born Mexican-Americans compared with both recent and long-standing Mexican-Americans. This pattern held regardless of education or income levels.V ega’s results appear at the same time as the release of a national report on declining physical and mental health in children of immigrant families. A panel convened by the national research council and the institute of medicine, both in Washington, D.C., reviewed previous studies and concluded that assimilation into a U.S. lifestyle may undermine the overall health of immigrant children much more than being poor dose.In contrast, studies of nonimmigrant us residents usually link poverty to poor physical and mental health.“The material on immigrant health shocked me when we first reviewed it,”says panel member Arthus M. Kleinman, a psychiatrist and anthropologist at Harvard Medical School in Boston. “V ega’s study is consistent with the panel’s conclusion that immigrants’health deteriorates with assimilation to U..S. society, declining toward general U.S. norms,”says Kleinman. Other studies have indicated that citizens of many countries, including Mexico, are healthier overall than US citizens.V ega’s team interviewed 3,012 adults of Mexican origin, ages 18-59, living in Fresno County, Calif. Of that number, 1,810 people identified themselves as immigrants. Interviews were in English or Spanish. Interviewers expressed an interesting in health issues only and tried to minimize any tendency of participants to lie—due to US residency concerns---about having immigrated.Nearly one-half of U.S.-born Mexican-Americans had suffered from at least one of 12 psychiatric disorders at some time in their lives, compared with only one-quarter of immigrants. Common mental conditions in U..S.-born individualsincluded major depression, phobias and other anxiety disorders, and substance abuseand dependence.Prevalence rates for mental disorders were lowest for those who had immigrated within the past 13 years .The higher rates found among immigrants of 13or more years still fell considerably below those for the native-born group.71.V ega s group was surprised to find worse physical and mental health in________.A.both recent and long –standing Mexican-American immigrantsB.the immigrants who received fewer years of educationC.the financially disadvantaged immigrantsD.U.S.-born Mexican-American72.The scientists found that the immigrants declining physical and mental healthis linked to________.A.being reluctant to assimilate into the U.S. lifestyleB.blending with U.S. culture and societyC.working hard for a better lifeD.being poor’’73.V ega andKleinman__________.A. are divided over thephenomenonB. ascribe the phenomenon to racial discriminationC. puzzle over the phenomenonD. seem to see eye to eye on the phenomenon 74.V ega ’s team interviewed theimmigrants___________. A. for their U.S.residencyconcerns B. for their identifications C. for their health issues D. all of theabove75.Which of the following groups is least susceptible tomental disorders? A. The U.S.-born Mexican –AmericansB. The immigrants of 13 or more yearsC. The immigrantsof financial success D. The immigrants of less than 13 years. assage our Rain is not what it used to be.A new study reveals that much of theprecipitation in Europe contains such high levels of dissolved pesticides that it would be illegal to supply it as drinking water.Studies in Switzerland have found that rain is laced with toxic levels of atrazine, regularly exceeded in rain, ”says Stephan Muller,a chemist at the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf.The chemicals appear to have evaporated from fields and become part of the clouds.Both the European Union and Switzerland have set a limit of 100nanogramsfor any particular pesticide of drinking water.But ,especially in the first minutes of a heavy storm, rain can contain much more than that. In a study to be published by Muller and his colleague Thomas Bucheli inAnalytical Chemistry this summer,one sample of rainwater contained almost 4000 nanograms per liter of 2,4-dinitrophenol,a widely used pesticide.Previously,the authors had shown that in rain samples taken from 41storms,nine contained morethan 100 nanograms of atrazine per liter, one of them around 900 nanograms.In the latest study,the highest concentrations of pesticides turned up in the firstrain after a ling dry spell,particularly when local fields had recently been sprayed,Until now,scientists had assumed that the pesticides only infiltrated groundwater directly from fields. Muller warns that the growing practice of using rainwater that falls onto roofsto recharge underground water may be adding to be danger.This water oftencontains dissolved herbicides that had been added to roofing materials,such as bitumen sheets,to prevent vegetation growing.He suggests that the first flush of rain should be diverted into sewers to minimize the pollution of drinking water ,which isnot usually treated to remove these herbicides and pesticides.76.According to the Swedish scientists, the pesticides in rain__________. A.exceed those in crop sprays B.can be traced back to crop spraysC.are not as toxic as they used to beD.are nothing but atrazine and alachlor 77. Muller and Bucheli found that 2,4-dinitrophenol_________. A. is widely used in agricultureB. exceeded atrazine in the rain samplesC. can be measured in the units of nanogramsD. was far in excess of limit in drinking water78.Scientists used to hypothesize that________.A. groundwater was sage for drinking waterB. herbicides and pesiticides were harmlessC. pesticides contaminated groundwater of drinking waterD. rain would minimize the pollution of drinking water79.Muller warns us not_________.A. to tap groundwater for drinking waterB. to use such roofing materials as bitumen sheetsC. to let the first flush of rain recharge underground waterD. to divert the first flush of rain into sewers without removing itsherbicides and pesticides80.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Drinking WaterB. Rainwater and Underground WaterC. Agriculture and PesticidesD. Falling Pesticides.Passage FiveFolk wisdom holds that the blind can hear better than people with sight. Scientists have a new reason to believe it.Research now indicates that blind and sighted people display the same skill at locating a sound’s origin when using both ears, but some blind people can home in on sounds more accurately than their sighted counterparts when all have one ear blocked. Canadian scientists described the work in the Sept. 17 NATURE.Participants in the study were tested individually in a sound-insulated room. They faced 16 small, concealed loudspeakers arrayed in a semicircle a few feet away. With a headrest keeping their heads steady, the participants pointed to the perceived origins of the sounds.The researchers tested eight blind people, who had been completely sightless from birth or since a very early age. They also tested three nearly blind persons, who had some residual vision at the periphery of their gaze; seven sighted people wearing blindfolds;and29sighted people without blindfolds.All participants were tested beforehand to ensure that their hearing was normal.When restricted to one-ear,or monaural, listening, four of the eight blind people identified sound sources more accurately than did the sighted people, says study co-author Michel Pare,a neuroscientist at the University of Montreal.The sighted people showed especially poor localization of sounds from the speakers on the side of the blocked ear.In sighted people who can hear with both ears, “the brain learns to rely on binaural〔stereo〕cues.These data suggest that blind people haven t learned that and Keep monaural cues as the dominant cues,”says Eric I.Knudsen,a neurobiologist at Stanford University School of Medicine, “I find it surprising.”81. One thing is sure that participants in the study__________.A.had normal hearingB.were born blindC.wore blindfoldsD.were divided into two groups’ 82. Under what conditions, according to Pare ,did the blind testees perform betterthan their sighted counterparts? A When both used one ear. B When the speakers were concealed. C. When the sounds were tuned down. D. When both were restricted to blindfolds. 83. Knudsen explained the better hearing on the part of the blind in terms of _________. A cognitive psychology B visual images C binaural cues D monaural cues 84. The Canadian scientists did their test to answer the question whether __________. A. the blind can hear as well as the sighted B. the blind have hearing capabilities C. blind people track sounds better D. folk wisdom iseducational. 85. What Folk wisdom holds in thepassage . A. was scientifically tested in Canada and U.S., with differentresults Produced B. has bean scientifically verified C. merits further investigation D. is surprising to everyone Passage Six “I got cancer in my prostrate.” Detective Andy Sipowicz of the fictional 15th Precinct, a stoic, big bear of a man, is clearly in a world of pain in a 1998 episode ofNYPD Blue. The story line deals not only with cancer but also with medical screw-ups, hospital indignities, and physician arrogance. The malapropism (Andy, of course, meant “prostate ”) is about the only medical detail the show got wrong-and it was deliberate, in keeping with Sipowicz ’s coarse but tenderhearted character. Television,which can still depict death as an event akin to fainting, is beginning to try harder to get its health information right.And a handful of foundations and consultants are working toget the attention of writers, producers, and assorted Hollywood moguls, trying to convince them that, in the area of medicine, the truthis as compelling asfiction. The stakes are high. Surveys show asurprising number of Americans get much of their basic health information not from their doctors, not eves from newspapers or news magazines, but from entertainment television. A survey by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that among people who watch soap operas at least twice a week-more than 38 million people-about half learned something about disease and its prevention from the daytime serials. Some 7 percent actually visited a doctor because of something they viewed. Certain television shows are naturals for health education. The ClintonAdministration has been quick so recognize the potency of the entertainment media as a health promoter. Secretary Donna Shalala, whose Department of Health and Human Services educates the public through traditional brochures and public serviceensure accuracy. “Entertainment television reaches the hearts and minds of millions of Americans,”she told U.S.News. “In recent years,I lave challenged television talk-show hosts,writers,and producers--as professionals,parents and citizens-to use this incredible power to help Americans get accurate public health information.”86. The story line “I got cancer in my prostrate” is intented to achieve a(n)________effect.A. amusingB. seriousC. puzzlingD. saddening87. The word malapropism in the first paragraph can be defined as________A. an improper scene in a showB. a significant detail of a storyC. a wrong use of a wordD. an interesting plot88. We can infer from the passage that__________A. TV shows must take into consideration the public health consequencesB. viewers of TV shows can distinguish between fiction and truthC. the TV staff are conscientiously responsible for the quality of their showsD. entertainment can be pursued at the cost of accuracy89. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage ?A. TV shows are often misleading in medical detailsB. TV’s role as a health promoter is already recognized.C. Official support is available for TV’s efforts to be scientific and accurateD. Entertainment is justified in making up absurd stories.90. The author would be in favor of .A. absurd but entertaining TV showsB. mixing medicine and entertainmentC. medical documentaries on TVD. a divorce between science and entertainment,。