Chapter 1 Brief Information of the U
美国文学(本杰明富兰克林)
American literatureChapter 1 The Embryo of American Literature1、Benjamin FranklinA Brief Introduction of Benjamin FranklinFranklin was one of the leading founding fathers of the United States of America. He was a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence and was one of its signatories(签名人)。
He also signed the Constitution of the United States, and served as the new nation’s ablest diplomat. Franklin was also unequaled in America as an inventor until Thomas Edison. He invented the Franklin stove(火炉，窖，温室)，bifocal eyeglasses and the lightning rod.※BiographyBenjamin Franklin was born on January 17,1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the youngest child ,and tenth boy of 17 children. Franklin’s formal schooling ended early but his education never did. He believed that “the door to wisdom are never shut,” and read every book he could get his hands on. Franklin taught himself simple algebra and geometry ,navigation, logic, history, science, English grammar and a working knowledge of five other languages.Franklin had a simple formula for success. He believed that successful people worked just a little harder than other people. Benjamin Franklin certainly did. He built a successful printing and publishing business in Philadelphia; he conducted scientific studies of electricity and made several important discoveries; he was an accomplished diplomat and statesman; he helped establish Pennsylvania’s first university and America’s first city hospital. He also organized the country’s first subscription library.Franklin had strong belief that good citizenship included an obligation of public service. Franklin himself served the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the new United States of America, in one way or the other, for most of his life. To Benjamin Franklin there was no greater purpose in life than to“live usefully.”※The Works·Poor Richard’s Almanac.1733·The Way to Wealth,1758·Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ，1791·Benjamin Franklin’s Thirteen Virtues1TEMPERANCE. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.2SIlENCE. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.3ORDER.Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.4RESOLUTION.Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.5FRUGALITY. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e.,waste nothing.6INDUSTRY.Lose no time;be always employeed in something useful; cut off all unneccessary actions.7. SINCERITY. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly.8. JUSTICE. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.9. MODERATION. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.10. CLEANLINESS. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, or habitation.11. TRANQUILLITY. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.12. CHASTITY. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dulness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation.13. HUMILITY. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.※Selected ReadingToo Dear for the WhistleWhen I was a child of seven years old , my friends , on a holiday ,filled my pocket with coppers . I went at once to a shop where they sold toys for children . Being charmed with the sound of a whistle that I had seen by the way , in the hands of another boy , I handed over all my money for one . I then came home , went whistling all over house , much pleased with my whistle , but disturbing all my family .My brother and sister and cousins ,when I told of the bargain I had made,said I had given four times as much as the whistle was worth . They put me in mind of what good things I might have bought with the rest of the money, and laughed at me so much for my folly that I cried with vexation(n.苦恼，恼怒，令人烦恼的事) . Thinking about the matter gave me more chagrin than the whistle gave me pleasure.This , however , was afterwards of use to me , for the impression continued on my mind . so that often , when I was tempted to buy something I do not need . I said to myself . “Don't give too much for the whistle ,”and I saved my money . As I grew up , came into the world，and observed the actions of men . I thought I met with many ,very many ,who “gave too much for the whistle .”When I saw some man too eager for cout favour, wasting his time at court getherings ,giving up his rest , his liberty ,his virtue, and perhaps his friends ,for royal favour , I said to myself “This man gives too much for the whistle.”When I saw another fond of popularity , constantly taking part in political affairs ,neglecting his own business ,and ruining it by neglect , “He pays , indeed ,”said I , “too dear for his whistle .”If I knew a miser（守财奴，吝啬鬼）who gave up every kind of comfortable living , all the pleasure of doing good to others , all the esteem of his fellow citizens and the joys of friendship , for the sake of gathering and keeping wealth —“Poor man.”said I , “you pay too dear for your whistle .”When I met a man of pleasure , who did not try to improve his mind or his fortune but merely devoted himself to having a good time ,perhaps neglecting his health ,“Mistaken man,”said I , “you are providing pain for yourself , instead of pleasure ; you are paying too dear for your whistle .”If I saw someone fond of appearance of who had fine clothes , fine houses , fine furniture , fine earrings , all above his fortune , and for which he had run into debt ,and ends his career in a prison .“Alas,”said I , “he has paid dear , very dear , for his whistle . ”In short the miseries of mankind are largely due to their putting a false value on things —to giving “too much for their whistles”.。
美国司法制度概论整理一AN INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSSTEM
书名：美国司法制度概论（AN INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSSTEM）著：Diane S. Kaplan 康大安整理人：翁晓庭（仅供参考，禁止外扬，违反者请主动前往H628宿舍自首，本大小姐可以对你们进行从宽处置，限于本人较懒难免有些错别字大小写之类的低级错误还没有来得及改正希望各位见谅，但是相信还不至于影响到各位的欣赏阅读）内容简介：1、各章目录翻译（方便各位考试时查找章节）2、课堂上老师要求划下的重点（鄙人秉着一颗虔诚的心预测这就是考试重点了）3、案例的中文简介（无数个日日夜夜呕心沥血边发微博咒骂美司边总结出来的基本正确的翻译。
）目录部分：Chapter 1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STA TES(美国联邦宪法的简史)Constitutional History(宪政历史)The declaration of independence（独立宣言）The revolutionary war（独立战争/南北战争）The articles of confederation（美国第一部宪法/十三州联邦宪法）The constitutional convention（制宪会议））Ratifying the consititution （宪法的通过）The bill of rights（权利法案/宪法修订案）The constitutional plan of government（政府的宪政计划）The preamble if the constitution （宪法的序言）▲本章课堂上老师让划的重点句子1、P15 the “separation of powers doctrine”（三权分立学说）2、P15 the purpose of distributing government powers among three separate branches is to prevent any one branch ,or any one person,from becoming too powerful.（把政府权力分散到三个部门的目的是为了防止任何一个部门或任何一人的权力过大）3 、P15 the constitution also divides power between the federal government and the individual states. The division of powers between a central government and numerous regional government is called federalism.（宪法还在联邦政府和各州之间进行了权力分配。
thefeaturesofenglishnews
The Features of English News HeadlinesAbstractWith the gradual deepening of the opening policy and the entry the WTO, the Chinese people are more eager to know the world and to be known by the world. A large amount of information is transmitted by news media especially English news reports.Headline is the essential part of news report. As few peoplehave enough time to read the news from the beginning to the end, most readers try to know as much information as they can in the shortest possible time.And a good news headline plays a role of icing on the cake and making the finishing touch of the report and most importantly, it may catch the attention of the readers. Reading news headlines is the first step of reading English newspapers. Due to the special style of news, its headlines have long developed their own unique characteristics. So this thesis is intended to introduce some features of English news headlines, covering lexical features, grammatical features, rhetorical features and how to use the punctuation. Besides, in the international news, English news counts for a large proportion and headlines are treated as a summary of the news. In order to catch the readers’ attention, the editors al ways use a variety of techniques to enhance the attraction of the headlines, which brings enormous challenges to readers for English news headlines. In order to understand the English headlines well, readers should learn the features of English headlines.【Key Words】English news headlines; featuresIntroductionA piece of news is composed by three parts: headline，leading and body among which a headline is the epitome and highlight of the content of newspapers and periodicals.Headlines printed on the papers are the windows of the news and it can let readers know it is worth reading .it is essential for readers to understand headlines to decide which column should be read while which not.In this paper, features of using vocabulary , tense and voice，omission of words and using of various rhetoric of headlines from English newspapers and periodicals are approached for the purpose of giving a better understanding of the contents of news and i mproving English learners’ reading ability.Chapter 1Brief Introduction of English News Headlines Now in the information age, news begins to play a more and moreimportant role in our daily life. It provides people with the latest news in the world. A piece of news is usually composed of a headline, a lead and a body. Especially, the headline is the eye of a piece of news. Because people do not have enough time to read through the whole news, they just look through the headline of the news to guess what it is talking about. So it is important to understand the definition, function and feature of a news headline.Definition of English News HeadlinesWhen reading a newspaper, one should first read a headline. As an indispensable part of news, headlines are compared to the eyes of news. Many journalists, scholars and books have defined the concept of a news headline. So this paper has collected some different versions of definition of a news headline. “A news headline's caption printed at the top of a page or article in a newspaper, usually in large bold letters and often summarizing the content that follows it.”(Encarta Dictionary) “A head of a newspaper story or article，usually printed in large type and devised to summarize the story or article that follows.” (Longman Dictionary of the English Language) “A head of a newspaper story or article usually printed in large type and devised to summarize, give essential information about,or let readers in reading the story or article that follows.”(Webster Third New International Dictionary) “报纸新闻标题用来概括，评价新闻的内容，帮助读者阅读和理解新闻。
Chapter 1.A Brief Introduction to the UK
Chapter I. A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom1.1国名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国( The United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland)国歌：《上帝保佑女王》“god save the queen”（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为"god save the king"）国花：玫瑰花国鸟：红胸鸽国石：钻石国家政要：女王伊丽莎白二世(Queen Elizabeth II) ，１９５２年２月６日即位，１９５３年６月２日加冕；首相：2007年6月27日，布莱尔正式辞去首相职务，工党领袖布朗顺利接任英国第52任首相。
1.2 Scenic Spots in Britain1.3 A Brief Description to the UKThe United Kingdom is a small nation in physical size. At 244,820 sq km. Like the rest of northern Europe, it is warmed by the Gulf Stream flowing out of the South Atlantic Ocean. The climate, in general, is mild, chilly, and often wet. Rain or overcast skies can be expected for up to 300 days per year. These conditions make Britain lush and green, with rolling plains in the south and east and rough hills and mountains to the west and north.Despite its relatively small size, Britain is highly populated, with an estimated population 59.6 million. It is highly developed economically, outstanding in the arts and sciences, sophisticated in technology, and highly prosperous and peaceful. In general, British subjects belong to one of richest states of Europe and enjoy a high standard of living compared to the rest of the world. Many nations around the world have been influenced by British history and culture. With each passing year, English comes closer to being a world language for all educated people, as Latin once was. Some parts of the world received substantial numbers of British emigrants and developed into what were called daughter nations. These colonies eventually became self-governing areas called dominions自治领. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand fit this pattern，which constitute the Commonwealth of nations.英联邦The UK has been the member of The European Union since 1973.1.4 Different ElementsThe UK includes 4 parts within the one nation-state: the island of the Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales, and Northern Ireland.1.4.1 England•Population: 48.7 million•Area: 130423 sqkm•Capital: London•History: a series of invasions.1. Before the 1st c ADCeltic people from central Europe2. 43 ADthe Roman Empire3. 400 years laterGermanic people: the Angles & the SaxonKing Arthur and his round table knights4. The later 8th c ADthe Vikings from ScandinaviaKing Alfred the GreatNortherners: less sophisticatedVs. Southerners: rich, arrogant and unfriendly5. Normans: descendants of VikingsWilliam the Conqueror Vs. King Haroldthe Legend of Robin Hood6. 1640sCharles I’s attempt to overrule parliament led to a civil war. Finally parliament succeeded and the king was executed.Oliver Cromwell7. 1371 The Scottish house of Stuart8. 1688 The Glorious RevolutionThe Glorious RevolutionWhen JamesⅡthreatened to restore the old absolute monarchy, the bourgeoisie took a decisive action, that is, to have him expelled and invite William, prince of Orange, form Holland to be king of England in 1688. This is called This bloodless event completed the bourgeoisie revolution. So, modern England was firmly established and capitalism would develop freely within the state structure of modern England, constitutional monarchy.1.4.2 Scotland•Population: 5.111 million•Area: 7.8822 sqkm•Capital: Edinburgh•The largest city: Glasgow•Language: Gaelic 盖尔语Scotland is the second largest both in population and area. It is the most rugged崎岖part of the UK, with areas of rarely populated mountains and lakes in the north (the Highlands) and in the south (the Southern Uplands).1603 Queen Elizabeth I died childless and James VI of Scotland became James I of England.1314The Scots, led by Robert the Bruce, defeated the English army and got 300 years of full independence.1707By the agreement of the English and Scotland Parliament, Scotland joined the union.1.4.3 Wales•Population: 2.9 million•Area: 20776 sqkm•Capital: Cardiff•Language: Welsh•Natural resource: rich coal deposites•Industries: coal and steeltourism•The Prince of Wales:Edward I named his son the Prince of Wales, and the first son of the monarch has held that title ever since (Prince Charles) to try to bring Wales into the British nation.1.4.4 Northern Ireland•Population: 1.642 million•Area: 14139 sq km•Capital: BelfastGeographyIt is mostly rural, with low hills, a beautiful lake district in the south-west, and a rugged coastline.* Giant’s Causeway: a rocky promontory海角made up of black hexagonal 六边形的columns formed by cooling lava millions of years agoLegend goes that the giant Finn Macool built it to cross the sea to Scotland.Political Trouble•Cause: About 1/3 of the population in the Northern Ireland was Roman Catholic, most of whom resented the North’s separation from the South.They found it harder to get jobs, or to benefit from social programmes under the Protestant-controlled parliament. Catholics were regularly harnessed by a Protestant Police force and any indication of nationalist sentiment was ruthlessly repressed. Therefore, the armed conflict known as “troubles” developed.•IRA (Irish Republican Army)In 1919, a group calling IRA expanded the fighting with armed terror activities.•The Good Friday AgreementAs a result of multi-party negotiation, the Good Friday Agreement known as Belfast Agreement emerged in 10 April, 1998. It assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland “remains part of the UK and shall not cease to be so without the consent of the majority of the people of Northern Ireland.”1.5 Race1.5.1Early Ethnic人种的GroupsBritain‘s predominant historical stock is called Anglo-Saxon. Germanic peoples from Europe-the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes-arrived in Britain in massive numbers between the 5th and 7th centuries AD. These people tended to be tall, blond, and blue-eyed. Their language became the foundation of the basic, short, everyday words in modern English. Native Britons fought the great flood of Germanic peoples, and many Britons who survived fled west to the hill country. These refugees难民and native Britons were Celts who had absorbed the earliest peoples on the island, the prehistoric people known as Iberians伊比利亚人. Celts tended to be shorterthan Anglo-Saxons and have rounder heads. Most had darker hair, but a strikingly high percentage of Celts had red hair.In 1066 the Normans, French-speaking invaders of Norse origin, conquered England, adding yet another ethnic component. Although the Normans were the last major group to add their stock to the British population, waves of other foreigners and refugees have immigrated to Britain for religious, political, and economic reasons. Protestant French sought refuge in the 17th century, sailors of African ancestry came in the 18th century, and Jews from central and eastern Europe immigrated in the late 19th century and during the 1930s and late 1940s.1.5.2 Immigration After World War IIMost British people attribute their origins to the early invaders: 81.5 percent call themselves English, 9.6 percent Scottish, 2.4 percent Irish, 1.9 percent Welsh, and 1.8 percent Ulsterites北爱尔兰人. The remaining 2.8 percent of the population are minorities who arrived, for the most part, in the decades following the end of World War II in 1945. These minorities-Chinese, Asian Indians, Pakistanis, Africans, and Caribbean people of African ancestry-came to Britain in substantial numbers after 1945.1.5.3 Class“Class” seems more important in UK than in other countries.•Criteria for class division:1.Economical differences.2.Cultural differences.cational differences.4.Whether-aristocracy differences.Division of classes.•Upper class _ Queen_aristocrats(Duke公爵, Marquis侯爵, Earl伯爵, Viscount子爵, Baron男爵)•Middle class (White Collar ) _ upper middle class(doctors or lawyers and so on with high income and high-status profession)_ lower middle class (unskilled office work or skilled, well-paid manual work)•Working class _ Manual workers (Blue Collar)。
英国概况
(2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure;
II. Different Names for Britain and its Parts
1. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 2.The Definition of The UK., Great Britain and England. England, Scotland, Wales Northern Ireland.
the British Isles, Great Britain and England
North Atlantic Ocean
North Sea
贝尔法斯特
Belfast
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
加的夫
Cardiff
3. What are the three natural zones in Scotland ？
The three natural zones in Scotland are: the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands, and the south Uplands
VI. The History of Great Britain
英文论文关于金融危机对房地产的影响的论文英文版完美版
ChapterⅠ Introduction1.1 Brief Introduction of the Financial CrisisThe sub-loan crisis is also called as the subprime mortgage crisis and translated as the subprime lending crisis. It refers to a financial storm that occurred in the United States due to the bankruptcy of the sub-mortgage agencies, the forced closing of the investment funds, and the severe turbulence of the stock market. It led to the crisis in lack of liquidity at the world's major financial markets. The U.S. "Sub-Loan Crisis" began to emerge from the spring of 2006. From August of 2007, it started to sweep through the United States, the European Union, Japan, and other major financial markets in the world.Sub-loan means "subprime mortgage loan". “Sub” means the poor side corresponding to “high” and “excellent”, while in the "sub-loan crisis" it refers to the low credit and low debt-repaying capacity.Subprime mortgage loan is a high-risk and high-yield industry, which refers to the loans offered by a number of lending institutions to the borrowers with poor credit and low income. Comparing to the traditional standard mortgage loans, the subprime mortgage loans demand low levels on the borrowers’ credit history and repaying ability, but its corresponding lending rate is much higher than the normal mortgage loans. Those who are refused on high-grade mortgage loans by the bank for their bad credit history or weak repaying ability may apply for the subprime mortgage loans to buy houses.When the house price is going up, the subprime mortgage loans business is booming. Even if the borrower’s cash flow can not repay the loan, they may obtain re-loans from the value-added real estate to fill the gap. However, when the house price maintains or goes down, there will be a funding gap and then the bad debts.The subprime mortgage loan is a kind of housing mortgages abroad, to supply loans to the people with less income or lower-level credit history. The reason for supplying loans to these people is that the lending institutions can receive a mortgage interesthigher than the good credit mortgage. When the house prices rise, the loans will have no problems as a result of adequate value in pledge; but when the house prices fall, value in pledge is no longer sufficient, while the mortgager has less income, thus the loan contract may be breached and the house may be returned to the bank. It will cause the increase in the bad debts of the mortgager, the collapsed cases of the mortgage providers and the risks in the financial markets.1.2 Importance of Real Estate Industry on Beijing's GDP(Proportion)The added value of real estate industry accounts for more than 5% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in our country. As a pillar industry, it has played an important role in the national economy.Yu Xiuqin, the spokeswoman of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics said on October 14, 2004, that Beijing’s GDP in the first quarter increased 13% over the same period of the previous year. The released Real Estate Investment Report by the Fixed Assets Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission on October 15 indicated that the investment growth rate in the first three quarters reduced to 20.3% from 40.6% in the first quarter, "ranking in a more reasonable range." But the Report also pointed out that the great dropping in the real estate investment "leading indicators (land development, etc.)” undoubtedly affected the potential growth of investment in real estate. The delayed impact from macro-control measures shall be paid attentions to." This Report obviously reminded that the development and investment in real estate may maintain the downward trend due to the impact of macro-control, and it may further have a certain impact on Beijing’s economic growth.What impact can macro-control br ing on Beijing’s GDP? Ding Xiangyang, Director of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, said when he reported to Beijing People's Congress Standing Committee on the implementation of nationaleconomic and social development plan during the first half year, that a series of land policies in Beijing such as the moratorium on agricultural land requisition, the ceasing of agreed land transfer, and the clean-up of investment projects in development zones, as well as the macro-control, had probably effected an investment of about RMB 120 billion yuan, with about 2-3 percentage points on affecting the annual economic growth in the next few years. The Report of the Fixed Assets Investment Division finally showed that from the investment in recent years, the proportion of real estate investment had always been maintained at above 55%, which did not match the direction of industrial restructuring on developing high-tech industries and modern manufacturing sectors. In order to maintain the consecutive and stable economic growth of the city and optimize the industrial structure, it is necessary to intensify the investment structure adjustment and increase the proportion of industrial investment, especially under the circumstances that the potentials in the real estate industry are affected."We can see such a logic relationship: the real estate investment maintains a high proportion in recent years, while the macro-control reduces the real estate investment growth rate, which will annually decrease several p ercentage points of Beijing’s GDP in the next few years. Real estate has an extraordinary impact on Beijing's economy. The proportion of real estate investment is too large? According to the planning of National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing City has cleaned up the fixed assets projects in the city. From the information of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, there are more than 6000 projects being cleaned up, in which more than 600 projects involved in violations. Among them, there are 53 projects being stopped the construction or cancelled and 554 projects being suspended the construction for rectification, with a total investment amount of RMB 164 billion yuan, accounting for 1/5 of the total number in our country. From the project clean-up situation, there is still more than 50% of investment concentrated in the real estate field among all the city's investment projects being constructed or planned for construction. Figures show that the real estate investment in Beijingaccounts for 56.5% of the total investment in the entire society, far exceeding the national average level of 18%. The Report of the Fixed Assets Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission suggests that the proportion of real estate investment is too large, "and this does not match the direction of industrial restructuring on developing high-tech industries and modern manufacturing sectors."However, Ren Zhiqiang, President of Huayuan Group who researches much on the economic indexes said, "Beijing originally has a lot of lands for use, but the Capital has not implemented constructions for a long time, and now the construction develops after conquering great difficulties, a higher proportion of real estate investment is normal." Professor Y e Jianping, Head of the Land Management Division of Renmin University of China, considered that demands for housing and the supply in Beijing in recent years had promoted the proportion growth of investment, although this proportion of 56.5% was much higher than the international average level. However, it is very difficult to evaluate whether it is right or not at special stages in a specific period." Nevertheless, there must be problems if such proportion maintains in a long period." Someone in the Fixed Assets Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission said that a higher proportion in real estate investment has certain rationality at the present stage on accelerating urban transformation, urbanization and economic growth. And now all aspects of the real estate industry are still within the safety line in general. A large number of bubble phenomenon such as housing vacancy or price skyrocketing have not occurred. But he also pointed out at the same time that it was very easy to emerge bubbles as the real estate industry was greatly affected by the policy. Therefore Beijing, as a large-sized city, if the proportion of real estate investment is too large, the city’s whole economy will accordingly become more vulnerable.Who is the largest contributor to GDP? The official data from Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission show that the direct pulling role of real estate on Beijing’s GDP is between 5% and 10%. Experts believe that the direct contributionof the real estate industry to GDP completely results from the demand growth in the real estate market. It is reported that the volume of demolition in Beijing reduces at the annual rate of 20% for 5 consecutive years. There were about 100,000 removing households in Beijing 5 years ago, but in 2004 there were only 20,000. In the past a considerable portion of the demand in Beijing real estate market consists of urban renewal, infrastructure construction as well as a large number of demolitions invested by the government. Now although the government demolitions decline a lot, the consumption amount has not reduced, thus the real estate market remains a strong demand. "With this demand, the relatively high proportion of real estate in GDP is quite normal, because Beijing's real estate is not for Beijing City only, but for the whole country and even the world."In addition to the pulling role of the strong demands in real estate market on Beijing’s GDP, it is well known that the real estate industry drives its upstream and downstream industries. Someone in Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission disclosed: "According to the sales estimation, the proportion of real estate and the relevant industries such as its driven raw materials and service industry is about 1:1.2." "Real estate investment can drive a dozen of or a hundred of related industries." Ren Zhiqiang had his personal experience. He considered that from an investment view, the real estate industry could stimulate many affiliated industries, thus it had a great impact on the whole GDP. But he also said that the current method of calculating GDP was on the basis of the net investment amount, excluding the consumption, whereas the related consumption of real estate such as second-hand housing transaction was a very important part of the real estate industry. Therefore he thought that the statistical methods on GDP was not entirely correct, which could not calculate accurately the specific contribution value of the real estate industry. What he implicated was that: the present statistics were incomplete, and the polling function of the real estate industry on GDP had been underestimated.Macro-control on the balance beam: more than one expert warned that the long-term development of a city could not rely on continuous investment though real estateplayed an important role in driving the fixed assets investment and GDP. It should develop more industries. Only the driving industries can bring sustainable development, no matter what it is the first, second or third industry. Someone in the Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission introduced that for the adjustment of investment structure, the Municipal Development and Reform Commission at present had established a long-term guideline aiming at reducing the proportion of real estate in the fixed assets investment in Beijing: to change the structure with so large real estate investment at present by increasing the investment on other industries and fields, rather than limiting the current real estate projects, in order to increase the growth points of the city and avoid large effects on the whole economy resulted from the changing real estate industry. At the same time, we shall strengthen market monitoring and analysis, guide the restructuring of real estate products, focus on developing the mid-priced residential houses, and expand the size of second-hand housing market etc. "But the government has the responsibility to control the real estate for avoiding major fluctuations." The staff in the Investment Division of the Development and Reform Commission said that people in the real estate industry were more psychologically vulnerable to the effects of the outside world. Therefore the misconduct may result in insufficient investment in real estate, declining engineering volume, effecting the development of the relevant service and raw material industries, and finally directly or indirectly affecting the entire GDP growth." So the real estate investment, no matter it is up or down, should be a smooth process. It shall follow the principle of ensuring a smooth and stable development in real estate, to prevent the sharp ups and downs." The information on our country’s real estate and construction of 2007 shows that there are 63,000 real estate development enterprises in 2007, with a total employment of 1,720,000 people; the completed investment on real estate development is RMB 2.5289 trillion yuan, with an increase rate of 30. 2%.Statistics show that the asset-liability ratio of China's real estate development enterprise in 2007 was 74.4%; the real estate development enterprises realized a totalprofit of RMB 290 billion yuan, with an increase rate of 48.4%.The released information also shows that China's real estate industry in 2007 still has problems such as irrational housing supply structure, high housing prices and so on. Statistics show that in 2007 the affordable housing investment accounts for 4.6% in the commercial residential investment, reducing 0.5 percentage points; residential housing under 90 square meters only accounts for 23.3% in the commercial residential housing; the real estate sales areas reduced a lot at the end of the year.ChapterⅡ Financial CrisisThe real estate industry is the leading industry of China's national economy, which ranks a decisive position in the modern social and economic life. After more than ten years of development, China's real estate industry is in the transition period towards to a large-scaled, branding and standardized operation. The growth means of the real estate industry is changing the focus on from speed and scale to benefit and market segmentation, and the relied aspects from the government’s policy c ontrol to market regulation and corporate self-regulation. In the first half of 2006, the rigid housing demand in Beijing released a lot, and the supply in the commercial forward delivery housing market turned on a recovering trend. There were four features showed in Beijing’s real estate market in 2006: the investment growth in real estate recovered and the residential investment increased a lot; new construction area increased fast, but the completion area of residential buildings reduced; the sales in the housing market boomed, but the vacant space lessened; the residential price index continued to increase, but at a stable rate.Beijing’s investment in real estate increases rapidly. From January to June in 2006, the completed investment in real estate development in Beijing was RMB 64.01 billion yuan, increasing 20.8% over the same period in the previous year, with an increased rate of 12.7 percentage points. From January to June in 2006, the completedland development area of the real estate development enterprises in Beijing reached 1,964,000 square meters, increasing 130% over the same period in the previous year; the vacancy space decreased for the flourishing market demand and supply reduction. At the end of June in 2006, the vacancy space of commercial housing in Beijing covered an area of 9,652,000 square meters, with 4,090,000 square meters less than that at the beginning of the year, with a decreasing rate of 29.8%. From January to June in 2006, the fund in place of Beijing’s real estate developmen t enterprises was RMB 126.52 billion yuan, increasing 20.3% over the same period in the previous year, in which the financial loans was RMB 33.95 billion yuan, increasing 40.1% over the same period in the previous year. It accounted for 26.8% of the fund in place that year, raising 3.8 percentage points.Since 2006, the housing sales price index in Beijing City showed a slight upward trend. From January to June in 2006, the total price index of newly-built commercial houses accumulated at 107.7%, increasing 0.6 percentage points than that of the previous month, and increasing 1 percentage point than that at the same period of the previous year; of which the residential price index accumulated at 108.5%, increasing 0.5 percentage points than that of the previous month, and increasing 1.3 percentage points than that at the same period of the previous year; the second-hand residential price index accumulated at 109.5%, almost the same as that of the previous month, and increasing 3 percentage points than that at the same period of the previous year. The price increasing rate of ordinary residential housing exceeded that of the high-grade residential houses. From January to June in 2006, the average residential price index in Beijing’s newly-built residential houses accumulated at 110%, exceeding 4.2 percentage points than that of the high-grade residential houses.The competition in Beijing’s real estate industry has become increasingly fierce and white-hot. As for the developers, Sunco’s entry into Beijing, the establishment of Beijing Capital Development Holding Group, together with the macro-control policy of the past two years, the rising interest rates, 8.31 Land Revolution (The agreed land transfer was prohibited since August 31, 2004), the introductions of the State’s 8Articles and 6 Measures on controlling the real estate market, the entry of overseas real estate funds, all of these made the competition war even more interesting. Accompanied by the clank of horns, the developers are making every effort to win in the real estate market. The agency industry has also begun the price war. In the future the industries will be fully integrated, which is a general trend.ChapterⅢ Overall Conditions of Beijing Real Estate after theFinancial CrisisComparing with the previous two years, Beijing’s real estate market in 2008 had much more challenges. The Olympic opportunity existed with the financial crisis and the real estate market advanced slowly in the year. In the first half of the year, the theory of the turning point in real estate market was very popular, "the concept of the Olympic Games" deeply rooted in people’s hearts did not bring about the active transactions in the real estate market. "Wait-and-see" has become the pronoun of the real estate market. In the second half after the Olympic Games, the real estate transactions had not fully warmed up, and the global financial crisis came. Thus the second-hand housing prices began to fall, and the government decreased the deposit and lending rates to stimulate the market consumption. The redemption and reform policies in the second-hand housing transaction taxes and fees came out, but they had no obvious effects on the one-year sluggish real estate market. In a word, the Olympic Games opportunity and the financial crisis existed together in 2008, and Beijing’s second-hand housing market was on the fence.In 2009, the global economy may appear the first negative growth after the Second World War. In addition, the economic recession, low inflation, the release of potential risks in the economic and financial fields and so on, reveal that the world’s economic recession and risk are amplifying step by step. In order to stabilize the financialmarkets and stimulate the economic growth, each country has introduced measures. However, the economic recovering signs in major economic unions are still rare. From the latest data of 2009, the economic recession of major developed economies is deepening, and the financial crisis is sweeping rapidly from the developed countries to the developing countries with a growing impact on the global real economy. Confronted with the changing economic situation and the unprecedented challenges brought about by the international financial crisis, China has begun a new round of macro-controls with unprecedented efforts. The implementation of an active fiscal policy and an appropriately loose monetary policy conveys a clear signal: the macro-controlling measures on expanding domestic demand, maintaining the growth and adjusting the structure will help China's economy come out of the woods and enter into the new stage of development. On September 15, 2008 the central bank announced that the lending rate was firstly down after 6 years. In November of 2008, ten measures to expand domestic demand were made out. The Central Economic Work Conference reaffirmed the goal of guaranteeing the growth. The revitalization policies on ten industries policy were intensely approved. Facing the crisis, China is taking a decisive and strong action.ChapterⅣ The Real Estate Industry in Beijing the FinancialCrisis4.1 The Impact on House Prices and Sales V olume4.1.1 People’s Living StandardsBeijing residents have a proximate RMB20, 000 average total incomes for household, specially speaking, it is RMB19, 533.3, which goes up 14.1% than the previous year. The working salaries are the major one in household income, and it has a RMB13,666.3 working salaries per capita.4.1.2 Macro-ControlHere comes on the "inviting, auction, and nominating" policy from government, all the land should be through the inviting public bidding, auction and nominal quotation before joining the market in the "831 the end".1). 2004 in land policy, there are two forms of constructional land, one is allocation, and the other is making agreement to sell.From August 31st, 2004, all the operational land must be sold by public auction. In other words, before in August 31st, 2004, every provinces, regions and municipalities are banned to use the historical legacy issues to sell the usufruct of the national land in the agreement way, protocol selling the land is prevailing once, but it was prohibited by the government. The document also stipulates that after 31 August, 2004, developers are required to pay the land transfer payments in time, and if the lands are not developed within two years, the government will withdraw it. “8.31" is also treated by the public opinion in China as "the real estate sector of the agrarian revolution" and "Sunshine of Lands".2).Financial policy: the People's Bank put into practice the purposes of including raising deposit and loan rates, increasing the statutory reserve rate as well as other industry-specific credit policy and other means to tighten the flexibility of the market, and also reducing the monetary supply thereby curbing inflation so as to achieve the purpose of tightening monetary policy.3). Sales policy: the pre-sale system is practicableThe overall circumstances of macro-manipulation:<1>.The circumstance is squeezing at the two ends: the standards of land and thepurchase of houses are undergoing the compression, for example, less than 70 percent houses are constructed under 90 m2 according to the requirements.<2>. Middle-squeeze: For example, tightening monetary policy.4.1.3 Developers:The prices of commercial houses are formed by land, construction and raw materials. After 2007, it costs RMB10, 000 to buy 1m2 of lands, which give rise to4.2 The Effect of Financial Crisis to Consumers, Policies and Developers:4.2.1 Consumers:The restriction of people who purchase the economically affordable houses. The listed trades, however, have a limit of the autonomy of more than five years, in the past, the original real estate is treated as an investment, but now it can be only used as personal residences.4.2.2 The Current Policy (After the Financial Crisis)1).Land policy: reducing the land supply, majority of them are policy-based houses (both affordable housing and limited room)2).Financial policy: which is used to control the loan. Facing the outbreak of the serious financial crisis, the financial sectors should try their best to reduce the risk and preserve their original property.3). Sales policies: which is aimed at the developers, they are not allowed to sale inadvance. After 2008, if meeting the demand of the national pre-sale conditions, which is, obtaining the evidence of the land, land permits, planning permits and construction permits are qualify to apply for the pre-sale permit.Secondly, restrictions on second-hand housing market are indispensible, such as, people should own the affordable housing more than five years before they can conduct transactions, which controls of the market, the phenomenon of real estate speculation and building speculation, and thus prices will decline.4.2.3 Aiming for Developers:After the outbreak of the financial crisis, great changes have taken place in consumers’ mind, they unconsciously develop a minds et of waiting to buy with cash in hand, developers are also holding a breath and waiting for the rise of the prices by rare sale, because if the original land cannot be sold, it will certainly have the impact on the return of funds, thereby they are unable to develop new properties, which results in a vicious circle. That is, the originally land bought from the market with a price will not be able to develop, which caused cash flow difficulties. Since October, with the financial crisis becomes increasingly intense, the consumers have more seriously wait-and-see attitude to the real estate market, meanwhile, the government, however, lowers the loan interest rate twice, moreover, it simultaneously issued a policy about the reform of taxation expenses of second-hand houses, which, to some extents, stimulates the recovery of property market.ChapterⅤ Conclusion5.1 Consequences and T endencyThere are three years that Beijing housing sale market has been undergoing declining. Nevertheless, thanks to the consecutive reduction of the interest for five times last second half year and a series of provoking house-purchase policies from government, the growth of the first-quarter appears this year.In 2008, the Wall Street crisis in the United States was not only quickly spread to the global financial markets, but also extended from the virtual economy to the real economy. What is worse, the unprecedented financial crisis was most likely to expand into the American dollar crisis and the economic recession, the worst pa rt is that the risks, which the global economy may get caught into a severe recession, are skyrocketing day by day. With the huge effect of the American Financial Crisis, on the one hand, the global financial markets were fiercely shaken, one the other hand, the primary stocks were overwhelmed in a vast scale, fear and a crisis of confidence over the whole market. Although the United States carried out a large-scale rescue package, it might still failed to prevent the slump the global stock markets. Under the U.S. financial crisis, the world's major financial institutions have experienced several consecutive quarters of declining profits and growing for asset write-downs and credit losses. More seriously, the current major economies decline in extremely high speed, signing the obvious economic recession over the world.Because of the effects of the global financial crisis, Chinese economy was decelerating the growth rate. Besides, there are still some factors, such as increasing cost and decreasing profit etc., have already have impact on the investment willingness and ability of some enterprises, thus restrict the rising consuming. As far as now, some essential Chinese industries are running down, just like steel, electric power, vehicle industries. In order to resist the adverse effect of international。
Chapter 1 Brief introduction to the country(英美国家概况)
Chapter 1 Brief introduction to the country (position, area, geographical features, climate)General viewThe United States of America is a federal republic, one of the frequently-mentionedcountries in the world, has established a highly developed national economy within a matter of about two hundred years, counting from the time of its independence. One indisputable factor, perhaps, stems from the generosity of nature. It provides Americans with a large piece of fertile land sandwiched in between two large oceans. The richnatural resources and the variety of climatic conditions all contribute to economic as well as cultural development. Some Americans described their country as a “land of o pportunities” and claimed that “Heaven and earth never agreed better to frame a place for man’s habitation.”(Lai, 214) Position and areaThe full name of the countryis the United States of America, abbreviated to the United States (U.S.) or America. Mainland America is situated in the south of North America, mainly within the northern temperate zone. America has two land neighbors: Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The boundary between America and Canada is open and undefended. On the west,the United States borders on the Pacific Ocean which provides convenient sea routes for America’s foreign trade with the Far East. To the east of America lies the large Atlantic Ocean which witnessed numerous European immigrants sailing to their dreamland in the New World.The US consists of 50 states with a total area of about 9.4 million square kilometerswhich makes it the fourth largest country in the world. Two states are separated from the continental United States: Alaska which faces Russia across the Bering Strait, is separated from mainland America by Canada; Hawaii lies about 3200 kilometres away to the west and in the Pacific Ocean. Besides the 50 states, the United States also includes a number ofoverseas territories. The main ones are Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands (in Latin America). Mainland America extends about 5000 kilometres from east to west, and some 2500 kilometers from south to north. Its coastline is about 20 000 kilometres. America’s position on the globe and its relative position in relation to other countries both provideadvantage for the country in its development.(Lai, 217) Canada has been America’s most important trading partner and the trade between America and Mexico is also climbing. The three nations have reached an agreement on establishing the North America Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA).Geographical features （图示）Mainland America can be generally divided into three basic geographical areas or surface regions: the Atlantic Seacoast and the Appalachian Mountains in the east; the great Mississippi River Basin in the middle; and the Rockies west to the Pacific Ocean. (or roughlydivided into : the eastern part, the western part, and the great central plain in between.) (Lai, 217—224) The eastern part is made up of the highlands formed by the Appalachian Range. It holds 1/6 of the national territory. Three components make up this upland belt, the Piedmont Plateau in the east, the Appalachian Plateau in the west and theAppalachian Valley in the middle. The Appalachians are old mountains with rounded tops and densely-wooded hills, usually not exceeding an elevation of 800 metres.In the east of the upland belt lies the Atlantic Coastal Plain (also called the Atlantic Seacoast). It is a wide strip of fairly level country between the Atlantic and the Appalachians. It isthe country (land) of the first European immigrants and the original 13 states. The western part consists of high plateaus and mountains formed by the Great Cordillera Range(科迪勒拉山系). From west to east, this mountain system is composed of the Coast Range,（海岸山岭）the Cascades （喀斯喀特山脉），the Sierra Nevada Mountains（内华达山脉）and the Rocky Mountains, “the backbone of the continent”. These high mountains, sharp and rugged, stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic, with their tops of bare rock often capped with snow. The whole area of this part holds 1/3 of the country’s territory on the continent. The striking and varied scenery of the Rockies has led to theestablishment of a number of national parks here, 38 in all. One of the most famous is the Yellow Stone National Park. In the park there are deep canyons, towering water falls, great caves far beneath the earth, hot springs and dense virgin forests. The National Grand Canyon Park is also world-famous.Between the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the RockyMountains there is a large desert of 170,000 square kilometers. Close to the western edge of this region, there is a particularly lonely stretch of desert known as Death Valley(死谷) with an area of 6700 square kilometers. It is the lowest place with 85 meters below the sea level and the highest temperature in America. Along the Pacific Coast arethe lower and gentler Coast Ranges which include many forested hills and lowlands. Between the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Cascade Mountains are two great valleys: the Great Central Valley in the south and Willamette Valley in the north. The Silicon Valley (硅谷), center of the electronic industry in America, is situated here.Between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians lies the central plain (also the Great Mississippi River Basin)which occupies 1/2 of America’s landmass on the continent. Rivers rising in both mountain chains flow toward each other down the sloping sides of this vast bowl, emptying into the mighty Mississippi River, the“Father of Waters”. The northeastern part of the Mississippi Basin is also known as the Middle West, or Midwest (also called the central lowlands), which is the most important agricultural area in the US. The western part of the central plain is also called the Great Plains. The Great Plains run north and south through the entire country, covering adistance of about 640 kilometres in width. With a sparse population and featureless level ground, they display best America’s largeness. Now many large tracts of land in this area have been turned into agricultural fields. This area is still important for beef production.The US has many rivers and lakes. The longest riveris the Mississippi, 2 348 miles (3 779km) long. Next is the Missouri, 2 115 miles (3 725) from its most distant headwater to its mouth in the Mississippi. The combinedMissouri-Mississippi is the third longest river in the world. The most important lakes in America are the Great Lakes including Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron,Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, covering an area of about 240 000 square kilometres. Only Lake Michigan belongs to America completely while the other four are shared with Canada. These five lakes are the largest lake group in the world and contain about half of the world’s fresh water. Climate(Luo, 5)The climate in the US variesfrom coast to coast. Temperatures change from 20 degrees centigrade below in winter to nearly 25 centigrade above zero in summer. Taking the country as a whole, the climate belongs to the continental or the mild subtropical climate. The southwest and California have warmer climates with moist air. In the western plateau including Nevada, Arizona,Utah and parts of Idaho and Colorado, days are hot and nights cool. The weather is dry and there is little rain. In the northeast and the areas around the Great Lakes, the weather is hot in summer and cold in winter. There is much rain and snow. The Gulf Plain and the southeastern part enjoy warm weather and moist air. In the central plain the weather is hot in summerand cold in winter during which there is much snow. Almost through the middle of the country, north and south runs a well-known 50 centimeter Rainfall Line, in the east of which there is comparatively more rain so agriculture is easy ; but in the west of which there is much less rain with the exception of the coastal areas along the Pacific.1)A humid continentalclimate(湿润的大陆性气候) is found in the north-eastern part of the country.2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.(湿润的亚热带气候－－-东南部)3)The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate海洋性气候－－太平洋西北岸)4)The southern part of thePacific coast in California （加州太平洋沿岸南部）has a Mediterranean climate (地中海式气候)with warm, dry summers and moist winters.Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States. Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Gulf of Mexico ,and the GreatLakes.影响美国气候的最主要的因素为：太平洋，和大西洋，墨西哥湾，五大湖。
跨文化交际英语论文
大学生跨文化交际中的障碍和能力的培养A brief analysis of the application of body language in cross-cultural CommunicationSpecialty: EnglishName:Student ID:Advisor:College of Foreign LanguagesNov , 2013AcknowledgementsIn writing this paper, I want to thank all my teachers ,for their teaching and kind support, their continuous encouragement and massive help during these years. To the my twenty six classmates who helped me with my research, for their enthusiastic participation;To my friends in shijiazhuang, beijing, Liverpool, Western Ontario encouragement and great support.Second, I would like to express my heartfe lt gratitude to professors Fu Tianjun, my advisor who spent much of his precious time discussing with me and helping me to narrow the topic at the initial stages, as well as showing great concern for my progress. I am deeply indebted for his assistance in helping me to accomplish this study. Without his encouragement and specific guidance, the completion of this thesis would have been impossible. In addition, he has been very kind to me whenever I confronted problems during the project.Also, I hereby express my sincere gratitude to my classmates and roommates, who helped me to do the data collection I needed for this project. They have generously offered their help at the preparatory stage during this study. Finally, I thank the subjects whose cooperation and participation contributed to the very basis for this research work.AbstractIn the 21st century, as the economic and cultural exchanging of all countries becomes more and more frequent, there appear more obstacles caused by the differences of language and culture. In intercultural communication, one of the most useful ways to deal with the obstacles is to master the meaning of body language. However, even if we understand the meaning of some general body language, there are also some difficulties to master because even the same body language has great differences in different culture background and have different social functions. This article devotes to a comparison and contrast of body language in different cultures in terms of eye language, gestures, postures, facial expressions and touch. Using body languages wrongly makes you fail in interpersonal communications, which would cause conflict in international communication. So what are the differences of the same body language in different country? How to apply body language correctly? In this essay, after borrowing and studying the experience of the forefathers, the author analyzes the various usages and functions of body language in different culture background. It aims to illustrate the differences and similarities of body language and put forward the principles of reducing barriers in communication so as to achieve efficient communication and to avoid misunderstanding.Key Words: intercultural communication; cultural difference;body language;摘要21世纪，随着国际经济文化交流的加深，由于语言，文化的差异而产生的障碍随时都可能存在，在跨文化交际中，消除障碍的最有效的方法就是了解身势语的含义。
《旅游英语视听说》chapter 10 (2)
After the waiter uncorks the wine, don’t smell the cork. Look at the cork and deduce whether or not the cork is tented
Once the waiter shows you the wine and you agree that this is the wine you in fact selected, they will go ahead and uncork the wine and he shoots up the cork on the table. Now, don’t go and smell the cork as it’s not going to give you any value, it is just going to smell like cork, but what you can do is to look at the cork and deduce whether or not, the cork is tinted or the wine maybe tinted based on cork discoloration.
(甜食)
clam:
(蛤蜊)
chowder: (杂烩)
Part One: Know-how for Tourism and Travel
American Food
Based on the above passage, decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false.
5.__T___ The variety of foods in the U.S.A. reflects
分析电影《喜福会》所表现的中西方文化差异英语
毕业论文（设计）Title:An Analysis of the Cultural Differences Between China and the West from The Joy Luck Club题目:分析电影《喜福会》所表现的中西方文化差异年级2009级英语本科五班专业英语系别外国语言文学系黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书姓名学号专业班级英语本科五班毕业论文（设计）题目：分析电影《喜福会》所表现的中西方文化差异毕业论文（设计）的立题依据由于中西方文化差异，每个国家都有各自不同的文化之处。
通过对中西文化进行比较研究，探求两者之间存在的差异及文化根源，有助于增进中西方之间的互相理解与沟通。
同时通过本文的分析研究，深入了解中西方文化差异的原因。
主要内容及要求本文以电影《喜福会》系列为切入点，主要从教育方式方面、爱情观和婚姻观方面、价值观方面、语言表达方面、称谓语方面, 对比和比较了中国和美国在文化诸多方面的差异，生活化地描写了中西方文化差异与交融。
进度安排10月 20日选题10月20日～10月30 日接受指导老师的指导1 月 6 日～1月20 日拟定论文大纲1 月21 日～2月28 日搜集、查阅、整理相关资料3 月 1 日～3月20 日论文开题3 月21日～4月20 日初稿审定4 月21日～4月30 日第一次修改5月 1 日～5月15 日第一次审定5月15日～5月30 日第二次修改5 月30 日～6月5 日定稿6月5 日～6月15 日论文评阅小组评审论文（设计）6 月 10日毕业论文（设计）答辩学生签字：指导教师签字：年月日摘要本文以电影《喜福会》系列为切入点，对比和比较了中国和美国在文化诸多方面的差异，主要从以下几方面进行了讨论：教育方式方面、爱情观和婚姻观方面、价值观方面、语言表达方面、称谓语方面。
通过对电影《喜福会》中不同人物性格、生活方式及个人命运的刻画，生活化地描写了中西方文化差异与交融，也深刻细致地表达出这种差异和交融对人们的启发和思考，表达作家谭恩美得人生观和中西方文化交融中的世界观。
ATA章节中英对照
Chapter 1 – Brief History of AviationChapter 2 – DeregulationChapter 3 – Structure of the IndustryChapter 4 – Airline EconomicsChapter 5 – How Aircraft FlyChapter 6 – SafetyChapter 7 – SecurityChapter 8 – AirportsChapter 9 – Air Traffic ControlChapter 10 – Airlines and the Environment5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks)6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场，系留，封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage) 11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe) 21章空调（Air Conditioning）22章自动飞行（Auto Flight）23章通讯（Communications）24章电源（Electrical Power）25章设备/装饰（Equipment/Furnishings）26章.防火(Fire Protection)27章飞行操纵（Flight Controls）28章燃油（Fuel）29章液压源（Hydraulic Power）30章防冰和排雨（Ice and Rain Protection）31章指示/记录系统（Indicating/Recording system）32章起落架(Landing Gear)33章灯光（Lights）34章导航（Navigation）35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)37章真空（Vacuum）38章水/污水（Water/waste）45章中央维护系统（Central maintenance System）49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices) 52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机吊舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置(Stabilizers)安定面56章窗户(Windows)57章机翼(Wings)70章标准施工—发动机(Standard Practices—Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant( Package))72章发动机（内部）(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表（不同性质的）(Charts (Miscellaneous))01 INTRODUCTION05 PERIODIC INSPECTIONS06 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS07 LIFTING AND SHORING08 LEVELING AND WEIGHING09 TOWING AND TAXIING10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE AND RETURN TO SERVICE11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS12 SERVICING - ROUTINE MAINTENANCE18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY)20 STANDARD PRACTICES - AIRFRAME21 AIR CONDITIONING22 AUTO FLIGHT23 COMMUNICATIONS24 ELECTRICAL POWER25 EQUIPMENT / FURNISHINGS26 FIRE PROTECTION27 FLIGHT CONTROLS28 FUEL29 HYDRAULIC POWER30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION31 INDICATING / RECORDING SYSTEMS32 LANDING GEAR33 LIGHTS34 NAVIGATION35 OXYGEN36 PNEUMATIC37 VACUUM38 WATER / WASTE39 ELECTRICAL - ELECTRONIC PANELS AND MULTIPURPOSE COMPONENTS41 WATER BALLAST45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM (CMS)46 INFORMATION SYSTEMS49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER51 STANDARD PRACTICES AND STRUCTURES - GENERAL52 DOORS53 FUSELAGE54 NACELLES / PYLONS55 STABILIZERS56 WINDOWS57 WINGS60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER / ROTOR61 PROPELLERS / PROPULSORS62 MAIN ROTOR(S)63 MAIN ROTOR DRIVE(S)64 TAIL ROTOR65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE66 ROTOR BLADE AND TAIL PYLON FOLDING67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINE71 POWER PLANT - GENERAL72 ENGINE72(T) ENGINE - TURBINE / TURBOPROP, DUCTED FAN / UNDUCTED FAN 72(R) ENGINE - RECIPROCATING73 ENGINE - FUEL AND CONTROL74 IGNITION75 BLEED AIR76 ENGINE CONTROLS77 ENGINE INDICATING78 EXHAUST79 OIL80 STARTING81 TURBINES (RECIPROCATING ENGINES)82 WATER INJECTION83 ACCESSORY GEAR BOXES (ENGINE DRIVEN)84 PROPULSION AUGMENTATION91 CHARTS5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks)6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场，系留，封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage)11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)BMS3-33润滑脂的介绍20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe)21章空调(Air Conditioning)空调出口温度高原创]关于737-300/500的空调空中超温，会有那些原因引起呢（专业贴）22章自动飞行(Auto Flight)737NG的Y/D故障分析供大家参考23章通讯(Communications)24章电源(Electrical Power)IDG和GEN B2972电源及APU自动关车排故思路之分析25章设备/装饰(Equipment/Furnishings)26章防火(Fire Protection)有关737灭火瓶...... 火警探测27章飞行操纵(Flight Controls)28章燃油(Fuel)737飞机燃油浮子电门29章液压源(Hydraulic Power)液压问题关于液压保险在液压管路的作用和位置请教液压系统故障30章防冰和排雨(Ice and Rain Protection)31章指示/记录系统(Indicating/Recording system)32章起落架(Landing Gear)如何延长飞机轮胎的使用寿命前轮磨损谁能说说金属刹车片和碳刹车片的优缺点请问哪位对防滞刹车结构熟悉的，简单介绍一下，谢谢那里有资料，网上有吗请教:飞机换轮子的时候为什么要转动轮子一起B737-300飞机使用自动速度刹车时，AUTO SPEED BRAKE 跳开关跳开33章灯光(Lights)34章导航(Navigation)35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)一起引气故障导致的增压故障（B737NG）37章真空(Vacuum)38章水/污水(Water/waste)45章中央维护系统(Central maintenance System)49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)APU启动不起来了! 维护灯亮51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices)52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机短舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置(Stabilizers)56章窗户(windows)[讨论]玻璃上裂纹深度的测量57章机翼(wings)70章标准施工---发动机(Standard Practices---Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant (Package))IAEV2500系列发动机试车总结72章发动机（内部）(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)737反推故障79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表（不同性质的）(Charts (Miscellaneous))ATA Specification 22001 *Reserved for Airline Use2 *Reserved for Airline Use3 *Reserved for Airline Use4 *Reserved for Airline Use5 TIME LIMITS/ MAINTENANCE CHECKS-00 General-10 Time Limits-20 Scheduled Maintenance Checks-30 & -40 Reserved-50 Unscheduled Maintenance checks6 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS7 LIFTING & SHORING-00 General-10 Jacking-20 Shoring8 LEVELING & WEIGHING-00 General-10 Weighing and Balancing-20 Leveling9 TOWING & TAXIING-00 General-10 Towing-20 Taxiing10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE & RETURN TO SERVICE -00 General-10 Parking/Storage-20 Mooring-30 Return to Service11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS-00 General-10 Exterior Color Schemes and Markings-20 Exterior Placards and Markings-30 Interior Placards12 SERVICING-00 General-10 Replenishing-20 Scheduled Servicing-30 Unscheduled Servicing13 *Unassigned14 *Unassigned15 *Unassigned16 *Unassigned17 *Unassigned18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY) -00 GENERAL --10 VIBRATION ANALYSIS-20 NOISE ANALYSIS19 *Unassigned20 STANDARD PRACTICES-AIRFRAME-90 *Reserved for Airline Use21 AIR CONDITIONING-00 General-10 Compression-20 Distribution-30 Pressurization Control-40 Heating-50 Cooling-60 Temperature Control-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant22 AUTO FLIGHT-00 General-10 Autopilot-20 Speed-Attitude Correction-30 Auto Throttle-40 System Monitor-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating23 COMMUNICATIONS-00 General-10 Speech Communications-15 SATCOM-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling-30 Comfort-40 Interphone-50 Audio Integrating-60 Static Discharging-70 Audio & Video Monitoring-80 Integrated Automatic24 ELECTRICAL POWER-00 General-10 Generator Drive-20 AC Generation-30 DC Generation-40 External Power-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution25 EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Galley-40 Lavatories-50 Additional Compartments-60 Emergency-70 Available-80 Insulation26 FIRE PROTECTION-00 General-10 Detection-20 Extinguishing-30 Explosion Suppression27 FLIGHT CONTROLS-00 General-10 Aileron & Tab-20 Rudder & Tab-30 Elevator & Tab-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-50 Flaps-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -70 Gust Lock & Dampener-80 Lift Augmenting28 FUEL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dump-40 Indicating29 HYDRAULIC POWER-00 General-10 Main-20 Auxiliary-30 Indicating30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION-00 General-10 Airfoil-20 Air Intakes-30 Pitot and Static-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors -50 Antennas and Radomes-60 Propellers/Rotors-70 Water Lines-80 Detection31 INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Instrument & Control Panels-20 Independent Instruments-30 Recorders-40 Central Computers-50 Central Warning Systems-60 Central Display Systems-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems 32 LANDING GEAR-00 General-10 Main Gear and Doors-20 Nose Gear and Doors-30 Extension and Retraction-40 Wheels and Brakes-50 Steering-60 Position and Warning-70 Supplementary Gear33 LIGHTS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Cargo and Service Compartments -40 Exterior-50 Emergency Lighting34 NAVIGATION-00 General-10 Flight Environment-20 Attitude & Direction-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-40 Independent Position Determining -50 Dependent Position Determining -60 Flight Management Computing35 OXYGEN-00 General-10 Crew-20 Passenger-20 Passenger-30 Portable36 PNEUMATIC-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating37 VACUUM-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating38 WATER/WASTE-00 General-10 Potable-20 Wash-30 Waste Disposal-40 Air Supply39 *Unassigned40 *Unassigned41 WATER BALLAST-00 General-10 Storage-20 Dump-30 Indication42 *Unassigned43 *Unassigned44 CABIN SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Cabin Core System-20 Inflight Entertainment System-30 External Communication System-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-50 Cabin Monitoring System-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM-00 General-5 thru -19 CMS/Aircraft General-20 thru -49 CMS/Airframe Systems-45 Central Maintenance System-50 thru -59 CMS/Structures-60 thru -69 CMS/Propellers-70 thru -89 CMS/Power Plant45INFORMATION SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Airplane General Information Systems -20 Flight Deck Information Systems-30 Maintenance Information Systems-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems -50 Miscellaneous Information Systems47 *Unassigned48 *Unassigned49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER-00 General-10 Power Plant-20 Engine-30 Engine Fuel and Control-40 Ignition/Starting-50 Air-60 Engine Controls .-70 Indicating-80 Exhaust-90 Oil50 Cargo and Accessory Compartments-00 General-10 Cargo Compartments-20 Cargo Loading Systems-30 Cargo Related Systems-40 Available-50 Accessory-60 Insulation51 Standard Practices, General-00 General-10 Investigation, Cleanup and Aerodynamic Smoothness-20 Processes-30 Materials-40 Fasteners-50 Support of Airplane for Repair and Alignment Check Procedures -60 Control-Surface Balancing-70 Repairs-80 Electrical Bonding52 DOORS-00 General-10 Passenger/Crew-20 Emergency Exit-30 Cargo-40 Service and Miscellaneous-50 Fixed Interior-60 Entrance Stairs-70 Monitoring and Operation-80 Landing Gear53 FUSELAGE-00 General-10 thru -90 (As Required) Fuselage Sections54 NACELLES/PYLONS-00 General-10 thru -40 (As Required) Nacelle Section-50 thru -80 (As Required) Pylon55 STABILIZERS-00 General-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-20 Elevator-30 Vertical Stabilizer-40 Rudder56 WINDOWS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Door-40 Inspection and Observation57 WINGS-00 General-10 Center Wing-20 Outer Wing-30 Wing Tip-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices -50 Trailing Edge Trailing Edge Devices -60 Ailerons and Elevons-70 Spoilers-80 (as required)-90 Wing Folding System58 *Unassigned59 *Reserved for Airline Use60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER/ROTOR61 PROPELLERS/PROPULSION-00 General-10 Propeller Assembly-20 Controlling-30 Braking-40 Indicating-50 Propulsor Duct62 ROTOR(S)-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Rotor head(s)-30 Rotor Shaft(s)/Swashplate Assy(ies) -4063 ROTOR DRIVE(S)-00 General-10 Engine/Gearbox couplings-20 Gearbox(es)-30 Mounts, attachments-40 Indicating64 TAIL ROTOR-00 General-10* Rotor blades-20* Rotor head-30 Available-40 Indicating65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE-00 General-10 Shafts-20 Gearboxes-30 Available-40 Indicating66 FOLDING BLADES/PYLON-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Tail pylon-30 Controls and Indicating67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL-00 General-10 Rotor-20 Anti-torque Rotor control (Yaw control)-30 Servo-control System68 *Unassigned69*Unassigned70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINES71 POWER PLANT-00 General-10 Cowling-30 Fireseals-40 Attach Fittings-50 Electrical Harness-60 Air Intakes-70 Engine Drains72 ENGINE TURBINE/TURBO PROP DUCTED FAN/UNDUCTED FAN-00 General-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted Gear Driven Propulsor) -20 Air Inlet Section-30 Compressor Section-40 Combustion Section-50 Turbine Section-60 Accessory Drives-70 By-pass Section-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)73 ENGINE FUEL AND CONTROL-00 General-10 Distribution-30 Indicating74 IGNITION-00 General-10 Electrical Power-20 Distribution-30 Switching75 AIR-00 General-10 Engine Anti-Icing-20 Cooling-30 Compressor Control-40 Indicating76 ENGINE CONTROLS-00 General-10 Power Control-20 Emergency Shutdown77 ENGINE INDICATING-00 General-10 Power-20 Temperature-30 Analyzers That-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems 78 EXHAUST-00 General-10 Collector/Nozzle-20 Noise Suppressor-30 Thrust Reverser-40 Supplementary Air79 OIL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Indicating80 STARTING-00 General-10 Cranking81 TURBINES-00 General-10 Power Recovery-20 Turbo-Supercharger82 WATER INJECTION-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dumping and Purging83 ACCESSORY GEAR-BOXES-00 General-10 Drive Shaft Section-20 Gearbox Section84 Propulsion Augmentation-00 General-10 Jet Assist Takeoff85 *Unassigned86 *Unassigned87 *Unassigned88 *Unassigned89 *Unassigned90 *Unassigned91 CHARTS92 *Unassigned93 *Unassigned94 *Unassigned95 *Reserved for Airline Use96 *Reserved for Airline Use97 WIRING REPORTING-00-00 General-01-00 Zone 100 Fuselage Lower-02-00 Zone 200 Fuselage Top-03-00 Zone 300 Stabilizers-04-00 Zone 400 Nacelles-Pylons-05-00 Zone 500 Left Wing-06-00 Zone 600 Right Wing-07-00 Zone 700 Landing Gear Compartment -08-00 Zone 800 Doors-09-00 Zone 900 Lavatories & Galleys-20-00 Electrical Standard Items/Practices -21-00 Air Conditioning - General-21-10 Compression-21-20 Distribution-21-30 Pressurization Control-21-40 Heating-21-50 Cooling-21-60 Temperature Control-21-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant Control-22-00 Auto Flight - General-22-10 Autopilot-22-20 Speed - Attitude Correction-22-30 Auto Throttle-22-40 System Monitors-22-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating-23-00 Communications - General-23-10 Speech Communications-23-15 SATCOM-23-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling-23-30 Passenger Address, Entertainment and Comfort-23-40 Interphone-23-50 Audio Integrating-23-60 Static Discharging-23-70 Audio and Video Monitoring-23-80 Integrated Automatic Tuning-24-00 Electrical Power - General-24-10 Generator Drive-24-20 AC Generation-24-30 DC Generation-24-40 External Power-24-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-24-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution-25-00 Equipment/Furnishings - General-25-10 Flight Compartment-25-20 Passenger Compartment-25-30 Galley-25-40 Lavatories-25-60 Emergency-25-80 Insulation-26-00 Fire Protection - General-26-10 Detection-26-20 Extinguishing-26-30 Explosion Suppression-27-00 Flight Controls - General-27-10 Aileron & Tab-27-20 Rudder & Tab-27-30 Elevator & Tab-27-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-27-50 Flaps-27-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -27-70 Gust Lock & Dampener-27-80 Lift Augmenting-28-00 Fuel - General-28-10 Storage-28-20 Distribution-28-30 Dump-28-40 Indicating-29-00 Hydraulic Power - General-29-10 Main-29-20 Auxiliary-29-30 Indicating-30-00 Ice and Rain Protection - General-30-10 Airfoil-30-20 Air Intakes-30-30 Pitot and Static-30-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors-30-50 Antennas And Radomes-30-60 Propellers/Rotors-30-70 Water Lines-30-80 Detection-31-00 Indicating/Recording Systems - General -31-10 Instrument and Control Panels-31-20 Independent Instruments-31-30 Recorders-31-40 Central Computers-31-50 Central Warning Systems-31-60 Central Display Systems-31-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems-32-00 Landing Gear- General-32-10 Main Gear and Doors-32-20 Nose Gear and Doors-32-30 Extension and Retraction-32-40 Wheels and Brakes-32-50 Steering-32-60 Position And Warning-32-70 Supplementary Gear-33-00 Lights - General-33-10 Flight Compartment-33-20 Passenger Compartment-33-30 Cargo and Service Compartments-33-40 Exterior-33-50 Emergency Lighting-34-00 Navigation - General-34-10 Flight Environment Data-34-20 Attitude & Direction-34-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-34-40 Independent Position Determining-34-50 Dependent Position Determining-34-60 Flight Management Computing-35-00 Oxygen - General-35-10 Crew-35-20 Passenger-35-30 Portable-36-00 Pneumatic - General-36-10 Distribution-36-20 Indicating-37-00 Vacuum - General-37-10 Distribution-37-20 Indicating-38-00 Water/Waste - General-38-10 Potable-38-20 Wash-38-30 Waste Disposal-38-40 Air Supply-44-00 Cabin Systems - General-44-10 Cabin Core System-44-20 In-flight Entertainment System-44-30 External Communication System-44-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-44-50 Cabin Monitoring System-44-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System-45-00 Central Maintenance System (CMS) General -45-05 CMS/Aircraft General-45-20 CMS/Airframe Systems-45-45 Central Maintenance System-45-50 CMS/Structures-45-60 CMS/Propellers-45-70 CMS/Power Plant-46-00 Information Systems - General-46-10 Airplane General Information Systems-46-20 Flight Deck Information Systems-46-30 Maintenance Information Systems-46-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems-46-50 Miscellaneous Information Systems-49-00 Airborne Auxiliary Power - General-49-10 Power Plant-49-20 Engine-49-30 Engine Fuel And Control-49-40 Ignition And Starting-49-50 Air-49-60 Engine Controls-49-70 Indicating-49-80 Exhaust-49-90 Oil-50-00 Cargo And Accessory Compartments General -50-10 Cargo Compartments-50-20 Cargo Loading Systems-50-30 Cargo Related Systems-50-40 Available-50-50 Accessory Compartments-50-60 Insulation-52-00 Doors - General-52-10 Passenger/Crew-52-20 Emergency Exit-52-30 Cargo-52-40 Service-52-50 Fixed Interior-52-60 Entrance Stairs-52-70 Door Warning-52-80 Landing Gear-53-00 Fuselage - General-54-00 Nacelles/Pylons - General-54-10 Nacelle Section-54-50 Pylon-55-00 Stabilizers - General-55-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-55-20 Elevator-55-30 Vertical Stabilizer-55-40 Rudder-56-00 Windows - General-56-10 Flight Compartment-56-20 Passenger Compartment-56-30 Door-56-40 Inspection and Observation-57-00 Wings - General-57-10 Center Wing-57-20 Outer Wing-57-30 Wing Tip-57-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices -57-50 Trailing Edge and Trailing Edge Devices -57-60 Ailerons-57-70 Spoilers-57-90 Wing Folding System-61-00 Propellers/Propulsors - General-61-10 Propeller Assembly-61-20 Controlling-61-30 Braking-61-40 Indicating-61-50 Propulsor Duct-62-00 Rotors-63-00 Rotor Drives-64-00 Tail Rotor-65-00 Tail Rotor Drive-66-00 Folding Blades/Pylon-67-00 Rotors Flight Control-71-00 Power Plant - General-71-10 Cowling-71-20 Mounts-71-30 Fire seals-71-40 Attach Fittings-71-50 Electrical Harness-71-60 Air Intakes-71-70 Engine Drains-72-00 Engine Turbine/Turbo Prop Ducted Fan/Unducted Fan-72-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted Gear Driven Propulsor)-72-20 Air Inlet Section-72-30 Compressor Section-72-40 Combustion Section-72-50 Turbine Section-72-60 Accessory Drives-72-70 By-pass Section-72-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)-73-00 Engine Fuel And Control - General-73-10 Distribution-73-20 Controlling-73-30 Indicating-74-00 Ignition - General-74-10 Electrical Power Supply-74-20 Distribution-74-30 Switching-75-00 Air - General-75-10 Engine Anti-Icing-75-20 Cooling-75-30 Compressor Control-75-40 Indicating-76-00 Engine Controls - General-76-10 Power Control-76-20 Emergency Shutdown-77-00 Engine Indicating - General-77-10 Power-77-20 Temperature-77-30 Analyzers-77-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems-78-00 Exhaust - General-78-10 Collector/Nozzle-78-20 Noise Suppressor-78-30 Thrust Reverser-78-40 Supplementary Air-79-00 Oil - General-79-10 Storage-79-30 Indicating-80-00 Starting - General-80-10 Cranking98 *Reserved for Airline Use99 *Unassigned100 *Do not use101 *Do not use102 *Do not use103 *Do not use104 *Do not use105 *Do not use106 *Do not use107 *Do not use108 *Do not use109 *Do not use110 *Do not use111 *Do not use112 *Do not use113 *Do not use114 *Do not use115 Flight Simulator Systems。
study of language
语言研究与语言学的区别
语言研究是广义的研究，包括一切关于语言和与语言 有关的研究，如语言文字的起源、训诂、正字、与宗教有 关的文字改革和其他语言政策；传统语言学的研究和现代 语言学的研究都囊括其中。
语言学研究是狭义的研究，可以看成是语言研究的一 部分，通常是指具有科学意义的现代语言学研究。
Chapter 1 The origin of language 1）The divine source(神授说) 2）The natural-sound source（自然声音模仿说）
Logograms
语标书写法 "词语化"
Pictograms：cave drawing or picture writing
used for sun
象形文字能表达的意念毕竟有限，一个个图形便逐渐演化为 一个个符号，象形文字也就演化为‚表意文字‛
Ideograms: the distinction between pictograms and ideograms is essentially a difference in the relationship between the symbol and the entity it represents. The more 'picture-like' forms are pictograms, the more abstract, derived forms are ideogram. 川 is used for a river---the character has its origins in the pictorial representation of a stream of flowing between two banks.
英美文学简史 Chapters 1—2
• •
Beowulf
significance Outline of the Story
• • • • •
Medieval Literature: A Brief Introduction
1066—Norman Conquest—Middle English—Feudal Society The Arthurian Legends Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Robin Hood John Wycliffe
Medieval Literature: A Brief Introduction
Robin Hood Collection of 15th century medieval ballads about Robin Hood Robin Hood, the hero of the poor, the enemy of the rich and the powerful The ballads are many in number, “Robin hood and the Monk,” “Robin Hood and the Guy of Gisborne,” “Robin Hood and the Porter,” Lytell Geste of Robin Hood
Organization of the thesis 例子
Organization of the thesisD. Organization of the thesisThe first chapter gives a brief introduction of the paper, including the relevant background of gender inequality, significance of the study, thesis statement and organization of the thesis. The second chapter is literature review, including theoretical framework, previous studies on the issue and need for the study. Three main factors from internal aspects will be presented in the third chapter. They are self-doubt, passive acceptation of stereotypical expectations and competition consciousness deficiency. Moreover, corresponding solutions will also be pointed. The fourth chapter analyzes Sheryl Sandberg, the author of “Lean In”, and demonstrates three ways according to her books: to sit at the table, to be yourself and to take risks. Finally, the conclusion is made about the main content of the thesis and some suggestions for further research are given in the fifth chapter.D. Organization of the thesisThis thesis begins with a concise introduction of the relevant background of the ongoing international media transformation. In chapter two literature review, this paper presents the theoretical framework which lays the foundation and provides the guideline for its development.Previous studies on this subject matter also get examined in chapter two and they shed some instructive lights on further study. Then this paper proceeds to chapter three-general analysis of the issue. In this chapter, challenges that the United States receives from counter-hegemonic media networks will be analyzed, including the ones against U.S. military operations, foreign policies and democracy promotions in the Middle East region. Then follows chapter four-case study. In this chapter, Al Jazeera is taken as the case study and the efforts that it made to challenge the American monopoly on the Middle East issues will be delved into accordingly. Finally, this thesis ends with the summary of the study and suggestions for further research.。
The Features of English News Headlines
The Features of English News HeadlinesAbstractWith the gradual deepening of the opening policy and the entry the WTO, the Chinese people are more eager to know the world and to be known by the world. A large amount of information is transmitted by news media especially English news reports.Headline is the essential part of news report. As fewpeople have enough time to read the news from the beginning to the end, most readers try to know as much information as they can in the shortest possible time.And a good news headline plays a role of icing on the cake and making the finishing touch of the report and most importantly, it may catch the attention of the readers. Reading news headlines is the first step of reading English newspapers. Due to the special style of news, its headlines have long developed their own unique characteristics. So this thesis is intended to introduce some features of English news headlines, covering lexical features, grammatical features, rhetorical features and how to use the punctuation. Besides, in the international news, English news counts for a large proportion andheadlines are treated as a summary of the news. In order to catch the readers’ attention, the editors al ways use a variety of techniques to enhance the attraction of the headlines, which brings enormous challenges to readers for English news headlines. In order to understand the English headlines well, readers should learn the features of English headlines.【Key Words】English news headlines; featuresIntroductionA piece of news is composed by three parts: headline，leading and body among which a headline is the epitome and highlight of the content of newspapers and periodicals.Headlines printed on the papers are the windows of the news and it can let readers know it is worth reading .it is essential for readers to understand headlines to decide which column should be read while which not.In this paper, features of using vocabulary , tense and voice，omission of words and using of various rhetoric of headlines from English newspapers and periodicals are approached for the purpose of giving a better understanding of the contents of news and i mproving English learners’ readingability.Chapter 1Brief Introduction of English News Headlines Now in the information age, news begins to play a more and more important role in our daily life. It provides people with the latest news in the world. A piece of news is usually composed of a headline, a lead and a body. Especially, the headline is the eye of a piece of news. Because people do not have enough time to read through the whole news, they just look through the headline of the news to guess what it is talking about. So it is important to understand the definition, function and feature of a news headline.Definition of English News HeadlinesWhen reading a newspaper, one should first read a headline. As an indispensable part of news, headlines are compared to the eyes of news. Many journalists, scholars and books have defined the concept of a news headline. So this paper has collected some different versions of definition of a news headline. “A news headline's caption printed at the top of a page or article in a newspaper, usually in large bold letters and often summarizing the content that follows it.”(Encarta Dictionary) “A head of a newspaper story or article，usually printed in large type and devised to summarize the story or article thatfollows.” (Longman Dictionary of the English Language) “A head of a newspaper story or article usually printed in large type and devised to summarize, give essential information about, or let readers in reading the story or article that follows.”(Webster Third New International Dictionary) “报纸新闻标题用来概括，评价新闻的内容，帮助读者阅读和理解新闻。
ATA章节中英对照
Chapter 1 –Brief History of AviationChapter 2 –DeregulationChapter 3 –Structure of the IndustryChapter 4 –Airline EconomicsChapter 5 –How Aircraft FlyChapter 6 –SafetyChapter 7 –SecurityChapter 8 –AirportsChapter 9 –Air Traffic ControlChapter 10 –Airlines and the Environment5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks) 6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场，系留，封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage) 11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe) 21章空调（Air Conditioning）22章自动飞行（Auto Flight）23章通讯（Communications）24章电源（Electrical Power）25章设备/装饰（Equipment/Furnishings）26章 .防火(Fire Protection)27章飞行操纵（Flight Controls）28章燃油（Fuel）29章液压源（Hydraulic Power）30章防冰和排雨（Ice and Rain Protection）31章指示/记录系统（Indicating/Recording system）32章起落架(Landing Gear)33章灯光（Lights）34章导航（Navigation）35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)37章真空（Vacuum）38章水/污水（Water/waste）45章中央维护系统（Central maintenance System）49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices) 52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机吊舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置 (Stabilizers)安定面56章窗户(Windows)57章机翼(Wings)70章标准施工—发动机(Standard Practices—Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant( Package))72章发动机（内部）(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表（不同性质的）(Charts (Miscellaneous))01 INTRODUCTION05 PERIODIC INSPECTIONS06 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS07 LIFTING AND SHORING08 LEVELING AND WEIGHING09 TOWING AND TAXIING10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE AND RETURN TO SERVICE11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS12 SERVICING - ROUTINE MAINTENANCE18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY)20 STANDARD PRACTICES - AIRFRAME21 AIR CONDITIONING22 AUTO FLIGHT23 COMMUNICATIONS24 ELECTRICAL POWER25 EQUIPMENT / FURNISHINGS26 FIRE PROTECTION27 FLIGHT CONTROLS28 FUEL29 HYDRAULIC POWER30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION31 INDICATING / RECORDING SYSTEMS32 LANDING GEAR33 LIGHTS34 NAVIGATION35 OXYGEN36 PNEUMATIC37 VACUUM38 WATER / WASTE39 ELECTRICAL - ELECTRONIC PANELS AND MULTIPURPOSE COMPONENTS 41 WATER BALLAST45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM (CMS)46 INFORMATION SYSTEMS49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER51 STANDARD PRACTICES AND STRUCTURES - GENERAL52 DOORS53 FUSELAGE54 NACELLES / PYLONS55 STABILIZERS56 WINDOWS57 WINGS60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER / ROTOR61 PROPELLERS / PROPULSORS62 MAIN ROTOR(S)63 MAIN ROTOR DRIVE(S)64 TAIL ROTOR65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE66 ROTOR BLADE AND TAIL PYLON FOLDING67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINE71 POWER PLANT - GENERAL72 ENGINE72(T) ENGINE - TURBINE / TURBOPROP, DUCTED FAN / UNDUCTED FAN72(R) ENGINE - RECIPROCATING73 ENGINE - FUEL AND CONTROL74 IGNITION75 BLEED AIR76 ENGINE CONTROLS77 ENGINE INDICATING78 EXHAUST79 OIL80 STARTING81 TURBINES (RECIPROCATING ENGINES)82 WATER INJECTION83 ACCESSORY GEAR BOXES (ENGINE DRIVEN)84 PROPULSION AUGMENTATION91 CHARTS5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks)6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场，系留，封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage)11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)BMS3-33润滑脂的介绍/posts/35/topic-0045-359438.html20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe)21章空调(Air Conditioning)空调出口温度高/posts/35/topic-0045-359394.html[原创]关于737-300/500的空调/posts/35/topic-0045-356247.htmlPACK空中超温，会有那些原因引起呢？（专业贴）/posts/35/topic-0045 -359163.html22章自动飞行(Auto Flight)737NG的Y/D故障分析供大家参考/posts/72/topic-0045-729542.html 23章通讯(Communications)24章电源(Electrical Power)IDG和GEN /posts/35/topic-0045-358102.html737-300 B2972电源及APU自动关车排故思路之分析/posts/182/topic-0 045-1827865.html25章设备/装饰(Equipment/Furnishings)26章防火(Fire Protection)有关737灭火瓶...... /posts/35/topic-0045-357937.htmlAPU火警探测/posts/35/topic-0045-357662.html27章飞行操纵(Flight Controls)28章燃油(Fuel)737飞机燃油浮子电门/posts/35/topic-0045-359544.html29章液压源(Hydraulic Power)液压问题/posts/35/topic-0045-359382.html关于液压保险在液压管路的作用和位置？请教/posts/35/topic-0045-3592 99.html液压系统故障/posts/35/topic-0045-359411.html30章防冰和排雨(Ice and Rain Protection)31章指示/记录系统(Indicating/Recording system)32章起落架(Landing Gear)如何延长飞机轮胎的使用寿命/posts/35/topic-0045-358979.html前轮磨损/posts/35/topic-0045-359232.html谁能说说金属刹车片和碳刹车片的优缺点？/posts/35/topic-0045-358669. html请问哪位对防滞刹车结构熟悉的，简单介绍一下，谢谢那里有资料，网上有吗？http://bbs. /posts/35/topic-0045-359091.html请教:飞机换轮子的时候为什么要转动轮子? /posts/177/topic-0045-177 5484.html一起B737-300飞机使用自动速度刹车时，AUTO SPEED BRAKE 跳开关跳开http://bbs.fee /posts/103/topic-0045-1038900.html33章灯光(Lights)34章导航(Navigation)35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)一起引气故障导致的增压故障（B737NG）/posts/103/topic-0045-1035067. html37章真空(Vacuum)38章水/污水(Water/waste)45章中央维护系统(Central maintenance System)49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)APU启动不起来了! /posts/35/topic-0045-357370.htmlAPU维护灯亮/posts/35/topic-0045-357331.html51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices)52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机短舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置(Stabilizers)56章窗户(windows)[讨论]玻璃上裂纹深度的测量？？/posts/35/topic-0045-350765.html57章机翼(wings)70章标准施工---发动机(Standard Practices---Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant (Package))IAEV2500系列发动机试车总结/posts/85/topic-0045-850361.html72章发动机（内部）(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)737反推故障/posts/35/topic-0045-357397.html79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表（不同性质的）(Charts (Miscellaneous))ATA Specification 22001 *Reserved for Airline Use2 *Reserved for Airline Use3 *Reserved for Airline Use4 *Reserved for Airline Use5 TIME LIMITS/ MAINTENANCE CHECKS-00 General-10 Time Limits-20 Scheduled Maintenance Checks-30 & -40 Reserved-50 Unscheduled Maintenance checks6 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS7 LIFTING & SHORING-00 General-10 Jacking-20 Shoring8 LEVELING & WEIGHING-00 General-10 Weighing and Balancing-20 Leveling9 TOWING & TAXIING-00 General-10 Towing-20 Taxiing10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE & RETURN TO SERVICE -00 General-10 Parking/Storage-20 Mooring-30 Return to Service11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS-00 General-10 Exterior Color Schemes and Markings-20 Exterior Placards and Markings-30 Interior Placards12 SERVICING-00 General-10 Replenishing-20 Scheduled Servicing-30 Unscheduled Servicing13 *Unassigned14 *Unassigned15 *Unassigned16 *Unassigned17 *Unassigned18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY) -00 GENERAL --10 VIBRATION ANALYSIS-20 NOISE ANALYSIS19 *Unassigned20 STANDARD PRACTICES-AIRFRAME-90 *Reserved for Airline Use21 AIR CONDITIONING-00 General-10 Compression-20 Distribution-30 Pressurization Control-40 Heating-50 Cooling-60 Temperature Control-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant22 AUTO FLIGHT-00 General-10 Autopilot-20 Speed-Attitude Correction-30 Auto Throttle-40 System Monitor-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating23 COMMUNICATIONS-00 General-10 Speech Communications-15 SATCOM-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling -30 Comfort-40 Interphone-50 Audio Integrating-60 Static Discharging-70 Audio & Video Monitoring-80 Integrated Automatic24 ELECTRICAL POWER-00 General-10 Generator Drive-20 AC Generation-30 DC Generation-40 External Power-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution25 EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Galley-40 Lavatories-50 Additional Compartments-60 Emergency-70 Available-80 Insulation26 FIRE PROTECTION-00 General-10 Detection-20 Extinguishing-30 Explosion Suppression27 FLIGHT CONTROLS-00 General-10 Aileron & Tab-20 Rudder & Tab-30 Elevator & Tab-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-50 Flaps-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -70 Gust Lock & Dampener-80 Lift Augmenting28 FUEL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dump-40 Indicating29 HYDRAULIC POWER-00 General-10 Main-20 Auxiliary-30 Indicating30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION-00 General-10 Airfoil-20 Air Intakes-30 Pitot and Static-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors-50 Antennas and Radomes-60 Propellers/Rotors-70 Water Lines-80 Detection31 INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Instrument & Control Panels-20 Independent Instruments-30 Recorders-40 Central Computers-50 Central Warning Systems-60 Central Display Systems-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems 32 LANDING GEAR-00 General-10 Main Gear and Doors-20 Nose Gear and Doors-30 Extension and Retraction-40 Wheels and Brakes-50 Steering-60 Position and Warning-70 Supplementary Gear33 LIGHTS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Cargo and Service Compartments -40 Exterior-50 Emergency Lighting34 NAVIGATION-00 General-10 Flight Environment-20 Attitude & Direction-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-40 Independent Position Determining -50 Dependent Position Determining -60 Flight Management Computing35 OXYGEN-00 General-10 Crew-20 Passenger-20 Passenger-30 Portable36 PNEUMATIC-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating37 VACUUM-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating38 WATER/WASTE-00 General-10 Potable-20 Wash-30 Waste Disposal-40 Air Supply39 *Unassigned40 *Unassigned41 WATER BALLAST-00 General-10 Storage-20 Dump-30 Indication42 *Unassigned43 *Unassigned44 CABIN SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Cabin Core System-20 Inflight Entertainment System-30 External Communication System-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-50 Cabin Monitoring System-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM-00 General-5 thru -19 CMS/Aircraft General-20 thru -49 CMS/Airframe Systems-45 Central Maintenance System-50 thru -59 CMS/Structures-60 thru -69 CMS/Propellers-70 thru -89 CMS/Power Plant45INFORMATION SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Airplane General Information Systems -20 Flight Deck Information Systems-30 Maintenance Information Systems-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems -50 Miscellaneous Information Systems47 *Unassigned48 *Unassigned49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER-00 General-10 Power Plant-20 Engine-30 Engine Fuel and Control-40 Ignition/Starting-50 Air-60 Engine Controls .-70 Indicating-80 Exhaust-90 Oil50 Cargo and Accessory Compartments-00 General-10 Cargo Compartments-20 Cargo Loading Systems-30 Cargo Related Systems-40 Available-50 Accessory-60 Insulation51 Standard Practices, General-00 General-10 Investigation, Cleanup and Aerodynamic Smoothness-20 Processes-30 Materials-40 Fasteners-50 Support of Airplane for Repair and Alignment Check Procedures -60 Control-Surface Balancing-70 Repairs-80 Electrical Bonding52 DOORS-00 General-10 Passenger/Crew-20 Emergency Exit-30 Cargo-40 Service and Miscellaneous-50 Fixed Interior-60 Entrance Stairs-70 Monitoring and Operation-80 Landing Gear53 FUSELAGE-00 General-10 thru -90 (As Required) Fuselage Sections54 NACELLES/PYLONS-00 General-10 thru -40 (As Required) Nacelle Section-50 thru -80 (As Required) Pylon55 STABILIZERS-00 General-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-20 Elevator-30 Vertical Stabilizer-40 Rudder56 WINDOWS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Door-40 Inspection and Observation57 WINGS-00 General-10 Center Wing-20 Outer Wing-30 Wing Tip-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices -50 Trailing Edge Trailing Edge Devices -60 Ailerons and Elevons-70 Spoilers-80 (as required)-90 Wing Folding System58 *Unassigned59 *Reserved for Airline Use60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER/ROTOR61 PROPELLERS/PROPULSION-00 General-10 Propeller Assembly-20 Controlling-30 Braking-40 Indicating-50 Propulsor Duct62 ROTOR(S)-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Rotor head(s)-30 Rotor Shaft(s)/Swashplate Assy(ies) -4063 ROTOR DRIVE(S)-00 General-10 Engine/Gearbox couplings-20 Gearbox(es)-30 Mounts, attachments-40 Indicating64 TAIL ROTOR-00 General-10* Rotor blades-20* Rotor head-30 Available-40 Indicating65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE-00 General-10 Shafts-20 Gearboxes-30 Available-40 Indicating66 FOLDING BLADES/PYLON-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Tail pylon-30 Controls and Indicating67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL-00 General-10 Rotor-20 Anti-torque Rotor control (Yaw control)-30 Servo-control System68 *Unassigned69*Unassigned70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINES71 POWER PLANT-00 General-10 Cowling-30 Fireseals-40 Attach Fittings-50 Electrical Harness-60 Air Intakes-70 Engine Drains72 ENGINE TURBINE/TURBO PROP DUCTED FAN/UNDUCTED FAN-00 General-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted Gear Driven Propulsor)-20 Air Inlet Section-30 Compressor Section-40 Combustion Section-50 Turbine Section-60 Accessory Drives-70 By-pass Section-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)73 ENGINE FUEL AND CONTROL-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Controlling-30 Indicating74 IGNITION-00 General-10 Electrical Power-20 Distribution-30 Switching75 AIR-00 General-10 Engine Anti-Icing-20 Cooling-30 Compressor Control-40 Indicating76 ENGINE CONTROLS-00 General-10 Power Control-20 Emergency Shutdown77 ENGINE INDICATING-00 General-10 Power-20 Temperature-30 Analyzers That-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems 78 EXHAUST-00 General-10 Collector/Nozzle-20 Noise Suppressor-30 Thrust Reverser-40 Supplementary Air79 OIL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Indicating80 STARTING-00 General-10 Cranking81 TURBINES-00 General-10 Power Recovery-20 Turbo-Supercharger82 WATER INJECTION-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dumping and Purging-40 Indicating83 ACCESSORY GEAR-BOXES-00 General-10 Drive Shaft Section-20 Gearbox Section84 Propulsion Augmentation-00 General-10 Jet Assist Takeoff85 *Unassigned86 *Unassigned87 *Unassigned88 *Unassigned89 *Unassigned90 *Unassigned91 CHARTS92 *Unassigned93 *Unassigned94 *Unassigned95 *Reserved for Airline Use96 *Reserved for Airline Use97 WIRING REPORTING-00-00 General-01-00 Zone 100 Fuselage Lower-02-00 Zone 200 Fuselage Top-03-00 Zone 300 Stabilizers-04-00 Zone 400 Nacelles-Pylons-05-00 Zone 500 Left Wing-06-00 Zone 600 Right Wing-07-00 Zone 700 Landing Gear Compartment -08-00 Zone 800 Doors-09-00 Zone 900 Lavatories & Galleys-20-00 Electrical Standard Items/Practices -21-00 Air Conditioning - General-21-10 Compression-21-20 Distribution-21-30 Pressurization Control-21-40 Heating-21-50 Cooling-21-60 Temperature Control-21-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant Control-22-00 Auto Flight - General-22-10 Autopilot-22-20 Speed - Attitude Correction-22-30 Auto Throttle-22-40 System Monitors-22-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating-23-00 Communications - General-23-10 Speech Communications-23-15 SATCOM-23-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling-23-30 Passenger Address, Entertainment and Comfort-23-40 Interphone-23-50 Audio Integrating-23-60 Static Discharging-23-70 Audio and Video Monitoring-23-80 Integrated Automatic Tuning-24-00 Electrical Power - General-24-10 Generator Drive-24-20 AC Generation-24-30 DC Generation-24-40 External Power-24-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-24-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution-25-00 Equipment/Furnishings - General-25-10 Flight Compartment-25-20 Passenger Compartment-25-30 Galley-25-40 Lavatories-25-60 Emergency-25-80 Insulation-26-00 Fire Protection - General-26-10 Detection-26-20 Extinguishing-26-30 Explosion Suppression-27-00 Flight Controls - General-27-10 Aileron & Tab-27-20 Rudder & Tab-27-30 Elevator & Tab-27-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-27-50 Flaps-27-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -27-70 Gust Lock & Dampener-27-80 Lift Augmenting-28-00 Fuel - General-28-10 Storage-28-20 Distribution-28-30 Dump-28-40 Indicating-29-00 Hydraulic Power - General-29-10 Main-29-20 Auxiliary-29-30 Indicating-30-00 Ice and Rain Protection - General-30-10 Airfoil-30-20 Air Intakes-30-30 Pitot and Static-30-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors-30-50 Antennas And Radomes-30-60 Propellers/Rotors-30-70 Water Lines-30-80 Detection-31-00 Indicating/Recording Systems - General -31-10 Instrument and Control Panels-31-20 Independent Instruments-31-30 Recorders-31-40 Central Computers-31-50 Central Warning Systems-31-60 Central Display Systems-31-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems-32-00 Landing Gear- General-32-10 Main Gear and Doors-32-20 Nose Gear and Doors-32-30 Extension and Retraction-32-40 Wheels and Brakes-32-50 Steering-32-60 Position And Warning-32-70 Supplementary Gear-33-00 Lights - General-33-10 Flight Compartment-33-20 Passenger Compartment-33-30 Cargo and Service Compartments-33-40 Exterior-33-50 Emergency Lighting-34-00 Navigation - General-34-10 Flight Environment Data-34-20 Attitude & Direction-34-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-34-40 Independent Position Determining-34-50 Dependent Position Determining-34-60 Flight Management Computing-35-00 Oxygen - General-35-10 Crew-35-20 Passenger-35-30 Portable-36-00 Pneumatic - General-36-10 Distribution-36-20 Indicating-37-00 Vacuum - General-37-10 Distribution-37-20 Indicating-38-00 Water/Waste - General-38-10 Potable-38-20 Wash-38-30 Waste Disposal-38-40 Air Supply-44-00 Cabin Systems - General-44-10 Cabin Core System-44-20 In-flight Entertainment System-44-30 External Communication System-44-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-44-50 Cabin Monitoring System-44-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System-45-00 Central Maintenance System (CMS) General -45-05 CMS/Aircraft General-45-20 CMS/Airframe Systems-45-45 Central Maintenance System-45-50 CMS/Structures-45-60 CMS/Propellers-45-70 CMS/Power Plant-46-00 Information Systems - General-46-10 Airplane General Information Systems-46-20 Flight Deck Information Systems-46-30 Maintenance Information Systems-46-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems-46-50 Miscellaneous Information Systems-49-00 Airborne Auxiliary Power - General-49-10 Power Plant-49-20 Engine-49-30 Engine Fuel And Control-49-40 Ignition And Starting-49-50 Air-49-60 Engine Controls-49-70 Indicating-49-80 Exhaust-49-90 Oil-50-00 Cargo And Accessory Compartments General -50-10 Cargo Compartments-50-20 Cargo Loading Systems-50-30 Cargo Related Systems-50-40 Available-50-50 Accessory Compartments-50-60 Insulation-52-00 Doors - General-52-10 Passenger/Crew-52-20 Emergency Exit-52-30 Cargo-52-40 Service-52-50 Fixed Interior-52-60 Entrance Stairs-52-70 Door Warning-52-80 Landing Gear-53-00 Fuselage - General-54-00 Nacelles/Pylons - General-54-10 Nacelle Section-54-50 Pylon-55-00 Stabilizers - General-55-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-55-20 Elevator-55-30 Vertical Stabilizer-55-40 Rudder-56-00 Windows - General-56-10 Flight Compartment-56-20 Passenger Compartment-56-30 Door-56-40 Inspection and Observation-57-00 Wings - General-57-10 Center Wing-57-20 Outer Wing-57-30 Wing Tip-57-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices-57-50 Trailing Edge and Trailing Edge Devices -57-60 Ailerons-57-70 Spoilers-57-90 Wing Folding System-61-00 Propellers/Propulsors - General-61-10 Propeller Assembly-61-20 Controlling-61-30 Braking-61-40 Indicating-61-50 Propulsor Duct-62-00 Rotors-63-00 Rotor Drives-64-00 Tail Rotor-65-00 Tail Rotor Drive-66-00 Folding Blades/Pylon-67-00 Rotors Flight Control-71-00 Power Plant - General-71-10 Cowling-71-20 Mounts-71-30 Fire seals-71-40 Attach Fittings-71-50 Electrical Harness-71-60 Air Intakes-71-70 Engine Drains-72-00 Engine Turbine/Turbo Prop Ducted Fan/Unducted Fan-72-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted GearDriven Propulsor)-72-20 Air Inlet Section-72-30 Compressor Section-72-40 Combustion Section-72-50 Turbine Section-72-60 Accessory Drives-72-70 By-pass Section-72-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)-73-00 Engine Fuel And Control - General-73-10 Distribution-73-20 Controlling-73-30 Indicating-74-00 Ignition - General-74-10 Electrical Power Supply-74-20 Distribution-74-30 Switching-75-00 Air - General-75-10 Engine Anti-Icing-75-20 Cooling-75-30 Compressor Control-75-40 Indicating-76-00 Engine Controls - General-76-10 Power Control-76-20 Emergency Shutdown-77-00 Engine Indicating - General-77-10 Power-77-20 Temperature-77-30 Analyzers-77-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems -78-00 Exhaust - General-78-10 Collector/Nozzle-78-20 Noise Suppressor-78-30 Thrust Reverser-78-40 Supplementary Air-79-00 Oil - General-79-10 Storage-79-30 Indicating-80-00 Starting - General-80-10 Cranking98 *Reserved for Airline Use99 *Unassigned100 *Do not use101 *Do not use102 *Do not use103 *Do not use104 *Do not use105 *Do not use106 *Do not use107 *Do not use108 *Do not use109 *Do not use110 *Do not use111 *Do not use112 *Do not use113 *Do not use114 *Do not use115 Flight Simulator Systems。
物流职业英语unit 1
Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks by using the words or phrases given in the following box. procedure resolve motivation recognition contribute to consumption essential comprehensive replacement critical 1. Peace between the two nations will ____________ contribute to the prosperity of the region. 2. By 5:00 P.M. the afternoon of Phil’s funeral, the company president had begun, with care and taste, to make inquires about Phil’s ____________ replacement . 3. Libraries are a(n) __________ essential part of this process, providing the only access for those who do not have the resources to purchase or access books and information on their own. 4.With modern technology, __________ procedure for boarding at the airport is now simplified. 5. This is why forming the habit of exercise regularly is so __________ critical . 6. After the meeting, Mitchell told the journalists it is imperative to achieve a full and ______________ comprehensive peace in the region to improve the lives of everyone. 7. On the other hand when we do something because we receive some reward, like a certificate or money, this is extrinsic (外部的) __________ motivation . 8. Many people always take fuel ____________ consumption into consideration when they buy cars. 9. After thinking over for half an hour, the nurse __________ resolved to report the accident to the hospital’s nursing supervisor. 10. There is general __________ recognition that logistics plays a far better role than we thought it before.
the_brief_history_of_the_UK
The consequences of the War
Norman Cavalier
Duke William
The Norman Conquest
In 1067, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.
Great Charter (Magna Carta)《大宪章》1215 In 1154 Henry II ascended the throne Henry II reformed the courts and the laws: introduced the jury system (陪审团制度) institutionalized common law John ascended the throne in 1199. He demanded feudal taxes and army service. King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta (大宪章) in 1215 under the press of the barons.
The shaping of the nation: The Norman Conquest
1.The early Settlers and the Celts
大学英语第一章
大学英语第一章(总2页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Chapter 1 A Brief Introduction to the United KingdomI.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1.Great Britain includes 3 constituent countries: England, Scotland, and Wales.2.When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britainsometimes.3.Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called “Gaelic”.4.The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied the majority of theBritish people.5.The title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition.6.“Ulster”, referring to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish Kingdom.7.The majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic peopleinhabited British Isles before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago.8.Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics.9.Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland.10. The Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985 guaranteed the loyalist Protestantcommunity their right to decide their future in Northern Ireland.II.Fill in the blanks.1.Britain is now a ______ society which produces a population of which 1 in 20are of ______ ethnicity.2.Britain is a country with a history of invasions. In 43 AD Britain was invadedby ______ in the late 8th century they experienced raids from Scandinavia and in the 11th century they suffered invasions from ______.3.Charles the First, king of Britain, was executed, because he attempted tooverthrow ______ in the English Revolution. two Scottish cities which have ancient and internationally respecteduniversities: ______ and ______.5.Although Wales is the smallest of the three nations on the mainland, it’sgood at getting ______ from abroad, particularly Japan and ______.6.To pursue Irish independence, the most spectacular event in the Irish historywas ______ of 1916, in which the rebels occupied Dublin’s ______ and forced the British to take it back by military means.7.Threatened by the IRA in early 1970s, the Protestants formed their ownillegal ______ groups and took revenge on ______.8.1972 was the worst year of the troubles and 468 people were killed thatwhich included 13 Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful ______.They were shot dead by British soldiers. This day has now beenmythologized as ______.9.Sinn Fein, the legal ______ party, supports the IRA’s right to fight. Its leadersspoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which is known as the policy of ______.10.The Good Friday Agreement, known also as ______, emerged on 10 April1998.III.Tell what you know about the following in your own words.1.The Easter Rising2.Sinn Fein3.The Good Friday AgreementIV. Discuss the following questions.Who is William the Conqueror What are the consequences of the Norman Conquest。
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Chapter 1 Brief Information of the U.K.5. The National Items: the Union Flag, flowers, anthem, bird and Emblem.The flag of the UK, known as the Union Jack which derived from the use of the Union Flag on the jack-staff(舰首旗杆)of naval vessels ,embodies the emblems(象徽，标志) of three countries under one Sovereign.The emblems that appear on the Union Flag are the crosses of three Christian Saints: the red cross of St. George for England on a white ground; The white diagonal(斜的)cross of St. Andrew for Scotland on a blue ground; and the red diagonal cross of St. Patrick for Ireland on a white Ground. (Wales is not represented in the Union flag because when the first version of the flag appeared, Wales was already united with England.)6. Britain's longest and most important riversThe longest fiver in Britain is the Severn River(塞汶河), which is only 354 kilometers long. It rises in central Wales and flows in a semicircle through West Central England to the Bristol Channel, where the ports of Cardiff and Bristol are located.The second and most important river in Britain is the Thames River (泰晤士河),which is 338 kilometers long, rising from the Cotswolds(科茨沃尔德丘陵)in southwest England.The Thames flows rather slowly through the Midlands of England to London and out into the North Sea, which is very favorable for water transportation. Ocean-going ships can sail up the Thames as far as London and small ships can sail up it for a further 138 kilometers.Oxford is just on the Thames.The most important river in Scotland is River Clyde(克莱德河), on which is situated a ship-building center Glasgow (格拉斯哥). Rising in Dumfries( 邓弗里斯山) , it runs 171 kilometers, passes through Glasgow and then enters the Firth of Clyde(克莱德河口). It is an important commercial waterway.8. LondonLondon is one of the most dynamic, cosmopolitan and energetic cities in the world—a hub of finance, politics, history, culture, learning and entertainment.Over the centuries, a mix of architectural landmarks has come to define London's skyline with a remarkable past. Chief among these are St. Paul's Cathedral, the Westminster Abbey, Tower Bridge, the Tower of London, the Globe Theatre, Big Ben, Whitehall, No. 10 Downing Street, Buckingham Palace, Hyde Park with its world-famous Speakers’Corner etc. accompanied by hundreds of church spires and monumentsLondon is also noted for its museums and art galleries, among which are the Museum of London, the Museum of London, the Museum of Mowing Image, Madame Tussau’s Museum etc. and the National Gallery, the National Portrait Gallery, the National Gallery of British Art, the Wallace Collection at Hertford House and so on. Besides, there are countless streets and buildings for business in London, the Stock Exchange, the Bank of England, Lloyd's and many others.What is about the Tower of London(伦敦塔) ?Founded by William the Conqueror in 1066-7 and enlarged and modified by successive sovereigns, today the Tower of London is one of the world's most famous and spectacular fortresses. It comprises not one but 20 towers, the oldest of which, the White' Tower, dates back to the 11th century.During its millennium years of history the Tower of London has been the seat of British government and the living quarters of monarchs, the site of renown political intrigue, and .the repository of the Crown Jewels. It has also housed lions, bears, and (to this day)flightless ravens, not to mention notorious traitors and framed members of court, lords and ministers, clergymen and knights. It is the Tower's evil reputation as a prison that ensures it remains a much visited tourist spot today, together with the rich and varied history that surrounds it.Why is Big Ben so called (英国“大本钟”的由来) ?Although the name "Big Ben" is commonly used to refer to the famous clock at the top of St.Stephen's Tower of the House of Parliament in London, the nickname is more correctly applied to the bell within the tower, it was named after Sir Benjamin Hall, who was the Chief Commissioner of Works at the time.The original bell, cast in 1856 and weighing some 15 tons, was being tested in Palace Yard when it developed serious cracks and had to be scrapped The new bell, weighing a mere 13 tons, was installed in 1585. There are also four Quarter bells in the clock tower weighing between 4 tones and 1 ton.What was about the Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）？The Westminster Abbey is a very important church in Westminster, London. There has probably been a church on this site since the 8th century, but the present building in the French style began in the I3th century. Almost all English kings and queens have been crowned there, and the Abbey contains the coronation (加冕典礼)chair. It also has many memorials to famous men, particularly in the Poets' Comer. A masterpiece of Gothic architecture, Westminster, has the highest Gothic nave in England (34m-102ft).What is about the capital of Scotland -- Edinburgh (苏格兰的首府——爱丁堡）Edinburgh has been the capital of Scotland for over 500 years. Legend says that the Picts, an ancient North British tribe, built a fortress on the volcanic castle rock in the 5th century and called it "Din Eidyn" in Gaelic. It is situated in the heart of the Lothians on the southern shore of the firth of Forth, where the River Forth flows into the North Sea.The city extends over seven hills, the best known and most dramatic being Castle Hill, Calton Hill and Arthur's Seat. The Edinburgh Castle dominates the city from high up on the volcanic Castle Rock which rises 133 meters above the sea.Edinburgh is renowned for its stunning architecture and lively festivals, with the past blending seamlessly with the present to create one of Europe's most appealing cities.What is about the capital of Wales –Cardiff(威尔士的首府——加的夫)？Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is Europe's youngest capital city. It became capital of Wales in 1955. Wales is a mountainous country in the west of Great Britain, the largest island that forms the mainland of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by the sea on three sides and England to the east.Cardiff is situated on the banks of the River Taff where it meets the Bristol Channel, on Wales' southern coast. The city can be traced back to the Romans who established an important military fort there in AD 75. "Caer Didi", meaning "fort of didius", was named after the Roman General, Aulus Didius, and it is from here that Cardiff gets its name. Today, this vibrant city has a population of over 300,000 and attracts visitors from all over the world.What is about the capital of Northern Ireland——Belfast（北爱尔兰的首府——贝尔法斯特）？Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland, is a vibrant, prospering city. Surrounded by green hills and craggy peaks, Belfast is located where the River Lagan flows into Belfast Lough, a sheltered inlet of the Irish Sea. A thousand years ago it was known in ancient Irish as BealFeirste, "the sandy ford across the mouth of the river".Once a quiet fishing village, Belfast blossomed' into a thriving city during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century. Its linen manufacturing, engineering and shipbuilding industries prospered and the population increased dramatically. Queen Victoria granted Belfast full city status in 1888. By the time the great liner, Titanic was launched by Harland & Wolff in 1912. Belfast had the world's biggest weaving mills and tobacco factories, the most extensive rope-works ever built, and the world's greatest shipyard.Although traditional industries declined following the Second World War and civil unrest and terrorist activity added to Belfast's social and economic problems, Belfast has enjoyed a remarkable renaissance since the 1990s.。