英文资料及翻译

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英文翻译资料：装修时用到的英语

中英对照：装修时用到的英语房子，住宅house室内装饰interior democration家具furniture墙壁wall窗户window门door地板floor天花板ceiling窗帘curtain地毯carpet桌子table书桌desk照明,灯饰lighting餐厅dining room卧室bedroom起居室,客厅living room 浴室bathroom浴缸bathtub淋浴shower洗手间restroom椅子chair扶手椅armchair单人靠椅(或沙发) chair双人靠椅(或沙发) love seat 三人靠椅(或沙发) sofa垫脚凳ottoman板凳,凳子stool长条椅bench安乐椅easy chair睡椅,沙发床lounge chair折叠椅stacking chair装软垫的沙发upholstery鞣制皮革tanned leather人造皮革synthetic leather 椅套covering椅背靠档spindle Stab椅背靠板splat椅座seat侧拉档stretcher椅腿leg收藏用家具storage furniture 衣橱wardrobe碗橱cupboard书架bookshelf陈设架或柜whatnot餐具柜sideboard组合家具modular furniture(组家的)基本单元basic unit拆装式,组装式knockdown搁板,层板shelf board底板bottom board顶板top board固定搁板fixed shelf活动搁板removable底座base固定式(嵌入式)家具built-in推拉门sliding doorr折叠式双开门double swinging door 折叠式单开门single swinging door模数module尺寸(成品) size尺寸(部件) dimension背板back panel旁板,侧板side panel配件,附件accessory插手knob拉手handle部件components垂直框架vertical frame 水平框架horizontal frame 床bed单人床single bed双人床double bed婴儿床baby bed折叠床folding bed 弹簧spring床头板headboard 床尾板footboard 床架frame弹簧床垫bedstead。

产业集群的外文翻译及原文(族群与集群竞争力)

英文文献资料（一）Clusters and the New Economics of CompetitionMichael E. Porter（Harvard university）Why Clusters Are Critical to CompetitionModern competition depends on productivity, not on access to inputs or the scale of individual enterprises.Productivity rests on how companies compete,not on the particular fields they compete panies can be highly productive in any industry–shoes, agriculture, or semiconductors – if they employ sophisticated methods, use advanced technology,and offer unique products and services. All industries can employ advanced technology; all industries can be knowledge intensive.The sophistication with which companies compete in a particular location, however, is strongly influenced by the quality of the local business environment.1 Companies cannot employ advanced logistical techniques, for example, without a high quality transportation infrastructure. Nor can companies effectively compete on sophisticated service without well-educated employees. Businesses cannot operate efficiently under onerous regulatory red tape or under a court system that fails to resolve disputes quickly and fairly. Some aspects of the business environment, such as the legal system, for example, or corporate tax rates, affect all industries. In advanced economies, however, the more decisive aspects of the business environment are often cluster specific; these constitute some of the most important microeconomic foundations for competition.Clusters affect competition in three broad ways:first, by increasing the productivity of companies based in the area; second, by driving the direction and pace of innovation, which underpins future productivity growth; and third, by stimulating the formation of new businesses, which expands and strengthens the cluster itself. A cluster allows each member to benefit as if it had greater scale or as if it had joined with others formally – without requiring it to sacrifice its flexibility.Clusters and Productivity. Being part of a cluster allows companies to operate more productively in sourcing inputs; accessing information, technology,and needed institutions; coordinating with related companies; and measuring and motivating improvement.Better Access to Employees and Suppliers. Companies in vibrant clusters can tap into an existing pool of specialized and experienced employees, thereby lowering their search and transaction costs in recruiting. Because a cluster signals opportunity and reduces the risk of relocation for employees, it can also be easier to attract talented people from other locations, a decisive advantage in some industries.A well-developed cluster also provides an efficient means of obtaining other important inputs.Such a cluster offers a deep and specialized supplier base. Sourcing locally instead of from distant suppliers lowers transaction costs. It minimizes the need for inventory, eliminates importing costs and delays, and –because local reputation is important –lowers the risk that suppliers will overprice or renege on commitments. Proximity improves communications and makes it easier for suppliers to provide ancillary or support services such as installation and debugging. Other things being equal, then, local outsourcing is a better solution than distantoutsourcing, especially for advanced and specialized inputs involving embedded technology, information, and service content.Formal alliances with distant suppliers can mitigate some of the disadvantages of distant outsourcing. But all formal alliances involve their own complex bargaining and governance problems and can inhibit a company’s flexibility. The close, informal relationships possible among companies in a cluster are often a superior Arrangement.In many cases, clusters are also a better alternative to vertical pared with in-house units, outside specialists are often more cost effective and responsive, not only in component production but also in services such as training. Although extensive vertical integration may have once been the norm, a fast-changing environment can render vertical integration inefficient, ineffective, and inflexible.Even when some inputs are best sourced from a distance, clusters offer advantages. Suppliers trying to penetrate a large, concentrated market will price more aggressively, knowing that as they do so they can realize efficiencies in marketing and in service.Working against a cluster’s advantages in assembling resources is the possibility that competition will render them more expensive and scarce. But companies do have the alternative of outsourcing many inputs from other locations, which tends to limit potential cost penalties. More important, clusters increase not only the demand for specialized inputs but also their supply.Access to Specialized Information. Extensive market, technical, and competitive information accumulates within a cluster, and members have preferred access to it. In addition, personal relationships and community ties foster trust and facilitate the flow of information. These conditions make information more transferable.Complementarities. A host of linkages among cluster members results in a whole greater than the sum of its parts. In a typical tourism cluster, for example, the quality of a visitor’s experience depends not only on the appeal of the primary attraction but also on the quality and efficiency of complementary businesses such as hotels, restaurants, shopping outlets, and transportation facilities. Because members of the cluster are mutually dependent, good performance by one can boost the success of the others.Complementarities come in many forms. The most obvious is when products complement one another in meeting customers’ needs, as the tourism example illustrates. Another form is the coordination of activities across companies to optimize their collective productivity. In wood products, for instance, the efficiency of sawmills depends on a reliable supply of high-quality timber and the ability to put all the timber to use – in furniture (highest quality), pallets and boxes (lower quality), or wood chips (lowest quality). In the early 1990s, Portuguese sawmills suffered from poor timber quality because local landowners did not invest in timber management. Hence most timber was processed for use in pallets and boxes, a lower-value use that limited the price paid to landowners. Substantial improvement in productivity was possible, but only if several parts of the cluster changed simultaneously.Logging operations, for example, had to modify cutting and sorting procedures, while sawmills had to develop the capacity to process wood in more sophisticated ways. Coordination to develop standard wood classifications and measures was an important enabling step. Geographically dispersed companies are less likely to recognize and capture such linkages.Other complementarities arise in marketing. A cluster frequently enhances the reputation of a location in a particular field, making it more likely that buyers will turn to a vendor based there.Italy’s strong reputation for fashion and design, for example, benefits companies involved in leather goods, footwear, apparel, and accessories. Beyond reputation, cluster members often profit from a variety of joint marketing mechanisms, such as company referrals, trade fairs, trade magazines, and marketing delegations.Finally, complementarities can make buying from a cluster more attractive for customers. Visiting buyers can see many vendors in a single trip. They also may perceive their buying risk to be lower because one location provides alternative suppliers. That allows them to multisource or to switch vendors if the need arises. Hong Kong thrives as a source of fashion apparel in part for this reason.Access to Institutions and Public Goods. Investments made by government or other public institutions– such as public spending for specialized infrastructure or educational programs – can enhance a company’s productivity. The ability to recruit employees trained at local programs, for example, lowers the cost of internal training. Other quasi-public goods, such as the cluster’s information and technology pools and its reputation, arise as natural by-products of competition.It is not just governments that create public goods that enhance productivity in the private sector. Investments by companies –in training programs, infrastructure, quality centers, testing laboratories, and so on – also contribute to increased productivity. Such private investments are often made collectively because cluster participants recognize the potential for collective benefits.Better Motivation and Measurement. Local rivalry is highly motivating. Peer pressure amplifies competitive pressure within a cluster,even among noncompeting or indirectly competing companies. Pride and the desire to look good in the local community spur executives to attempt to outdo one another.Clusters also often make it easier to measure and compare performances because local rivals share general circumstances – for example, labor costs and local market access – and they perform similar activities. Companies within clusters typically have intimate knowledge of their suppliers’ costs. Managers are able to compare costs and employees’performance with other local companies. Additionally, financial institutions can accumulate knowledge about the cluster that can be used to monitor performance.Clusters and Innovation. In addition to enhancing productivity, clusters play a vital role in a company’s ongoing ability to innovate. Some of the same characteristics that enhance current productivity have an even more dramatic effect on innovation and productivity growth.Because sophisticated buyers are often part of a cluster, companies inside clusters usually have a better window on the market than isolated competitors do. Computer companies based in Silicon Valley and Austin, Texas, for example, plug into customer needs and trends with a speed difficult to match by companies located elsewhere. The ongoing relationships with other entities within the cluster also help companies to learn early about evolving technology, component and machinery availability, service and marketing concepts, and so on. Such learning is facilitated by the ease of making site visits and frequent face-to-face contact.Clusters do more than make opportunities for innovation more visible. They also provide the capacity and the flexibility to act rapidly. A company within a cluster often can source what it needs to implement innovations more quickly. Local suppliers and partners can and do get closely involved in the innovation process, thus ensuring a better match with customers’ requirements.Companies within a cluster can experiment at lower cost and can delay large commitments until they are more assured that a given innovation will pan out. In contrast, a company relying ondistant suppliers faces greater challenges in every activity it coordinates with other organizations –in contracting, for example, or securing delivery or obtaining associated technical and service support. Innovation can be even harder in vertically integrated companies, especially in those that face difficult trade-offs if the innovation erodes the value of in-house assets or if current products or processes must be maintained while new ones are developed.Reinforcing the other advantages for innovation is the sheer pressure – competitive pressure, peer pressure, constant comparison – that occurs in a cluster. Executives vie with one another to set their companies apart. For all these reasons, clusters can remain centers of innovation for decades.Clusters and New Business Formation.It is not surprising, then, that many new companies grow up within an existing cluster rather than at isolated locations. New suppliers, for example, proliferate within a cluster because a concentrated customer base lowers their risks and makes it easier for them to spot market opportunities. Moreover, because developed clusters comprise related industries that normally draw on common or very similar inputs, suppliers enjoy expanded opportunities.Clusters are conducive to new business formation for a variety of reasons. Individuals working within a cluster can more easily perceive gaps in products or services around which they can build businesses. Beyond that, barriers to entry are lower than elsewhere. Needed assets, skills, inputs, and staff are often readily available at the cluster location, waiting to be assembled into a new enterprise.Local financial institutions and investors, already familiar with the cluster, may require a lower risk premium on capital. In addition, the cluster often presents a significant local market, and an entrepreneur may benefit from established relationships. All of these factors reduce the perceived risks of entry – and of exit, should the enterprise fail.The formation of new businesses within a cluster is part of a positive feedback loop. An expanded cluster amplifies all the benefits I have described – it increases the collective pool of competitive resources, which benefits a ll the cluster’s members. The net result is that companies in the cluster advance relative to rivals at other locations.英文文献中文翻译（二）来源：哈佛商业评论Vol.76第6期 1998年作者：迈克·E. 波特出版时间：1998簇群与新竞争经济学(美）迈克·E. 波特为什么簇群对竞争至关重要?现代竞争取决于生产力, 而非取决于投入或单个企业的规模。

英语翻译学习资料(含中英文解释)

例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energyputting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵）others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved andacting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between beingknowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hidebehind a mask.1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于2.pretence 虚伪，虚假6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners areatrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, Ihave no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest.孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。

经典英文段落翻译__英译汉15篇

1.意大利著名旅行家马可。

波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。

”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。

”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。

西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。

在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。

The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products.2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。

本科毕业设计的英文资料与中文翻译

英文资料与中文翻译IEEE 802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROLThe IEEE 802.11 MAC layer covers three functional areas：reliable data delivery, medium access control, and security. This section covers the first two topics.Reliable Data DeliveryAs with any wireless network, a wireless LAN using the IEEE 802.11 physical and MAC layers is subject to considerable unreliability. Noise, interference, and other propagation effects result in the loss of a significant number of frames. Even with error-correction codes, a number of MAC frames may not successfully be received. This situation can be dealt with by reliability mechanisms at a higher layer. such as TCP. However, timers used for retransmission at higher layers are typically on the order of seconds. It is therefore more efficient to deal with errors at the MAC level. For this purpose, IEEE 802.11 includes a frame exchange protocol. When a station receives a data frame from another station. It returns an acknowledgment (ACK) frame to the source station. This exchange is treated as an atomic unit, not to be interrupted by a transmission from any other station. If the source does not receive an ACK within a short period of time, either because its data frame was damaged or because the returning ACK was damaged, the source retransmits the frame.Thus, the basic data transfer mechanism in IEEE802.11 involves an exchange of two frames. To further enhance reliability, a four-frame exchange may be used. In this scheme, a source first issues a request to send (RTS) frame to the destination. The destination then responds with a clear to send (CTS). After receiving the CTS, the source transmits the data frame, and the destination responds with an ACK. The RTS alerts all stations that are within reception range of the source that an exchange is under way; these stations refrain from transmission in order to avoid a collision between two frames transmitted at the same time. Similarly, the CTS alerts all stations that are within reception range of the destination that an exchange is under way. The RTS/CTS portion of the exchange is a required function of the MAC but may be disabled.Medium Access ControlThe 802.11 working group considered two types of proposals for a MAC algorithm: distributed access protocols, which, like Ethernet, distribute the decision to transmit over all the nodes using a carrier-sense mechanism; and centralized access protocols, which involve regulation of transmission by a centralized decision maker. A distributed access protocol makes sense for an ad hoc network of peer workstations (typically an IBSS) and may also be attractive in other wireless LAN configurations that consist primarily of burst traffic. A centralized access protocol is natural for configurations in which a umber of wireless stations are interconnected with each other and some sort of base station that attaches to a backbone wired LAN: it is especially useful if some of the data is time sensitive or high priority.The end result for 802.11 is a MAC algorithm called DFWMAC (distributed foundation wireless MAC) that provides a distributed access control mechanism with an optional centralized control built on top of that. Figure 14.5 illustrates the architecture. The lower sub-layer of the MAC layer is the distributed coordination function (DCF). DCF uses a contention algorithm to provide access to all traffic. Ordinary asynchronous traffic directly uses DCE. The point coordination function (PCF) is a centralized MAC algorithm used to provide contention-free service. PCF is built on top of DCF and exploits features of DCF to assure access for its users. Let us consider these two sub-layers in turn.MAClayerFigure 14.5 IEEE 802.11 Protocol ArchitectureDistributed Coordination FunctionThe DCF sub-layer makes use of a simple CSMA (carrier sense multiple access) algorithm, which functions as follows. If a station has a MAC frame to transmit, it listens to the medium. If the medium is idle, the station may transmit; otherwise the station must wait until the current transmission is complete before transmitting. The DCF does not include a collision detection function (i.e. CSMA/CD) because collision detection is not practical on a wireless network. The dynamic range of the signals on the medium is very large, so that a transmitting station cannot effectively distinguish incoming weak signals from noise and the effects of its own transmission.To ensure the smooth and fair functioning of this algorithm, DCF includes a set of delays that amounts to a priority scheme. Let us start by considering a single delay known as an inter-frame space (IFS). In fact, there are three different IFS values, but the algorithm is best explained by initially ignoring this detail. Using an IFS, the rules for CSMA access are as follows (Figure 14.6):Figure 14.6 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control Logic1. A station with a frame to transmit senses the medium. If the medium is idle. It waits to see if the medium remains idle for a time equal to IFS. If so , the station may transmit immediately.2. If the medium is busy (either because the station initially finds the medium busy or because the medium becomes busy during the IFS idle time), the station defers transmission and continues to monitor the medium until the current transmission is over.3. Once the current transmission is over, the station delays another IFS. If the medium remains idle for this period, then the station backs off a random amount of time and again senses the medium. If the medium is still idle, the station may transmit. During the back-off time, if the medium becomes busy, the back-off timer is halted and resumes when the medium becomes idle.4. If the transmission is unsuccessful, which is determined by the absence of an acknowledgement, then it is assumed that a collision has occurred.To ensure that back-off maintains stability, a technique known as binary exponential back-off is used. A station will attempt to transmit repeatedly in the face of repeated collisions, but after each collision, the mean value of the random delay is doubled up to some maximum value. The binary exponential back-off provides a means of handling a heavy load. Repeated failed attempts to transmit result in longer and longer back-off times, which helps to smooth out the load. Without such a back-off, the following situation could occur. Two or more stations attempt to transmit at the same time, causing a collision. These stations then immediately attempt to retransmit, causing a new collision.The preceding scheme is refined for DCF to provide priority-based access by the simple expedient of using three values for IFS:●SIFS (short IFS):The shortest IFS, used for all immediate responseactions，as explained in the following discussion●PIFS (point coordination function IFS):A mid-length IFS, used by thecentralized controller in the PCF scheme when issuing polls●DIFS (distributed coordination function IFS): The longest IFS, used as aminimum delay for asynchronous frames contending for access Figure 14.7a illustrates the use of these time values. Consider first the SIFS.Any station using SIFS to determine transmission opportunity has, in effect, the highest priority, because it will always gain access in preference to a stationwaiting an amount of time equal to PIFS or DIFS. The SIFS is used in the following circumstances：●Acknowledgment (ACK): When a station receives a frame addressed onlyto itself (not multicast or broadcast) it responds with an ACK frame after, waiting on1y for an SIFS gap. This has two desirable effects. First, because collision detection IS not used, the likelihood of collisions is greater than with CSMA/CD, and the MAC-level ACK provides for efficient collision recovery. Second, the SIFS can be used to provide efficient delivery of an LLC protocol data unit (PDU) that requires multiple MAC frames. In this case, the following scenario occurs. A station with a multi-frame LLC PDU to transmit sends out the MAC frames one at a time. Each frame is acknowledged after SIFS by the recipient. When the source receives an ACK, it immediately (after SIFS) sends the next frame in the sequence. The result is that once a station has contended for the channel, it will maintain control of the channel until it has sent all of the fragments of an LLC PDU.●Clear to Send (CTS):A station can ensure that its data frame will getthrough by first issuing a small. Request to Send (RTS) frame. The station to which this frame is addressed should immediately respond with a CTS frame if it is ready to receive. All other stations receive the RTS and defer using the medium.●Poll response: This is explained in the following discussion of PCF.longer than DIFS(a) Basic access methodasynchronous trafficdefers(b) PCF super-frame constructionFigure 14.7 IEEE 802.11 MAC TimingThe next longest IFS interval is the: PIFS. This is used by the centralized controller in issuing polls and takes precedence over normal contention traffic. However, those frames transmitted using SIFS have precedence over a PCF poll.Finally, the DIFS interval is used for all ordinary asynchronous traffic.Point C00rdination Function PCF is an alternative access method implemented on top of the DCE. The operation consists of polling by the centralized polling master (point coordinator). The point coordinator makes use of PIFS when issuing polls. Because PI FS is smaller than DIFS, the point coordinator call seize the medium and lock out all asynchronous traffic while it issues polls and receives responses.As an extreme, consider the following possible scenario. A wireless network is configured so that a number of stations with time, sensitive traffic are controlled by the point coordinator while remaining traffic contends for access using CSMA. The point coordinator could issue polls in a round—robin fashion to all stations configured for polling. When a poll is issued, the polled station may respond using SIFS. If the point coordinator receives a response, it issues another poll using PIFS. If no response is received during the expected turnaround time, the coordinator issues a poll．If the discipline of the preceding paragraph were implemented, the point coordinator would lock out all asynchronous traffic by repeatedly issuing polls. To prevent this, an interval known as the super-frame is defined. During the first part of this interval, the point coordinator issues polls in a round, robin fashion to all stations configured for polling. The point coordinator then idles for the remainder of the super-frame, allowing a contention period for asynchronous access.Figure l4.7 b illustrates the use of the super-frame. At the beginning of a super-frame, the point coordinator may optionally seize control and issues polls for a give period of time. This interval varies because of the variable frame size issued by responding stations. The remainder of the super-frame is available for contention based access. At the end of the super-frame interval, the point coordinator contends for access to the medium using PIFS. If the medium is idle. the point coordinator gains immediate access and a full super-frame period follows. However, the medium may be busy at the end of a super-frame. In this case, the point coordinator must wait until the medium is idle to gain access: this result in a foreshortened super-frame period for the next cycle.OctetsFC=frame control SC=sequence controlD/I=duration/connection ID FCS=frame check sequence（a ） MAC frameBitsDS=distribution systemMD=more data MF=more fragmentsW=wired equivalent privacy RT=retryO=orderPM=power management (b) Frame control filedFigure 14.8 IEEE 802.11 MAC Frame FormatMAC FrameFigure 14.8a shows the 802.11 frame format when no security features are used. This general format is used for all data and control frames, but not all fields are used in all contexts. The fields are as follows:● Frame Control: Indicates the type of frame and provides contr01information, as explained presently.● Duration/Connection ID: If used as a duration field, indicates the time(in-microseconds) the channel will be allocated for successful transmission of a MAC frame. In some control frames, this field contains an association, or connection, identifier.●Addresses: The number and meaning of the 48-bit address fields dependon context. The transmitter address and receiver address are the MAC addresses of stations joined to the BSS that are transmitting and receiving frames over the wireless LAN. The service set ID (SSID) identifies the wireless LAN over which a frame is transmitted. For an IBSS, the SSID isa random number generated at the time the network is formed. For awireless LAN that is part of a larger configuration the SSID identifies the BSS over which the frame is transmitted: specifically, the SSID is the MAC-level address of the AP for this BSS (Figure 14.4). Finally the source address and destination address are the MAC addresses of stations, wireless or otherwise, that are the ultimate source and destination of this frame. The source address may be identical to the transmitter address and the destination address may be identical to the receiver address.●Sequence Control: Contains a 4-bit fragment number subfield used forfragmentation and reassembly, and a l2-bit sequence number used to number frames sent between a given transmitter and receiver.●Frame Body: Contains an MSDU or a fragment of an MSDU. The MSDUis a LLC protocol data unit or MAC control information.●Frame Check Sequence: A 32-bit cyclic redundancy check. The framecontrol filed, shown in Figure 14.8b, consists of the following fields.●Protocol Version: 802.11 version, current version 0.●Type: Identifies the frame as control, management, or data.●Subtype: Further identifies the function of frame. Table 14.4 defines thevalid combinations of type and subtype.●To DS: The MAC coordination sets this bit to 1 in a frame destined to thedistribution system.●From DS: The MAC coordination sets this bit to 1 in a frame leaving thedistribution system.●More Fragments: Set to 1 if more fragments follow this one.●Retry: Set to 1 if this is a retransmission of a previous frame.●Power Management: Set to]if the transmitting station is in a sleep mode.●More Data: Indicates that a station has additional data to send. Each blockof data may be sent as one frame or a group of fragments in multiple frames.●WEP：Set to 1 if the optional wired equivalent protocol is implemented.WEP is used in the exchange of encryption keys for secure data exchange.This bit also is set if the newer WPA security mechanism is employed, as described in Section 14.6.●Order：Set to 1 in any data frame sent using the Strictly Ordered service,which tells the receiving station that frames must be processed in order. We now look at the various MAC frame types.Control Frames Control frames assist in the reliable delivery of data frames. There are six control frame subtypes:●Power Save-Poll (PS-Poll): This frame is sent by any station to the stationthat includes the AP (access point). Its purpose is to request that the AP transmit a frame that has been buffered for this station while the station was in power saving mode.●Request to Send (RTS):This is the first frame in the four-way frameexchange discussed under the subsection on reliable data delivery at the beginning of Section 14.3.The station sending this message is alerting a potential destination, and all other stations within reception range, that it intends to send a data frame to that destination.●Clear to Send (CTS): This is the second frame in the four-way exchange.It is sent by the destination station to the source station to grant permission to send a data frame.●Acknowledgment:Provides an acknowledgment from the destination tothe source that the immediately preceding data, management, or PS-Poll frame was received correctly.●Contention-Free (CF)-End: Announces the end of a contention-freeperiod that is part of the point coordination function.●CF-End+CF-Ack:Acknowledges the CF-End. This frame ends thecontention-free period and releases stations from the restrictions associated with that period.Data Frames There are eight data frame subtypes, organized into two groups. The first four subtypes define frames that carry upper-level data from the source station to the destination station. The four data-carrying frames are as follows: ●Data: This is the simplest data frame. It may be used in both a contentionperiod and a contention-free period.●Data+CF-Ack: May only be sent during a contention-free period. Inaddition to carrying data, this frame acknowledges previously received data.●Data+CF-Poll: Used by a point coordinator to deliver data to a mobilestation and also to request that the mobile station send a data frame that it may have buffered.●Data+CF-Ack+CF-Poll: Combines the functions of the Data+CF-Ack andData+CF-Poll into a single frame.The remaining four subtypes of data frames do not in fact carry any user data. The Null Function data frame carries no data, polls, or acknowledgments. It is used only to carry the power management bit in the frame control field to the AP, to indicate that the station is changing to a low-power operating state. The remaining three frames (CF-Ack, CF-Poll,CF-Ack+CF-Poll) have the same functionality as the corresponding data frame subtypes in the preceding list (Data+CF-Ack, Data+CF-Poll, Data+CF-Ack+CF-Poll) but withotit the data. Management FramesManagement frames are used to manage communications between stations and APs. The following subtypes are included:●Association Request：Sent by a station to an AP to request an association,with this BSS. This frame includes capability information, such as whether encryption is to be used and whether this station is pollable.●Association Response:Returned by the AP to the station to indicatewhether it is accepting this association request.●Reassociation Request: Sent by a station when it moves from one BSS toanother and needs to make an association with tire AP in the new BSS. The station uses reassociation rather than simply association so that the new AP knows to negotiate with the old AP for the forwarding of data frames.●Reassociation Response:Returned by the AP to the station to indicatewhether it is accepting this reassociation request.●Probe Request: Used by a station to obtain information from anotherstation or AP. This frame is used to locate an IEEE 802.11 BSS.●Probe Response: Response to a probe request.●Beacon: Transmitted periodically to allow mobile stations to locate andidentify a BSS.●Announcement Traffic Indication Message: Sent by a mobile station toalert other mobile stations that may have been in low power mode that this station has frames buffered and waiting to be delivered to the station addressed in this frame.●Dissociation: Used by a station to terminate an association.●Authentication：Multiple authentication frames are used in an exchange toauthenticate one station to another.●Deauthentication:Sent by a station to another station or AP to indicatethat it is terminating secure communications.IEEE802.11 媒体接入控制IEEE 802．11 MAC层覆盖了三个功能区：可靠的数据传送、接入控制以及安全。

英文简历必备-个人资料中英翻译

个人资料name 姓名alias 别名pen name 笔名date of birth 出生日期birth date 出生日期born 出生于birth place 出生地点age 年龄native place 籍贯province 省city 市autonomous region 自治区prefecture 专区county 县nationality 民族，国籍citizenship 国籍duel citizenship 双重国籍address 地址current address 目前地址present address 目前地址permanent address 永久地址postal code 邮政编码home phone 住宅电话office phone 办公电话business phone 办公电话Tel.电话sex 性别male 男female 女height 身高weight 体重marital status 婚姻状况family status 家庭状况married 已婚single/unmarried 未婚divorced 离异separated 分居number of children 子女人数none 无street 街lane 胡同，巷road 路district 区house number 门牌health 健康状况health condition 健康状况blood type 血型short-sighted 近视far-sighted 远视color-blind 色盲ID card No.身份证号码date of availability 可到职时间available 可到职membership 会员，资格president 会长vice-president 副会长director 理事standing director 常务理事secretary general 秘书长society 学会association 协会research society 研究会教育程度education 学历educational background 教育程度educational history 学历curriculum 课程major 主修minor 副修educational highlights 课程重点部分curriculum included 课程包括specialized courses 专门课程courses taken 所学课程courses completed 所学课程special training 特别训练social practice 社会实践part-time jobs 业余工作summer jobs 暑期工作vacation jobs 假期工作refresher course 进修课程extracurricular activities 课外活动physical activities 体育活动recreational activities 娱乐活动academic activities 学术活动social activities 社会活动rewards 奖励scholarship 奖学金"Three Goods" student 三好学生excellent League member 优秀团员excellent leader 优秀干部student council 学生会off-job training 脱产培训in-job training 在职培训educational system 学制academic year 学年semester 学期（美）term 学期（英）president 校长vice-president 副校长dean 院长assistant dean 副院长academic dean 教务长department chairman 系主任professor 教授associate professor 副教授guest professor 客座教授lecturer 讲师teaching assistant助教research fellow 研究员research assistant 助理研究员supervisor 论文导师principal 中学校长（美）headmaster 中学校长（英）master 小学校长（美）dean of studies 教务长dean of students 教导主任dean of students 教导主任teacher 教师probation teacher 代课教师tutor 家庭教师governess 女家庭教师intelligence quotient 智商pass 及格fail 不及格marks 分数grades 分数scores 分数examination 考试grade 年级class 班级monitor 班长vice-monitor副班长commissary in charge of studies 学习委员commissary in charge of entertainment 文娱委员commissary in charge of sports 体育委员commissary in charge of physical labor 劳动委员Party branch secretary 党支部书记League branch secretary 团支部书记commissary in charge of organization 组织委员commissary in charge of publicity 宣传委员degree 学位post doctorate 博士后doctor (Ph.D) 博士master 硕士bachelor 学士student 学生graduate student研究生abroad student 留学生returned student 回国留学生foreign student 外国学生undergraduate 大学肄业生senior 大学四年级学生；高中三年级学生Junior 大学三年级学生；高中二年级学生sophomore 大学二年级学生；高中一年级学生freshman 大学一年级学生guest student 旁听生（英）auditor 旁听生（美）government-supported student 公费生commoner 自费生extern 走读生day-student 走读生intern 实习生prize fellow 奖学金生boarder 寄宿生classmate 同班同学schoolmate 同校同学graduate 毕业生工作经历accomplish 完成（任务等）achievements 工作成就，业绩adapted to 适应于adept in 善于administer 管理advanced worker 先进工作者analyze 分析appointed 被任命的assist 辅助authorized 委任的；核准的be promoted to 被提升为be proposed as 被提名为；被推荐为behave 表现breakthrough 惊人的进展，关键问题的解决break the record 打破记录business background 工作经历business experience 工作经历business history 工作经历conduct 经营，处理control 控制cost 成本；费用create 创造decrease 减少demonstrate 证明，示范design 设计develop 开发，发挥devise 设计，发明direct 指导double 加倍，翻一番duties职责earn 获得，赚取effect 效果，作用eliminate 消除employment experience工作经历employment record 工作经历employment 工作enlarge 扩大enliven 搞活enrich 使丰富establish 设立（公司等）；使开业；确立evaluation 估价，评价excellent League member 优秀团员excellent Party member 优秀党员execute 实行，实施expand 推广；扩大expedite 加快；促进experience 经历exploit开发（资源，产品）export 出口found 创立generate 产生good at 擅长于guide 指导；操纵implement 完成，实施import 进口improve 改进，提高increase 增加influence 影响initiate 创始，开创innovate 改革，革新inspired 受启发的；受鼓舞的install 安装integrate 使结合；使一体化introduce 采用，引进invent 发明invest 投资job title 职位justified 经证明的；合法化的launch 开办（新企业）lead 领导lengthen 延长lessen 减少（生产成本）level 水平localize 使地方化maintain 保持；维修make 制造manage 管理，经营manufacture 制造mastered 精通的modernize 使现代化motivate 促进，激发negotiate 谈判nominated 被提名的；被任命的occupational history 工作经历operate 操作，开动（机器等），经营（厂矿）organize 组织originate 创始，发明overcome 克服（困难等）participate in 参加perfect 使完善；改善perform 执行，履行plan 计划position 职位professional history 职业经历professional 职业经历profit 利润promote 生产，制造promote 推销（商品）；创立（企业）等provide 提供，供应raise 提高reach 达到realize 实现（目标等）；获得（利润）receive 收到，得到，接受recognize 认清（职责等）recommended 被推荐的；被介绍的reconsolidate 重新巩固；重新整顿reconstruct 重建recorded 记载的recover恢复；弥补rectify 整顿，调整redouble 加倍，倍增reduce 减少，降低（成本等）refine 精练，精制reform 改革regenerate 更新，使更生registered 已注册的regularize 使系统化regulate 控制（费用等）rehandle 重铸；重新处理rehash以新形式处理（旧材料）reinforce 加强reckon计算（成本等）renew 重建，换新renovate 革新；修理repair 修复，修补replace 接替，替换representative 代表，代理人research 调查，研究resolve 解决responsibilities 职责second job 第二职业set 创造（纪录等）settle 解决（问题等）shorten 减低......效能show 显示,表明significant 重要的,有效的simplify 简化,精简solve 解决sort out 清理specific experience 具体经历speed up 加速sponsor 主办spread 传播,扩大standard 标准,规格streamline 把......设计流线型strengthen 加强,巩固study研究succeed 成功supervise 监督,管理supply 供给,满足(需要) systematize 使系统化target 目标,指标test 试验,检验top 头等的,最高的total 总数,总额translate 翻译,转化travel 旅行unify 使成一体,统一use 使用，运用useful 有用的utilize 利用valuable 有价值的vivify 使活跃well-trained 训练有素的work experience 工作经历work history 工作经历work 工作,起作用working model 劳动模范worth 使......钱的,有......价值的个人品质able 有才干的，能干的active 主动的，活跃的adaptable 适应性强的adroit 灵巧的，机敏的aggressive 有进取心的alert 机灵的ambitious 有雄心壮志的amiable 和蔼可亲的amicable 友好的analytical 善于分析的apprehensive 有理解力的aspiring 有志气的，有抱负的audacious 大胆的，有冒险精神的capable 有能力的，有才能的careful 办事仔细的candid 正直的charitable 宽厚的competent 能胜任的confident 有信心的conscientious 认真的，自觉的considerate 体贴的constructive 建设性的contemplative 好沉思的cooperative 有合作精神的creative 富创造力的dashing 有一股子冲劲的，有拼搏精神的dedicated 有奉献精神的devoted 有献身精神的dependable 可靠的diplomatic 老练的，有策略的disciplined 守纪律的discreet （在行动，说话等方面）谨慎的dutiful 尽职的dynamic 精悍的earnest 认真的well-educated 受过良好教育的efficient 有效率的energetic 精力充沛的enthusiastic 充满热情的expressive 善于表达faithful守信的，忠诚的forceful （性格）坚强的frank 直率的，真诚的friendly 友好的frugal 俭朴的generous 宽宏大量的genteel 有教养的gentle 有礼貌的hard-working 勤劳的hearty 精神饱满的honest 诚实的hospitable 殷勤的humble恭顺的humorous 幽默的impartial 公正的independent 有主见的industrious 勤奋的ingenious 有独创性的initiative 首创精神have an inquiring mind 爱动脑筋intellective 有智力的intelligent 理解力强的inventive 有发明才能的，有创造力的just 正直的kind-hearted 好心的knowledgeable 有见识的learned 精通某门学问的liberal 心胸宽大的logical 条理分明的loyal 忠心耿耿的methodical 有方法的modest 谦虚的motivated 目的明确的objective 客观的open-minded 虚心的orderly 守纪律的original 有独创性的painstaking 辛勤的，苦干的，刻苦的practical 实际的precise 一丝不苟的persevering 不屈不挠的punctual 严守时刻的purposeful 意志坚强的qualified 合格的rational 有理性的realistic 实事求是的reasonable 讲道理的reliable 可信赖的responsible 负责的self-conscious 自觉的selfless 无私的sensible 明白事理的sincere 真诚的smart 精明的spirited 生气勃勃的sporting 光明正大的steady 塌实的straightforward 老实的strict 严格的systematic 有系统的strong-willed 意志坚强的sweet-tempered 性情温和的temperate 稳健的tireless 孜孜不倦的其它内容objective 目标career objective 职业目标employment objective 工作目标position wanted 希望职位job objective 工作目标position applied for 申请职位position sought 谋求职位position desired 希望职位for more specialized work 为更专门的工作for prospects of promotion 为晋升的前途for higher responsibility 为更高层次的工作责任for wider experience 为扩大工作经验due to close-down of company 由于公司倒闭due to expiry of employment 由于雇用期满offered a more challenging opportunity 获得的更有挑战性的工作机会sought a better job 找到了更好的工作to look for a more challenging opportunity 找一个更有挑战性的工作机会to seek a better job 找一份更好的工作。

英文资料翻译原文

英文资料翻译原文Boiler management:General management principles and operating procedures are well known and must be always followed to avoid boiler mishap.With many small package boiler,the automatic control sequence usually ensures that the boiler fire is initially ignited from a diesel oil supply,and changed over to the usual source when ignition is completed.With good management ,to facilitate subsequent starting from cold,the fuel system of large boilers will have been flushed through with diesel oil when the boiler was on light duty immediately prior to being secured.When burning such diesel fuel it is essential for safety that only the correct(small) burner tip should be used.It should be kept in mind that if fire does not light,immediately shut off fuel and vent furance.Complete ignition of fuel in the furance is essential.The burner flame,the smoke indicator and the funnel should be frequently observed.With satisfactory combustion,the flame should appear incandescent with an orange shade at the flame tip,and a faint brownish haze should show at the funnel.If on fist ignition the flame is uncertain,badly shaped and separates from the primary swirler ,momentary opening or closing of air register may correct.The PH value of the boiler feed water should kept between 8 and 9 and the boiler density less than 300 ppm but,if water samples show a heavy concentration of suspended mater,short blow-downs of 20 seconds duration should be given until the sludge content is seen to be reduced.The boiler should be blown down when the oil burner is operating,the water level lowered and then restored to prove the functioning of the low water cut-out and the oil burner start-up equipment.the boiler scum valve should also be operated at this time to keep the water level clear floating scum.Fuel burner components and igniter electrodes should be cleaned weekly and the furance examined to ensure that there are no excess carbon deposits.Tubes in the exhaust gas section of the boiler should be brushed through at about six-monthly intervals,and those in the oil-burning section periodically examined and cleaned as necessary with a wire bristle brush.With correct feed water treatment,blow-down procedures and sludge contents in water samples at a stable level,it should not be necessary to wash out the water side of the boiler more than once every three or four months.Boiler fires may be out of for long periods when a ship is at sea and the boiler steaming maintained by heat input from waste heat recovery plant.This operation is free from hazard,but feed water and boiler water treatment must be maintained to prevent internal deterioration or scale formation.Water level controller must be kept operable to protect external steam-using plant from water “carry-over”danger.If a boiler is isolated from the steam-using system it must be kept either in closed dry storage with a suitable internal desiccant,or completely full of treated water,or under a low steam pressure preferably maintained by a steam-heated coil.Regular testing of boiler protective devices must be implemented.Frequent comparison of drum-mounted and remote reading water levelindicators:discrepancies between these have contributed to failures because of overheating through shortage of water,when a boiler was being oil-fired.If in doubt as to the true boiler water level,i.e.whether a water level indicator sightglass is completely full or empty,when a unit is being oil-fired the fire should be immediately extinguished until the true level is resolved.Procedures should be predetermined and followed in the event of shortage of water,bulging or fracture of plates or furance,or bursting of water tubes .In general,fires should be immediately extinguished by remote tripping of fuel supply valves;forced draught air pressure maintained if there is any risk of escaping steam entering the boiler room;stem pressure relieved if metallic fractures seem possible;and boiler water level maintained,where practicable,until the boiler begins to cool down. Regular operation of soot blowers,if there are fitted,when the boiler is on oil-fired operation.The steam supply line must be thoroughly warmed and drained before blowers are used,the air/fuel ratio increased throughout the action,and the blowers greased after use.Immediate investigation of any high salinity alarms in condensate system,and elimination of any salt water or oil contamination of boiler feed water system. Safety precautions taken before entering a boiler connected to another boiler under steam.Engine governor:A governor maintains the engine speed at the desired value no matter how much load is applied.It achieves this by adjustment of the fuel pump racks.Any change in load will produce a change in engine speed,which will cause the governor to initiate a fuel change.The governor is said to be speed sensing as a speed change has to take place before the governor can react to adjust the fuel setting.The sample mechanical governor employs rotating weights which move outward as the speed increases and inward as the speed reduces.This movement,acting through a system of linkages,can be used to regulate the fuel rack.Rather than having the rotating weights directly move the fuel linkage,hydraulic governor employ a servo system so the rotating weights only need to move a pilot valve in the hydraulic line.This makes the governor more ernors of this type require a speed change to tale place in order that they may initiate fuel rack adjustment.This is known as speed drop and this is a definite speed for each load therefore the governor can not control to a single speed.A modification to the governor hydraulic system introduces a facility known as compensation which allows for further fuel adjustment after the main adjustment has taken place due to speed pensation restores the speed to its original desired value so the engine can operate at the same speed under all loads.Such a governor is said to be isochronous as the engine operates at a single speed.However,the governor is still speed sensing,so it is not ideal for all applications.Speed sensing governor:Where the engine drives an alternator any speed change results in a change in supply frequency.;Large changes in electrical supply frequency can have an adverse effect on sensitive electronic equipment connected to that supply.Where electrical generation is involved it is possible to monitor taking rotational speed as the control signal.Such governors are know as load sensing.It isextremely difficult to make a mechanical governor load sensing,even with a hydraulic system,but an electronic governor can take account of the electrical load applied to the engine and so can be considered “speed sensing”.Electronic governor:Electronic governors essentially comprise two parts,the digital control unit and the hydraulic actuator,which are interlinked but it is useful to consider them separately.Electronic governor controller: The digital control may be considered as a “black box” in which signals are processed to produce a control signal which is sent to the actuator.The controller may be programmed in order to sent points and parameters.The controller is a sensitive piece of electronic equipment and should not be mounted on the engine or in areas where it will be exposed to vibration,humidity or high temperatures.It should be ventilated in order to keep it cool and should be shielded from high-voltage or high-current devices which will cause electromagnetic interference.Similar restriction apply to the location of signal cables.Speed signals are taken from two speed transducers,one on each side of the flexible coupling which attaches the engine to the load.Failure of one transducer produces a minor alarm but allows continued operation with an electronic over speed value may be programmed into the controller in which case detection of over speed will cause the engine to be shut off.If the load is provided by an electrical machine the output from that machine provides a signal for load sharing.Should this transducer fail the load on the engine will be determined by the position of the governor actuator output.The controller can also receive signals from other transducers including in the engine’s air inlet pressure,which allows the fuel to be limited when starting.After processing input signals in accordance with programmed requirements an output signal will be sent to the governor actuator.Electronic governor actuator:The actuator is a hydraulic device which moves the fuel linkage in response to a signal from the digital controller.The operating mechanism is contained with an oil filled casing.Oil pressure is provided by a servomotor pump driven by a shaft connected to the engine camshaft.At the heart of the actuator is the torque motor beam is banlanced where the engine is operating at the desired speed.a.Consider a load increaseThe controller increases current to the torque motor which,in turn,causes the centre adjust end of the torque motor beam to be lowered.Oil flow through the nozzle is reduced ,which increases pressure on the top of the pilot valve plunger.This moves downward,unconering the port which allows pressure oil to the lower face of the power piston,which in turn moves upward, rotating the terminal shaft thereby increasing the fuel to the engine.As the terminal shaft rotates the torque motor beam is pulled upwards by increased tension in the feedback spring,increasing the clearance between the centers adjust and the nozzle.Leakage past the nozzle increases,reducing the pressure on the upper face of the pilot valve plunger and allowing the pilot valve to move upwards.This cuts off further oil to the power piston,and movement of the fuel control linkage ceases.Balance is restored to the torque motor beam with downward force from the feedback spring being matched by upwards force from oilleakage from the nozzle.The engine then operates at an increased fuel setting which matches the new load requirement at the set speed.B.consider a load reductionA decrease in load produces a reduction in current acting on the torque motor,which tends to turn the beam in an anti-clockwise direction about the torque motor pivot,resulting in an increased clearance between the centre adjust and the nozzle.Pressure reduces on the upper face of the pilot valve plunger and the pilot valve moves upwards,allowing the lower face of the power piston to connect with the geromotor pump suction.the power piston moves downwards ,rotating the terminal shaft which reduces fuel to the engine and tension in the feedback spring.The center adjust end of the torque motor beam is forced down,thereby reducing clearance between the centre adjust and the nozzle.Leakage past the nozzle reduces pressure on the upper face of the pilot valve increases and the pilot valve moves upwards,shuting off the connection between the lower face of the power piston and pump suction .The engine now operates with reduced load and reduced fuel,but at the same original speed.。

英文翻译资料：服装种类

服装种类clothes 衣服,服装wardrobe 服装clothing 服装habit 个人依习惯.身份而着的服装ready-made clothes, ready-to-wear clothes 成衣garments 外衣town clothes 外衣double-breasted suit 双排扣外衣suit 男外衣dress 女服tailored suit 女式西服everyday clothes 便服three-piece suit 三件套trousseau 嫁妆layette 婴儿的全套服装uniform 制服overalls 工装裤rompers 连背心的背带裤formal dress 礼服tailcoat, morning coat 大礼服evening dress 夜礼服dress coat, tails 燕尾服,礼服nightshirt 男式晚礼服dinner jacket 无尾礼服(美作:tuxedo)full dress uniform 礼服制服frock coat 双排扣长礼服gown, robe 礼袍tunic 长袍overcoat 男式大衣coat 女大衣topcoat 夹大衣fur coat 皮大衣three-quarter coat 中长大衣dust coat 风衣mantle, cloak 斗篷poncho 篷却(南美人的一种斗篷)sheepskin jacket 羊皮夹克pelisse 皮上衣jacket 短外衣夹克anorak, duffle coat 带兜帽的夹克,带风帽的粗呢大衣hood 风帽scarf, muffler 围巾shawl 大披巾knitted shawl 头巾,编织的头巾fur stole 毛皮长围巾muff 皮手筒housecoat, dressing gown 晨衣(美作:duster) short dressing gown 短晨衣bathrobe 浴衣nightgown, nightdress 女睡衣pyjamas 睡衣裤(美作:pajamas)pocket 衣袋lapel (上衣)翻领detachable collar 假领,活领wing collar 硬翻领,上浆翻领V-neck V型领sleeve 袖子cuff 袖口buttonhole 钮扣孔shirt 衬衫blouse 紧身女衫T-shirt 短袖圆领衫,体恤衫vest 汗衫(美作:undershirt)polo shirt 球衣middy blouse 水手衫sweater 运动衫short-sleeved sweater 短袖运动衫roll-neck sweater 高翻领运动衫round-neck sweater 圆领运动衫suit, outfit, ensemble 套服twinset 两件套,运动衫裤jerkin 猎装kimono 和服ulster 一种长而宽松的外套jellaba, djellaba, jelab 带风帽的外衣cardigan 开襟毛衣mac, mackintosh, raincoat 橡胶雨衣trousers 裤子jeans 牛仔裤short trousers 短裤knickers 儿童灯笼短裤knickerbockers 灯笼裤plus fours 高尔夫球裤,半长裤braces 裤子背带(美作:suspenders) turnup 裤角折边,挽脚breeches 马裤belt 裤带skirt 裙子divided skirt, split skirt 裙裤underskirt 内衣underwear, underclothes 内衣裤underpants, pants 内衣裤(美作:shorts) briefs 短内裤,三角裤panties 女短内裤knickers 女半短内裤,男用灯笼短裤brassiere, bra 乳罩corselet 紧身胸衣stays, corset 束腰,胸衣waistcoat 背心slip, petticoat 衬裙girdle 腰带stockings 长袜suspenders 袜带(美作:garters) suspender belt 吊袜腰带(美作:garter belt)socks 短袜tights, leotard 紧身衣裤handkerchief 手帕bathing trunks 游泳裤bathing costume, swimsuit, bathing suit 游泳衣bikini 比基尼泳衣apron 围裙pinafore (带护胸)围裙shoe 鞋sole 鞋底heel 鞋后跟lace 鞋带moccasin 鹿皮鞋patent leather shoes 黑漆皮鞋boot 靴子slippers 便鞋sandal 凉鞋canvas shoes, rope soled shoes 帆布鞋clog 木拖鞋galosh, overshoe 套鞋glove 手套tie 领带(美作:necktie)bow tie 蝶形领带cravat 领巾cap 便帽hat 带沿的帽子bowler hat 圆顶硬礼帽top hat 高顶丝质礼帽Panama hat 巴拿马草帽beret 贝蕾帽peaked cap, cap with a visor 尖顶帽broad-brimmed straw hat 宽边草帽headdress 头饰turban 头巾natural fabric 天然纤维cotton 棉silk 丝wool 毛料linen 麻synthetic fabric 混合纤维acryl 压克力polyester 伸缩尼龙nylon 尼龙worsted 呢料cashmere 羊毛patterns 花样tartan plaid 格子花(美作:tartan) dot 圆点花stripe 条纹flower pattern 花纹花样veil 面纱。

英文春节资料带翻译

英文春节资料带翻译Chinese Spring Festival: A Celebration of Tradition and Family Reunion。

中国春节，传统与家庭团聚的庆典。

The Chinese Spring Festival, also known as the Lunar New Year, is the most important traditional festival in China. It is celebrated on the first day of the Chinese lunar calendar, which usually falls between late January and mid-February. The festival lasts for 15 days, culminating in the Lantern Festival on the 15th day.中国春节，也被称为农历新年，是中国最重要的传统节日。

它在农历的第一天庆祝，通常在一月底到二月中旬之间。

节日持续15天，以第15天的元宵节为高潮。

The origins of the Chinese Spring Festival can be traced back to ancient times, when people would offer sacrifices to the gods and ancestors to pray for a goodharvest and prosperity in the coming year. Later, it became a time for family reunion, when people would travel long distances to return to their hometowns and spend time with their loved ones.中国春节的起源可以追溯到古代，当时人们会向神灵和祖先祭祀，祈求来年的丰收和繁荣。

英文资料及翻译 (2)

英文资料及中文翻译PDIUSBD12----USB interface device with parallel busThe PDIUSBD12 is a cost and feature optimized USB device. It is normally used in microcontroller based systems and communicates with the system microcontroller over the high-speed general purpose parallel interface. It also supports local DMA transfer.This modular approach to implementing a USB interface allows the designer to choose the optimum system microcontroller from the available wide variety. This flexibility cuts down the development time, risks, and costs by allowing the use of the existing architecture and minimize firmware investments.This results in the fastest way to develop the most cost effective USB peripheral solution.The PDIUSBD12 fully conforms to the USB specification Rev. 2.0 (basic speed). It is also designed to be compliant with most device class specifications: Imaging Class, Mass Storage Devices, Communication Devices, Printing Devices, and Human Interface Devices.Assuch, the PDIUSBD 12 is ideally suited for many peripherals like Printer, Scanner, External Mass Storage (Zip Drive), Digital Still Camera, etc. It offers an immediate cost reduction for applications that currently use SCSI implementations.The PDIUSBD12 low suspend power consumption along with the Lazy Clock output allowsfor easy implementation of equipment that is compliant to the ACPI(TM),OnNOW(TM), and USB power management requirements. The low operating power allows the implementation of bus powered peripherals. In addition; it also incorporates features like SoftConnect(TM), GoodLink(TM), programmable clock output, low frequency crystal oscillator, and integration of termination resistors. All of these features contribute to significant cost savings in the system implementation and at the same time ease the implementation of advanced USB functionality into the peripherals.1. DMA transferDirect Memory Address (DMA) allows an efficient transfer of a block of data between ingaDMAcontroller, data transfer between thePDIUSBD12’s main endpoint (endpoint 2) and local shared memory can happen autonomously without local CPU intervention.Preceding any DMA transfer, the local CPU receives from the host the necessary setup information and programs the DMA controller accordingly. Typically, the DMA controller is set up for demand transfer mode and the byte count register and the address counter are programmed with the right values. In this mode, transfers occur only when the PDIUSBD12 requests them and are terminated when the byte count register reaches zero. After the DMA controller has been programmed, the DMAenable bit of the PDIUSBD12 is set by the local CPU to initiate the transfer.The PDIUSBD12 can be programmed for single-cycle DMA or burst mode DMA. In single-cycle DMA, the DMREQ pin is deactivated for every single acknowledgement by the DMACK_N before being re-asserted. In burst mode DMA, the DMREQ pin is kept active for the number of bursts programmed in the device before going inactive.This process continues until the PDIUSBD12 receives a DMA termination notice through pin EOT_N. This will generate an interrupt to notify the local CPU that DMA operation is completed.For DMA read operation,the DMREQ pin will only be activated whenever the buffer is full, signalling that the host has successfully transferred a packet to the PDIUSBD12.With the double buffering scheme, the host can start filling up the second buffer while the first buffer is being read out. This parallel processing increases the effective throughput.When the host does not fill up the buffer completely (lessthan64 bytesor 128 bytes for single direction ISO configuration), the DMREQ pin will be deactivatedat the last byte of the buffer regardless of the current DMA burst count. It will be re-asserted on the next packet with a refreshed DMA burst count.Similarly, for DMA write operations, the DMREQ pin remains active whenever the buffer is not full. When the buffer is filled up, the packet is sent over to the host on the next IN token and DMREQ will be reactivated if the transfer was successful. Also, the double buffering scheme here will improve throughput. For non-isochronous transfer (bulk and interrupt), the buffer needs to be completely filled up by the DMA writeoperation before the data is sent to the host. The only exception is at the end of DMA transfer, when the reception of pin EOT_N will stop DMA write operation and the buffer content will be sent to the host on the next IN token.For isochronous transfers, the local CPU and DMA controller have to guarantee that they are able to sink or source the maximum packet size in one USB frame (1 ms).The assertion of pin DMACK_Nautomatically selects the main endpoint (endpoint 2), regardless of the current selected endpoint. The DMA operation of the PDIUSBD12 can be interleaved with normal I/O access to other endpoints.DMA operation can be terminated by resetting the DMA enable register bit or the assertion of EOT_N together with DMACK_N and either RD_N or WR_N.The PDIUSBD12 supports DMA transfer in single address mode and it can also work in dual address mode of the DMA controller. In the single address mode, DMA transfer is done via the DREQ, DMACK_N, EOT_N, WR_N and RD_N control lines. In the dual address mode, pins DMREQ, DMACK_N and EOT_N are not used; instead CS_N, WR_N and RD_N control signals are used. The I/O mode Transfer Protocol of PDIUSBD12 needs to be followed. The source of the DMAC is accessed during the read cycle and the destination during the write cycle. Transfer needs to be done in two separate bus cycles, storing the data temporarily in the DMAC. Command description2. Command procedureThere are three basic types of commands: Initialization, Data Flow and General Commands. Respectively, these are used to initialize the function; for data flow between the function and the host; and some general commands.2.1 Initialization commandsInitialization commands are used during the enumeration process of the USB network. These commands are used to enable the function endpoints. They are also used to set the USB assigned address.⑴Set Address/EnableCode (Hex):D0Transaction: write 1 byteThis command is used to set the USB assigned address and enable the function.⑵Set endpoint enableCode (Hex):D8Transaction: write 1 byteThegeneric/Isochronous endpoints can only been abled when the function is enabled via the Set Address/Enable command.⑶Set modeCode (Hex):F3Transaction: write 2 bytesThe Set mode command is followed by two data writes. The first byte contains the configuration bits. The second byte is the clock division factor byte.⑷CLOCK DIVISIONThe value indicates the clock division factor for CLKOUT. The FACTOR output frequency is 48 MHz/(N+1) where N is the Clock Division Factor. The reset value is 11. This will produce the output frequency of 4 MHz which can then be programmed up or down by the user. The minimum value is 1 giving the range of frequency from 4 to 24 MHz. The minimum value of N is 0, giving a maximum frequency of 48 MHz.The maximum value of N is 11 giving a minimum frequency of 4 MHz.The PDIUSBD12 design ensures no glitching during frequency change. The programmed value will not be changed by a bus reset.⑸Set DMACode (Hex): FBTransaction: read/write 1 byteThe set DMA command is followed by one data write/read to/from the DMA configuration register.DMA Configuration register: During DMA operation, the two-byte buffer header (status and byte length information) is not transferred to/from the local CPU. This allows DMA data to be continuous and not interleaved by chunks of this headers.For DMA read operations, the header will be skipped by the PDIUSBD12. For DMA write operations, the header will be automatically added by the PDIUSBD12. This provides for a clean and simple DMA data transfer.2.2 Data flow commandsData flow commands are used to manage the data transmission between the USB endpoints and the external microcontroller. Much of the data flow is initiated via aninterrupt to the microcontroller. The microcontroller utilizes these commands to access and determine whether the endpoint FIFOs have valid data.⑴Read interrupt registerCode (Hex):F4Transaction: read 2 bytesThis command indicates the origin of an interrupt. The endpoint interrupt bits (bits 0 to 5) are cleared by reading the endpoint last transaction status register through Read Last Transaction Status command. The other bits are cleared after reading the interrupt registers.⑵Select EndpointCode (Hex):00 to 05Transaction: read 1 byte (optional)The Select Endpoint command initializes an internal pointer to the start of the selected buffer. Optionally, this command can be followed by a data read, which returns this byte.FU LL/EMPTY: A ‘1’ indicates the buffer is full, ‘0’ indicates an empty buffer. STALL: A ‘1’ indicates the selected endpoint is in the stall state.Fig 11. Select Endpoint command: bit allocation.⑶Read Endpoint statusCode (Hex):80 to 85Transaction: read 1 byte⑷Read last transaction status registerCode (Hex):40 to 45Transaction: read 1 byteThe Read Last Transaction Status command is followed by one data read that returns the status of the last transaction of the endpoint. This command also resets the corresponding interrupt flag in the interrupt register, and clears the status, indicating that it was read.This command is useful for debugging purposes. Since it keeps track of every transaction, the status information is overwritten for each new transaction.⑸Read bufferCode (Hex):F0Transaction: read multiple bytes (max. 130)The Read Buffer command is followed by a number of data reads, which returns the contents of the selected endpoint data buffer. After each read, the internal buffer pointer is incremented by 1.The buffer pointer is not reset to the top of the buffer by the Read Buffer command.This means that reading or writing a buffer can be interrupted by any other command (except for Select Endpoint).The data in the buffer are organized as follows:* byte 0: reserved; can have any value* byte 1: number/length of data bytes* byte 2: data byte 1* byte 3: data byte 2* etc.The first two bytes will be skipped in the DMA read operation. Thus, the first readwill get Data byte 1, the second read will get Data byte 2, etc. The PDIUSBD12 can determine the last byte of this packet through the EOP termination of the USB packet.⑹Write bufferCode (Hex):F0Transaction: write multiple bytes (max. 130)The Write Buffer command is followed by a number of data writes, which load the endpoints buffer. The data must be organized in the same way as described in the Read Buffer command. The first byte (reserved) should always be ‘0’.During DMA writes operation, the first two bytes will be bypassed. Thus, the first write will write into Data byte 1, the second write will write into Data byte 2, etc.For non-isochronous transfer(bulk or interrupt), the buffer should be completely filled before the data is sent to the host and a switch to the next buffer occurs. The exception is at the end of DMA transfer indicated by activation of EOT_N, when the current buffer content (completely full or not) will be sent to the host.Remark: There is no protection against writing or reading over a buffer’s boundary or against writing into an OUT buffer or reading from an IN buffer. Any of these actions could cause an incorrect operation.Data in an OUT buffer are only meaningful after asuccessful transaction.The exception is during DMA operation on the main endpoint (endpoint 2), in which case the pointer is automatically pointed to the second buffer after reaching the boundary (double buffering scheme).⑺Clear bufferCode (Hex):F2Transaction: noneWhen a packet is received completely, an internal endpoint buffer full flag is set. All Subsequent packets will be refused by returning a NAK.When the microcontroller has read the data, it should free the buffer by the Clear Buffer command. When the buffer is cleared, new packets will be accepted.⑻Validate bufferCode (Hex): FATransaction: noneWhen the microprocessor has written data into an IN buffer, it should set the buffer full flag by the Validate Buffer command. This indicates that the data in the buffer are valid and can be sent to the host when the next IN token is received.⑼Set endpoint statusCode (Hex):40 to 45Transaction: write 1 byteA stalled control endpoint is automatically unstalled when it receives a SETUP token, regardless of the content of the packet. If the endpoint should stay in its stalled state, the microcontroller can re-stall it.When a stalled endpoint is unstalled (either by the Set Endpoint Status command or by receiving a SETUP token), it is also re-initialized. This flushes the buffer and if it is an OUT buffer it waits for a DATA 0 PID, if it is an IN buffer it writes a DATA 0 PID.Even when unstalled, writing Set Endpoint Status to ‘0’ initializes the endpoint.2.3 General commandsSend resumeCode (Hex)：F6Transaction：noneSends an upstream resume signal for 10 ms.This command is normally issued when the device is in suspend. The RESUME command is not followed by a data read or write.Read current frame numberCode (Hex)：F5Transaction：read 1 or 2 bytesThis command is followed by one or two data reads and returns the frame number of the last successfully received SOF. The frame number is returned Least Significant byte first.PDIUSBD12带并行总线的USB接口器件PDIUSBD12是一款性价比很高的USB器件，它通常用作微控制器系统中实现与微控制器进行通信的高速通用并行接口，它还支持本地的DMA传输。

英汉对照全译大全

英汉对照全译大全全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：英汉对照全译是指将英语原文逐字逐句地翻译成中文，以保留原文的语言风格和表达方式，同时也让读者更容易理解原文的含义。

英汉对照全译不仅可以帮助中文读者学习英语，还可以让熟练掌握英语的读者更加深入地理解原文的含义和细节。

下面将为大家制作一份关于【英汉对照全译大全】的文章，通过英汉对照的方式，为大家提供更多学习和阅读的机会。

1. Hello, how are you? 你好，你好吗？2. I’m fine, thank you. 我很好，谢谢你。

3. What’s your name? 你叫什么名字？4. My name is Lisa. 我的名字是丽莎。

6. I am from China. 我来自中国。

8. Yes, I like reading very much. 是的，我非常喜欢读书。

10. My favorite book is "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen. 我最喜欢的书是简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》。

12. I am twenty years old. 我二十岁了。

13. What do you do for a living? 你是做什么工作的？14. I am a teacher. 我是一名教师。

16. I enjoy listening to music and watching movies. 我喜欢听音乐和看电影。

17. Have you ever traveled abroad? 你有没有去过国外旅行？21. Do you have any siblings? 你有兄弟姐妹吗？22. Yes, I have one brother and one sister. 是的，我有一个哥哥和一个妹妹。

23. Are you married? 你结婚了吗？26. I plan to further my education and travel around the world. 我计划继续教育并环游世界。

材料英文翻译

外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Influence of machining parameters on the machineability of particulate reinforced Al/SiC–MMCAbstract: the paper presents the result of an experimental investigation on the mach inability of silicon carbide particulate aluminum metal matrix composite during turning using a rhombic uncoated carbide tool. The influence of machining parameters, e.g. cutting speed, feed and depth of cut on the cutting force has been investigated. The influence of the length of machining. And cutting time on the tool wear and the influence of various machining parameters, e.g. cutting speed, feed, depth of cut on the surface finish criteria has been analyzed through the various graphical representations. The combined effect of cutting speed and feed on the flank wear has also been investigated. The influence of cutting speed, feed and depth of cut on the tool wears and built up edge is analyzed graphically. The job surface condition and wear of the cutting tool edge for the different sets of experiments have been examined and compared for searching out the suitable cutting condition for effective machining performance during turning of Al/SiC-MMC. Test results show that no built-up edge is formed during machining of Al/SiC-MMC at high speed and low depth of cut. From the test results and different SEM micrographs, suitable range of cutting speed feed and depth of cut can be selected for proper machining of Al/SiC-MMC.Keywords ：Al/SiC-MMC .Cutting force .fixed rhombic tooling .Surface finish .Tool wear.1 IntroductionThere have been tremendous since the Second World War. strides in engineering Metallurgists from the materials and nuclear industries have developed a large range of super alloy and heat resistance materials mnemonics like ceramics and composite materials. With the vast and rapid progress in science and technology, modern industry has introduced a new generation of composite materials having low density and very light weight with high strength, hardness and stiffness to meet the current needs of modern technology and the challenges against liberalization and global competitiveness in market. Despite superior physical and mechanical properties, particulate reinforced metal matrix composites (PRMMCs) are not widely used in industry because of their poor machine ability. PRMMCs are extremely difficult to machine effectively using traditional machining processes because of severe tool wear due to the presence of hard SiC reinforced particle in the Al/SiC-metal matrix composite. However, modern industries have developed an increasing demand for machining advanced composite materials like Al/SiC-MMC irrespective of their hardness, toughness, configurationally complexity, microstructure, electrical conductivity, etc., for developing highly sophisticated products so as to achieve various requirements of those products such as wear resistance, low weight, high precision, high speed, etc. Advanced Al/SiC-metal matrix composites are gradually becoming very important materials for their scope of uses in manufacturing industries mainly aerospace, defense and automobile industries. The aluminum alloy reinforced with discontinuous ceramic reinforcements is rapidly replacing conventional materials in various automotive, aerospace and automobile industries:[1]. But Al/SiC-MMC machining is one of the major problems that is preventing its wide spread engineering application[2]. from some early conventional turning tests on Al/SiC-MMCs[3-5].it is found that the tool wear is excessive and surface finish is very poor when carbide tools are used for machining. During machining of Al/SiC-MMC use of coolant increases tool wear and as well as produces very poor surface finish[6]. The hard SiC particles of Al/SiC一MMC, which intermittently come into contact with the cutting tool, act as small cutting edges like those of a grinding wheel on the cutting tool edge which in due course is worn out by abrasion and resulting in formation of poor surface finish during turning[7]. When the Al/SiC-MMC job slides over a hard cutting tool edge during turning it always presents a newly formed surface to the same portion of the cutting edge and consequently due to friction, high temperature and pressure the particles of the Al/SiC-MMC adhere to the cutting tool edge. This way more particles will join up with those already adhering and the so-called built up edge is formed and if this process is continued for some time, it appears like it was nibbled away on the turned surface and produces very poor surface finish during turning.[8]. Hence, cost-effective machining with the genera on of good surface finish on the Al/SiC一MMC jobs during turning operation is a challenge to manufacturingengengineers in practice.In view of these above mentioned machining problems, the main objectives of the paper is to study the influence of different cutting parameters, e.g. cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut on the mache inability characteristics, e.g. cutting forces, surface finish, tool wear and built-up edge formation during the turning of Al/SiC-MMC. The work piece surface condition, tool wear and cutting forces for different sets of experiments have been examined and compared for searching out the suitable cutting condition through highlighting the drawbacks and suggesting appropriate measures to be undertaken during machining performance, which may overcome the machining barriers from A1/SiC一MMC. Suitability of the especially designed uncoated carbide tool is investigated during machining of Al/SiC-MMC for fulfilling various factors related to the mach inability. Test results are analyzed for achieving better machining performance during machining of Al/SiC-MMC.2 Planning for experimentationDiscontinuous particulate reinforced aluminium-SiC metal matrix composite bars of 80 mm in diameter is used for experimentation. Table 1 shows the chemical composition ofA1/SiC一MMC used for the experiments. The physical and mechanical properties of Al/SiC一MMC used for the experimental investigation are listed in Table 2. Figure 1 shows the microstructure of the LM6Mg15SiC-Al-metal matrix composite as caster with average particle size (APS) 0.000023 m. The different sets of experiments were performed using a combination trestle the. Details of the cutting tool used in the experiments and condition of machining are listed in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The cutting forces (Px and Py) were measured using a Kistler9257B Piezoelectric Dynamometer with a Kistler5501 load amplifier during turning of Al/SiC-MMC The cutting tool wears and built-up edges were measured using a Mitutoyo Shop Microscopewith 30-times magnification and 1um resolution. Machined surfaces were measured by Taylor-Hobson Surtronic3P-type surface roughness measuring instrument. The average value of flank wear was determined from the maximum flank wear and minimum flank wear f91.3 Test results and discussionThe influence of cutting speed on the feed force (Px ) and cutting force (Pz) during turning of Al/SiC一MMC without use of coolant is represented in Fig.2. Experimental results showed that the feed force (Px) in the direction of the tool travel was higher at low cutting speed and comparatively lower at high cutting speed. From the cutting speed verses cutting force components graph, it can be concluded that the cutting force (Pz), i.e. the main force acting in the direction of the cutting velocity vector was higher at low cutting speed as compared to the high cutting speed. From Fig. 2, it can be observed that the cutting force components Px and Pz gradually decrease by increasing cutting speed during turning of Al/SiC-MMC. It is due to the gradual decrease of formation of built-up edge by increasing cutting speed..Figure 3 shows the influence of feed rate on the feed force and cutting force during turning of Al/SiC一MMC without use of coolant. The feed rate verses force components graph shows that the feed force (Px) acting in the direction of tool travel and cutting force (PZ) acting in the direction of the cutting velocity vector increase byincreasing feed rate. From the Fig. 3 it is also observed that the feed force and cutting force both are low at low feed, i.e. 0.14 mm/rev, and both feed force and cutting force are high at high feed, i.e. 1.00 mm/rev.The influence of depth of cut on the feed force and cutting force during turning of Al/SiC一MMC without use of coolant is shown in Fig. 4. From Fig. 4, it is observed that the feed force (Px) and cutting force (Pz) both increase with the increase in depth of cut. The feed force is only 20 N for 0.25 mm depth of cut whereas the feed force is 200 N for 1.5 mm depth of cut. The test results also indicate that the cutting force is 120 N for 0.25 mm depth of cut where the cutting force is 430 N for 1.5 mm depth of cut.Figure 5 shows the influence of depth of cut on the flank wear during turning of A1/SiC一MMC without use of coolant. From Fig. 5, it can be observed that at 0.25 mm depth of cut the flank wear is 0.1 mm but when the depth of cut is doubled to 0.5 mm,it increases to 0.2 mm, i.e. flank wear doubles. Hence, from the figure it can be concluded that the depth of cut is more significant on the tool wear as compared to the feed rate at constant cutting speed condition during machining of Al/SiC一MMC.Figure 6 shows the influence of feed rate on the flank wear at different cuttingspeed during turning of the Al/SiC-MMC without use of coolant. At 60 m/min, where the feed is tripled from 0.25 mm/rev to 0.75 mm/rev, the flank wear increases marginally from 0.12 mm to 0.20 mm whereas for the same change of feed rate, when cutting speed is tripled, i.e. from 60 m/min to 180 m/min, the flank wear goes up from 0.17 mm to 0.52 mm. It is evident that cutting speeds are less susceptible to the flank wear as compared to feed rate, hence, it is better to increase the feed rates rather than increase the cutting speeds during machining of A1/SiC一MMC. From the figure it can be concluded that when feed rate is tripled the flank wear goes up 1.5 times whereas when cutting speed is tripled the flank wear goes up to 3 times at constant depth of cut and for same length of continuous turning. Hence an increment of feed rate is recommended rather than increment of cutting speed for the cost effective machining of Al/SiC-MMC. From the experimental results it can be observed that when feed rate is doubled i.e. from 0.25 to 0.5 mm/rev the flank wear goes up only 1.3 times, i.e. from 0.15 to 0.20 mm at constant 100 m/min cutting speed, 0.5 mm depth of cut and for 50 mm continuous length of turning.Figure 7 shows the influence of cutting speed on surface roughness characteristics, i.e. Ra and Rt during turning ofA1/SiC一MMC without use of coolant. The test results show that the value of both surface roughness heights Ra and Rt are low at high cutting speed and comparatively high at low cutting speed. Some times during turning, it is observed that the value of surface roughness height (Rt) is abruptly higher than the trend value. The abrupt irregularity in the values of surface roughness heights may be due to presence of a hard abrasive reinforced particle, i.e. SiC, which rolls over the machined surface during turning and pouching on the turned surface and may generate grooves on the machined surface.The influence of feed rate on surface roughness heights Ra and Rt during machining of Al/SiC-MMC without use of coolant is also represented in Fig. 8. Experimental results show that both the surface roughness heights Ra and Rt increase by increasing feed rate. From the test results it can be concluded that when feed rate is tripled, i.e. from 0.25 mm/rev to 0.75 mm/rev the value of surface roughness height Ra increases by 40% whereas when cutting speed is tripled, i.e. from 60 m/min to 180 m/min the value of surface roughness height Ra decreases by 46%. Hence, it indicates that the cutting speed and feed rate have equal influence on the surface finish if both are increased simultaneously.Figure 9 shows the influence of depth of cut on the surface roughness heights Ra and Rt during machining of Al/SiC一MMC without use of coolant. From the depth of cut verses surface finish graph, it can be observed that the increase of depth of cut decreases the quality of surface finish. The arithmetic average roughness height Ra (},m) and maximum peak to valley of surface roughness height Rt (},m) both increases with increasing depth of cut.Figure 10 shows the influence of feed rate on the formation of built-up edge (BUE) at different cutting speed during turning of A1/SiC一MMC without use of coolant. From the figure it can be observed that the BUE decreases by increasing cutting speed and feed rate. Experimental results revealed the fact that when cutting speed is tripled the height of the BUE decreases by 3 times compared to its value at low speed range and when the feed rate is tripled the height of the BUE decreases 1.4 times compared to its value at low feed rate.Figure 11 a-c show the shapes of the built-up edges during turning using special geometrically designed rhombic-shaped uncoated tungsten carbide inserts. The SEM micrograph Fig. l la shows the shapes of the BUE at lower cutting speed and feed rate (i.e. 20 m/min and 0.14 mm/rev) with 0.5 mm depthof cut and for 50 mm length of continuous turning; the height of the BUE is 1.10 mm. The SEM micrograph in Fig. 11 b shows the shapes of the BUE at medium cutting speed and feed (i.e.100 m/min and 0.50 mm/rev) with 1 mm depth of cut and for 50 mm length of continuous turning. The height of the BUE is 0.95 mm. The SEM micrograph in Fig. l lc shows the shape of the BUE at low cutting speed and lower feed rate (i.e. 40 m/min and 0.14 mm/rev) with moderate depth of cut and for 50 mm length of continuous turning. The height of the BUE is 1 mm. It is observed from the micrograph that the chance of formation of BUE is higher at lower cutting speed, feed and higher depth of cut.The experimental results revel that the selection of higher cutting speeds duringmachining may cause faster tool wear as compared to the higher cutting feeds. But this does not mean that the machining should be performed at low cutting speeds. Again, as cutting speed increases, the cutting force decreases and cutting edges of tool material may break due to the high cutting force during turning at low speed range. Again, at higher cutting speeds, say 180 m/min, 225 m/min, etc., the cutting edge temperature will be very high due to the higher cutting speed which will lead to the rapid deformation of the cutting tool edge. Therefore, cutting speed range in between 60 m/min to 150 m/min is ideal and recommended for machining operation with uncoated carbide insert where cutting forces are more or less independent on cutting speed during turning of Al/SiC一MMC.Due to the high friction and temperature between the aluminum chip matrix and the cutting tool, the chip metal welds itself to the cutting tool edge. The welded chip material further increases the friction and the friction again leads to build up the localized layer upon layer and so called built up edge is formed during turning of Al/SiC-MMC. Generally, the built-up edge is formed between the chip and the rake face of the cutting tool edge. It changes the actual rake angle, which may change the direction of chip flow. The change of actual rake angle changes the shear angle, which may directly affect the cutting force. Generally, formation of built-up edge increases actual rake angle and consequently decreases the cutting force. Where as during turn of Al/SiC一MMC, it has been observed that the built-up edge was formed at low speed and generated higher cutting force (PZ). It occurs due to the presence of harder reinforced SiC particles in the Al/SiC-MMC, which are not part of cutting at low speed by the action of the cutting tool edge. Its rolls over the cutting tool edge and plough over the machined surface, which may cause of creation of high cutting force. It is another cause of adhesive tool wear andformation of poor surface finish during turning of Al/SiC-MMC.During turning of Al/SiC-MMC, it may also be observed that when the hard SiC particle of particulate aluminum rein- forced SiC metal matrix composite come into sliding contact with the cutting tool edge, the temperature at their interface is high. If it is continuous, the condition may become right for liberation of an atom from the harder metal to diffuse into the softer Al-matrix and join together with the hard reinforced SiC particles and thereby increase the hardness and abrasiveness of the work piece minimum matrix may also defuse into the harder cutting tool and weakening the sharp edge of the cutting tool. Hence, the cutting edge of the tool is torn or sheared off and carried away with the chip during turning. It is another cause of cutting tool failure due to the diffusion wear. During steady wear phase, flank wear is caused by abrasion, whereas during the rapid wear phase, it is caused by diffusion. It can also be observed that the presence of SiC particle in the particulate aluminum metal matrix composite produced semi-continuous types of chips. The formation of discontinuous chips involve the initiation of macro cracks on the free surface of the chips results in bend formation which in turn pulled out the SiC particles causes formation of small voids on the machined surface during machining. This is also one of the causes for producing poor surface finish during machining of Al/SiC-MMC.During continuous turning of Al/SiC-MMC, sometimes it may be observed that the magnitude of the cutting force (PZ) acting in the direction of cutting velocity vector is fluctuating to the maximum largest value, which may create mechanical impact. The mechanical impact may be caused by the harder reinforced SiC particles present in the work piece. Fluctuation of cutting force with sufficient large magnitude may deform the cutting edge of the tool and may damage the cuttingtool sharp edge in. Consequently, the contrary atoms from the softer alum- the form of small chips during machining of Al/SiC-MMC is another cause of flank wear.4 ConclusionsBased on the performance and test results of the various set of experiments performed for analyzing the influence of different machining parameters on the machine ability of Al/SiC-MMC utilizing fixed rhombic tooling, i.e. CCGX-09-T3-04 Al-H 10 type inserts during turning of Al/SiC-MMC without use of coolant, the following points can be made: (i) The flank wear rate is high at low cutting speed due to the generation of high cutting forces and formation of built-up edge during machining of Al/SiC一MMC. Again, when material is machining at high cutting speed, the cutting edge temperature is very high, which will also lead to rapid deformation of the cutting tool edge and in turn causes of rapid tool wear. Hence cutting speed zone between 60 m/min to 150 m/min is recommended for machining of Al/SiC-MMC, where cutting forces are more or less independent of cutting speed.(ii) From the combined effect of speed and feed on the flank wear, it can beconcluded that the feed is less sensitive to the flank wear as compared to the cutting speed. Hence, increment of feed rate is recommended rather than increment of the cutting speed for achieving higher metal removal rate at low cost during machining of Al/SiC-MMC.(iii) The cutting speed, feed and depth of cut are having equal influence on the surface roughness characteristics, i.e. Ra and Rt. High speed, low feed rate and low depth of cut are recommended for achieving better surface finish during turning of A1/SiC一MMC using CCGX-09-T3-04-A1-H 10 type insert.(iv) The generation of built-up edge during machining of A1/SiC一MMC at low cutting speed increase the actual rake angle and it is found to correlate with the increment of cutting forces, which may in turn increase the cutting tool wear.Effective machining of Al/SiC-MMC is a challenge to the manufacturing industries, which mainly restricts the wide spread application of this advance metal matrix composite in practice. The fixed rhombic tooling of CCGX-09-T3-04-A1-H10 type insert can be effectively used for proper machining of 1/SiC一MMC. The practical research analysis and test results on the machine ability of Al/SiC-MMC will provide effective guide lines to the present day manufacturing engineers. Through various highlights, the drawbacks and merits of the influence of different process parameters for achieving suitable control over the machining performance and accuracy criteria can be well understood. The research work findings will also provide useful economic machining solution by utilizing fixed rhombic tooling during processing of Al/SiC-MMC, which is otherwise usually machined by costly Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) tools. During processing of Al/SiC-MMC, which is otherwise usually中文翻译：加工参数对颗粒增强金属碳化硅铝基复合材料切削性能的影响摘要本文介绍了碳硅化合颗粒铝基复合材料切削性的试验研究结果，在车削过程中使用菱形未涂层碳化物刀具。

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英语中国语英语injection moldier machine注塑机crystalline polymer toke-out robot机械手.产品取出机polymerdryer干燥机injection condition hopper dryer料斗干燥机injection molding cycle crushing mill粉碎机precision injection gas injection \AGI吹气成形.气辅成形set the condition machine机械机器mold set-upscrew 螺杆.螺丝.螺旋mold downscrew head螺杆头pressurejoint接头.接缝low pressure injection 注塑.注射low pressure clamping feeder送料(加料)器holding time compound混炼料.化合料back pressureblend混合.搅拌clamping forcemixer混合器.搅拌器hold clamping pressure mixing混合.搅拌clamping stroke cooling 冷却clamping unit cooling tower冷却塔mold openingchiller 冷水机.冷水装置mold closing temperature controller温调机speedcylinder料筒(注塑机的)injection speed heater加热器,发热器injection capacity band heater加热圈.热器带charging thermocouple热电偶charging stroke nozzle射嘴,喷嘴ribnozzle head射嘴头喷嘴inserttie bar/tie rod拉杆,拉扛wall thickness distance between\tie rods拉杆间隔plasticationlimit switch操作开关thermal decomposition operation guide操作指南shrinkagecontrol panel 控制器控制盘resinautomatic 全自动materialsemi 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runner流道. 流道料contraction air vent散气孔.通风口assembly NG breathing排气stress anneal热处理 .退火internal stresspreparation英语中国语英语mold模具stopper machining center加工中心stripper universal milling machine铣床spacer plate lathe\turning车床mould basepuller lock surface grinder平面磨床support plate grinding drilling钻床support pillar electric discharge machine火花机加工puller bolt wire EDM线切割top limp plate nitriced steel氮化钢bottom plate nitrogen氮气rectum nitricdize氮化处理dietitanium钛die plate haet treatment热处理module hardening淬火parts temper回火eye bolt annealing退火crane prehaden预加硬钢hook hardness硬度wiresoft软.软的fileelectrodes电极.铜公.溶接捧oil stoneinsert镶件sand paper slide滑块.行位meshtaper斜度.锥度.锥形的engravedraft脱模斜度textureguider bush导套EDM texture guider pin导向柱roughsleeve pin丝筒针triflingsquare pin方顶针diamond cut angular ejector斜顶针roulettecavity模腔.前模.上模blastcore模心.后模.下模hot runner number of cavities取数.模腔数repairrocket ring定位环(圈)weldingo ring O环.胶圈(模具水管处)welderwall thickness肉厚.胶厚welding rod add material加胶argon arc welder building加胶torch burnercut material减胶modify the tooling改模repairing the tooling模具修理英语中国语英语design设计ejector pin design drawing设计图gate type design change设计变更tuner gate designer设计人员pin point gate mold design模具设计side gatemold specification模具制作式样书direct gate specification规格multi gatemold construction模具构造.模具结构fan gateinput输入film gate programming编程jump gate3D drawing3D图.3维图gate balance2D drawing2D图.平面图undercutfront elevation正面图cooling lineplan平面图coolingcross-sectional drawing剖面图modelingCAD data CAD数据mock-up2D data平面图数据hand made sample software软件.程序系统modulemold drawing 模具图gearpart drawing 零件图helical gear diagrammatic sketch草图soliddrawing画图transformation revised drawing图订floppy disk dimensioning记入尺寸personal computer out mold direction出模方向versiondraft出模斜度readingpitch间距.齿距readoutangle角度compression projected area投影面积opentaper锥度.斜度not openunder out倒扣not open2 plate两板模condition of progress3 plate三板模finishingoffset偏移.偏置polishmold layout分模targetsplit mold对开式模具scheduleslide core滑动模芯loose core活动模芯loose mold活动模具英文中文英文press冲压.压.压床maintenancepress machine冲床did casting progressive级进sinteringsingle单冲monkeypacking plate垫板clamppunch冲头.凸模.冲床scrappunching冲孔.钻孔rustpunch press冲孔机rust inhibitordie下模washing agentdie set模座.模架ultrasonic cleaning press mold冲压模.五金模brealeveler整平滚.矫平机thinnerfeeder送料机.加料机triclenedrawing拉伸trivalent chromium burring去毛刺hexavalent chromium blank复合degreasingcutting落料.冲孔.harmful material bending折弯cutbend折弯.弯曲press.sheet metalL-bending L折弯iron plateV-bending V折弯SECCshirk避空silver topcalking铆接stainlesstap丝锥copperdies扳牙brassreamer绞刀.扩孔器.绞孔steelend mill铣刀aluminumgrinder磨床.砂磨机widthbarrel滚筒thicknessbarrel tumbling滚(桶抛)光densitymating电镀coil electroplating vacumn真空电镀(膜)width cut chromeplating镀铬nutgalvanization镀锌boltshave切.削spot weldingfixture夹具jigclearancematching英文中文英文assembly组装.装配SOP?assembly unit装配组件pl side (part line) assembly time装配工数counterline生产线.拉线count method self单人装配timerconveyer传送带digitalU line U形生产线digital camera capacitor电容器concent\socket resistor电阻器plugdiode二极管lampLED发光二极管linghting transistor晶体管fuseIC集成电路power code sensor传感器wire hamess relay继电器bar code connector连接器vinyl tape transformer变压器noisebreaker断路器decibelbuzzer蜂鸣器instruction sheet printed circuit board\PCB印刷电路板access platform driver螺丝刀.十字\一字批serieselectric driver电动螺丝刀paralleltorque扭矩.转矩clutchscrew螺丝solenoid coil washer垫圈\片coilE-ring卡环static electricity solder焊锡.软钎料prevent electricity soldering iron烙铁fan motortin锡greaseearth applyalcohol酒精.乙醇block copyfoot switch脚踏开关filmterminal端子silk print terminal block端子板pat printlabel标签hot stampbra code条码.条纹码inkmile胶片.聚酯树脂color sampleEMI导电漆conductive paint print NG翻内cover lower bleeding翻外cover upper stamp主机前壳cover front spray主机后壳cover rear wood graining上壳装饰物deco upper连接器防护物shiled from connector英文扬声器防尘网filter speaker quality control加工 processing machining detection马达motor inspection副LCD sub LCD IQC闪光灯Flash OQC电池后壳battery cover PQC衬垫 gasket sampling绝缘器insulator total inspection弹簧扣spring locker visual inspection电池扣locker battery 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face镜面lead timemirror face光面光泽面order placement texture face蚀纹面payfirst the face一级面free of charge appearance外观表vender appearance part外观产品quotationfunction part机能部品invoiceslide滑动的depositflatness平面度paymentreform矫正payment conditioncheck jig检查治具 month paymentmanual指南手册over timeflow chart 流程图over time feeprosess inspection工程检查holiday workgraph图表曲线图two shiftqualification认定资格day shiftPPM\Parts Per Million百万分之…night shiftrest time英文中文英文customhouse海关front upper sub assy customs clearance通关手序\报关front lower sub assy electronic data interchange电子报关back upper sub assy container货柜车back lower sub assyfoot 英尺magnetpacking list装箱单cushionlist清单consign 委托declaration申报CA(aid)Dfumigation certificate熏蒸证明书CA(aid)Mno wood packing certificate无木质包装证明书EDMwooden box木箱CN(numerical)Clicense批文许可license document转厂W\C wire\cuttinglimits指标.配额指标KEY PADimport limits进口指标housingunbalance数量不平衡defect classification contract合同手册transfer:carry over 转余料.拔余料adhesion testserase枋消abrading resistance provision of information加签resistance against artificial submit document递单resistance to household clea brand name商品名称scratch resistanceboods NO\CODEE NO商品条码climatic testsforeign enterprise外资企业owned enterprise独资企业partnershop enterprise合资企业material processing来料加工bailment processing委托加工labor cost人件费amortization折旧费hour charge加工费.工时费exchange rate汇率material certificate材料证明书结晶性聚合物聚合物注塑条件注塑周期精密成形设定注塑条件上模.安装模具落模.下模压力低压低压锁模保压时间背压.返压背压.返压锁模压力合模行程锁模装置开模合模速度射出速度注塑量计量计量行程骨位.筋位.加强筋嵌件.嵌入胶厚.壁厚塑化热分解收缩树脂原材料塑料,塑胶制品橡胶色粉.粉.粉末色粉.干色料粒.塑胶粒玻璃纤维软管.管中国语过充填模伤.模痕冲击.打击损坏.损伤缩水.收缩充填不足.欠料毛刺.披峰胶丝白化.顶白银白.银痕流绞烧黑.烧焦异物.黑点粘模溶接线.结合线料花油渍打痕.击伤裂.开裂气纹变形弯曲.翘曲.外倾弯曲扭曲颜色不匀壁厚不均匀气泡.空洞.空隙污垢.污点.渗溢脱落.剥落翻卷浮起螺丝滑牙欠品跳动度.偏心收缩装配不良.应力内应力准备.安排中国语挡板推板.脱模板垫板模胚拉塞托板撑头拉杆工字板.水口板底板回针模具.动模.移动模板模板.载模板模数.模块.模件零件.模具零件吊环螺栓起重机.吊车.天车勾.吊勾钢丝.钢丝绳锉刀砂纸节号.目.网孔刻印蚀纹火花纹粗的细的.幼小的钻石纹滚花刀.刻痕喷沙热流道修理溶接.烧焊焊机.电焊机焊条.电焊条氩弧焊燃烧器中国语顶出.斜顶水口方式遂道式浇口.潜水口针孔形浇口.细水口侧水口.大水口直接浇口复式浇口扇形浇口扇形浇口搭接浇口浇口平衡倒口.凹槽水管.运水冷却回路.运水模型制造模型机.原尺寸模型手板.手工样品模数.模量.模件齿轮.转动装置螺旋齿轮整体的.固体变换.转换磁盘.软盘个人电脑形式.种类读取.读数读出压缩打开.读出文件(软件)打(解)不开.读不出错误进度状况抛光.磨光研磨.打磨目标.目的.瞄准日程表中文维护.保养压铸烧结活动扳手夹具(固定模具用)废铁.废料.废渣防锈剂清洗剂超声波清洗反边毛刺天纳水.稀薄剂三氯乙烯脱脂剂三价铬六价铬脱脂.去油有害物切断.割断.切割板金铁板镀锌板镀锌板不锈钢铜黄铜钢铝宽度板厚密度卷材片材螺母.螺帽螺栓.螺杆点溶接.点焊治具间隙接口中文作业指导书?计数器计数法定时器数字的.数码数码照相机插座插品插头塞子灯点灯灯亮保险丝电源线电源导线条纹码绝缘带异音.杂音.噪声分贝作业指导书作业台串联并联连轴器.离合器电磁线圈线圈静电防静电风扇马达润滑油涂油底板草图菲林胶片丝印移印烫印色板印刷不良渗溢飞油捺印涂装喷涂木纹加工中文品质控质检测检查验收受入检查出货检查工程检查抽检全检目视检查外观检查巡检测量\测量仪测量方法刻度分度记忆储存三次元测量仪工具显微镜百分表扭力计刻度尺直角尺卷尺数据单参数投影机中文仓库卡板纸箱刀卡周转箱折置式周转箱塑胶周转箱胶袋封箱胶纸绳子.线先入先出叉车手推叉车台车卡车货架\盘点库存数积压品采购支给品交货期订货期发订单有偿(支付)无偿(免费)供应商报价发票定金保证金付款付款条件月结加班加班费加班(节假日上班)两班制白班夜班休息时间中文磁铁防尘垫\垫片电脑辅助设计电脑辅助编程放电火花机数显电脑切割数值化电脑控制线切割按键壳体缺陷级别定义附着力测试磨损测试(纸带测试)抗人造汗水测试耐溶剂测试抗划伤高低温测试。

毕业中英文资料翻译

毕业中英文资料翻译Graduation is an important milestone in a person's life. It marks the completion of one phase and the beginning of another. It is a time of celebration, reflection, and anticipation for the future.In Chinese culture, graduation is often seen as a significant event. It is a time for families to come together and show support for their loved ones' achievements. It is common for graduates to wear traditional Chinese attire, such as a qipao or a tunic suit, during the graduation ceremony. This reflects the value placed on tradition and respect for one's culture.Graduation ceremonies in China usually take place in the summer, with students receiving their diplomas in front of their peers, teachers, and family members. Speeches are given to inspire and motivate the graduates as they embark on their next journey. It is a time for graduates to reflect on their accomplishments and express gratitude to those who have supported them throughout their educational journey.In western culture, graduation ceremonies often take place in the spring, symbolizing the end of the academic year. Graduates typically wear caps and gowns, with different colored tassels or hoods representing their field of study. It is common for a commencement speaker to address the graduating class, offering wisdom and guidance for their future endeavors.In many Western countries, the graduation ceremony is accompanied by the tradition of throwing a mortarboard hat in the air. This symbolizes the joy and excitement of completing achapter of education and moving forward into the next phase of life. Friends and family members often attend the ceremony to show their support and celebrate the graduate's achievements.Regardless of cultural differences, graduation is a time of transition and growth. It is a culmination of years of hard work, dedication, and perseverance. It is a time to celebrate achievements and look forward to new opportunities.As graduates move on to the next phase of their lives, whether it be higher education, entering the workforce, or pursuing other ventures, it is important to remember the lessons learned and the connections made during their time in school. Graduation is not just an end, but a beginning – a stepping stone to a bright and promising future.。

英文简历必备个人资料中英翻译

个人资料name姓名alias别名penname笔名dateofbirth出生日期birthdate出生日期born出生于birthplace出生地点age年龄nativeplace籍贯province省city市autonomousregion自治区prefecture专区county县nationality民族，国籍citizenship国籍duelcitizenship双重国籍address地址currentaddress目前地址presentaddress目前地址permanentaddress永久地址postalcode邮政编码homephone住宅电话officephone办公电话businessphone办公电话Tel.电话sex性别male男female女height身高weight体重maritalstatus婚姻状况familystatus家庭状况married已婚single/unmarried未婚divorced离异separated分居numberofchildren子女人数none无street街lane胡同，巷road路district区housenumber门牌health健康状况healthcondition健康状况bloodtype血型short-sighted近视far-sighted远视color-blind色盲IDcardNo.身份证号码dateofavailability可到职时间available可到职membership会员，资格president会长vice-president副会长director理事standingdirector常务理事secretarygeneral秘书长society学会association协会researchsociety研究会教育程度education学历educationalbackground教育程度educationalhistory学历curriculum课程major主修minor副修educationalhighlights课程重点部分curriculumincluded课程包括specializedcourses专门课程coursestaken所学课程coursescompleted所学课程specialtraining特别训练socialpractice社会实践part-timejobs业余工作summerjobs暑期工作vacationjobs假期工作refreshercourse进修课程extracurricularactivities课外活动physicalactivities体育活动recreationalactivities娱乐活动academicactivities学术活动socialactivities社会活动rewards奖励scholarship奖学金"ThreeGoods"student三好学生excellentLeaguemember优秀团员excellentleader优秀干部studentcouncil学生会off-jobtraining脱产培训in-jobtraining在职培训educationalsystem学制academicyear学年semester学期（美）term学期（英）president校长vice-president副校长dean院长assistantdean副院长academicdean教务长departmentchairman系主任professor教授associateprofessor副教授guestprofessor客座教授lecturer讲师teachingassistant助教researchfellow研究员researchassistant助理研究员supervisor论文导师principal中学校长（美）headmaster中学校长（英）master小学校长（美）deanofstudies教务长deanofstudents教导主任deanofstudents教导主任teacher教师probationteacher代课教师tutor家庭教师governess女家庭教师intelligencequotient智商pass及格fail不及格marks分数grades分数scores分数examination考试grade年级class班级monitor班长vice-monitor副班长commissaryinchargeofstudies学习委员commissaryinchargeofentertainment文娱委员commissaryinchargeofsports体育委员commissaryinchargeofphysicallabor劳动委员Partybranchsecretary党支部书记Leaguebranchsecretary团支部书记commissaryinchargeoforganization组织委员commissaryinchargeofpublicity宣传委员degree学位postdoctorate博士后doctor(Ph.D)博士master硕士bachelor学士student学生graduatestudent研究生abroadstudent留学生returnedstudent回国留学生foreignstudent外国学生undergraduate大学肄业生senior大学四年级学生；高中三年级学生Junior大学三年级学生；高中二年级学生sophomore大学二年级学生；高中一年级学生freshman大学一年级学生gueststudent旁听生（英）auditor旁听生（美）government-supportedstudent公费生commoner自费生extern走读生day-student走读生intern实习生prizefellow奖学金生boarder寄宿生classmate同班同学schoolmate同校同学graduate毕业生工作经历accomplish完成（任务等）achievements工作成就，业绩adaptedto适应于adeptin善于administer管理advancedworker先进工作者analyze分析appointed被任命的assist辅助authorized委任的；核准的bepromotedto被提升为beproposedas被提名为；被推荐为behave表现breakthrough惊人的进展，关键问题的解决breaktherecord打破记录businessbackground工作经历businessexperience工作经历businesshistory工作经历conduct经营，处理control控制cost成本；费用create创造decrease减少demonstrate证明，示范design设计develop开发，发挥devise设计，发明direct指导double加倍，翻一番duties 职责earn获得，赚取effect效果，作用eliminate消除employmentexperience工作经历employmentrecord工作经历employment工作enlarge扩大enliven搞活enrich使丰富establish设立（公司等）；使开业；确立evaluation估价，评价excellentLeaguemember优秀团员excellentPartymember优秀党员execute实行，实施expand推广；扩大expedite加快；促进experience经历exploit开发（资源，产品）export出口found创立generate产生goodat擅长于guide指导；操纵implement完成，实施import进口improve改进，提高increase增加influence影响initiate创始，开创innovate改革，革新inspired受启发的；受鼓舞的install安装integrate使结合；使一体化introduce采用，引进invent发明invest投资jobtitle职位justified经证明的；合法化的launch开办（新企业）lead领导lengthen延长lessen减少（生产成本）level水平localize使地方化maintain保持；维修make制造manage管理，经营manufacture制造mastered精通的modernize使现代化motivate促进，激发negotiate谈判nominated被提名的；被任命的occupationalhistory工作经历operate操作，开动（机器等），经营（厂矿）organize组织originate创始，发明overcome克服（困难等）participatein参加perfect使完善；改善perform执行，履行plan计划position职位professionalhistory职业经历professional职业经历profit利润promote生产，制造promote推销（商品）；创立（企业）等provide提供，供应raise提高reach达到realize实现（目标等）；获得（利润）receive收到，得到，接受recognize认清（职责等）recommended被推荐的；被介绍的reconsolidate重新巩固；重新整顿reconstruct重建recorded记载的recover恢复；弥补rectify整顿，调整redouble加倍，倍增reduce减少，降低（成本等）refine精练，精制reform改革regenerate更新，使更生registered已注册的regularize使系统化regulate控制（费用等）rehandle重铸；重新处理rehash以新形式处理（旧材料）reinforce加强reckon 计算（成本等）renew重建，换新renovate革新；修理repair修复，修补replace接替，替换representative代表，代理人research调查，研究resolve解决responsibilities职责secondjob第二职业set创造（纪录等）settle解决（问题等）shorten减低......效能show显示,表明significant重要的,有效的simplify简化,精简solve解决sortout清理specificexperience具体经历speedup加速sponsor主办spread传播,扩大standard标准,规格streamline把......设计流线型strengthen加强,巩固study研究succeed成功supervise监督,管理supply供给,满足(需要) systematize使系统化target目标,指标test试验,检验top头等的,最高的total总数,总额translate翻译,转化travel旅行unify使成一体,统一use使用，运用useful有用的utilize利用valuable有价值的vivify使活跃well-trained训练有素的workexperience工作经历workhistory工作经历work工作,起作用workingmodel劳动模范worth使......钱的,有......价值的个人品质able有才干的，能干的active主动的，活跃的adaptable适应性强的adroit灵巧的，机敏的aggressive有进取心的alert机灵的ambitious有雄心壮志的amiable和蔼可亲的amicable友好的analytical善于分析的apprehensive有理解力的aspiring有志气的，有抱负的audacious大胆的，有冒险精神的capable有能力的，有才能的careful办事仔细的candid正直的charitable宽厚的competent能胜任的confident有信心的conscientious认真的，自觉的considerate体贴的constructive建设性的contemplative好沉思的cooperative有合作精神的creative富创造力的dashing有一股子冲劲的，有拼搏精神的dedicated有奉献精神的devoted有献身精神的dependable可靠的diplomatic老练的，有策略的disciplined守纪律的discreet（在行动，说话等方面）谨慎的dutiful尽职的dynamic精悍的earnest认真的well-educated受过良好教育的efficient有效率的energetic精力充沛的enthusiastic充满热情的expressive善于表达faithful守信的，忠诚的forceful（性格）坚强的frank直率的，真诚的friendly友好的frugal俭朴的generous宽宏大量的genteel有教养的gentle有礼貌的hard-working勤劳的hearty精神饱满的honest诚实的hospitable殷勤的humble恭顺的humorous幽默的impartial公正的independent有主见的industrious勤奋的ingenious有独创性的initiative首创精神haveaninquiringmind爱动脑筋intellective有智力的intelligent理解力强的inventive有发明才能的，有创造力的just正直的kind-hearted好心的knowledgeable有见识的learned精通某门学问的liberal心胸宽大的logical条理分明的loyal忠心耿耿的methodical有方法的modest谦虚的motivated目的明确的objective客观的open-minded虚心的orderly守纪律的original有独创性的painstaking辛勤的，苦干的，刻苦的practical实际的precise一丝不苟的persevering不屈不挠的punctual严守时刻的purposeful意志坚强的qualified合格的rational有理性的realistic实事求是的reasonable讲道理的reliable可信赖的responsible负责的self-conscious自觉的selfless无私的sensible明白事理的sincere真诚的smart精明的spirited生气勃勃的sporting光明正大的steady塌实的straightforward老实的strict严格的systematic有系统的strong-willed意志坚强的sweet-tempered性情温和的temperate稳健的tireless孜孜不倦的其它内容objective目标careerobjective职业目标employmentobjective工作目标positionwanted希望职位jobobjective工作目标positionappliedfor申请职位positionsought谋求职位positiondesired希望职位formorespecializedwork为更专门的工作forprospectsofpromotion为晋升的前途forhigherresponsibility为更高层次的工作责任forwiderexperience为扩大工作经验duetoclose-downofcompany由于公司倒闭duetoexpiryofemployment由于雇用期满offeredamorechallengingopportunity获得的更有挑战性的工作机会soughtabetterjob找到了更好的工作tolookforamorechallengingopportunity找一个更有挑战性的工作机会toseekabetterjob找一份更好的工作。

日常生活中物品的英文翻译培训资料

日常生活中物品的英文翻译几乎所有事物的英文翻译水果类（fruits）：火龙果 pitaya西红柿 tomato菠萝 pineapple西瓜watermelon香蕉banana柚子 shaddock （pomelo）橙子orange苹果apple柠檬lemon樱桃 cherry桃子peach梨 pear枣Chinese date （去核枣 pitted date ）椰子coconut草莓 strawberry树莓 raspberry蓝莓 blueberry黑莓 blackberry葡萄 grape甘蔗 sugar cane芒果 mango木瓜 pawpaw或者papaya杏子 apricot油桃 nectarine柿子persimmon石榴pomegranate榴莲 jackfruit槟榔果 areca nut西班牙产苦橙bitter orange猕猴桃 kiwi fruit or Chinese gooseberry 金橘cumquat蟠桃 flat peach荔枝 litchi青梅greengage山楂果 haw水蜜桃honey peach香瓜，甜瓜 musk melon李子plum杨梅 waxberry red bayberry桂圆 longan沙果 crab apple杨桃starfruit枇杷 loquat柑橘 tangerine莲雾wax-apple番石榴 guava肉、蔬菜类（livestock家畜）：南瓜（倭瓜） pumpkin cushaw甜玉米 Sweet corn牛肉beef猪肉pork羊肉 mutton羔羊肉lamb鸡肉chicken生菜莴苣lettuce白菜 Chinese cabbage （celery cabbage）（甘蓝）卷心菜 cabbage萝卜 radish胡萝卜 carrot韭菜leek木耳 agarics豌豆 pea马铃薯（土豆） potato黄瓜 cucumber苦瓜 balsam pear秋葵 okra洋葱 onion芹菜 celery芹菜杆 celery sticks地瓜 sweet potato蘑菇 mushroom橄榄 olive菠菜spinach冬瓜（Chinese）wax gourd 莲藕 lotus root紫菜 laver油菜 cole rape茄子 eggplant香菜 caraway枇杷loquat青椒 green pepper四季豆青刀豆 garden bean银耳 silvery fungi腱子肉tendon肘子 pork joint茴香fennel（茴香油fennel oil 药用）鲤鱼carp咸猪肉bacon金针蘑 needle mushroom扁豆 lentil槟榔 areca牛蒡great burdock水萝卜 summer radish竹笋 bamboo shoot艾蒿Chinese mugwort绿豆mung bean毛豆green soy bean瘦肉 lean meat肥肉speck黄花菜 day lily （day lily bud）豆芽菜 bean sprout丝瓜 towel gourd (注：在美国丝瓜或用来做丝瓜茎loofah洗澡的，不是食用的)海鲜类（sea food）：虾仁 Peeled Prawns龙虾 lobster小龙虾 crayfish（退缩者）蟹 crab蟹足crab claws小虾（虾米） shrimp对虾、大虾 prawn（烤）鱿鱼（toast）squid海参 sea cucumber扇贝 scallop鲍鱼 sea-ear abalone小贝肉cockles牡蛎oyster鱼鳞scale海蜇jellyfish鳖海龟turtle蚬蛤 clam鲅鱼 culter鲳鱼 butterfish虾籽 shrimp egg鲢鱼银鲤鱼chub silver carp黄花鱼 yellow croaker调料类（seasonings）：醋 vinegar酱油 soy盐 salt加碘盐 iodized salt糖 sugar白糖 refined sugar酱 soy sauce沙拉 salad辣椒 hot（red）pepper胡椒（black）pepper花椒wild pepper Chinese prickly ash powder色拉油salad oil调料 fixing sauce seasoning砂糖 granulated sugar红糖 brown sugar冰糖 Rock Sugar芝麻 Sesame芝麻酱 Sesame paste芝麻油 Sesame oil咖喱粉curry番茄酱（汁） ketchup redeye辣根horseradish葱 shallot （Spring onions）姜 ginger蒜 garlic料酒 cooking wine蚝油oyster sauce枸杞（枇杷,欧查果） medlar八角aniseed酵母粉yeast barm Yellow pepper黄椒肉桂 cinnamon (在美国十分受欢迎，很多事物都有肉桂料) 黄油 butter香草精 vanilla extract(甜点必备)面粉 flour洋葱 onion主食类（staple food）：三文治 sandwich米饭rice粥 congee （rice soup）汤 soup饺子dumpling面条 noodle比萨饼 pizza方便面 instant noodle 香肠 sausage面包 bread黄油（白塔油）butter 茶叶蛋 Tea eggs油菜 rape饼干 cookies咸菜（泡菜）pickle 馒头 steamed bread饼（蛋糕）cake汉堡 hamburger火腿ham奶酪 cheese馄饨皮 wonton skin高筋面粉 Strong flour小麦wheat大麦barley青稞highland barley高粱broomcorn （kaoliang ）春卷Spring rolls芋头 Taro山药yam鱼翅 shark fin黄花 daylily松花蛋皮蛋preserved eggs 春卷 spring roll肉馅饼minced pie糙米 Brown rice玉米 corn馅儿 stuffing开胃菜 appetizer面粉 flour燕麦 oat白薯甘薯 sweet potato牛排 steak里脊肉 fillet凉粉 bean jelly糯米江米 sticky rice燕窝 bird's nest粟 Chinese corn肉丸子 meat balls枳橙citrange点心（中式）dim sum淀粉starch蛋挞 egg tart干果类（dry fruits）：腰果 Cashew nuts花生 peanut无花果fig榛子filbert hazel栗子chestnut核桃 walnut杏仁almond果脯 preserved fruit芋头taro葡萄干raisin cordial开心果 pistachion巴西果 brazil nut菱角,荸荠 water chestnut (和国内食用法不同，做坚果食用)酒水类（beverage）：红酒 red wine白酒 white wine白兰地 brandy葡萄酒 sherry汽水(软饮料) soda（盐）汽水sparkling water果汁juice冰棒 Ice-lolly啤酒beer酸奶 yoghurt伏特加酒vodka鸡尾酒cocktail豆奶 soy milk豆浆soybean milk七喜 7 UP麒麟（日本啤酒kirin）凉开水 cold boiled water汉斯啤酒 Hans beer浓缩果汁 concentrated juice冰镇啤酒 iced(chilled ) beer札幌（日本啤酒）Sapporo爱尔啤酒（美国）aleA级牛奶 grand A milk班图酒bantu beer半干雪利 dry sark参水牛奶 blue milk日本粗茶 bancha生啤酒 draft beer白啤酒 white beer<苏格兰>大麦酒barley-bree咖啡伴侣coffee mate零食类（snack）:mint 薄荷糖cracker饼干,biscuit饼干,棒棒糖bonbon茶tea（沏茶 make the tea）话梅prune candied plum锅巴 rice crust瓜子 melon seed冰棒（冰果） ice（frozen） sucker冰淇凌ice cream防腐剂preservative圣代冰淇淋 sundae巧克力豆 marble chocolate barley布丁pudding与食品有关的词语（some words about food）: 炸 fired炝 quick boiled烩 braise（烩牛舌 braised ox tongue）烤 roast饱嗝 burp饱了饱的 full stuffed解渴quench thirst （形容食物变坏spoil spoilage） preservative防腐剂 expiration date产品有效期（形容酒品好： a good strong brew 绝味酿）应各位要求补充的中式西式食物中式早點：烧饼Clay oven rolls 油条Fried bread stick 韭菜盒Fried leek dumplings 水饺Boiled dumplings 蒸饺Steamed dumplings 馒头Steamed buns割包Steamed sandwich 饭团Rice and vegetable roll蛋饼Egg cakes 皮蛋100-year egg 咸鸭蛋Salted duck egg豆浆Soybean milk饭类：稀饭Rice porridge 白饭Plain white rice 油饭 Glutinous oil rice糯米饭Glutinous rice 卤肉饭Braised pork rice 蛋炒饭Fried rice with egg 地瓜粥Sweet potato congee面类：馄饨面 Wonton & noodles 刀削面 Sliced noodles 麻辣面Spicy hot noodles麻酱面Sesame paste noodles 鴨肉面 Duck with noodles 鱔魚面 Eel noodles 乌龙面Seafood noodles 榨菜肉丝面Pork , pickled mustard green noodles牡蛎细面Oyster thin noodles 板条Flat noodles 米粉 Rice noodles炒米粉Fried rice noodles 冬粉Green bean noodle汤类：鱼丸汤Fish ball soup 貢丸汤Meat ball soup 蛋花汤Egg & vegetable soup 蛤蜊汤Clams soup 牡蛎汤Oyster soup 紫菜汤Seaweed soup 酸辣汤Sweet & sour soup 馄饨汤Wonton soup 猪肠汤Pork intestine soup 肉羹汤Pork thick soup 鱿鱼汤 Squid soup 花枝羹Squid thick soup中餐：bear's paw 熊掌 * of deer 鹿脯 beche-de-mer; sea cucumber 海参sea sturgeon 海鳝 salted jelly fish 海蜇皮kelp,seaweed 海带 abalone鲍鱼shark fin 鱼翅scallops干贝lobster龙虾 bird's nest 燕窝 roast suckling pig 考乳猪pig's knuckle 猪脚 boiled salted duck 盐水鸭 preserved meat腊肉 barbecued pork 叉烧 sausage 香肠 fried pork flakes 肉松 BAR-B-Q 烤肉meat diet 荤菜 vegetables 素菜 meat broth 肉羹 local dish 地方菜 Cantonese cuisine 广东菜 set meal 客饭 curry rice 咖喱饭fried rice 炒饭 plain rice 白饭 crispy rice 锅巴gruel, soft rice , porridge 粥—noodles with gravy 打卤面plain noodle 阳春面 casserole 砂锅 chafing dish,fire pot火锅 meat bun肉包子shao-mai烧麦preserved bean curd 腐乳bean curd豆腐fermented blank bean 豆豉 pickled cucumbers 酱瓜preserved egg 皮蛋 salted duck egg 咸鸭蛋 dried turnip 萝卜干西餐与日本料理：menu 菜单French cuisine法国菜today's special 今日特餐chef's special 主厨特餐buffet 自助餐fast food 快餐specialty 招牌菜continental cuisine 欧式西餐aperitif 饭前酒dim sum 点心French fires炸薯条baked potato烘马铃薯mashed potatoes马铃薯泥omelette 简蛋卷pudding 布丁pastries 甜点pickled vegetables 泡菜kimchi 韩国泡菜crab meat 蟹肉prawn 明虾conch 海螺escargots 田螺braised beef 炖牛肉bacon 熏肉poached egg 荷包蛋sunny side up 煎一面荷包蛋over 煎两面荷包蛋fried egg 煎蛋over easy 煎半熟蛋over hard 煎全熟蛋scramble eggs 炒蛋boiled egg 煮蛋stone fire pot 石头火锅sashi 日本竹筷sake 日本米酒miso shiru 味噌汤roast meat 铁板烤肉sashimi 生鱼片butter 奶油。

英文翻译资料：英文科室大全

英文科室大全Medical department 医务部、医务科department of internal medicine：内科surgical department; department of surgery: 外科pediatrics department: 小儿科obstetrics and gynecology department: 妇产科Ophthalmology department: 眼科dental department: 牙科ENT(ear-nose-throat)department: 耳鼻喉科urology department: 泌尿科dermatology department; skin department：皮肤科orthopedic surgery department: 矫形外科traumatology department: 创伤外科plastic surgery: 整形外科anesthesiology department: 麻醉科pathology department: 病理科cardiology department: 心脏病科psychiatry department: 精神病科orthopedics department: 骨科department of cardiac surgery: 心脏外科department of cerebral surgery: 胸外科neurology department: 神经科neurosurgery department: 神经外科thoracic surgery department: 脑外科department of traditional Chinese medicine：中医科registration office: 挂号处out-patient department: 门诊部in-patient department: 住院部nursing department: 护理部consulting room: 诊室waiting room: 候诊室emergency room: 急诊室admitting office: 住院处operation room: 手术室X-ray department: 放射科blood bank: 血库dispensary; pharmacy: 药房ward: 病房laboratory: 化验室。

儿童节资料英文带翻译

儿童节资料英文带翻译June 1st is International Children's Day. It is a festival for children all over the world. Different countries have different ways to celebrate. In China, various activities for children are held. Schools will organize performances, games, and competitions. Parents also give gifts to their children on this day.In 1925, at the world’s conference on child welfare in Geneva, it was agreed that June 1st would be designated as International Children’s Day. This day is celebrated not only in China, but also in many other countries worldwide. Its purpose is to raise awareness of the importance of children and promote their welfare.For children, they look forward to this day every year. They enjoy the excitement and happiness that comes with it. Teachers prepare special classes and activities for students. There are singing and dancing performances, art exhibitions, and food festivals. Children also get the chance to dress up as their favorite characters and participate in fun activities.On this day, many charities and organizations advocate for the rights of children. They may organize events and campaigns to promote child safety, education, and social welfare. These events are important in helping children to get more attention from society and ensuring that their needs are met.In conclusion, International Children’s Day is a time to celebrate the joy and happiness of being a child. It reminds us of the importance of children and the need to promote their welfare. And it is a day that should be celebrated every year by all of us.6月1日是国际儿童节，这是一个属于全世界儿童的节日。

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SYSMAC CJ SeriesCJ1G/H-CPU□□H,CJ1M-CPU□□,CJ1G-CPUProgrammable ControllersOperation ManualRevised July 2002Application PrecautionsObserve the following precaution when using the PLC System.●You must use the CX-Programmer (programming software that runs on Windows)ifyou need to program more than one task. A Programming Console can be used to program only one cyclic task plus interrupt tasks.A Programming Console can, however, be used to edit multitask programs originally created with the CX-Programmer.！Warning Always heed these precautions, Failure to abide by the following △precautions could lead to serious or possibly fatal injury.●Always connect to a ground of 100Ωor less when installing the Units. Notconnecting to a ground of 100Ωor less may result in electric shock.●A ground of 100Ωor less must be installed when shorting the GR and LGterminals on the Power Unit.●Always turn OFF the power supply to the PLC before attempting any of thefollowing .Not turning OFF the power supply may result in malfunction or electric shock..●Mounting or dismounting Power Supply Units, CPU Units, or any other Units.●Assembling the Units.●Setting DIP switches or rotary witches.●Connecting cables or wiring the system.●Connecting or disconnecting the connectors.！Caution Failure to abide by the following precautions could lead to faulty operation △of the PLC or the system, or could damage the PLC or PLC Units. Always heed these precautions.●A CJ-series CPU Unit is shipped with the battery installed and the time alreadyset on the internal clock. It is not necessary to clear memory or set the clock before application, as it is for the CS-series CPU Units.●The user program and parameter area data in CJ1-H CPU Units is backed up in the CPU Unit when the backup operation is in progress. Do not turn OFF the power supply to the CPU Unit when the BKUP indicator is lit .The data will not be backed up if power is turned OFF.●If ,when using a CJ1H-CPU Unit ,the PLC Setup is set to specify using the mode set on the Programming Console and a Programming Console is not connected ,the CPU Unit will start in RUN mode .This is the default setting in the PLC Setup. ( A CS1 CPU Unit will start in PROGRAM mode under the same conditions .)●When creating an AUTOEXEC.IOM file from a Programming Device (a Programming Console or the CX-Programmer)to automatically transfer data at startup, set the first write address to D20000 and be sure that the size of data written does not exceed the size of the DM Area. When the data file is read from the Memory Card at startup, data will be written in the CPU Unit starting at D20000 even if another address was set when the AUTOEXEC.IOM file was created .Also, if the DM Area is exceeded(which is possible when the CX-Programmer is used),the remaining data will be written to the EM Area.●Always turn ON power to the PLC before turning ON power to the control system. If the PLC power supply is turned ON after the control power supply, temporary errors may result in control system signals because the output terminals on DC Output Units and other Units will momentarily turn ON when power is turned ON to the PLC.●Fail-safe measures must be taken by the customer to ensure safety in the event that outputs from Output Units remain ON as a result of internal circuit failures, which can occur in relays , transistors, and other elements.●Fail-safe measures must be taken by the customer to ensure safety in the event of incorrect , missing, or abnormal signals caused by broken signal lines, momentary power interruption, or other causes.●Interlock circuits, limit circuits, and similar safety measures in external circuits(i.e, not in the Programmable Controller)must be provided by the customer.●Do not turn OFF the power supply to the PLC when data is being transferred. Inparticular, do not turn OFF the power supply when reading or writing a Memory Card. Also, do not remove the Memory Card when the BUSY indicator is lit .To remove a Memory Card, first press the memory card power supply switch and then wait for the BUSY indicator to go out before removing the Memory Card.●If the I/O Hold Bit is turned ON, the output from the PLC will not be turnedOFF and will maintain their previous status when the PLC is switched from RUN or MONITOR mode to PROGRAM mode .Make sure that the external loads will not produce dangerous conditions when this occurs.(When operation stops for a fatal error ,including those produced with the FALS(007)instruction, all outputs from Output Unit will be turned OFF and onlu the internal output status will be maintained.)●The contents of the DM, EM and HR Areas in the CPU Unit are backed up bu aBattery.If the Battery voltage drops, this data may be lost. Provide countermeasures in the program using the Battery Error Flag (A40204) to re-initialize data or take other actions if the Battery voltage drops.SYSMAC CJ 系列CJ1G/H-CPU□□H,CJ1G-CPU□□可编程序控制器操作手册2002年7月修订应用注意事项使用PC系统时要遵循下列各注意事项。