英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三)

二、 无主句 汉语中有众多的无主句，译成英语时或视 情况补加主语（祈使句可以不补），译成 完整的句子；或译为被动语态句。 1)为建设一个伟大的社会主义国家而奋斗！ Strive to build a great socialist country! 2) 剩下的时间不多了。 There is very little time left.
• 3）希望今后上海能够与更多 的外国城市结为友好城市。 It’s hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.
• 5、Personification
• 1）世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
331当前经济改革的重点是要以我国国民经济的支柱国有企业为重点配套推进社会保障体制的改革巩固和完善宏观管理体制改革的措施进一步转变政府职能培育市场体系沿着建设社会主义经济体制的方向继续前进
主语的选择(Options for subjects)
• 1 、 对 等 (Equivalence)( Follow the Chinese topic-comment order, use noun phrases etc.)
• 6、There Be
• 1）自1983年以来，已经建立了一 百多个这样的组织。 There have been established more than one hundred organizations of such kind since 1983.
2）古今中外，在商贸市场上历来都是 大鱼吃小鱼。 There exists a law at all times and in all countries that the great fish eat up the small in the world of business.
• 1）财源有限，开销无穷。
(Our ) Financial resources are limited but expenses limitless.
• 2）如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动 车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污 染。
•Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.
2、防止谓语动词的机械对应。
汉语的有些动词搭配能力很强， 同一词处在不同的语境，意义就会大 不相同。所以译成英语时应避免机械 对应而应寻求意义对应。例如“回答” 与不同的词搭配，用在不同的语境， 译法就不一样。
①接下来女发言人回答了记者的提问。 For the next few minutes the spokeswoman answered questions from some journalists and correspondents． ②中国通过对美国商品征收报复性关税来 作为对美方违反中美贸易协定的回答。 China replied to America's violation of the Sino-US trade agreement with imposing punitive tax on American exports to China．
2 、 转 换 (Shift) (find elements in the original to use as the subject)
2-1 By changing word category 1) 中日两国发展和平友好关系，符合两 国人民的长远利益。 The development of relation of peace and friendship between China and Japan is in accord with the long-term interests of the two people.
• 3）这些新政策将使人民的购买力提高， 市场繁荣，金融活跃，绝不会如一些人 所说将使国家财政一团糟。
•These new measures will, we believe, increase the people’s purchasing power and lead to thriving financial and commercial conditions rather than make a mess of the country’s finances as some people argue.
3. Supplement
• 1) 弄得不好,就会前功尽弃。
If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost. • 2) 没有调查研究就没有发言权。
He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.
Customers from various countries and regions are welcome to establish and develop business contacts with us. China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world. Everything taken into consideration, her proposal seems more practicable. A special fund will be set aside to support these products which fall within five hi-tech spheres— new materials mechatronics, electronic information, biotechnology, new energy resources and energy conservation. It is a general opinion that to simplify formalities and to enhance efficiency are more important than to give preferential economical treatment to enterprises.
一、主谓单句
汉语的主谓单句，从外形结构 上来看，跟英语的“主谓”结构是 相似的，但它的主语和谓语表达却 与英语有许多不同的地方。所以翻 译汉语主谓单句时，至少应注意几 个问题。
1、防止主语的机械对应。 中国近几年来发生了巨变。 ①There have been great changes in China these years. ②These years have seen (witnessed) great changes in China. ③Great changes have taken place in China these years. ④China crackles with the dynamics of changes these years.
2）游中国当然是必游长城。 A must for all the tourists to China is to visit the Great Wall. 3）中国的国民意识是把追求家庭幸福提到个 人幸福之上，而美国人似乎与此相反。 In the Chinese ideology, the pursuit of family happiness has been elevated to the place before personal happiness, while for the Americans the order seems to be the reverse.
Exercise
热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作， 建立和发展贸易关系。 一九六四年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使 世界大为震惊。 一切都考虑进去，她的建议似乎更切实可行。 将拨出专款支持这些属于五个高科技领域的项 目——即新材料机械电子学，电子信息，生物 技术，新能源和节能技术。 普遍的看法是，简化手续，提高工效，比给企 业经济方面的优惠更为重要。
3、要译出汉语谓语动词隐蔽的时态、情态及பைடு நூலகம் 态。
1) 到本世纪末时中国会繁荣起来。 By the end of the century China will have become prosperous. 2) 街旁都种了树。 The streets are lined with trees. 3) 他想去那儿碰碰运气也不错。 He thought it might be wise to try his luck there.
汉语的基本句型及其翻译
汉语造句以名词为重心，以词组、散句和 分句为手段，善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横 排式叙述，有时断句不严，外形松散。有人 称汉语是时间型的动态结构，主要体现于形 式自由，富于弹性。
英语则以“主—谓”主干结构为重心来统 领各种语言成分，句界分明，外形严密。 因此，汉语各种句型译成英语时，不仅在 逻辑关系上而且在外形上都应该体现出英语 句法结构的特点。
2-3 Reversing • 1）沿路都是小商店。 Small shops dot the way. • 2）他这样悍然行事使我们非常气恼。 Hot anger burned in our minds against him at his rashness.
• 3)对建筑师来说，将正在营业 的旅店进行翻修实在是难上加难。 One of the greatest challenges for an architect is a renovation of an operating hotel.
The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. • 2）世纪交替，千年更迭，人类社会的 发展正在揭开新的篇章。 The turn of the century has opened a new chapter in the development of the human society.
3) 重点是普及义务教育，积极发展职业教 育和成人教育，适度发展高等教育，优化 教育结构。 We should lay emphasis on making compulsory education universal, vigorously developing vocational and adult education, moderately developing higher education and optimizing educational structure.
2-2 By means of inference (decide SV based on thorough interpretation)
• 1）发现错误，要改正错误。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
2）我们的各项工作都取得了一些成就，但不 能因此而骄傲自满。 We have made some achievements in various fields of our work but we must not get conceited and arrogant. 3）我们的自然科学比较落后，要努力向外国 学习。 In natural science, we are rather backward and we should make a special effort to learn from foreign countries.
• 4、Use "it"
• 1）有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。
Isn’t it a great pleasure to meet friends from afar? • 2）这个都市圈设想按五个层次展开。
It is conceived that the city areas will be built into five divisions.