C-E翻译教程

Translation Theory & Practice (2) Course No. 1400142 Lecturer: Wang Xiao-nong
An Introductory Course of C-E Translation for Advanced EFL Students
This course is a mind-opener for beginners in learning Chinese-English translation. Amen!
C-E translation, an inverse direction to us:
We translate out of our mother tongue, our habitually used language, into the target language, English, a foreign language to us.
Significance of learning C-E translation well: macro and micro
◇To guide you in performing C—E translation according to the general principles and specific requirements;
◇To equip you with the essential strategies and skills for translating Chinese sentences and texts into English.
◇To help you acquire a clear and adequate understanding of the English syntax and communicative rhetoric;
◇To introduce to you the common ground and differences between English and Chinese in sentence-making;
☆The fourfold goal of the course:
The course is designed:
I. Introduction to C-E translation
---As the most important subject for developing
your ability to use English
---The target language & the target readers
---Consultation to various information sources
II.1. Basic concept
Ours: C-E translation is typically a process of the translator (s) expressing accurately in the English language the meaning, message, or function of the Chinese original as s/he comprehends, first in terms of substance and secondly in terms of structure and style.
E. Nida’s Definition of translatio n (remember?)
2. Translation unit: the sentence vs. the text?
The text: the ideal and theoretical translation unit.
The sentence: the performing unit, for it is semantically an effective unit of information / meaning, pragmatically a unit of message and communication, and cognitively a unit of attention
The sentence as unit interacts with the text as unit.
The approach based on the sentence as the practical unit of operation and analysis under the textual translation framework (remember?):
Syntactic approach + Inter-sentence cohesion + Global finishing polish
3. Basic procedure
In practice, the translator moves back and forth from the original to the target text, trying to reinterpret or enrich his comprehension of the original and then construct the target text until, as he sees, he has found a satisfactory version in the target language.
From reading to translating is a process of reincarnation or transfiguration.
For convenience of analysis, we make a distinction of comprehension and expression.
[1] Understand thoroughly the contextualized words, and on
a word-by-word basis, the phrases, clauses, and sentences in the original on the semantic, syntactic, pragmatic, and functional level
Immediate relevant are such factors as
(1)他的英语水平比我高。

(2)各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。

(3)他这次考试水平发挥地比较好。

(4)必须提高管理水平，向管理要效益。

A. Linguistic context (co-text)
Collocation (co-occurrence of words):
(5) A. 那小孩闯到马路中间，一个警察赶紧抓住他的手，把他拉到安全地方。

B. 那个受惊吓的小孩紧紧抓住母亲的手。

(6) a. 重视：Attach importance to / lay importance on
Pay attention to (细节)
Set store by（你讲的）
We value（好事）
We take…seriously（坏事）
To us, …is a serious problem / issue.
b. 应对：
Address (crisis); tackle; fight; respond; counter; meet; rise up to; handle; deal with/cope with
B. The intended objects or ideas referred to in the original He always feels a laborer working for others at cost of his own toil (and moil).
Or: He always feels such a laborer as works for others at cost of his own toil.
(7) 他总觉得自己只是个为别人做嫁衣裳的打工仔。

C. Force of lexical meaning
Some Japanese’s attempts to gloss over the atro cities inflicted by the Japanese invaders on the Chinese people aroused the Chinese to great indignation.
(8) 有些日本人企图粉饰日本侵略军对中国人民的暴行激起了中国人民的极大愤怒。

D. Laudatory / derogatory implication:
They preach that theoretical discussion should prevail in translation classroom, and I advocate / but what I advocate is that theoretical discussion can only be empty talk if it is not on the solid basis of translation practices.
(9) 他们说上翻译课就是要讨论理论问题；我说没有实践支持，谈理论只能是空谈。

E. Logic relationship conveyed in the original implicitly or explicitly:
(11) 中国的发展与进步，不会对任何人构成威胁。

(10) 只有抓住机会，发挥优势，才能最终获得市场。

F. Background knowledge: historical, social, and cultural
In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Chinese navigator Zheng He (1371-1435) led fleets to what was then called the “West Sea” seven times in the 15th century, spreading the Chinese culture to distant land.
(12) 明代郑和“七下西洋”，把中华文化传向远方的国度。

[2] Express accurately the original information contained in the original substance, structure, and style on various levels. Experts’ estimation:
C-E Translation competence in a professional sense: 30% Chinese language competence; 40% English language competence; 30% competence in other respects: encyclopedic knowledge, translation technology, etc.
This expression may be selective according to specific translation purposes and requirements.
A general distinction: literal vs. free rendering as two extremes of a cline.
Literal
Free
(13) 这次会议将达成一项保护知识产权的协定以遏制盗版恶流的蔓延。

Literally rendered:
This conference will reach an agreement on the protection of intellectual property rights so as to check the wicked spread of piracy.
(14) 我们的先哲通过观察宇宙万物变动不居，提出了“天行健，君子以自强不息”的思想，成为激励中国人民变革创新、努力奋斗的精神力量。

易经：The Book of Changes (I-Ching; Y i-Jing)
八卦：The Eight Trigrams
卦象：Divinatory symbols
卦辞：Commentaries
乾象：天行健，君子以自强不息
(君子自励犹天之运行不息，不得有一暴十寒之弊；且学者立志，犹须坚思强毅，虽颠沛流离；不屈不挠）
A gentleman should exert himself unceasingly just like the constantly operating Heaven, never subjecting to the practice of slackening oneself for lack of perseverance.
坤象：地势坤，君子以厚德载物
(君子接物，度量宽厚如大地之博，无所不载；君子责己甚厚，责人甚轻）
A gentleman should be broad minded when getting along with other people, just like the vast earth that carries everything on it. He should be stricter with himself and tolerant to others.
(14) 我们的先哲通过观察宇宙万物变动不居，提出了“天行健，君子以自强不息”的思想，成为激励中国人民变革创新、努力奋斗的精神力量。

Literally rendered :
Through observing the changing nature of all things in the universe, ancient Chinese philosophers proposed the following doctrine: “Heaven operates vigorously, and gentlemen exert to strengthen themselves unceasingly”, which has become an important moral force for spurring the Chinese people to work hard for change and innovation. Classroom exercises:
--- 一个真正的人应该是毫无自私自利的人。

?A genuine man should be one free from selfishness.
--- 有关系、后台硬的人
A well-connected man with cemented backdoor sources
3) Polish and proofread
(For your self-learning, on p. 10)
---要使领导干部年轻化。

?Make leaders and cadres younger.
---要以科技、旅游、商贸为先导，把我市建成现代化的外向型城市。

?Strive to turn our city into an export-oriented city by taking S&T, tourism, commerce and trade as forerunners.
--- 这部戏是一部超越民族局限的戏。

The play is one that is beyond national limitations.
☆Exercise A for class report:
钱学森: 现在中国还没有完全发展起来，一个重要的原因是没有一所大学能够按照培养科学技术发明创造人才的模式去办学，没有自己独特的创新的东西，老是“冒”不出杰出人才。

(这是很大的问题。

)
☆Exercise B for written assignment:
P10: 5; 9; 12; 16; 20; 21. P20: II: 1; 9; 10; 14.
☆Preview work for the lecture next week:
A Syntactic Approach to C-E Translation (1): Clarification & Illustration
Exercise A: For your reference
Now China is not fully developed, because, as one of the major reasons / just to mention one of the major reasons, not a single one / none of her universities can conduct its educational program on a model designed to cultivate qualified candidates for scientific and technological invention and creation, or claim to have anything unique and original of its own, nor, consequently, have there ever “cropped up” any outstanding talents.
Translation Theory & Practice(2) Course No. 1400142 Lecturer: Wang Xiaonong
Lecture Two
A Syntactic Approach to C-E Translation (1): Clarification & Illustration
A Syntactic Approach to C-E Translation (1): Clarification & Illustration
Y ou are expected to make conscientious efforts to learn and produce syntactically sound English sentences in performing C-E T.
Syntactic Approach to C-E Translation:
takes the sentence as the basic translation unit, without neglecting the question of translating words and phrases and of the style of the English version, and highlights the structural treatment of the original Chinese sentence for intra-sentence coherence and cohesion,.
To adhere to this approach means you are not to break up an original sentence (selected for your training at the present stage), however long it may be, into shorter ones for convenience of translation.
[In the case of division, which we will discuss in the latter half of the course, the approach should be applied to each of the smaller sentences.]
Significance:
Effective for both practical and pedagogic purposes. Practically, it can offer a possible version (or a preliminary version for further improvement) and pedagogically, it can provide a common ground for a translation workshop.
Tip: In our discussion today, pay close attention to the procedure of translating rather than the finished versions. Preliminary illustration:
(1) 烟台是一座美丽的海滨城市, 中国首批对外开放的十四个沿海城市之一,著名的国际葡萄•葡萄酒城。

What is the sentence characterized by in syntax? How do we consider translating it into English?
Analysis:
Semantic; pragmatic; syntactic; rhetorical; functional
Y antai is one of China’s first 14 coastal cit ies open to the outside world.
Y antai, a beautiful coastal city, is one of China’s first 14 coastal cities open to the outside world, which is renowned as an international vine-wine city.
Y antai, a beautiful coastal city renowned as an international vine-wine city, is one of China’s first 14 coastal cities open to the outside world.
Y antai, a beautiful seaside city renowned as an international vine • wine capital, is one of China’s first 14 coastal metropolises open to the outside world.
(A simple sentence. See P.136)
Chinese sentence: Typically a bamboo shoot (Topic + Comment construction)
English sentence: a tree with its trunk, branches and twigs (S + P Frame-work)
The typical key steps for applying the syntactic approach to translating Chinese sentences with more than one semantic unit and of which there is no necessity of division are: 1. Resolve the sentence into semantic units through analyzing the sentence structure mainly on the basis of semantic and pragmatic factors:
1) Distinguish the primary message from the secondary message (s) based on considerations of the semantic, pragmatic, functional, and other possible relevant factors . 2) Find out the logical relationships between the semantic units, especially of the secondary message (s) to the primary message.
Why should we do so?
2. Select an appropriate sentence structure according to the primary-to-secondary relationship and the logical relationships between the semantic units:
1) Place the primary message in the main clause of a complex sentence / S-P structure of a simple sentence
2) Place the secondary message (s) in a subordinate clause (s) or phrase (s);
3) Choose expressive means for the secondary message (s)
4) Decide the subject-predicate order of the sentence
5) Decide the position of the minor elements of the sentence or clause
More examples:
(2) 长江发源于青海省，干流长6，300公里，流经七省一区一市，在上海注入东海。

(2) 长江发源于青海省，干流长6，300公里，流经七省一区一市，在上海注入东海。

The primary message?
The trunk structure?
The secondary messages
The subordinate structures?
Originating /originated from Qinghai Province, the Y angtze River, with its trunk stream (measuring) 6,300 kilometers, flows through seven provinces, one autonomous region and one municipality, emptying / pouring into the East China Sea at Shanghai.
Please analyze the translation of this sentence.
(3)乡镇企业蓬勃发展，2005年实现利税250亿元，比五年前增加150亿元，年均增长30%, 涌现出了100多个重点企业集团，促进了农村经济的发展和繁荣，农村面貌焕然一新，全市已有98%的乡镇和95%的村达到小康生活标准。

(3)乡镇企业蓬勃发展，(A) 2005年实现利税250亿元，(B) 比五年前增加150亿元，年均增长30%, (C) 涌现出了100多个重点企业集团，(D) 促进了农村经济的发展和繁荣，(E) 农村面貌焕然一新，(F) 全市已有98%的乡镇和95%的村达到小康生活标准。

---乡镇企业蓬勃发展
---乡镇企业-促进了农村经济的发展和繁荣
Vigorously flourishing are the village and township enterprises
乡镇企业蓬勃发展，
(A) (?) realize for 2005 RMB¥ 25 billion of taxable profits,
(A) 2005年实现利税250亿元，
(B) (?) represent a growth of RMB¥15 billion over 2000, and an annual average increase of 30%,
(B) 比五年前增加150亿元，年均增长30%,
(C) from (?) over 100 key enterprises have sprung up
(C) 涌现出了100多个重点企业集团，
(D) 促进了农村经济的发展和繁荣，
(D) (?) promote the economic development and prosperity of the rural areas
(F) 98% of the township and 95% of the villages attain the “better-off” level of the people’s livelihood.
(F) 全市已有98%的乡镇和95%的村达到小康生活标准。

(E) 农村面貌焕然一新，
(E) an entirely new change has taken place
Vigorously flourishing are the village and township enterprises---post-modifiers:
(A) realize for 2005 RMB¥ 25 billion of taxable profits,
(B) represent a growth of RMB¥ 15 billion over 2000, and an annual average increase of 30%,
(C) from them over 100 key enterprises have sprung up
(D) promote the economic development and prosperity of the rural areas
(E) an entirely new change has taken place
(F) 98% of the township and 95% of the villages attain the “better-off” level of the people’s livelihood.
A possible version:
Vigorously flourishing are the village and township enterprises, which have realized for 2005 RMB¥25 billion of taxable profits, representing a growth of RMB¥ 15 billion over 2000, and an annual average increase of 30%, and from which have sprung up over 100 key enterprises, thus greatly promoting the economic development and prosperity of the rural areas, where an entirely new change has taken place, with 98% of the township and 95% of the villages attaining the “better-off” level of the people’s livelihood.
Another possible version:
The vigorously flourishing township enterprises, which have realized for 2005 RMB¥25 billion of taxable profits, representing a growth of RMB¥15 billion over 2000, and an annual average increase of 30%, and from which sprung up over 100 key enterprises, have promoted the economic development and prosperity of the rural areas, where an entirely new change has taken place, with 98% of the township and 95% of the villages attaining the “better-off” level of the people’s livelihood.
The essential message:
Requirement of an analytical attitude in dealing with any Chinese sentence structures in C-E T. Exercise A:
中央政府认为，这些改革应根据国民经济各个环节的内在联系和主客观条件的成熟程度，分别轻重缓急和难易，有先有后，逐步进行，争取五年左右的时间基本实现。

Exercise B: P11: 11; 13 P36: I. 1; 2. II 4; 5; 12; 15.
Preview work for the lecture next week:
A Syntactic Approach to C-E Translation (2): Further clarification (p. 32-36)
Exercise A: For your reference
The central government is of the opinion that these reforms should be carried out step by step according to the inherent connections between the various links of the national economy as well as the degree of ripening of the subjective and objective conditions and in the right order of importance, urgency, and feasibility, and ( that they should) basically be accomplished in about five years.
Translation Theory & Practice (2) Course No. 1400142 Lecture Three
A Syntactic Approach to C-E Translation (2): Further clarification
Lecturer: Wang Xiaonong
1. Selection of primary message conveyed in the original sentence.
Further clarification of the syntactic approach
Chinese sentences:
Topic + Comment or Subject-Predicate
English sentences:
Subject-Predicate
The importance of English syntactic subordination
(1) 清清的溪水，潺潺地流着，像仙女身上美丽的飘带，从高崖上伸展到遥远的地方。

（P8）
The limpid stream, murmuring and rippling, stretches itself away from the towering bluffs into the distance like the beautiful streamer of a fairy maid.
(2)找工作处处碰壁，搞得我心乱如麻。

(P5)
With so many failures to land a job, I was so terribly upset. Or: So many failures to land a job upset me so terribly. [Different forms or choices of subject]
Cf. Job-hunting has failed again and again. It has made me terribly upset. （Cheng Hongwei，P27）
(To hunt sth. To search, look for, or go after sth.)
(3)烟台位于东经124度24分、北纬37度30分，地处山东半岛东部，与日本、韩国隔海相望。

(P32)
Y antai faces the Republic of Korea and Japan across the sea,
located at east longitude 120 degree 24 minutes by north latitude 37 degree 30 minutes in eastern Shandong Peninsula. 东经124度24分、北纬37度30分:
east longitude (or EL) 120 degree 24 minutes by north latitude (or NL) 37 degree 30 minutes
Cf. Facing the Republic of Korea and Japan across the sea, Y antai is located at east longitude 120 degree 24 minutes by north latitude 37 degree 30 minutes in eastern Shandong Peninsula.
2. Subject-Predicate order of the main S-P structure
--Normal or inverted ?
--Inversion: partial inversion and full inversion?
--Functionally, inversion: grammatical, technical, and stylistic.
(4) 现辖4区、1县、7个县级市，总面积1.37万平方公里, 总人口643万，市区人口151万。

(P32)
(following the previous sentence)
It has jurisdiction over / Under its jurisdiction are four districts, one county, and seven county-level cities, with a total area of 13,700 sq. km. and a total population of 6.43 million, of which 1.51 million are city dwellers. [alternatives]
(5)(下午三时，天转开朗。

The fog did not begin to break away until at 3 p.m.) 长江两岸，层层叠叠，无穷无尽的都是雄伟的山峰，苍松翠竹绿茸茸的遮住了一层绣幕。

(P7) [Cognitive description]
长江两岸，层层叠叠，无穷无尽的都是雄伟的山峰，苍松翠竹绿茸茸的遮住了一层绣幕。

Now on both sides of the river were range upon range of mountains with their majestic peaks, covered by pine and bamboo, which were so verdant that they presented themselves as dark green embroidered canopies.
For your ex.
☆随函附(enclose)上预备申请表一份，该表务必由本人填写完成，并于12月15日前寄至本办公室。

Enclosed is a preliminary application form which must be completed by you and returned to this office by December 15.
预备申请表一份随函附上，该表务必由本人填写完成，并于12月15日前寄至本办公室。

A preliminary application form is enclosed, which must be completed by you and returned to this office by December 15.
3. Position of minors in English sentence
--initial, medial, or delayed to the end of the sentence.
The minor structures may take
1) Noun phrase (used as appositive, adverbial, or complement);
2) Prepositional phrase, especially with-phrase (used as attribute, adverbial, or complement);
3) Adjective phrase (used as attribute, adverbial, or complement);
4) Participial phrase (used as attribute, adverbial, complement, or coordinate element);
5) Adverbial clause; 6) Relative clause.
(6) 他背朝窗户坐在书桌边，手里捧着一本书，借着从窗格玻璃透进来的光线，正在聚精会神地阅读。

(P34)
---(Being) seated / sitting at his desk
---with his back to the window
---with a book in his hands
---being intent on his reading
---by light coming through the windowpanes.
Seated / Sitting at his desk with his back to the window and a book in his hands, he was intent on his reading by light coming through the windowpanes.
(1) English sentence patterns where the grammatical main structure of a sentence is only formal, which means the main message of the sentence is carried in other structures.
(2) Compound sentences: the first clause is the matrix in terms of syntactic embedment.
4. Some exceptional consideration in applying the approach (3) Such conjunctions and conjuncts as but, yet, (and) however, (and) therefore, (and) as a result / consequently, etc., introduce usually more emphatic and fore-grounded parts in meaning.
(4) Semi-adverbial relative clauses end-positioned.
Also noteworthy is though the primary message is in the trunk of the English sentence, a subordinate element may be the focus of drawing attention in the sentence.
(7) 中国入世后可享受世贸组织现有成员的无歧视贸易待遇，降低农产品贸易谈判成本和交易成本，获得解决农产品外贸问题的规范“渠道”，促使中国农产品进入国际市场。

non-discriminatory trade treatment; trade negotiations on and transactions of agricultural products; standardized “channels”; resolve foreign trade issues relating to products; facilitate the entry of China’s agricultural products into the international market.
China’s membership will entitle it to non-discriminatory trade treatment enjoyed by other members, which will reduce the costs for trade negotiations on and transactions of agricultural products, and bring about standardized “channels” for resolving foreign trade issues relating to such products, thus facilitating the entry of China’s agricultural products into the international market.
建立和健全社会保障体系，关系到改革、发展、稳定的大局，意义重大，刻不容缓，必须切实抓紧抓好。

（P37）(8) Concluding ex.
The establishment of a sound social security system, which
has overall impact on reform, development, and stability, is of such significance that it brooks no delay, thus calling for diligent efforts to ensure its success.
Exercise A:
在漫长的历史过程中，中国经历过改朝换代、政权更迭，出现过地方割据，遭遇过外敌入侵，特别是近代史上曾饱受外国列强的侵略和瓜分，但统一始终是中国历史发展的主流，每一次分裂之后都复归统一，赢来了国家政治、经济、文化、科技的快速发展。

Exercise B: P37: 8, 9, 10, 11, and 17.
Preview work for the lecture next week:
Translation of words and expressions （P38-43）
Over the long course of history, though the Chinese nation experienced changes of dynasties and transfers of governments, witnessed local separatist regimes, and suffered foreign invasions, especially the untold invasion and dismemberment by foreign powers in its modern history, unity has always been the main trend in the development of Chinese history, for after every separation, the country enjoyed reunification, which ushered in new rapid development in politics, economy, culture, science and technology.
Exercise A: For your reference
Lecture Four
Translation of Words and Expressions
Translation Theory & Practice (2) Course No. 1400142 Lecturer: Wang Xiaonong
◇Few Chinese and English words, phrases, or sentences are correspondent precisely on the following lexical scales which interest the translator (P. Newmark, 2001): Formality (正式程度: from frozen to uninhibited); Feeling / affectivity (情感程度: from overheated to
deadpan);
Generality / abstraction (抽象程度: from popular to
opaquely technical);
Evaluation (价值判断:
morality (good to bad);
pleasure (nice to nasty);
intensity (strong to weak);
diminution (wide to narrow)
◇Routine rules of translating words
--- Adoption of established and accepted translations
--- Rendering of terms, esp. specialized terms
--- Back translation into the English expressions
◇Importance of careful analysis of words that may be tricky.
If an expression in Chinese has no acceptable literally corresponding English one in the context, the general prevailing principle is to translate in a way that ascertains , clarifies, and completes the true meaning to the target readers. (明确、澄清、补足词义）
A primary principle over translation of Chinese words into English:
The translator should, taking the stand of the target reader who does not understand Chinese, see to it that the target reader can understand what the English version is intended to put across.
Probability: The literal meaning of a Chinese expression is discarded for the true meaning to come out without distortion.
(1) 为分居两地的牛郎织女解决生活中的困难。

Efforts should be made to ease the daily difficulties encountered by couples who do not live and work in the same place.
(2)要不是上大学时读到过一些流行的西方习俗,他现在就不可能几乎同老译员一样应付自如。

不少青年译员一涉及到文化背景知识就往往暴露出无知。

(P44)
If he had not read at college about some of the [? popular] customs and practices in the west, he would not be able to handle the situations with almost the same ease as a veteran [? old] interpreter. Not a few young interpreters often betray [? expose] their ignorance when it comes to cultural backgrounds.
Classroom ex. I.
海内外: home and abroad vs. home and overseas安全: safety vs. security
借口: pretext vs. excuse
II. 1. 他在外企干活倒是很卖力，到月底总能拿个红包。

2. 该医生竟然向病人家属索取“红包”。

He worked hard at the foreign business venture, and always received a “red packet” from his boss at the end of the month.
The doctor went so far as to solicit under-the-table payments from patients.
3. 对伪劣产品进行明察暗访。

Investigate openly and secretly shoddy products.
Cf. Conduct watchdog surveys for shoddy products.
(3) 在改革过程中要处理好条条和块块，中央和地方的关系。

In the course of reform, it is essential to properly handle the lateral relations between departments and the vertical ones between central and local authorities.
More examples of translating words of Chinese color:
(4) A)坚持“两手抓、两手都要硬”的方针。

B)必须始终不渝地坚持两手抓，两手都要硬的方针，加强精神文明建设。

C)十年来最大的失误在教育。

一手比较软，一手比较硬。

V arious 两手
A)坚持“两手抓、两手都要硬”的方针。

Adhere to the principle of “doing two jobs at once and attaching equal importance to each”. (general)
B)必须始终不渝地两手抓，两手都要硬，加强精神文明建设。

We must unswervingly give equal importance to economic development on one hand and to the development of socialist culture and ideology on the other. (specific)
C)十年来最大的失误在教育。

一手比较软，一手比较硬。

The most serious error in the previous 10 years / last decade was made in education. Some things were stressed, while others were neglected. (specific)
(5) 加大反腐败，扫除社会丑恶现象和打击刑事犯罪活动的斗争力度。

We should increase the intensity of / intensify combating corruption, eradicating social evils, and cracking down on criminal activities.
(typical, explicit / implicit)
V arious explicit and implicit 力度:
(6) 加紧制定和完善有关法律，加大执法力度，健全管理体制。

We will spare no time / efforts to formulate and improve / perfect relevant laws and regulations, strengthen law enforcement, and improve the management system. (implicit)
(7) 调整宏观经济的紧缩力度。

(Render力度implicit) [Retrenchment: arrangement to lessen one’s spending.]
We will readjust macro-economic retrenchment.
(8)机不可失，时不待我。

必须加大改革的分量和力度。

Opportunity knocks but once. We must increase the impact and momentum of the reform. (explicit)
momentum?
(9) 我们必须加大对国有资产的监管力度，完善国有资产保值增值机制，防止、减少国有资产流失。

(Render 力度explicit)
We must beef up our efforts to supervise the operations of the state-owned assets and improve the mechanism conducive to maintaining and increasing their value so as to prevent the loss of the assets to the greatest extent.
实施适度从紧的财政政策，注意掌握调控力度。

We should carry out appropriately tight financial and monetary policies, keeping an eye on the degree of the control. (explicit)
appropriately tight financ ial and monetary policies; the degree
For your ex. General priority: Meaning comes first before form and structure.
Best: Meaning comes out with the form and style.
Tip: Y ou had better consult at least two authoritative monolingual English dictionaries before deciding on a proper choice of the key words of a sentence, and dictionaries of English usage and collocations are always helpful to ensure idiomatic use of English.
☆Bring out the essential meaning:
啃老族: gnawing on the old, a catch phrase to describe young adults living off their parents.
Cf. NEET; boomerang kids.
社会主义市场经济
Socialist market economy vs. China’s market economy
☆Use the correspondent English expressions:
农业的工业化发展
industrialized development of agriculture cf. industrialized production in agriculture
信息化经济
informationized economy vs. IT-based economy
老龄化社会Society with an aging population
人性化措施user- (driver-) friendly measures
(10) 兹证明X（男，1984年4月21日出生）于2002年9月入Y大学英语系，学制四年，于2006年9 月毕业。

This is to certify that X (male, born on April 21, 1984) was enrolled in the English Department of Y University (4-year course) in September 2002 and was graduated in September 2006.
☆Stylistic consideration:
(11) 历史研究是实事求是，历史剧创作是实事求似。

The study of history is to seek truth from historical facts, while the writing of chronicle play is to seek similarity to the historical facts.
☆Word play:
A concluding example:
(12) 只要我们不动摇、不懈怠、不折腾，坚定不移地走中国特色的社会主义道路，就一定能够胜利实现这一宏伟蓝图和奋斗目标。

（新华社）
So long as we don’t falter (waver), don’t flag (tire), don’t get sidetracked, so long as we stick to the reform and opening policy and the path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, we are sure to realize this great goal. (Xinhua Agency)
Conclusion:
Be careful in analyzing and grasping the intended meaning of an expression; the same expression in different contexts should be rendered in a flexible way according to their。