新编英语语法教程Pronouns

Nouns of common gender
man They were pronounced man and wife at the altar. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,… If a student needs advice about careers, ___should consult the career officers.

Possessive pronouns: my/ mine, our/ ours, you/ yours, his/ his, her/ hers, its/ its, their/ theirs Reflexive pronouns: Reciprocal pronouns: each other(‘s), one another(‘s)
Pronoun case forms
subjective case: I, we, you, he, she, it, they, who, whoever objective case: possessive case:

Subjective case or objective case?



Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those, it, such, same This book is yours, and that is mine.
Interrogative pronouns: who(ever), whom(ever), whose, which, what Relative pronouns: who(ever), whom(ever), whose, which, that, as

General rule




It is difficult to predict __ (who, whom) will win the election. Who’s knocking the door? – it’s __ (I/ me). It was __ (I/ me) who am to blame. It was__ (I/ me) that they were talking about. Stanley had no doubt about __(who, whom) would be elected minister of defense. Everybody, including __ (I, me), failed the test. She knows me better than __(he? him?).

Informality
Interrogative clause __ (who/ whom) did you want to nominate? I don’t know __ (who/ whom) you want to nominate? Relative clause Will you go and see Carlos, __ (who/ whom) I believe will be glad to help you? The woman __ (who/ whom) we thought might be her turned out to be her sister.

Informality
Cleft sentence It was __ (he/him) who did it.

Comparative clause She is prettier than __(I/ me) He is clever than __ (we/ us) all.

Exceptions to general rule


1. informality
subjective case -------subject position
objective case ------ other positions
2. minor sentence 3. everybody/ nobody + but/ except + pronouns

baby
When bathing a baby, always hold___ securely. My baby has got ___ first tooth.

Nouns of neuter gender

Normally: it, its, itself, they, them, their, themselves ? his, he, him, she, her, etc. Once upon a time there was a wolf in sheep’s clothing, hiding ___ among a flock of ship. As soon as the plane had hopped off, ___ picked up speed. China is my motherland. __ has experienced huge changes during the past decades.
Indefinite pronouns: some, something, somebody, someone; any, anything, anybody, anyone; no, nothing, nobody, no one, none; everything, everybody, everyone, each; much, many, little, a little, few, a few, other, another, all, one, both, neither, either. I have do much work this morning. He has done much for his wife.

Classification
personal, possessive, reflexive, reciprocal, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, indefinite pronouns. Personal pronouns: I/ me, we/ us, you, he/ him, she/ her, it, they/ them
Concord in person
When it comes to making a conscious effort to help keep a public place clean, most people just don’t make the effort. I’m a maintenance man for a department store. If you did make the effort help keep the public place where I work clean, we probably wouldn’t have a job. see Exercise 8C

Concord in gender
GENDER? masculine, feminine, neuter, common It is a set of grammatical forms of nouns (pronouns), determiners and adjectives that tell of the distinctions of sex or attribute. In modern English, only pronouns and nouns have gender distinctions.
General rule: subjective case -------subject objective case ------ object, obj. complement, prep. complementation, etc. The woman __(who/whom) we thought to be __(she, her) turned out to be her sister. The woman __ (who/ whom) we thought might be __ (she. her) turned out to be her sister.
Concord in number
NUMBER: Antecedent: everyone, anyone, everybody, anybody, no one, nobody, someone, somebody Pronoun?


The cast is giving ___ (its, their) best performance tonight. Everyone thinks ____ (he is, they are )the centre of the universe. Wells is one of the editors who always __(take, takes) a leading role in ____(his, their) community. Dictatorship is the one of many evils which __(tend, tends) to perpetuate __(itself, themselves). Either John or James, who are twins, __(have, has) left (his, their) sweater.
Minor sentence
Does anyone know where Tom lives? -- __(I/ me). / -- __ (I/ me) do.

Everybody/ nobody + but/ except…
Nobody except __ (he/ him) can solve our problems. Everybody agreed to our proposal but __(he/ him). I interviewed everybody but __(he/ him).
PRONOUNS
1.
classification 2. concord 3. case forms 4. reflexive pronouns
Pronoun?

Fra Baidu bibliotek
pro- ? a. supporting or approving of something. b. doing something instead of someone. Pronouns are words used instead of nouns, thus have nominal functions.

Concord

ANTECEDENT a word, phrase or sentence that is represented by pronouns. One must remember to remain very still when he attends a concert. Professor Smith and I went to the States together. We stayed there for three weeks. I recognized one of the girls, but I didn’t speak to her. I recognized one of the girls who were caroling the other night.