英语写作讲义
英语写作1学生讲义week 2-5
2nd week1. Identify the errors in manuscript form in the following paragraph from a paper. Explain the errors in the spaces below.“ the trouble with perfectionists”Of all kinds of people, perfectionists bother me the most. They want to get thins right; that is admirable. They are certainly not like a lot of people who just do not care about their jobs or anything else. But once you get to know a perfectionist, you will feel the same as I.2. Specific and General Words.Classroom Activities one:Read the following sentences, underline the general words in them and see how you can add power to them by replacing the general words with specific ones.Vague -----when I was young, we moved from one area to another.Revised ------ when I was eight years old, we move from Detroit to Ohio.V-----the patient’s wound was treated.V-----your relative is nice to me.V-----John is a good student.Here are some suggestions to help you choose concrete and specific words.a)Use the most specific word you can to describe something. eg: you can use German shepherd instead of dog, usetulips(郁金香) instead of flowers; use Boeing 747 instead of plane; use Uncle Tom instead a relative; use a bad headache instead of sick; use Gone with the Wind i n stead of a book; and use 17 degrees below zero instead of very cold.b)Verbs are among the most expressive words in language;. Using a verb that most vividly describes an action canbring a sentence to life.Weak verbs---- the man did badly in front of a large audience.Revised ----- the man panicked(恐慌) in front of a large audience.W----I don’t care for noodles and choose not to eat them.W----the boy walked into the classroomc)use words that are clear and appropriate for the topic. Don’t use words that aren’t common in conversation, andin particula r, don’t chose big words to impress the readers rather that to communicate ideas clearly.Big verbs------ John displayed an element of delight over the acquisition of a stereo system of unquestionable quality.Revised ---- John was thrilled to buy a high-quality stereo system.B---- my eyesight is getting worse.B----those lately purchased chairs that rock to and fro were of a very steep price.d)whenever possible, show the readers something instead of telling them about it.Telling ----Myrtle has a good sense of humor.Revised:----Myrtle loves to tell funny stories about her childhood and to play practical jokes on her friends.T----the math test was easy.T----Matthew put up a good fight against the bully. Bully(欺凌弱小者)Classroom Activities Two:Classroom Activities ThreeNow can you make the following narration more concrete?It was fine last weekend, so we went to the countryside and had a good time. We saw many things and people there. And we had a wonderful time.3. Textbook P19-20. Idiomatic expression V.S. Chinglish1) Avoid Literal translationHis body is very healthyHe only said a few sentences. He made us very disappointed.His two eyes are blind.Please help us to propagate this new product. （请帮我们宣传一下这个新产品）He is self-concerned and individualistic. (他遇事总是先想着自己，真是太个人主义了)2) Collocation4. Input reading materialsThe PresentIt was the old lad y’s birthday.She got up early to be ready for the post. From the second floor flat she could see the postman when he came down the street, and the t little boy from the ground floor brought up her letters on the rare occasions when anything came.Today she was sure there would be something. Myra wouldn’t forget her mother’s birthday, ev en if she seldom wrote at other times. Of course Myra was busy. Her husband had been made Mayor, and Myra herself had got a medal for her work for the aged.The old lady was proud of Myra, but Enid was the daughter she loved. Enid had never married, but had seemed content to live with her mother, and teach in a primary school round the corner.One evening, however, Enid said, “I’ve arranged for Mrs. Morrison to look after you for a few days, mother. Tomorrow I have to go into hospital ----- just a m inor operation. I’ll soon be home.”In the morning she went, but never came back----- she died on the operating table. Myra came to the funeral, and in her efficient way arranged for Mrs. Morrison to come in and light the fire and give the old lady her breakfast.Two years ago that was, and since then Myra had been to see her mother three times, but her husband never.The old lady was eighty today. She had put on her best dress. Perhaps---perhaps Myra might come. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at.Even if Myra did not come, she would send a present. The old lady was sure of that. Two spots of color brightened her cheeks. She was excited ---like a child. She would enjoy her day.Yesterday Mrs. Morrison had given the flat an extra clean, and today she had brought a card and a bunch of marigolds when she came to do the breakfast. Mrs. Grant downstairs had made a cake, and in the afternoon she was going down there to tea. The little boy, Johnnie, had been up with packet of mints, and said he wouldn’t go out to play until the post had come.“ I guess you’ll get lots and lots of presents,” he said. “I did last week when I was six.”“What would she like? A pair of slippers perhaps. Or a new cardigan. A cardigan would be lovely. Blue’s such a pretty color. Jim had always liked her in blue. Or a table lamp. Or a book, a travel book, with pictures, or a little clock, with clear black numbers. So many lovely things.She stood by the window, watching. The postman turned round the corner on his bicycle. Her heart beat fast. Johnnie had seen him too and ran to the gate.Then clatter, clatter up the stairs. Johnnie knocked at her door.“Granny, granny,” he shouted, “I’ve got your post.”He gave her four envelopes. Three were unsealed cards from old friends. The fourth was sealed, in Myra’s writing. The old lady felt a pang of disappointment.“N o parcel, Johnnie?”///“No, G ranny.”Maybe the parcel was too large to come by letter post. That was it. It would come later by parcel post. She must be patient.Almost reluctantly she tore the envelope open. Folded in the card was a piece of paper. Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday---buy yourself something nice with the cheque, Myra and Harold.The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it up. Her present,her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits.5．Writing Task 1) Describe an incident happened in your life, and apply the principle of choosing specific and concrete words. 2) Read from P20 to P21, synonyms3rd Week1. Check Reading Task2. Meaning of Words :Denotation Meaning and Connotative Meaning:I am slender/slim /// my sister is thin. /// my neighbor is skinny.I am plump. /// my sister is fat. /// my neighbor is obese.I am firm /// my sister is stubborn /// my neighbor is pig-headed.Many words have powerful political, sexist, or other social overtones. Because they may cause misunderstanding when used in the unsuitable situation, writers must be certain of their connotations before they decide to choose them.AttitudeIn all kinds of writing, the words you choose may do more than inform. The selection of a word often reveals how your feel about your subject, whether you are please, angry, critical or admiring.Classroom activities one:Classroom activities two:Fill in the blanks with words in the above table:1)He has the most _______ distinction of having written speeches which were effective when delivered.2)Many of the managing posts are filled up by ________ people only because they happen to have the habit of orderingpoor people about.3)I was _______ by your invitation to come to this party.4)He thought his landlady was a mean ________.5)Hurray! End of my single life! Not an old and bad-tempered _________any more!Classroom activities three:Can you detect in the following pairs of sentences how the writer’s attitude changes from the first sentence to the second one? Point out the words that indicate the change.1)Jerry nagged at me to walk the dog.Jerry reminded me to walk the dog.2)Gloria was tall and bony. As she left, she hung a fur jacket around her shoulders.Gloria was tall and slender. As she left, she draped a fur jacket round her shoulders.3)Grandmother said Dad was a mama’s boy all his life.Grandmother said Dad was a devoted son all his life.4. Input ReadingDealing with AIDSDealing with AIDS strengthens the bond of friendship, encourages emotional and mature growth. Before the sixteenth of October 1995, I was the most carefree person in the world. I had no worries and was just living life up. I never thought that anything bad could happen to me or my friends. We were invincible. That is, until the word AIDS came into my life. For 10 years David and I were the best of friends. Then we got to high school and things started to change. We were in different classes, so we didn’t hang out as much. It bothered me but I thought that we were both just growing up, and therewere more friends where he came from. Then I began to notice that he wasn’t in school a lot, and was sick more than usual. So I called him and he hung up on me. I didn’t know what to do, so once again I blew it off. Then one day I was David in the mall and I confronted him as to why we were not friends anymore. He pulled me aside and broke down in tears and said that he was dying. I didn’t believe him. Sure, I had heard about AIDS, but that it was a homosexual disease and it didn’t affect young people, so said that it was a sick joke and left.When I got home, things started to make sense. I ran to my room and cried. David was only 17; he couldn’t die. Then I felt so bad that we had grown so far apart. I called David, asking him to come over so we could talk. When he came over I saw a seriousness in him that I had never seen before. He look so old, too old for his age. I asked how it happened. David had had unprotected sex once and now had to pay with his life. I was so angry. I have never felt so powerless in my whole life. When things had gone wrong before this, I could always rely on my parents to make things better. There was nothing that they could do this time. I had to handle it all on my own.David and I became very close again, and it seemed that I was the only one there for him. David made the decision to tell people about his disease. There was no use in hiding it; sooner or later people would find out. People looked at him as if he had a plague, and our friends from school wanted nothing to do with him. Soon after that they wanted nothing to do with me. All of a sudden I felt that I had the disease. I didn’t know what to do. My whole life was changing so fast that I could keep up. Once again I was growing up and realized that our friendship meant everything to me. Also, I couldn’t turn my back on him when he needed me the most. So I stuck it out and lost most of my friends. The ones that still talked with me didn’t come too close in fear that they would catch the disease. The thing was, I didn’t even have AIDS, so why did my friends treat me like this? I was being treated this way because teenagers are not used to dealing with situations like this, and don’t know how to react. So how could I blame them since I would have done the same thing? As time went on, David became very ill. There was nothing that I could do but watch him die. David found out that he had full blown AIDS, This to me meant death was sure to come and all too quickly. I wasn’t ready to let him die, not yet anyway. There was so many things that I wanted to do and say, but I couldn’t find the words. I went to doctor after doctor with him, and saw him go through so much. Everyone said that I must keep a position attitude for his sake, because attitude means everything. So, in times of stress I was the one that had to keep thins together. I pushed all my emotions aside and was strong for him.My mom had had a trip planned for the whole family for some time now, and still wanted to go. She thought that the trip would do me good; she said that I was not the one that was dying. I couldn’t believe that she said that to me, but to make her happy I went. We were gone for 2 weeks, and when I came back the first thing I did was go to see David. That was when I saw AIDS for the first time. I didn’t even recognize him. David had lost weight, had purple lesions all over his body, and was very pale. He couldn’t even get up when he saw me. He was bedridden. I still had to be the strong one and keep everything in. I had brought him stuff from the ocean, his favorite place. We talked about my trip and anything else we could think of. Then he fell asleep because he could no longer stay awake for long periods of time.On the second of May 1996, David was put in the hospital. This gave him the feeling that there was no more hope left, that he was going die, I still had to maintain my positive outlook for him. He needed that in me. One day he looked at me and said. “Faye I am dying; let’s accept that and deal with it. I know what I did was wrong and now I have to deal with it. All I want you to do is to remember me, enjoy life and be careful.” For the first time in front of him, I cried. I knew that it wouldn’t be long before he was gone forever. He shouldn’t have to deal with this at such a young age.Towards the end of May he became so sick that the hospital staff had a bubble around him, so he wouldn’t catch our bad germs. I hated to see him like that, and every day it became worse. I had come to realize that any day now he would die. At night I would wonder if he would make it through. School was over now, so I spent every hour I could in the hospital. He was everything to me. If felt bad for the times that we had los and how I wasn’t even going to fight for our friendship.The fifth of June, 1996 marked the end of my best friend David’s life. He went peacefully. That was a comfort all in its own. In a way I was glad it was over, for he was no longer in pain. All the emotions that I had held in came rushing out as I realized that I would never see David again. His mother said that I had kept him alive and that she was grateful that I was her son’s last friend. It hasn’t been a year yet, but I have done so much since then that I am no longer that carefree teenager. I now educate people about AIDS which to me is keeping David’s memory alive. Even though David is gone, heis still with me and always will be, in mind and spirit.5. Writing Task My Family (apply the principle of choosing specific and concrete words.)6. Reading Task Read from P17-184th WeekCockroach ConflictBefore coming to Xiamen University, I had never seen so many people living in one room, let alone cockroaches, the number of which is even greater. So our dormitory is always overcrowded. Fights between us eight girls and those small ugly-looking dark creatures are continually breaking out.I still remember my first encounter with cockroaches. It was deep in the night. All of my roommates had fallen into a sound sleep except me, for I had some clothes to wash. When I came back and opened the door, I heard a strange noise, faint abut clear. I looked towards the source of the noise. To my horror, I saw a small shadow at the tip of a bed pole, with two spots glittering in the dark. It could only be a cockroach. With the help of the dim light from the corridor, I confirmed my assumption. The cockroach was conducting his “beetle band” playing beetle music for their beetle party. I did not like this. So I quietly picked up a book and tiptoed to the pole. Holding my breath, I tried hard not to make any noise. Then, close enough, I slowly lifted up the book. “hit it!”I cried in silence. But unfortunately, I missed. It seemed that the cockroach had been ready for my attack. Before my book reached him, he had run away. The whole band scattered out of sight in a second.This is only one scene of the numerous fights that went on. We, the two masters of the dorm, live under the same roof, breathe the same air, and sometimes even share the same food. But we live a totally upside-down life from each other. During the day, they enjoy a sound sleep in corners; when the night falls, they wake up. They may run a 100-meter-race on the table, have a picnic in the plastic bag where food is kept, “read” some books or even fall in love with each other and have many babies. To the cockroaches, all this is fantastic. But for us it is a disaster. Every night we are disturbed in our sleep, and from time to time we wake up only to find our books rag-eared, food nibbled, candy boxes decorated with their excrement, or even a cockroach walking on your bed…Oh God! How can a girl bear this? So whenever this happens, a fight is unavoidable. We use pesticide, beat them or tread on them, trying to get rid of these nuisances. But somehow they just become more agile, “read” more books and have more children in return.Even now, the fights are continuing. There seems to be no effective ways for us to wipe out our enemy. As a result, we have to live in a continual fight with them, day after day. Who would be our savior?Meaning of Words :Classroom Activities OneThe following three excerpts are taken from different types of business writing. Please answer the questions after reading. a. What is the style of each excerpt? Is it formal, informal, or colloquial? Mark the words that give you the impression. b. What is the possible relationship between the writer and target reader of each excerpt? Are they colleagues or a superior and subordinate? Or are they friends?Excerpt 1I think your proposal to Smith and Sons is great. If we get the contract, I owe you a lunch! I’ve marked a couple of places where we could cover ourselves on the schedule. See what you think.Except 2I think your proposal to Smith and Sons is excellent. I have marked a couple of places for your consideration where we could ensure that we are not committing ourselves to schedule we might not be able to keep. If I can help in any other way, please let me know.Excerpt 3The Smith and Sons’ proposal appears complete and thorough, based on our department’s evaluation. Several small revisions, however, would ensure that Acme is not committing itself to an unrealistic schedule. These are marked on the copy of the report being circulated.Specific features that distinguish informal and formal English P286-2911)Contractions likes don’t, mustn’t, he’s,I’ve, etc, are generally used in informal writing. In formal writing the fullforms are preferred: do not, must not, etc.2)for indefinite reference you is often used informal English while one is often used in formal English.You never know what new measures the President will take.One never knows what new measures the President will take.3)In informal English who can be used instead of whom as an object in questions.Who (Whom) did you see in that room?Who is the secretary talking with?With whom is the secretary talking? (Formal)4)In informal English that can often be left out before an object clause, especially after verbs of saying or thinking, e.g.She said (that) she would come. He told me (that) he liked the house.5)in informal style they is often used as a pronoun referring to everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone,anybody, no one, nobody, e.g.Has everyone finished doing their exercises?6)when the subject is I or he( she, it), was can be used in stead of were in the subjunctive mood in informal style:The old lady treated him as if he was her own son.I wish he was here with us.7)Participial phrases are generally used in formal style:Having been warned of the impending(即将发生的) storm, the captain decided to put off the voyage.When the captain heard a storm was coming, he decided to put off the voyage.( less formal)Badly defeated in the match, the team returned in low spirits.The team was badly defeated in the match, and they returned in low spirits. (less formal)She decided to go home at once, knowing that her mother was anxiously waiting for her.She decided to go home at once. She knew her mother was anxiously waiting for her. (less formal)8)Nominative absolute constructions are generally used in formal style:The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.As the weather was fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. (less formal)9)Adjectival and adverbial phrases placed before the subject often make the sentence formal:A famous professor of biology, Dr. Jones was the new president of the university.Eager to finish the work, he continued to do it until midnight.10)parenthetical remarks often make a sentence formal:This village has built, in less than ten years, several small factories that bring in more income than the farm produce every year.He shaved very slowly and carefully, as was his custom, in front of the mirror above the sink.All the people present------ Chairman Smith, Professor Brown, James and Williams, and the secretary----supported the motion. (动议)11)A series of nouns, verbs, or adjectives may make a sentence sound formal:His anger prevented him from doing, saying, and listening to anything.She has experienced love and hate, grief and happiness.12)the following types of sentences are often used in formal style:long sentences; compound-complex sentences; sentences with parallel constructions;balanced sentences; and periodic sentences. Passive voice.Eg: She decided to study English though she was interested in music.Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.The main idea of both sentences is the fact that she decided to study English. The idea is put at the beginning of the first sentence and at the end of the second, thus making one a loose sentence and the other a periodic one. Besides, the first part of the first sentence is complete in structure, but that of the second is only an adverbial clause and cannot be called a sentence without the second part.13)As for vocabulary, everyday words are mainly of Anglo Saxon origin, while words of Greek, French and Latin originsare mostly formal or learned words ( see chapter two, p17-18). It would be helpful, when you learn a formal word, to remember an informal word with the same or nearly the same meaning, for example:不正式（informal ）正式(formal)so therefore, consequently, accordinglybut howeververy extremelydeep profoundlucky fortunateenough sufficientend terminateraise elevatesame identicallearned erudite14)Phrasal verbs are colloquial and often used in conversational style.Go on continuelook into investigate15)Shortened words like photo, ad, bike, gym, prep and pop are commonly used in everyday conversation. They are notoften used in formal writing.16)Slang words and expressions are often too casual and informal to be used in formal writing.Slang commonMighty very, extremelyNeat, cool fine, pleasantIn hot water in troubleMake a hit succeed in doing something17)use concrete words and expressions: avoid vague or imprecise terms, eg. Avoid bit, thing, stuff, etc.4. WritingTask: Rewrite the following passage by using formal English.Studying AbroadMany of our best students are going abroad nowadays to study. Why do they go? We have very good universities and colleges in our own country. Our teachers know our local situation, and so what they teach is relevant to local problems.When our students go abroad, they meet many problems. They find that their teachers know nothing about the countries from which they come. As a result our students learn a lot of useless information. Sometimes they are confused because the foreign teachers tell them things which are different from what they learned at home.Our students have to study in a foreign language. Therefore they have language problems. Whatgood is studying in English if they are going to work in their own language when they come back?There is also the question of cost. It is very expensive to send a student to study abroad. Because of this our government has less money to spend on education at home. In my opinion, it would be better to spend the money on improving our own colleges and universities.Finally, our students come back with many immoral ideas. For this reason studying abroad is corrupting our culture and way of life. I think this is disastrous. So, I believe that students should stay at home to study and not go abroad.5th Week1. Comments on Students’ Writing My FamilyWhen I think back through good memories of my life, most of them are in some way associated with my family. Family is the one constant that has always been a part of me, my rock against the storms of life. I can’t imagine life without my Mom and Dad, and I hope they’re around for a long, long time.The one thing my folks always had for me, as well as for my brother, was time. I was on a swim team from the time I was ten years old through high school, and I don’t ever remember them missing one of my meets. They were always there rooting me on, congratulating me when I did well and consoling me when I did poorly. It was the same with all my activities: volleyball, basketball, school plays, back-to-school nights, you name it. I never had to worry about my folks not showing up or not caring about what I was doing. I could count on them.I’ve also done my share of leaning on their shoulders over the year. I never felt there was anything I couldn’t tell my Mom and Dad, and I am the kind who has to get it all out when I have a problem. Over the years they’ve heard it all: the time in junior high when one boy was constantly bugging me, the time in high school when I got caught drinking, the time I wrecked their V olkswagen Rabbit, rough times with my former boyfriend, and on and on. They always listened to me, helped me any way they could, gave me good advice when I needed it, and always showed they cared. Even getting through my freshman year of college away from home with a “roommate from hell”was something I couldn’t have survived without many, many long-distance calls home and some timely visits from the folks.We’ve done our share of fun too. We traveled all over the state and spent lots of good times together. We loved going to movies and eating out as a family, and we still do when I get home on breaks. We also have fun just sitting around the house watching TV and eating popcorn. My parents are fun-loving people and I still have as much with them as I do with my friends. Well almost as much…….The greatest thing about family, at least about mine, is I know nothing is going to change. Whether I am twenty, thirty, or forty, I will have two very special people who care for me and want the best for me. Friends may come and go, good times and bad times lie ahead, and there are lots of uncertainties in this world. Through all of this it is really great to know that family is forever, the one constant in my life. I hope I am someday able to pass on the same sense of security and love to my own children.2.objectivity objectivity is achieved in the following ways.a)Avoid the first person pronoun I and the second person pronoun You .If the first person pronoun cannot beavoided, use we instead of I, or use third person reference like, the writer, the present author, e tc.b)when expressing an opinion or belief, try to use impersonal constructions. Eg:it can be seen that …..instead of youcan see;it is commonly believed that … in stead of I believe ,it is said… instead of I hear…. Other examples of impersonal constructions include: it is argued; it is found through research // research has found/ studies have revealed; it is estimated; it is contended. Etc. .Classroom Activities Two Rewrite the following sentences in more objective English.1)I failed to get the results I wanted 2）You can easily see that I have proved my theory.3）I can’t agree with this idea. 4) If you read Krashen ( 1981), you will learn a lot about his theory of language acquisition. acquisition 5) We all believe that a person who wants to learn will have a certain amount of success with the learning experience. 6) Williamson (1981) like me, believes that there is a clear distinction between language learning and language acquisitions.Classroom Activities Four Rewrite the following sentences in more formal English.1)In the way the economy is at present, many small businesses are beginning to feel the pinch. (difficulty, hardship)2)The first thing to do is to sort out the results.3)Don’t go over the top with this idea because it doesn’t hold water.4)This bit of the experiment didn’t quite come up to expectations.5)Several things must be borne in mind when evaluating EFL textbooks.6)More than half of the teachers in the developing world are fed up with large classes and very limited resources.3..Reading task read from P43—57, correct sentences。
2023届高三英语应用文写作模板范文讲义
书面表达模板范文关键词1：申请信A 篇开头段：（1）自我介绍（2）读到一个招聘广告（3）写信目的Dear Sir or Madam,I’m Li Hua, a 17-year-old student from China. Hearing that you have set up an online readers’ club, I am writing to apply to become a member of the club.中间段：（4）个人简介Please allow me to introduce myself. First of all, Optimistic and humorous，I am quite popular with people around me. Besides, I am fond of reading and writing which benefit me a lot. I always have a dream that one day I will become a writer.（5）申请理由（6）最喜欢读的书The reasons why I apply for it are as follows. On the one hand, I am crazy about reading science books, for I am eager to accumulate a good knowledge of science. On the other hand, I believe I can make friends and exchange our ideas about reading in this online club.结尾段：（7）希望得到机会（8）盼望回复I would appreciate it if you could take my application into consideration. Looking forward to your early reply.YoursLi Hua申请信二How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, an 18-year-old boy currently studying in Hongxing middle school. I read the advertisement that you have posted on the Internet, employing Chinese students as part-time tutors of the Chinese language. Now, I am writing to apply for the job.There are three main reasons why I am fit for the job. To begin with, Chinese is my mother tongue and I am excellent at it. In addition, I have been learning English for 9 years with a good command of oral and written English. What's more, I am willing to help foreigners learn Chinese well and introduce Chinese culture to the world as well.Besides the advantages above, I also make a few plans for it. I am going to communicate with the students first to know what they want to learn. And then I will make every effort to get them interested in Chinese and Chinese culture by telling stories, singing songs, playing games and so on.Hopefully the chance would be offered to me. If chosen, I would dedicate all my energy and wisdom to the job. Looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.关键词2：推荐信B 篇开头段：（1）问候（2）陈述事由（3）写信目的Dear Peter，How is everything going these days? I'm delighted to know the Chinese Space Achievement Exhibition will be held in our city next month. Since you are always interested in space exploration, I am writing to recommend it to you.中间段：（4）展览介绍（6）时间、地点（7）展览内容Here are some details for the exhibition. First of all, the exhibition will be open in the city museum on July 2nd and last until July 25, when many valuable objects will be on display. Besides, Visitors can watch some videos to enjoy amazing stories behind the achievements of the Chinese space exploration programs. I'm sure that they will broaden your horizons and help you know more about China's latest development in space exploration.结尾段：（8）期待回复Looking forward to your early reply.YoursLi Hua关键词3：道歉信C 篇开头段：（1）问候（2）自我介绍（3）对某事感到抱歉（4）写信目的Dear Tom，How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua. I feel sorry for not helping you learn poems of the Tang Dynasty this afternoon as planned. Now, I am writing to give you my heartfelt apology for it.中间段：（5）解释原因（6）另一件事的意义（7）还望接受道歉并理解The reason why I broke my promise is that the English speech club I joined last term is looking for new members. My friends and I were interviewing applicants from 4:30 pm to 6pm. I was so busy that I failed to inform you at that time. I hope you can forgive me.结尾段：（8）想法弥补（9）告诉我你的决定（10）再次表示歉意I will be available on the morning of next Saturday. I can help you learn poems of the Tang Dynasty if it is convenient for you. I'd appreciate if you could give me an early reply.Once again, I'm sorry for any inconvenience caused.YoursLi Hua【高分模板】Dear _______,I am sorry to tell you that ________.（陈述道歉原因）Now I am writing you this letter of apology to show my deep regret.I hope you will understand me and excuse me for ____________.（请求对方原谅的事由）The reason for my delay/absence was/is that ____________.（解释导致错误的原因）Therefore ___________.I sincerely hope that you can accept my apology and understand it. I would appreciate your allowing me to _____________.（提出补救措施）Once again, I'm sorry for any inconvenience caused.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 关键词4：建议信D 篇开头段：（1）问候（2）了解到的事情（3）写信目的Dear Mike,How is everything going these days? I'm sorry to know that you are having difficulty communicating with your parents at the moment. I am writing to give you a hand.中间段：（4）表示理解I can feel the same with you when meeting the similar problem. As a matter of fact, it is very common for us teenagers to have such an experience with our parents, so there is no need for you to worry about it. In proper ways, you will get rid of your trouble easily.（5）我的建议如下。
2024届浙江省首考英语应用文写作讲解讲义含答案
01 作文题目英语作文：请你写一篇短文向校英文报“Sports and Health”栏目投稿，向同学们推荐一项适合课间开展的运动，内容包括：1. 介绍这项运动；2. 说明推荐理由。
注意：1.写作词数应为80 个左右；2.请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
02 审题主题语境：健康的生活方式体裁：推荐＋投稿时态：一般现在时人称：第一人称要点：推荐课间运动及理由思路：推荐内容→具体理由→具体层面和抽象层面段落分配：课间运动推荐：跳绳具体理由：简单易学：跳绳是一项简单易学的运动，不需要太多的空间和设备，非常适合课间进行。
高效燃脂：跳绳是一项全身性的有氧运动，能够锻炼到身体的多个部位，包括大腿、小腿、臀部和腹部等，有助于减肥和塑形。
据统计，每跳一分钟的跳绳，相当于跑步八分钟的运动量。
提高心肺功能：跳绳能够增强心肺功能，提高身体素质，增强免疫力。
改善心理状态：跳绳能够帮助释放压力，调节情绪。
抽象理由：跳绳是一项富有节奏感的运动，能够培养学生的协调性和节奏感，有助于提高学习效率。
跳绳是一项集体运动，可以增强学生之间的互动和交流，培养团队合作精神。
通过跳绳，学生可以养成坚持锻炼的习惯，培养健康的生活方式。
英文版具体：1.Rope skipping is a simple and easy-to-learn exercise that requires minimal space and equipment, making it perfect for doing during breaks.2. Rope skipping is a full-body aerobic exercise that targets multiple areas of the body, including the thighs, calves, buttocks, and abdomen, helping to reduce fat and shape the body.3. Rope skipping can improve cardiovascular health, increase physical fitness, and enhance the immune system.4. Rope skipping helps to release stress, regulate emotions, and improve mental well-being.抽象：Rope skipping is a rhythmic exercise that can cultivate students’coordination and sense of rhythm, helping to improve learning efficiency.Rope skipping is a collective exercise that promotes interaction and communication among students and cultivates teamwork spirit.Through rope skipping , students can develop the habit of regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle.课间运动推荐：仰卧起坐具体理由：核心肌肉锻炼：仰卧起坐主要锻炼核心肌肉群，包括腹肌和腰部肌肉。
学术英语写作讲义
学术英语写作讲义Lecture 11.1Features on the lexical level（词汇层⾯）(1) The analysis didn’t yield any new results. (Informal)The analysis yielded no results. (Formal)(2) These semiconductors can be used in robots, CD players, etc. (Informal)These semiconductors can be used in robots, and CD players. (Formal)1.1.2Nominalization（名词化）(1)[Everyday English]If a potential is applied to gas at low pressure, ionization of the molecules will result. [Academic English]The application of a potential to gas at low pressure will result in ionization of the molecules.(2)[Everyday English]The progress of the work will depend on how modern the equipment is.[Academic English]The progress of the work will depend on the modernization ofthe equipment.1.1.3Hedging（模糊语）(1)On the evidence of the findings presented in Figure 1, it would appear that students in Hong Kong generally have little need to speak in English outside the classroom.(2) Weismann suggested that animals become old because, if they did not, there could be no successive replacement of individuals and hence no evolution.1.1.4 Use of single verbs （使⽤单⼀动词）(1)The material amenities of life have gone up in Western society.( increased )(2)A primary education system was set up throughout Ireland as early as 1831.(establish)其他如look into（investigate）;get rid of（eliminate）1.2.1⼤量使⽤被动语态(1) Any container can be filled by these as they diffuse and spread out to fill them. The atoms or molecules of gases move very rapidly and are widely spaced..(2) Using a simplified input-output (I-O) framework, the aggregate economic output of the non-energy sector (Yt) can be formulated as the sum of value-added in the non-energy sector (Vane,t) and inter-industry payments for energy and transport services.1.2.2客观语⾔（1）I chose this method because it is less complex. (personal)This method is chosen because it is less complex.（2）The conclusions are appalling and account, to a large extent, for the terrible morbidity and mortality statistics of this community.Text 2This paper presents the findings of an analysis of teamwork development. The group selected for this assignment (the survey team) is a small team of four people working in a small department of Advance Tours. The performance of the team and the team members’attitudes to their team were measured using two questionnaires developed by Cacioppe (1998). An analysis of the findings is then presented and recommendations are made as to what measures can be employed to improve the overall teamwork and performance of the team.客观语⾔，句⼦改写Lecture 2Being brief and concisee.g. (1a) Preliminary observations on the effect of Zn element on anticorrosion（防腐蚀）of zinc plating layer (镀锌层) (wordy)(1b) Effect of Zn on anticorrosion of zinc plating layer (concise)e.g.《中国近代纸币史》中⼏个学术问题的探讨(2a)Discussion on Several Academic problems in the Book The Modern History of Chinese Pa per Money(wordy)(2b)Several Questions in Modern History of Chinese Banknotes(concise)2.3 Keywords(1)Functions of keywordsKeywords of a research paper are the most frequently used words and the most important words and phrases of the paper. They are representative of the theme of the paper. As it mainly functions for easiness of retrieval, “keywords”is also variously called “indexing terms”(索引词), “keywords index”, “keywords and phrases”.(2)Form and number of keywords◇Keywords of research paper appear in the form of nouns, not verbs, For example, “investigation”is used instead of “investigate”.◇In general, the number of keywords ranges from 2 to 8. The normal limited number of keywords is four to six in one paper ◇As usual, keywords are chosen from the “title”and/or “abstract”, where the key terms of words and phrases are usually contained(3)Location of keywordsThough keywords can be either above or below the abstract of a paper, they are yet, in most cases, placed below the abstract. They are in lowercase except abbreviations.(4)Methods of spacing keywordsThere are three methods of spacing keywords:using comma ,semicolon ;larger partitionFull stop could not be used to space keywords.如：（1）“software component,(;) UML, (;) rational database”.2.4Common scientific foundation elements in Acknowledgements.1.⾼技术研究发展计划资助项⽬（863计划）（No.）National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No.)2．⾃然科学基⾦（⾯上项⽬：重点项⽬：重⼤项⽬：）No.National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program; Key Program; Major Program)3.教育部博⼠点基⾦资助项⽬（No.）Ph.D Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China.4重点基础研究发展规划项⽬（973计划）（No.）The Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 program)5. “⼗⼀五”攻关项⽬National Key Technologies R & D Program of China during the 11th Five Year Plan Period (No.)Lecture 3Descriptive Abstract(1) This paper presents an analysis of the principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air-conditioning. A comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle device is presented. Conclusions concerning the applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning are made.(2) The purpose of this project is to measure environmental equity in Salem, Oregon, with an aim to contribute to a growing body of literature concerned with the unequal distribution of environmental hazards .The project analyzes important previous studies and then conducts an investigation that centers around a series of GIS (Geographic Information System) maps that reveal correlations between environmental hazards and demographics(统计学), such as race and income level. The results will be revealed and discussed.(3) The Postmodern Appeal of complementary and Alternative medicines (CAM) to Australian Consumers: A Review of the LiteratureThe increasing popularity of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) amongst health consumers and orthodox service providers in Australia is well documented. However, understandings about the reasons for increasing consumer use of CAM in Australia and elsewhere are poorly developed and invite further research.This paper presents the results of a systematic literature review on reasons for CAM use by the Australian population. There are four main themes: 1) criticism of conventional medicine, 2)attraction to the holistic model（整体模型）of health, 3) treatment options for chronic and terminal illness, and 4) lifestyle factors which are identified and explored through social change theory, namely, globalization and post-modernization(4) Mechanism of Angiogenesis(⾎管⽣成) and Arteriogenesis （动脉⽣成）Endothelial（⽪细胞）and smooth music cells interact with each other to form new blood vessels. In this review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms（细胞分⼦机制）underlying the formation of endothelium-lined channels (angiogenesis) and their maturation via recruitment of smooth muscle cells (arteriogenesis) during physiological and pathological（病理学的）conditions are summarized, alongside with possible therapeutic applications. Informative AbstractThe major components of an informative abstract:(1)PurposeThe purpose of the study introduces the reason, the origin, the importance and significance of the study in question, including the premise, purpose and tasks and scope of the research. The purpose section of an informative abstract might also contain the hypothesis of the experiment.(2)MethodologyResearch methods present the methods or techniques of the research, including the model, theory, conditions, objects,sampling method, sample size，materials, technology, means, equipment, procedures (study design (e.g., survey), data collection and analysis.(3)ResultResults report the results of the study, including data, identified relationship, observation results, effectiveness and performance achieved.(4)ConclusionsConclusions comment on the main contribution or value of the research paper. It includes an analysis, comparison, evaluation of the research results (e.g. interpret the results as supporting or not supporting the theory or hypotheses), new issues raised, further studies of the future, assumptions, inspirations, recommendations and forecasts.当今绝⼤部分的科技期刊和会议论⽂都要求作者提供信息性摘要）:信息性摘要主要报道论⽂的研究⽬的、研究法、研究结果与结论。
高考英语写作讲义
2020年上海高考英语写作讲义目录第一部分遣词造句 (2)一. 词汇升级 (2)（一）高分词汇积累 (2)（二）出彩表达 (8)二、句型升级 (14)（一）基本句型回顾 (14)（二）高分句型中的语法亮点 (15)（三）句型素材积累 (17)第二部分图画作文 (23)一、写作基本思路导读------三层次，十模块 (23)二、各层次的常用表达 (23)第三部分图表作文 (34)一. 图表作文攻略 (34)二. 模板详解 (36)第一部分遣词造句一. 词汇升级（一）高分词汇积累1．It occurred to sb. that … / it dawned on me that… 替换think / sb. have an idea that …I was about to pay for the shopping when it suddenly dawned on me that I'd left my check book at home. 我买完东西要付钱时，才突然发现我把支票簿留在家里了。
Suddenly it dawned on me that they couldn't possibly have met before.我突然明白他们以前不可能见过面。
2．devote替换spendHe devotes (spends) all his spare time to reading.3．seek替换want / look forThey sought(wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees.4．nothing but替换onlyIt is the audience that support the stars, but some of them insist that their achievements result from nothing but their own efforts. 是观众支撑着那些明星，但有些明星认为其成功完全来自自己的努力。
大学英语写作课讲义(一)
大学英语写作课讲义（一）中国地质大学（武汉）外语学院许峰Step One Writing Correct Sentences1.The Simple Sentence (简单句)A simple sentence contains but one subject and one predicate. (一个简单句仅有一个主语和一个谓语。
)e.g. John loves Mary.The subject may consist of two or more nouns, and the predicate may consist of two or more verbs. The former is called a compound subject; the latter is called a compound predicate, Thus, a simple sentence may have many nouns or many verbs; or it may have many words or phrases modifying the subject or predicate; but it has only one subject and one predicate.(主语可包含两个或更多的名词，谓语可包含两个或多个动词，分别称为复合主语和复合谓语。
这样，一个简单名子中可有多个名词或动词，也可有修饰语，但它仅有一个主语和一个谓语。
) e.g.John and Henry love Mary.John and Henry love Mary and her sister.John and Henry love Mary and her sister and give them money.2.The Compound Sentence (并列复合句)A Compound sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction, such as and , or ,nor ,but , for, yet. Each clause in a compound sentence must have a subject and a verb, is of equal importance, and can stand alone. (并列复合句是由两个或两个以上的独立分句组成，由并列连接词如and, or ,nor ,but , for ,yet等连接。
浙江省高考首考英语应用文写作讲义
请你写一篇短文向校英文报“S ports and Healt h”栏目投稿，向同学们推荐一项适合课间的运动。
内容包括：1. 介绍推荐的运动；2. 推荐理由。
注意：1. 写作词数应为80个左右；2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
S t and Up and Ex erci se, St udents!_________________________________写作分析1.这是一篇投稿，向同学们推荐适合课间的运动项目并说明理由。
2.审题：①文体：记叙文短文（推荐）②话题：课间运动③阅读对象：全校学生④人称：第一、第三人称⑤时态：一般现在时3.写作内容:①介绍：慢跑、跳绳、踢毽子、打羽毛球（乒乓球）等（这些项目中只能选择一项）②理由：简单、易操作、不费时、缓解压力、增进友谊等4.注意点：①运动对h e a lt h的作用要提到②选择该项“课间运动”，要考虑场地、时间、激烈程度等③短文的读者是“同学们”参考范文1S t and Up and Ex erci se, Students!It is widely acknowledged that health always stands first in our daily life. Hence, I am writing to remend jogging.Jogging is easy to carry out, and it doesn’t need much time or space. We may jog in an interactive and experiential way, like jogging in circles.Jogging does benefit us in many ways. It can help us get refreshed, thus enabling us to study more efficiently. Besides, by jogging interactively, we will be on better terms with our classmates, which makes life at school more meaningful. Let’s stand up and exerc ise now! 93W参考范文2S t and Up and Ex erci s e, St udents!Recognizing the paramount importance of health in our daily lives, I am writing to advocate for the practice of jogging.Jogging is a convenient and accessible form of exercise that requires minimal time and space. Whether jogging in circles or exploring new routes, it offers an interactive and experiential way to engage in physical activity.The benefits of jogging are multifaceted. Not only does it refresh and invigorate us, enhancing our ability to study more effectively, but interactive jogging also fosters stronger connections with our classmates, enriching our school experience. Let's rise and embrace the opportunity to exercise now!参考范文3S t and Up and Ex ercis e, S tudent s!Nowadays, with tight study time, many students would like to stay in the classroom. Therefore, the students don’t have enough amount of exercise. I can say the table tennis is suitable for exercise between classes.Firstly, it doesn’t take long in a session, which means we needn’t worry about when the class is ing and when it’s over. Secondly, table tennis uses a little plastic ball so it is portable for us students. What’s more, it also uses most muscles in different positions on our body.What a great sport! So stand up and play table tennis, everybody! 98w参考范文4S t and Up and Ex erci se, S t udent s!In today's fastpaced academic environment, many students are often confined to the classroom, leading to a lack of physical activity.Table tennis offers an ideal solution for exercise between classes. Not only are the sessions brief, alleviating concerns about class schedules, but the game's portability makes it accessible for students. Furthermore, table tennis engages various muscle groups, providing a fullbody workout.Embrace this fantastic sport and get moving with a game of table tennis!参考范文5S t and Up and Ex erci se, St udents!During our breaks between classes, it's important to find ways to relieve the stress from studying. I highly remend taking up a sport like rope skipping, which is easy to practice and requires only a simple rope.This activity is convenient as the equipment is small and flexible. Participants simply need to jump up and down, making it a lowimpact exercise. Rope skipping not only promotes physical health but also carries a low risk of injury.It's a great way to stay active and unwind during our busy school days.参考范文6S t and Up and Ex erci se, St udents!Rope skipping is a fun and effective exercise for students. It involves jumping over a rope as it swings around.The benefits are numerous. It's a great way to improve cardiovascular (/ˌkɑːdiəʊˈvæskjələ(r)/心血管的) health, stamina, and coordination. It also helps in burning calories, toning muscles, and improving bone density. Rope skipping can be done anywhere, alone or with friends, making it a convenient and enjoyable form of exercise.To sum up,it's a fantastic way to stay active and healthy while having fun at the same time!。
大学英语四级写作讲义
一．The main types of guided writing:1. 提纲式作文：Directions:Women make a great contribution to the progress of modern society. But there are still some people who don’t agree with it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper based on the following outline.1. Role of women in modern society2. Prejudices and discrimination against women3. My commentY ou should write about 200 words within 40 minutes.Women play an important part in modern society. Now many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law and engineering. They comprise a large part of the workers in offices and factories. Many jobs they are engaged in are in line with their special capabilities of their sex. In addition, some of are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men. There are even some businesses which are run completely by women. It is obvious that women are making an outstanding contribution to the progress of modern society.There are, however, still some people who assert that men are superior to women in many ways. In the first place, many jobs men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough. They believe that women are the weaker sex – both physically and emotionally. Thus, women are naturally suited, much more so than men, to the performance of domestic duties. According to them, a woman’s place is within the protective environment of the home. Secondly, most of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males. Finally, the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only. In their opinion, men should enjoy more rights than do women.Personally, I’m firmly standing on the side of those women right defenders. Since both men and women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing. (242 words)2. 提纲图表式作文：Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes. Study the following table care fully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. Y ou should quote as few figures as possible.Outline: 1. Changes in people’s daily expanses in the past five years2. Possible reasons for the changesIn the past five years, there have been great changes in people’s daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 35 per cent in 2001. However, there was a rapid increase in clothing expenses, which made up 15% in 2001. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expenses. The same was the case with other expenses.What caused these remarkable changes? In my opinion, there are at least three good reasons. T o begin with, with the rapid development of agriculture in China, the output of grain, fruit, vegetables and milk has sharply increased, which contributes to the decline in their prices. Secondly, the family incomes of people both in the city and in the country have greatly risen so that people now can afford expensive clothing and some of them even want to dress in the latest fashion. Finally, as the living conditions improve, the demand for a variety of recreations is growing steadily, too.In short, with the incomes continuing to rise, people will no longer resign themselves to living a dull, monotonous life. They are eager to make their life interesting and exciting. Therefore, I am sure that people will spend more money on clothing and recreations. (219 words)3．规定情景式作文：Directions: Migrant workers (外地民工) have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. In this part, you are to write within 40 minutes a composition of 200 words about “The Role of Migrant Workers”. Y ou can agree and/or disagree, completely or partially to above statement. But no matter which position you take, you should have supporting reasons.As is known to all, migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. They are an indispensable part of our work force. Most of them work on construction sites. There is no doubt that without migrant workers many of construction projects would have to be held up for lack of manpower. In addition, a large number of migrant workers are a beneficial factor, which enhances the consumption of food and daily items. This in turn helps to develop food industry and service trades in cites. All these are positive aspects of migrant workers in cities.However, as a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides”. The same is the case with migrant workers. Firstly, most of them are not welleducated and professionally trained. Some of them have had very little schooling. As you know. Illiterate people, who are usually ignorant of the law, tend to make trouble, thus endangering social order. Secondly, most of the migrant workers swarm into big cities just to make money. Being illiterate or unskilled, some of them would stop at nothing to get what they are ambitious for. Therefore, they are a potential threat to the peace and stability of society.In my opinion, in the appraisal of migrant workers, it is one-sided to affirm everything or to negate everything. We should appreciate the great contribution made by them, and at the same time pay enough attention to the problems caused by them. (244 words)二、The structure of a paragraph and its development:1. Structure of a paragraph: topic sentence, development sentence andconcluding sentence.2. Ways of developing a paragraph:1) Comparison and contrast (对比法)2) Cause and effect (因果法)3) Exemplification (举例法)4) Generalization and qualification (概述法)5) Argument (议论法)三、Some sentence patterns commonly-used in controlled writing :---关于利弊、优缺点的句型：1. S + have (or has ) a lot of advantages over ….. (与….相比有许多优点)译：汽车与自行车相比有许多优点。
英文写作(讲义2)
Part OneWriting （Revision with Grammar）Writing Narrative EssaysSection 1 Verbs*The underlined parts are mistakesRange of assessment: A,B,C,D,E (pass); F, U (fail)(1) The Past Simple∙Definite time in the past∙Started/ Completed an actionDifferent forms of a verbProblem words ☹Useful Time Expressions for the simple past tense☺*e.g. He didn’t move here until 1991.A. StatementsUseful Writing Skills ☺∙Succession of activitiesHe woke at seven, got out of bed, washed, shaved, dressed, ran downstairs, ate breakfast, put his coat on, rushed to the bus stop, and took a bus to the station.B. Questions∙YES/NO QUESTIONSDid Bob repair the TV last week?∙WH-QUESTIONSWhat did you drink for breakfast this morning?What made you look so sad?C. NegativeCarlo did not arrive in Australia until 1994.Passive Voice ☹∙was/were + past participleDepending on the subject, the active or passive voice should be used.e.g. He was born in 1983. (bear)∙Singular or plural?e.g. They were caught by the police. (catch)My idea was ignored by everybody.∙Passive voice/ adjective / past participle?e.g. He was disappointed with my results. (My results disappointed him.)She was concerned about his safety. (His safety made her feel concerned.)∙Active/Passive?Some verbs can only be used in the active voice.e.g. appear, occur, collapse, happenSome verbs can be used in both the active and the passive voice, with a difference in meaning.e.g. H e drowned/ was drowned last weekend.The meeting adjourned/ was adjourned at 3o’clock.(2) The Past Continuous∙An activity was continuing at the time when another activity occurrede.g. I was taking the train from Central to Tsuen Wan (when the theft happened).She was shouting as all the other passengers on the train stared at her∙Chief interest is in the activity itself and its continuitye.g. What were you doing all morning?She was watching TV all evening.The girls were making cakes this morning.She was writing letters all afternoon.∙Two or more activities were continuing at the same timee.g While I was sowing the seeds, Harry was digging up potatoes and George waspicking plums.Lucy was practising the piano and Carol was baking a chocolate cake.TEXT COMPARISONA passage without linking words:A passage with linking words:Time Expressions ☺e.g. After buying some noodles, I went back to my building.Before going back to my building, I bought some noodles.After hearing the bad news, she fainted.Before setting out, they checked their luggage.While watching the play, he found that his purse was missing.Other Useful Structures ☺∙To use appropriate tenses, consider the relationship between two actions When he arrived, he discovered their secret.When he was singing, Mary suddenly dropped in.He was playing video games while she was reading a newspaper.∙Participles can also be used as adverbs expressing:1. TimeWhen the super star came out of the car, he was greeted by his fans.Coming out of the car, the super star was greeted by his fans.2. ReasonAs/Since/Because he was busy, he politely declined the invitation.Being busy, he politely declined the invitation.3. MannerShe sat there reading a TV magazine.The students sat in the library buried in their books.Practice SectionExercise 1Fill in the blank with the correct tense and underline the time phrase.1. He (die) ________________ yesterday morning.2. The First World War (begin) _______________ in 1914.3. Harry (come) ______________ to see me yesterday.4. I (hear)____________ the news an hour ago.5. The Greens (live)____________ in Ireland during the war.Exercise 2Matching1. Did you see her last night? A. Y es, it was the most exciting party I’veever seen.2. Did you feel hungry? B. Why not? It was a very easy paper.3. Did you have a good time? C. There were too many people. Maybe shewas not there.4. Did you pass the English test? D. I didn’t have much t ime.5. Did you bring any flowers for her? E. I felt more tired than hungry.F. The flowers are roses.G. She is my sister.H. I think they were useless.1. _____2. _____3. _____4. _____5. _____Exercise 3Matching1. When did you begin your homework lastnight? A. Not many things. Only carrots andtomatoes.2. What did you buy at the grocery storewhen you were there?B. Not much.3. Where did you grow up? C. At seven, I think.4. When did you send in your application? D. Two postcards and some books.5. How much did you pay for this book? E. Before the deadline, of course.F. This book is very expensive.G. In a small village.1. _____2. _____3. _____4. _____5. _____Exercise 4Matching1. What happened when you were there? A. No one. I learned it myself.2. Who told you the secrets? B. It was a very difficult subject.3. How many people came to the party? C. Peter, of course.4. Which vehicle ran over the woman? D. A lorry.5. Who taught you English? E. That Toyota.F. A bomb exploded.G. About forty1. _____2. _____3. _____4. _____5. _____Exercise 5Matching1. Did you see her last night? A. She didn’t have a chance.2. Who did she look like? B. Before anyone else did.3. Where did you see her? C. At John’s party.4. Did she say anything to you? D. She left for the hotel.5. When did she leave? E. Princess Diana.F. Of course, she was so special.G. She liked Barbie.1. _____2. _____3. _____4. _____5. _____Exercise 6Write the correct past form of the verbs in the brackets.e.g. (invite) When did she invite the dinner guests?1. (marinate) ____________ you ______________ the meat?Y es, I ______________ it in white wine.2. (spoil) _________________ the milk __________________ overnight?No, __________________.3. (sift) How thoroughly __________________ he ______________ the flour?He ____________________ it several times.4. (bring) ____________________ the waiter ____________________ themappetizers?Y es, he ____________________ them a few minutes ago.5. (stuff) ____________________ the cook ____________________ the turkey?Y es, she ____________________ it with fruit and rice.Exercise 7Complete the blank with the correct form of the verb in the brackets.1. Many great cathedrals ________________ during the Middle Ages. (build)2. I________________ by her smile. (puzzle)3. They ________________ by the wonderful performance of the singer. (fascinate)4. She ________________ about the examination. (worry)5. The letters ________________ to us this morning. (deliver)Key 9Exercise 8Fill in the blank with the correct verb form.1. The two-storeyed building __________________ last night. (collapse)2. The radio __________________ down during the mid-night programme. (break)3. The meeting ___________________ off because the chairman was absent. (call)4. No one knows why the accident __________________. (happen)5. He __________________ to succeed. (determine)Exercise 9Fill in the blank with the correct verb form.1. When George (arrive) ________ home, his sister (watch) _____________ TV.2. Where (live) _____________you _____________ when the war (break)_____________ out.3. I (see) _________ Mr Grey while I (walk)_________ to school.4. The boy (knock) _________ down by a bus while he (cross) _________ the street.5. We (play) _________ tennis when you (phone) _________ .Exercise 10Write the correct form of the verb in each blank. Pay attention to the time expressions.When Annie (1) __________________ (finish) her work last night at 11 o’clock, she (2) __________________ (walk) home. While she (3) __________________ (walk), a strange car (4) __________________ (stop) near her. A man (5)__________________ (ask) her for directions to High Street. She (6)__________________ (answer) his questions politely, but she (7)__________________ (not like) the strange man.At the same time, James (8) __________________ (go) home from the grocery store, and he (9) __________________ (notice) Annie on the other side of the street. She (10) __________________ (talk) to a man in a very old car. James (11)__________________ (call) her name, and she (12) __________________ (wave) to him. He (13) __________________ (walk) across the street. The man (14)__________________ (stop) talking and (15) __________________ (start) his car. While he (16) __________________ (drive) away, Annie (17) __________________ (smile) very happily at James.Exercise 11Some of the linking words in the following paragraphs have been missed out. Complete them by filling in each blank with a suitable linking word or phrase. You can use a word or phrase more than once.Something frightening happened to me last Wednesday. It was late in the evening ___________ I was very hungry, ___________ I went out to the supermarket near my building to get something to eat. ___________ buying some snacks, I went back to my building ___________ got in the lift.I pressed my floor button ___________ stood patiently ___________ the lift slowly began going up. It had just passed the eighth floor ___________ I heard a crashing sound. ___________, the lift stopped between the ninth and tenth floors.Key 14I tried to keep calm. I carefully put my bag on the floor of the lift ___________ rang the emergency bell once. It made a loud noise but ___________ I stopped ringing it, there was only silence. I began to get nervous, ___________ started ringing the bell again and again. ___________ I was ringing it, I heard a loud bang on the lift doors. I immediately stopped pressing the button ___________ shouted for help.___________ someone had heard me!To cut a long story short, I waited in the lift for almost an hour ___________ the lift maintenance man arrived. ___________, ___________ I had the chance to eat my noodles that night, they were completely cold. ___________ I was happy that I could eat them in my own home!Exercise 12Choose the most suitable word.1. It rained very hard ...... last Tuesday.A. inB. onC. --D. at2. As a result, we could not go out ...... that day.A. --B. inC. atD. on3. My sister was born ......February 28th ...... a leap year.A. in......onB. in......inC. on......onD. on......in4. I'll see you ...... next Wednesday.A. inB. onC. --D. at5. The landlady wants three ......rent in advance.A. monthsB. month'sC. months'D. month6. Y esterday was March the ......A. 27thB. 21thC. 11stD. 13rd7. The year 2010 will be in the ......century.A. 19thB. 20thC. 200thD. 21st8. We have a holiday ......Chinese New Y ear and ...... Christmas Day.A. for ......inB. at......onC. on......atD. in......in9. A fortnight ago, the date was December 2nd, so the date today must be .......A. 18th NovemberB. 2nd DecemberC. 16th DecemberD. 2nd January10. Of the following periods a year, a decade, a century and a millennium, the next toshortest is ......A. a centuryB. a decadeC. a millenniumD. a yearExercise 13Using the structures, combine the following events.e.g. (9:00) Peter dressed himself tidily.(9:30) He set off.After dressing himself tidily, Peter set off.Before setting off, Peter dressed himself tidily.1. (10:00) Mary went to the library.(11:00) Mary visited her grandmother.1. ____________________________________________________________2. (2005) John graduated from the University of Hong Kong.(2006) John furthered his studies abroad.2. ____________________________________________________________3. (January) Tom took a course in Chemistry.(May) Tom enrolled in a Science class.3. ________________________________________________________Exercise 14Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in the brackets.1. Before they _____________ the decision, they _____________ a public meeting.(make, hold)2. While May _____________, her husband _____________ dinner. (study,prepare)3. He _____________ out of school as I _____________ ready to graduate.(drop, get)4. Mary _____________ me last night after she _____________ with herparents. (call, talk)5. While he _____________ Science, the boy _____________ him. (study,interrupt)Exercise 15Complete the sentences.1. The moment she heard the bad news, _______________________.2. The minute he reached 18, he ______________________________.3. Just as she was writing the last sentence, _____________________.Exercise 16Combine the following pairs of sentences, using present or past participles. Follow the example.e.gThe neighbours heard a scream.They called the police.Hearing a scream, the neighbours called the police.1 We saw the accident.We dialled 999.______________________________________________________________2 The students felt tired.They took a rest under a tree.______________________________________________________________3 Ann was fed up with the gossip.She left the room.______________________________________________________________4 Henry did not know her number.He could not telephone her.______________________________________________________________5 They were not satisfied with the service.They decided to complain to the manager.______________________________________________________________6 Cynthia did not know what to do.She went to her best friend for advice.______________________________________________________________7 She was born into a poor family.She is used to hard work.______________________________________________________________Writing Narrative Essays Section 2 Language for narrative essaysThe Past Perfect∙When we have two past references, we are not obliged to use the simple past perfect:After I finished work, I went home.∙But we often need the past perfect for the event that happened first to avoid ambiguity:When I arrived, Ann left. (i.e. at that moment)When I arrived, Ann had left. (i.e. before I got there)∙We use the past perfect to refer to ‘an earlier past’, that is to describe the first of two or more actions:First the patient died. Then the doctor arrived.The patient had died when the doctor arrived.∙The past perfect continuous is for repeated actions or actions in progress throughout a period:He had been phoning every night for a month.He was very tired. He had been typing all day.e.g.Never had I seen such a ridiculous event before.Once/ After/ As soon as/ When we had seen the match, we went home.I feared/thought/remembered/realized/regretted that I had done something stupid. ☞Exercise 1Using connectives ☺∙conjunctions or adverbs?He was upset, however, he pretended to look happy. (wrong)He was upset; however, he pretended to look happy. (correct)Just after he had finished. It started to rain. (wrong)∙We can join two or more simple sentences to make complex sentences: The fire was discovered. The alarm was raised.The alarm was raised as soon as the fire was discovered.The alarm was raised when the fire was discovered.The alarm was raised after the fire was discovered.∙Some words can be used either as prepositions or conjunctionsafter, before, till, sinceModal Verbs∙Some modal verbs often used in narrative writing:should could mightA short narrative paragraph with different past tenses:Read the following passage. Discuss the use of different past tenses with your teacher.It was just before the Second World War. John was only 20 at the time and was living with his mother. He was working in a bank and travelling to Central every day. One morning, he received a mysterious letter. It was addressed to ‘Mr. John Chan’. The letter, which was signed, ‘A Friend’, asked John to go to The Holiday Inn during his lunch hour. All morning, he was thinking about the inn. As he arrived during the lunch time, the inn was full of people and John couldn’t recogni se anyone. He was just wondering if he should leave, when a stranger introduced himself and said he had known John’s father, who had died when Tom was a baby. The stranger explained that John’s father, George, was a secret agent in the First World War. Through this meeting, John was recruited to be a secret agent, too.Negative Patterns ☹●After negative adverbs, etc.hardly, hardly ever, never, rarely, seldom (adv) are very formal stylephrases with only: e.g. only after, only when, only thene.g. Only then did I learn the truth.Never had he seen such a terrible scene.So difficult was this problem, Einstein could not solve it.●No sooner...than, Hardly...whene.g. No sooner had I arrived than it began to rain.Hardly had I arrived when it began to rain.More about patterns with participles ✌●Present Participle1.We can use the present participle in place of and, so, etc. to join two simple sentences:e.g. I found the front door locked. I went r ound the back.I found the front door locked and went round the back.Finding the front door locked, I went round the back.2. To make a negative, we put not in front of the -ing form:e.g. I did not know his phone number. I was not able to ring him.I did not know his phone number, and/ or I was not able to ring him.Not knowing his phone number, I was not able to ring him.3. Note how we can use being in place of is or was:e.g.I was short of money. I couldn’t afford to buy it.Being short of money, I couldn’t afford to buy it.4. In place of adverb clausese.g.Since we arrived here, we have made many new friends.Since arriving here, we have made many new friends.5. Beware of the dangling subjecte.g.Turning the corner, a tile f ell off the roof. (wrong)Turning the corner, I saw a tile fall off the roof (right)●Passive/Adjectives/Past Participlese.g. He was tired of play, so he sat down to rest.(Being) tired of play, he sat down to rest.He was accustomed to rule, and he told himself to obey.Accustomed to rule, he told himself to obey.He was deceived by his friend, so he lost all hope.Deceived by his friends, he lost all hope.Three Sample Essays ✌Here are three narrative essays on the same topic about a boy who disappeared and what happened to him. Decide which essay is below average, average or above average. Pay attention to the verb forms. The topic is from Question 1 of the 1998Essay ABOY RETURNS TO WORRIED FAMILYThis morning I was lucky to be the first reporter to talk to Harry Tung since he returned home. When asked about his adventure he told me he was afraid in this experience. he will not remember this experience for his life.He said that he was going to China by ship with his mother. About three hours, they will be reached the Nasm King pier. His mother slept. Suddenly, he was hiding on ship. Unluckly, nobody saw him. His mother wake up but she cannot found him on the ship. So, his mother made sure that her son was missing. When the ship arrived the Nam King pier. his mother was going to polic station. She give all nescessary particular to the police. The police was recorded all about. After, the police help his mother to find a hotel.He said that he was hiding on ship. Luckly, a fishman help his life on 13rd may, 1988. he told the fishman. He was going from Hong Kong to Nam King with his mother. Now that, he was disappeared.Essay BThis morning I was lucky to be the first reporter to talk to Harry Tung since he returned home. When asked about his adventure he told me that it was a terrible experience.On May 9, when Harry after school, he came home as usual. Nothing wrong, just walked his daily route to go home. Suddenly, there were four strong men, rushed toward Harry and took him to a car. "The car was very small, actually there was no empty space for me to move! I schemed loudly, but nobody heard, I don't know why!" said Harry in a pity voice. Because Harry was a son of well-known businessman, those strong men want money so they also want Harry to achieve their goal.They took him to a village hut in the New Territories. No food but water. Harry's both hands and foots were tied. They phoned to his father for money. Unlucky, Harry's father was not in Hong Kong, but in Europe.When Harry's family knew Harry was missing, they called police and worried to wait for Harry's return. They only waiting and nothing they can do.Past two days, Harry was locked for two days! On May 11 mid-night, all strong men was asleep. Harry made action, he wanted to escape. "I used my teeth to tear the rope and than slightly opened the unlocked door and ran away, but I kicked a stone and the strong men awarded my escape! My escape was fail!" Four strong men felt very angry because they cannot contect to Harry's father and Harry's escape. They also fear that police found them so on May 12 morning, they took Harry to a ship and hiding him like a cargoes. Actually, they wanted to took Harry to China for easily hiding.When Harry was in a ship, he felt very afaird, he didn't known where they took him to. No hope for escape at all for he was shipping on Pacific Ocean.On May 13, when China imgration Depertment investingate the ship which hidding Harry in, Harry knew there was a chance for him to out. he cried loudly and kicked other cargoes. Imigration Depertment's staffs heard Harry's cried and found Harry out. Those four strong men knew that their goal was fail, they ran away but also arrested by the police!Harry was free and returned to his worried family. "thank God! Next time I will choose another route to come home and do not want to see another strong men again!" he laugh.*Note: There are a lot of spelling errors in this essay.Essay CThis morning I was lucky to be the first reporter to talk to Harry Tung since he returned home. When asked about his adventure he told me that he was afraid and did not know what to do at that time.Harry Tung, aged 16, the son of a well-known businessman, had lost his way when he went shopping with his parents in Causeway Bay. the police had leaved no stone unturned to find Harry Tung but all the effort was in vain."I saw a crowd of people standing at the side of the harbour. Then, I went with them to see what was happened." Harry Tung said. He was then pulled into a big ship. the ship was going to China and it had loads on it."I was frightened. I followed the man who carried loads on their back because I wanted to find the exit of the ship. I followed them up to a room and went into it. the room filled fully with loads. When I was looking at the labels on the loads with interest, the door was shut." Harry Tong said.Without rhymes or reasons, Harry Tong was shut in the room for about four days. he said he was very hungry. He could not withstand such condition because he had never been in hunger before. Loudly as he cried for help, no body came to open the door. hardly can one not felt the cold of the circumstance if one has long been in hunger.Harry Tung was found hiding on the ship yesterday. he was in China then. he was very hungry at that time and he drank some milk that was given by the man on the ship. he was sent back to Hong Kong at once.Harry Tung's parents was very happy when Harry returned home. Although Harry has lost his weight, he could return to home is a more important thing.Practice SectionExercise 1Supply the simple past or the simple past perfect.1. They __________________ the gates before I __________________ three (lock,get)2. By the time we __________________, the party __________________. (arrive,finish)3. I __________________ the shop as soon as I __________________ all the doorsand windows. (ring, check)4. After we __________________ it on the phone, I __________________ him aletter about it. (discuss, write)5. We __________________ a good rest when our guests __________________(have, all leave)Exercise 2Mark the ‘connecting ideas’ (a-h) that are expressed in the text.According to (1. ) many people I know, there are few things more terrifying than having to speak in public. The only way to succeed is to follow strict rules. First of all, (2. ) you should be well-prepared. Second, (3. ) you should have a few jokes ready. As well as that, (4. ) you should have rehearsed your speech, preferably in front of a mirror. In comparison with (5. ) being hit by a vehicle, public speaking isn’t too bad, but it’s bad enough. However, (6. ) you can make things easier for yourself by being ready. Alternatively, (7. ) you can do nothing and make a fool of yourself. To sum up, (8. ) success depends entirely on you.a. I am introducing a listb. I am making an additionc. I am pointing to a contrastd. I am stating an alternativee. I am summarisingf. I am making a second pointg. I am making a comparisonh. As stated byExercise 3Rewrite the sentences with the words given in the brackets.e.g.1. When I reached the station, the train had already left.a. (use ‘after’) I reached the station after the train had left.b. (use ‘until’) I didn't reach the station until after the train had left.c. (use ‘before’) The train (had) left before I reached the station.2. When we got to the hall, the concert had already started.a. (use 'after') ____________________________________________________b. (use 'until') ____________________________________________________c. (use 'before') ____________________________________________________3. For several years after Dick (had) left school, he worked in a zoo.a. (use 'when') ____________________________________________________4. As soon as they had finished breakfast, they ran out to play.a. (use 'after') ____________________________________________________ Key 23Exercise 4Complete these sentences with a) a noun object b) a clause1. He could not work before ____________________________________________.2. He promised to meet her after _________________________________________.3. She did not appear till ________________________________________________.4. He had been staying in the hotel since ___________________________________.Exercise 5Supply the simple past or the simple past perfect. Show when both are possible. 1.. When she __________________ the office this morning, John__________________. (ring, already go out)2. Before we __________________ Paul to the theatre, he __________________ anopera before. (take, never see)3. I __________________ the carpet when the cat __________________ in and__________________ himself. (just clean, come, shake)4. He __________________ to do the job in half an hour, but he still__________________ by 11 o’clock. (promise, not finish)5. When I __________________, she __________________. (arrive, already leave)6. When I __________________ what I __________________ to the little girl, I__________________ that I __________________ an unforgivable mistake. (see, do, realise, commit)7. The police __________________ an informer among them. That__________________ why the robbers __________________. (plant, be, catch)8. No one __________________ him the machine __________________ out of order.Therefore, he __________________ the button. (tell, be, press)9. He __________________ strange. He __________________ sure somebody__________________ there before. (feel, be, be)10. Never before __________________ (I hear) such a silly story.。
考研英语写作(基础)讲义
考研基础班网络课堂写作讲义北京新东方学校王江涛第一节考研写作总论一、课程安排：1、考研写作总论：评卷实例、复习计划、学习方法、大纲解读2、应用文：书信类、告示类3、段落写作：真题透视、框架结构、启承转合4、两图写作（00、03、06、07）5、一图写作（98、01、02、04、05）6、图表作文二、评卷实例：2001年真题Directions:Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone had his/her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,2) give a specific example, and3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.1、20分范文：Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. It is of the utmost importance to the human beings. Everybody not only needs love, but also should give love.As is described in the picture, “love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places.” This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than ordinary people. Maybe even a dim lightcan give them much hope for a better life and progress. Maybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life and progress. Maybe just a thread of light will call forth their strength and courage to step out of their difficulties.For instance when someone is starving to death, just a little food and water from you may save his life. Or when a little girl in a poor rural area drops out of school because of poverty, just a small sum of money from you may support her to finish her schooling and change her life, you have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed.So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others so when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help, don’t hesitate to give your love to him. I believe then the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.2、18分范文It is generally believed that love is a hot topic which is most talked about. This is true not only in China but also in other countries. We live in different countries, speak different languages, but love is something common to us all. But how to show love may be different with different people in different countries. This is something we should give more thought to.As is shown in the picture, love is like a lamp which shines brightest in dark places. This tells us a simple truth: Love is like a lamp. It is most valuable when it is most needed. For example, once I saw a foreign lady get lost in the street. She could not speak Chinese and nobody seemed to be able to help her. Though my English is not very good and I am a shy person, I thought she needed help very much. I asked her what she wanted. She told me she lost her way, so I showed her the way to her hotel. It was a small thing but she thanked me very much because my help was needed very much. My help was like a lamp in dark places.I think we all should be like a lamp in a dark place, showing our love, giving our help to others, even to strangers. In this way, we can make this world a harmonious and peaceful world.三、复习计划：1、考前复习：1）攻克词汇：2）精研真题：词汇、句子结构、选项设置、英译汉、背诵3）适当模考：2、写作练习：3、时间分配：1）14：00－14：15 写作A节2）14：15－14：50 写作B节3）14：50－16：00 阅读A节4）16：00－16：20 完型填空5）16：20－16：40 阅读B节6）16：40－17：00 阅读C节第二节应用文一、学习方法：（一）提高实力：1、十遍精读：1）精彩词汇2）精彩词组3）精彩句型4）句子结构：简单句（主干＋修饰成分）、从句、时态、冠词、主谓一致5）段落结构：总分总，主题句＋论证（＋小结）6）关联词：小作文3－5个，大作文5－7个7）同义替换：词汇＋句型8）代词替换：it, that, they9）精彩观点：10）原因建议：2、背诵：滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善3、默写：发现写作弱点4、中译英：提高写作实力5、写作：模仿（二）掌握技巧：万能框架二、大纲解读：（一）评价目标：考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。
高中英语写作系列---段落写作的基本原则讲义
段落写作的基本原则(Effective Paragraph)一个好的段落应该具有以下四个特征：1)完整性(completeness)；2)统一性(unity)；3)连贯性(coherence)；4)句式的多样性(variety)。
一、完整性(completeness)段落的完整性指的是段落的结构和内容是完整的。
结构完整即指一个段落通常由主题句、扩展句和结尾句三部分构成；内容完整指的是一个段落只能表达一个意思，而且所表达的内容应该是完整的。
作者一写好主题句，就应该用扩展句进行推展，细节越充足越好。
例如，你认为“Riding motorcycles is dangerous”，你就应该用你所知道的事实证明这一观点是正确的。
你可以使用数字(statistics)，列举例子(example)，进行描绘(descriptions)等。
例：Ever since the time of the Greeks, drama has played an important role in man's lives.The Greek tragedies and comedies were a central part of the citizens' lives in ancient Greece.During the Middle Ages, Bible stories were acted out in churches, and wandering companies of players performed in the streets. In modern times, drama is brought directly into people's homes through the magic of television.主题句：Ever since the time of the Greeks, drama has played an important role in man's lives.细节：1. ancient Greece2. the Middle Ages3. modern times上段中作者根据各个不同历史时期提供细节，举例说明戏剧的重要性。
英语写作欢迎词讲义
2. 我们很幸运地在我们英语周(English Week) 活动期间邀请到你们。
We are lucky to have you here in the middle of our English Week activities.
1. First of all, let’s give our warm welcome to our honorable guests….
2. Let’s extend our warm welcome and sincere greetings to our distinguished guest who…
3. Now let’s welcome … to give us a lecture
4. Now let us invite …to address us.
5. Now let’s greet …with warm applause
1. 我代表(on behalf of)我们学校，想要向你 们表达(express)热烈的欢迎。
2.Welcome to our school!
3.It's my great honor to... on behalf of...
4. We hope youll have a good time during you stay here.
5. First of all, on behalf of ...,I have the honor to extend this warm welcome to sb. 首先，我很荣幸的代表... 向某人表示热烈欢迎
英语论文写作课讲义
Contents of the Academic Writing CourseLesson 1: Course IntroductionLesson 2-3: Features of Academic WritingLesson 4：Taking Notes and OutliningLesson 5：Writing AbstractLesson 6：Writing IntroductionLesson 7：Writing ConclusionLesson 8：Avoiding PlagiarismLesson 9：Citing SourcesLesson 10: ParaphrasingLesson 11: SummarizingLesson 12: ReportingLesson 13-14: DocumentationLesson 15: ProofreadingLesson 16: Oral DefendingLesson 1: Course Introduction1. Academic Writing requires you to:To evaluate or interpret or in some other way add to and participate in what you writeTo consider the why and how of the topic you choose.To develop a point of view toward your material, take a stand, express some original thought.To analyze, interpret, evaluate the information you gather, and then to draw conclusions from it. 2. Qualities a research paper has:It is defined by a clear audience, a clear purpose and a clear structure.It is a work that shows your originality.It acknowledges all sources you have used.3. Four steps to write an academic essaya. Choosing and narrowing a topicb. Doing the research and readingc. Planning and writing various draftsd. Proof-reading and editingHow to choose a topic?Decide on your research direction:A. Literature is prose, written or oral, including fiction and non-fiction, drama and poetry. Research in literature can be a study of a particular author, a work, or a literary trend.It can also include comparative research of different writers, books, or literary criticisms.B. Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text that communicates the same message in another language.Research in translation can be an evaluation of the translation of a particular work or an author.It can also include research on a particular translator and his/her translations.It may also include research on translation techniques and theories.C. Linguistics is the study of language.Sub-areas:Phonetics/ Phonology 语音Syntax 句法Semantics 语义学Pragmatics 语用学Language and Socio-CultureLanguage learning and teachingSelecting a General TopicLiterature : which novel or play? which author?Translation : which source text or writer? which translator?Linguistics : which sub-area?Culture: which aspect?The Rule of the Thumb:your interest;your audience’s interest;your knowledge;availability of ample references;freshnessReading and ThinkingAn essay usually draws on common knowledge from a limited or personal point of view.A research paper is based on a thorough review of various sources and document the sources of information.Narrowing down the Scope of TopicNarrowing your topic should be depends on the purpose and length of your research paper. E.g. “An Analysis of Happy Marriages of Three Women in Emma”An Analysis of Emma;An Analysis of Three Women in Emma;An Analysis of Happy Marriages of Three Women in EmmaFormulating the Final TopicCriteria for the final topic:(1) It should be meaningful and serious;(2) It should be within the range of your abilities;(3) It should have sufficient materials available;(4) It can be treated objectivelyL2-3 Features of AWComplexityWritten language is lexically more dense: more noun-based phrases, more nominalizations, and more lexical variation.Written language is grammatically more complex: more subordinate clauses, more "that/to" complement clauses, more long sequences of prepositional phrases, more attributive adjectives and more passives.Formality1) Try to use full forms, avoid contractions. e. g. Don’t should be do not2) Use single-word verbs, avoid phrasal verbs wherever possible because phrasal verbs are generally more colloquial and informal than single word verbs. e.g. instead of using “bring up”we use “raise”3) Use standard or formal words and expressions, avoid informal or nonstandard words and expressions such as colloquialism, slang, and taboo words and expressions.e. g. Informal words formal wordsleave departquit resigntired fatiguedflunk faillab laboratory4) Use concrete words and expressions, avoid vague or imprecise terms. Words like thing, bit should be banned.e.g. Several things must be borne in mind when evaluating EFL textbooks.Improved: Several points must be considered when evaluating EFL textbooks.Objectivity1) Avoid the first person pronoun “I”and the second person pronoun “you”. Always use the third person references, like “the writer, the present author, or this author”.e.g. Don't write: "You can easily forget how different life was 50 years ago."Write: "It is easy to forget how difficult life was 50 years ago."2) When expressing an opinion or belief, try to use impersonal constructions.e.g. you can see--- it can be seen thatI believe --- it is commonly believed thatI hear --- it is saidConciseness1)Find the most direct way to express the idea. Use as few words as possible.2)Avoid repetition of ideas.3)Concentrate on the topic. Anything that is irrelevant and unnecessary, no matter how well written, should be deleted.4). Be precise and specific---reduce unnecessary words5. Hedging: tentative language1)It is often believed that academic writing is factual, simply to convey facts and information. However it is now recognized that an important feature of academic writing is the concept of cautious language, often called "hedging" or "vague language".2)Use affirmative structures only when there is complete certainty.e.g. It is true that…it has been proved that…3) Use tentative structures if there is no complete certainty. Modal verbs, adverbs, and other expressions often help to achieve this purpose.e.g. It is commonly accepted that…There is evidence to suggest that ….The author tends to believe that….Languages used in hedging:Introductory verbs e.g. seem, tend, appearCertain lexical verbs e.g. assume, suggestCertain modal verbs e.g. will, must, wouldAdverbs of frequency e.g. often, sometimesModal adverbs e.g. certainly, definitelyModal adjectives e.g. certain, definite, clear, probableModal nouns e.g. assumption, possibilityThat clauses e.g. It could be the case that…To-clause + adjective e.g. It may be possible to obtain.ResponsibilityIn academic writing you must be responsible for, and must be able to provide evidence and justification for, any claims you make.You are also responsible for demonstrating an understanding of any source texts you use. Examples&ExercisesL4. Taking Notes and OutliningTaking Notes- three principlesKnow what kind of ideas you need to recordDon't write down too muchLabel your notes intelligentlyWays of taking notes1) Keeping your notes on separate cards keeps you from relying too heavily on one source, it is also a flexible way of recording information because they can be easily sorted.2) On each card identify the source by a short name, and note the page number; give each listing a simple descriptive heading.3) Compare your notes to your outline regularly to determine where you have accumulated enough support and where you still need to find more.3. Main Components for Effective Outline1). Parallelism: Each heading and subheading should preserve parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb, the second heading should be a verb.e.g.3.1 Chinglish in pronunciation3.2 Chinglish in words and expressions3.3 Chinglish in word order3.4 Chinglish in grammar3.5 Chinglish in conventionCoordination : All the information contained in Heading 1 should have the same significance as the information contained in Heading 2. The same goes for the subheadings (which should be less significant than the headings)Subordination: The information in the headings should be more general, while the information in the subheadings should be more specific.e.g.Chapter Three Questionnaire or Investigation of English Majors in Independent College and Results Analysis3.1 Chinglish in pronunciation3.2 Chinglish in words and expressions3.2.1 Unnecessary words3.2.2 Misused words3.2.3 Incorrect subjects3.3 Chinglish in word order3.4 Chinglish in grammar3.5 Chinglish in conventionForms of an Outline: The most important rule for outlining form is to be consistent! An outline usually uses topic structure. A topic outline uses words or phrases for all entries and uses no punctuation after entries.E.g. Chapter Two Shakespeare’s Early life in Stratford2.1. Shakespeare's family2.1.1. Shakespeare's father2.1.2. Shakespeare's mother2.2. Shakespeare's marriage2.2.1. Life of Anne Hathaway2.2.2. Reference in Shakespeare's PoemsL5 Writing AbstractsFeatures of an Abstract:Brevity: to covey in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the paper you have written.Objectiveness: to state objectively your own ideas and main points in the paper.Integrity: to confine the abstract to a single paragraph with limited words (within 200-300) and necessary elements of information.Concentration: to omit such elements of information as figures, tables, or literature references in a summary or abstract, to avoid repeating the unnecessary elements that conventionally appear in other sections of the paper.Consistency: to be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper, and never to include what has not been mentioned in the paper.Completeness: to include what you have done and what you have achieved within the scope of the topic, such as the research theories, research methods, investigations and results and conclusions, and to differentiate your paper work from others by stressing this paper‟s contribution.2. Typical Organization of an abstract:Part One: Introduction---to define the context, the argument, the purpose of the present studyPart Two: Contents of the study --- to outline the main participants, the methods and the procedures of the study.Part Three: Results, findings and conclusion --- to present the most important results and related findings, and give suggestions of further study.3. Example of an abstractThe focus of this research is in the area of... Such a study is important in order to.... The research approach adopted in this dissertation includes... The findings from this research provide evidence that…The main conclusions drawn from this study are... This dissertation recommends that…Keywords: a, b, c, d, e4. How to choose key words:a. high frequency in the thesisb. focus of the thesisRequirements:a. noun formb. 3-5 words with semicolons in the middlec. without capitalization of the first wordd. under the Abstract textL6 Writing Introduction1. Purposes of introductionTo show your reader what you are doing in your writing(establish the context of the research)To explain why you are doing it (state the purpose of the essay)To explain how you are doing it (briefly explain your rationale and approach and the possible outcomes your study can reveal)2. Parts of an introductionEstablish a research territoryIndicate a gapOccupy the gap3. Languages of each part:Establish a research territory:The increasing interest in ... has heightened the need for ....Of particular interest and complexity are ....Recently, there has been growing interest in ....(2) Indicate a gap:The research has tended to focus on ...,rather than on ....These studies have emphasized ...,as opposed to ....Although considerable research has been devoted to ... , rather less attention has been paid 33to ....(3) Occupy the gap:The purpose / intention of this paper is to ...The primary goal / aim of this research is to ...The overall objective of this study is…This paper reports on the results obtained ....This study was designed to ...3. Frequently asked questions:How long should an introduction be?How detailed should an introduction be?Why is it so hard to write an introduction?What is an introduction for? Is it a summary?What should I put in my introduction?How many paragraphs should I write for the introduction?In a word,You can't write a good introduction until you know what the body of the paper says.Consider writing the introductory sections after you have completed the rest of the paper, rather than before.L7. Writing Conclusion1. Structure:1)Link to previous paragraph: Begin with a sentence that refers to the main subject that was discussed in the body in the essay. Make sure that this sentence also links to the preceding paragraph, or uses words such as In conclusion to signal that these are your final words on the subject.2)Brief summary: you may give a brief summary of your argument and identify the main reasons/causes/factors that relate to the question you have been asked to address. If there are two or more parts to the question, be sure to include responses to each part in your conclusion.3)Reinforce the thesis statement: it is a good idea to add a sentence or two to reinforce the thesis statement which was used in your introduction. This shows the reader that you have done what you said you would do and gives a sense of unity to the essay.4)Recommendations/speculations on future action: Additional elements that may be added include recommendations for future action and speculations on future trends. Generally, although a short pithy quote can sometimes be used to spice up your conclusion, the conclusion should be in your own words. Try to avoid direct quotations, or references to other sources.e.g.It is generally/widely accepted/argued/held/believed/that…In conclusion/it can/may be said that…An important direction for further work might be to study …Further studies should focus on the practical use of …A further experiment should be conducted with …[ a new research method] in order to generalize the effect of …Lesson 8 Avoiding Plagiarism1. Definition of plagiarism:Plagiarism is defined as the unacknowledged use, as one‟s own, of work of another person, whether or not such work has been published.Put it simply, plagiarism is copying the work of another person without proper acknowledgement. There are two parts in the definition:1 copying2 absence of proper acknowledgement2. The term of proper aknowlegementPlagiarism does not mean that you cannot quote f rom others‟ work.The aim of University education is to foster your originality, your independent thinking and analysis, your power to express and convey your own ideas.You are free to quote the work of others to strengthen your arguments provided that the quote is properly identified and t h e s o u r c e i s a c k n o w l e d g e d.3.Forms of plagiarism:Turning in someone else‟s work as your ownCopying words or ideas from someone else without giving creditFailing to put a quotation in quotation marksGiving incorrect information about the source of a quotationChanging words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit.Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or notLesson 9 Citing Sources1. Ways of citing sourcesa)Reporting: to report the other writer's ideas into your own words. You can either paraphrase if you want to keep the length the same or summarize if you want to make the text shorter.b) Direct Quotation: to quote another author's words exactly. You have to make it very clear that the words or ideas that you are using are taken from another writer.2. Direct quotationTaking the exact words from an original source is called quoting. You should quote material when you believe the way the original author expresses an idea is the most effective means of communicating the point you want to make. If you want to borrow an idea from an author, but do not need his or her exact words, you should try paraphrasing instead of quoting.3. How much should I quoteConsider quoting a passage from one of yoursources if any of the following conditions holds: The language of the passage is particularly elegant or powerful or memorable.You wish to confirm the credibility of your argument by enlisting the support of an authority on your topic.The passage is worthy of further analysis.You wish to argue with someone else's position in considerable detail.4. Languages in direct quotationAs X said/says, "... ..."As X stated/states, "... ..."As X wrote/writes, "... ..."As X commented/comments, "... ..."As X observed/observes, "... ..."As X pointed/points out, "... ..."To quote from X, "... ..."It was X who said that "... ..."This example is given by X: "... ..."Lesson10 Paraphrasing1. What is paraphrasingParaphrase=para (modifying) + phrase (tell)To paraphrase means to completely reproduce the original meaning in our own words (but never include our own opinion).2. Three essentials of paraphrasingB ecause you are using someone else‟s words and ideas, you must be sure to do the following:(1) Represent the writers‟ views accurately. Don‟t distort the original meaning.(2) Use quotation marks – identify any unique words or phrases that appear in the original.(3) Cite in-text – By referring to the example above, provide a reference on your reference page so that the reader will know where to find the original that you are paraphrasing.3. Strategies of paraphrasing1) Read and understand the text.2) Make a list of the main ideas.3) Change the structure of the text4) Change the grammar and vocabulary5) Rewrite the main ideas in complete sentences; combine your notes critically6) Check your workLesson 11 Summarizing1. Structural features of a summaryA summary is a short version of a longer text, and it gives only the main points.Short sentences are normally required, but numbered points and/or other graphic devices may also be used.The length of a summary varies according to its purpose; however, it should generally be no more than one-third the length of the original.2. Stages of writing a summary1) Read and understand the text carefully.2) Think about the purpose of the text.Ask what the author's purpose is in writing the text?What is your purpose in writing your summary? Are you summarizing to support your points? Or are you summarizing so you can criticize the work before you introduce your main points?3) Select the relevant information. This depends on your purpose.4) Find the main ideas - what is important.They may be found in topic sentences.Distinguish between main and subsidiary information.Delete most details and examples, unimportant information, anecdotes, examples, illustrations, data etc.Find alternative words/synonyms for these words/phrases - do not change specialized vocabulary and common words.5) Change the structure of the text.Identify the meaning relationships between the words/ideas - e.g. cause/effect, generalization, contrast. Express these relationships in a different way.Change the grammar of the text: rearrange words and sentences. Change nouns to verbs, adjectives to adverbs, etc., break up long sentences, combine short sentences.6) Simplify the text. Reduce complex sentences to simple sentences, simple sentences to phrases, phrases to single words.Lesson 12 Reporting1. What is synthesisA synthesis is a combination, usually a shortened version, of several texts made into one. It contains the important points in the text and is written in your own words. To make a synthesis you need tofind suitable sourcesselect the relevant parts in those sources.use your paraphrase and summary skills to write the information in your own words. The information from all the sources has to fit together into one continuous text.Test on ReportingLesson 13-14 Documentation1. In-text References1) Citing one workBy one or two authors:Author‟s surname in main sentence: year of publication in parenthesese.g. More recent work by Troy (2005) has provided support for the notion that memory for faces involves verbal as well as visual information.b. Author not named in main sentence: author‟s surname and year of publication in parentheses, separated by commae.g. It has been argued that teachers‟ role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar successful results (Bryman & Cramer, 1990).B. By more than two but fewer than six authors: cite the surnames of all the authors the first time the reference appears in text. In subsequent citations, you simply cite the surname of the first author followed by “et al.”e.g. Studies of the good language learner ( for example, Naiman, Frohlich, Stern and Todesco, 1978) have tried to identify the strategies which successful learners use (Ellis, 1994, p.37). (first citation)Naiman et al. (1978) found a similar relationship, although in this case …effort‟ on the part of the learners was also associated with instrumental motivation (Ellis, 1994, p.512).(subsequent citations)C. By six or more authors: cite the surname of the first author followed by “et al.” for the first and subsequent citations.2) Citing two or more works:A. By the same author: give the surname once, then the years of publication from past to the present. e.g.Empirical studies on student learning carried out since the 70s have found that students‟ learning outcomes to a great extent depend on their choice of learning approaches (Biggs, 1979, 1987). B. By different auth ors: arrange the citations in alphabetical order by the first author‟s surnamee.g. One major finding from the earlier studies (Barley, 1969, 1970; Clement et al., 1978; Gardner & Lambert, 1972; Spolsky, 1969) was that learners with an integrative motivation tended to obtain better achievement than those with an instrumental motivation.3) Citing an Indirect "Second-hand" SourceRemember that you can't treat a source like you have it in hand unless you actually have it in hand. If you want to cite an idea or quote which one of your sources uses, you need to indicate that this is a "second-hand" source by showing in your citation that this information is quoted in (qtd. in) the source you actually have in hand.e.g. Peterkin (1978), for instance, envisioned the black folk as sufferers in "a patient struggle with fate, and not in any race conflict at all" (qtd. in Clark, 1989, p.219).Reference List1)Use heading: References/Bibliography2)Use square brackets instead of parenthesis.3)Page numbers should be included for all articles in journals and in collections.4)Use italics (or underlining in handwriting) for titles of books, periodicals, newspapers etc.5)Use alphabetical order.6)All co-authors should be listed.7)If the author of a document is not given, begin the reference with the title of the document.(1) English ReferencesA. Booksa. One author:[1] Smith, F. (1978). Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.b. Two authors:[2] Fromkin, V. & Rodman, R. (1983). An Introduction to Language. London: Holt-Saunders.c. More than two authors:[3] Barr, P., Clegg, J. & Wallace, C. (1981). Advanced Reading Skills. London: Longman.d. Book, no author, or editor:[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. (1978). London: Longman.e. Edited collections:[5] Kinsella, V. (Ed.). (1978). Language Teaching and Linguistics: Surveys. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.[6] Oller, J. W. & Richards, J. C. (Eds.). (1973). Focus on the Learner. Rowley, Massachusetts:Newbury House.f. Book, corporate author:[7] British Council Teaching Information Centre. (1978). Pre-sessional Courses for OverseasStudents. London: British Council.g. Book, third edition:[8] Fromkin, V. & Rodman, R. (1983). An Introduction to Language (3rd ed.). London:Holt-Saunders.h. Book, revised edition:[9] Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences (rev.ed.). New York:Plenum Press.i. Books or articles, two or more by the same author in the same year:[10] Lyons, J. (1981a). Language and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.[11] Lyons, J. (1981b). Language, Meaning and Context. London: Fontana.B. Periodical Articlesa. One author:[1] Abercrombie, D. (1968). Paralanguage. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 3,55-59.b. Two authors:[2] Lipinsky, E. & Bender, R. (1980). Critical Voices on the Economy. Survey, 25, 38-42.c. More than two authors:[3] Guiora, A. Z., Paluszny, M., Beit-Hallahmi, B., Catford, J. C., Cooley, R. E. & Dull, C. Y.(1975). Language and Person: Studies in Language Behaviour. Language Learning, 25, 43-61.d. Magazine article:[4] Gardner, H. (1981, December). Do Babies Sing a Universal Song. Psychology Today, 70-76.e. Newspaper article:[5] James, R. (1991, December 15). Obesity Affects Economic Social Status. The Guardian, p. 18.C. Selections from edited collectionsa. One author:[1] Chomsky, N. (1973). Linguistic Theory. In Oller, J.W. & Richards, J.C. (Eds.), Focus on theLearner (pp. 29-35). Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House.b. Two authors:[2] Stern, H. H. & Weinrib, A. (1978). Foreign Languages for Younger Children: Trends andAssessment. In Kinsella, V. (Ed.), Language Teaching and Linguistics: Surveys (pp. 152-172).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Chinese References中文参考资料需要标注类型: [J]代表期刊, [M]代表专著，[A]代表论文集中的论文, [C]代表论文集, [Z]代表其他类型的文献。
2. 高考英语应用文写作模板讲义-主题：二手书市场
高考英语备考指南真题风向标精选模拟优题：二手书市场随着社会的发展和科技的进步，二手书市场在我们的生活中越来越普遍。
请你针对这一现象，写一篇英语议论文，探讨二手书市场的利与弊。
要求：1. 分析二手书市场的兴起背景及其对出版业的影响；2. 论述二手书市场对消费者、环境和经济的影响；3. 提出你对二手书市场未来发展趋势的看法。
注意：字数控制在120字左右。
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________高级词组搭配：1. Embrace the prevalence of the second-hand book market: 拥抱二手书市场的普及性2. Capitalize on the burgeoning trend: 利用蓬勃发展的趋势3. Navigate the pros and cons: 探索利弊4. Foster a culture of sustainability: 培养可持续发展文化5. Stimulate intellectual curiosity: 激发智慧好奇心6. Alleviate financial strain: 缓解经济压力7. Promote resource circulation: 促进资源循环利用8. Mitigate environmental impact: 缓解环境影响9. Enhance accessibility to knowledge: 提高知识获取的便利性10. Bolster the sharing economy: 加强共享经济11. Encourage a sense of community: 鼓励社区意识12. Combat consumerism: 抵制消费主义13. Diversify reading options: 丰富阅读选择14. Redefine the value of used books: 重新定义二手书的价值15. Bridge the gap between affordability and quality: 架起价格和质量之间的桥梁16. Cultivate a habit of reusing and recycling: 培养重复利用和回收的习惯17. Uphold ethical consumption practices: 坚持道德消费实践18. Encroach upon the domain of traditional publishing: 侵占传统出版领域19. Facilitate the democratization of knowledge: 促进知识的民主化20. Embody the ethos of sustainability: 体现可持续发展的理念模板套句：开头：1. In the wake of societal advancements and technological progress, the burgeoning prevalence of the second-hand book market has become an undeniable phenomenon, inviting both acclaim and critique alike. 随着社会的进步和科技的发展，二手书市场日益普及，这一现象已成为不可忽视的现象，引发了人们的赞誉和批评。
2023届高考英语应用文写作模板+讲义
高考应用文模板1.投诉信Dear ______ (称谓),I am _______, a senior high school student. I am writing to express my dissatisfaction and disappointment about the unpleasant experience which happened a few days ago.In the first place, ______(问题一). In addition, ______(问题二). Under these circumstances, ______(问题的结果) .I do hope you can deal with this problem. It is required that I should get a replacement, or I should receive a full refund. (提出解决问题的办法或者要求) I'd appreciate it if you can cope with it as early as you can. Looking forward to your prompt reply.(期待回复)Yours sincerely,Li Hua2.演讲稿Good morning, everyone, / Ladies and gentlemen,It is a great honor for me to stand here to deliver/address a speech.My topic today is ______(主题).There is no doubt that ______(陈述自己的观点). However, ______(陈述问题), which gives rise to______(问题结果).To remedy (v.解决) the situation, we students need to spring into action. We are supposed to ______(建议一).Do dear in mind that ______(建议二).That’s all. Thank you!3.求助信Dear ______ (称谓),I am ______(自我介绍) . I’m writing to you in the hope of seeking for help.(写信目的).Faced with so many problems, I have to turn to you for help. First, I have trouble in _________________（遇到的困难1）. What’s more, ___________（遇到的困难2）is also very difficult for me to do. Therefore, could you please put forward some practical suggestions? I am convinced that I will benefit a lot from your valuable and timely advice.I would appreciate it if you could respond at your earliest convenience.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 4.邀请信Dear ______ (称谓),Knowing that you are enthusiastic about _____, I am writing to invite you to participate in it.As scheduled, the ______(活动) falls on ______(具体日期), lasting from______ to______(具体时间点) , during which time a wide variety of activities will be put on. To begin with, _______（具体活动1）. In addition, _______（具体活动2）I believe that you will be very interested in these activities. This is a good opportunity for you to ______(重要意义).Hopefully, you can spare time to join us. Should you have any question, please don’t hesitate to let me know. May you have a good time!Yours sincerely,Li HuaDear ______ (称谓),How is everything going? I am eagerly writing to extend my heartfelt gratitude to you for ______(感谢的原因).Undoubtedly, had it not been your assistance in ______(对方给予的具体帮助), I fear that I would have been______ (没有对方帮助时的后果). Whenever I encounter difficulties, you ______(具体事由和感想) .Again, no words are strong enough to convey how grateful I am. Many thanks to you. I wish ______(表达祝愿或者回报意愿).Yours sincerely,Li Hua 6.通知NOTICETo enrich our school life and arouse students’ enthusiasm for ______(活动主旨) , ______(活动)is scheduled to be held at ______(活动地点) on ______(活动时间)._________ are expected to take part.（参加人员）During the ___________（活动）, students can ____________（具体可以做的事情之一）. What's more, students will________.（具体可以做的事情之一）Contestants are required to ______(活动要求). Hopefully, you will benefit a lot from this activity.Those who show their keen interests in the activity will be highly appreciated. Your participation will definitely make much difference.7.告知信Dear ______ (称谓),Delighted to learn that ______, I’m writing to inform you of some relevant information.______(活动信息). To begin with, ______(要点一). Furthermore, ______(要点二). To sum up, ______(要点三).Hope that it can be of help to you. If you want to know anything else, please don’t hesitate to contact me.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 8.推荐信Dear ______ (称谓),In response to your request for ______(推荐事由), I would like to recommend ______(具体推荐事项). I recommend it mainly for the following three reasons.Initially, ______(推荐理由一) . Additionally/Aside from it, ______(推荐理由二). Plus, ______(推荐理由三) . If you want details, please______(联系方式) .Your taking my recommendation into consideration will be highly appreciated/expected.Keenly anticipate your prompt reply.Yours sincerely,Li HuaDear ______ (称谓),I am ______(自我介绍).I am writing to inquire about ______(要询问的内容).The following is my confusion. First of all, I’m tempted to know______. Secondly, when will______? Thirdly, is______? (要咨询的问题罗列)I would be much appreciated if you can furnish me with the above information and you can contact me via______ (表达感谢).Thank you and your prompt reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 10.新闻报道______(时间或地点) saw/witnessed ______(活动). Aimed at______(活动目的), this activity was well received in the whole school.______(参与者) took an active part in the activity. The ______(活动) provided a platform for all the students to ______(活动内容一). Most impressively, ______(活动内容二).With the students' active participation and teachers' enthusiastic support, the ______(活动) was undoubtedly a success.（This activity was highly spoken of by students, for it motivated them to______(影响).11.建议信Dear ______ (称谓),You can’t imagine how ______(情感) I am hearing about______(写信的原因). I’m more than glad to offer my advice for your reference.Firstly, you are supposed to______ (建议一). Additionally(For one reason), it makes sense to ______ (建议二/理由一) . Moreover（For another reason）, ______ (建议三/理由二)is also a good choice . Do bear in mind that （Therefore）______ (建议四/理由三)I am fully convinced that use the tips above and we will______ (以上建议的好处) . I would appreciate it if you could take my suggestions into account (表达希望接受建议).Yours sincerely,Li Hua 12.慰问信Dear ______ (称谓),Words fail me to convey my worry when I heard that______(写信原由). I am writing to extend sincere pity and care for you (I hope that the unexpected failure/trouble won’t let you down).You must ______(表达对遭遇的理解). However, if you were brave enough not to ______(悲观失望等),which is admirable. Anyway,it can’t be better if you can lift your spirits to face up to the result. Plus, ______(提供建议或帮助) .Remember,I won’t be far away.I hope you can find my encouragement helpful.（Hope you can have your troubles removed soon）.Yours sincerely,Li HuaDear ______ (称谓),I am really delighted to learn that ______(职位) is required, and I feel this ______(职位或机会)is specially tailored to me.To start with, my advantage first lies in the fact that ______(优势一) . Furthermore, ______(优势二) . Finally, there is no problem with ______(优势三) .I do hope my ______(资质或能力)will win me a favorable consideration from your side.Should you need any details related to my application, feel free to contact me at______(联系方式).Keenly anticipate your prompt reply.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 14.道歉信Dear ______ (称谓),I 'm terribly sorry to inform you that ______(写信事由). Thus, I am writing to apologize for not keeping my word. Something unexpected happened and ______(失约理由) .Shall we fix another time? I’ll be available any time after______(补救办法). Will ______(另约时间) suits your convenience? If it’s convenient for you, let’s meet at ______(见面地点). If not, let me know what time suits you best. I hope the adjustment won’t put you into much trouble.Keenly anticipate your prompt reply.Yours sincerely,Li Hua15.倡议书Dear ______ (称谓),It is common to see that ______(陈述现象). Not only ______, but also______ (现象的影响). I’m writing to call on us students to ______(呼吁).Firstly, we are supposed to ______(建议一). What’s more, it is suggested that ______(建议二). Eventually, whatever possible it’s good to______(建议三) .Such measures can definitely make a marked improvement in______(在什么方面提高). We would like all of you to attach importance to______(主题)!Yours sincerely,Li Hua16.祝贺信Dear ______ (称谓),I am writing to extend to you my utmost congratulations on ______(祝贺事由). As ______(身份关系), I just want you to know how delighted I was when______(祝贺事由).For these years, you ______(被祝贺人过去的经历). Not only did/have/were______(被祝贺人的努力), but also______(被祝贺人的努力). It is a reward you richly deserve for your ______(被祝贺人的优点) .All my best wishes for an even more prosperous future!Yours sincerely,Li Hua。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
写作八讲（book 2）第一讲：topic sentence and supporting sentences主题句和推展句How to write a topic sentence?Since the controlling idea or purpose must be stated clearly and precisely enough to indicate what the paragraph includes, your topic sentence must be: 1）specific instead of general 2）precise instead of vague (主题句要明确清晰不要笼统，要准确无误不要含糊不清)Compare the following two sentences and decide which is better.Astronauts must be very capable.√Astronauts must be scientists as well as expert test pilots.College students will be assured good jobs on graduation.√College students tend to get better jobs than those who haven’t a college diploma.People living in apartment never talk to each other.√People living in apartment seldom talk to each other.Countryside is much better than a city.√Countryside is a better place to live than a city in several aspects.Global warming is caused by a build-up of gases in the earth’s atmosphere.√Global warming is, to some extent, caused by a build-up of gases in the earth’s atmosphere.Write a paragraph about “television commercials”. Fashion an effective topic sentence and support it with details.Sample:The same television commercials repeat again and again in one evening. Perhaps the following two factors can account for this. The first reason is simply a matter of economics. It must make sure that as many people as possible will see it. Thus, more consumers will be attracted and a bigger profit may be gained. Another reason for repeating the commercials so often is the belief that repetition helps to imprint the message on the mind. Some feel that repetition—even to the point of irritation—is supposed to make people remember the product.第二讲：Unity in the Paragraph 段落的整体一致性A paragraph is unified when all the sentences in the paragraph are focused on one central thought or on a single topic. When you write a paragraph, be sure that each sentence contributes to the theme, and any irrelevant information is excluded.Read the following paragraphs and analyze: Which of the sentences doesn’t contribute to the topic?1. Riding a bicycle has a lot of advantages over driving a car. First, it is a physic al exercise to ride a bicycle. In contrast, sitting in the car, one tends to gain weight. Besides, it is much more economical to ride a bike than drive a car. The only fee a bike-rider has to pay is the annual tax. However, the annual fees for a car are costly. Most important of all, it is beneficial to the environment to ride a bicycle because the bike doesn’t consume petrol; it is a pollution-free transport. In contrast, the exhaust released by the car is harmful to the environment. Scientists should find a way to reduce its damage to the environment.key: Scientists should find a way to reduce its damage to the environment.2. Science and technology are developing rapidly with each passing day. At the same time, college are much higher than ever before. How to finance your college education had become amatter of concern for many. Y ou can deal with it in many ways. Y ou can get all of the money from your parents. Y ou can apply for a loan especially set up for college students. Y ou can also acquire the money completely by yourself, doing a full-time job in summer or winter holiday. In addition, you can ask your parents for most of it and earn the rest in your spare time in college, by doing a part-time job.key: Science and technology are developing rapidly with each passing day. At the same time, Write a paragraph on the topic of How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic. Eliminate the irrelevant idea from the outline below. Then write the paragraph in a problem-solution pattern. situation: urban traffic, increasingly crowded, traffic jams, delay, traffic accidents, careless drivingsolution: more roads, speed up the flow of traffic, more public bus routesresult: take up much land, house shortage, inconvenience第三讲：Working toward coherence （I）段落的连贯性——过渡词/短语Coherence in a paragraph refers to the way the sentences are arranged and to their relationship to one another. When a paragraph is coherent, the sentences are arranged in a clear and logical order, the transitions are smooth and natural, and ideas flow smoothly and gracefully from one sentence to the next. As a result, the reader finds it easy to follow the writer’s train of thought.Generally, there are two devices that will help you achieve coherence in your writing: 1）transitional words and phrases that show specific kinds of relationships 2）the repetition of or reference to key terms. (一般来说，有两种方式使段落具有连贯性：一是过渡词和词组，二是对关键事物词语进行重复表达或指代。