法律英语核心词汇.doc

*Unit One Legal system
federation联邦制
federalism联邦制度/政治jurisdiction 管辖权(区)
legal system 法律体系
legal tradition 法律传统
legal method 法律方法
civil law system 大陆法系
common law system 普通法系royal court 女王法庭
legislation 立法
petition 申请，诉求
Court of Chancery 大法官法庭、衡平法庭
discretion自由裁量（权）
equity 衡平法
Twelve Tables 十二表法
Canon law 教会法
source of law 法律渊源
civil code 民法典
private law/public law私法/公法
law doctrine 法条
legal education 法学教育tribunal 审判员席，法官席；特别法庭
breach of contract 违反合同precedent 先例，前例predictability 可预期性
legal doctrine 法律原则
stare decisis 遵循先例
trial court初审法院、审判法院intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院
Supreme Court of the United States Res Judicata 已决事件[已裁决的案例]
reversal 撤销；推翻[下级法院的裁决]
overrule 推翻判决，驳回
judicial precedent 司法先例plaintiff （民事）原告defendant （民事、刑事）被告the accused (刑事) 被告
a right of privacy 隐私权
the losing party 败诉方
bring one’s suit against sb 起诉reverse the decision 推翻裁判binding 有约束力的
reasoning 推理
dictum 法官的附带意见
Unit Two Court System
court of last resort 最高上诉法院
Court of Common Pleas普通诉讼法院
out-of-state lawyer州外律师
inferior trial court初级法院
petty trial court小型审判法院
trial court of general jurisdiction 具有一般审判权的初审法院
Superior Court高级法院、上级法院District Court地区法院
Supreme Judicial Court最高法院diversity of citizenship多样公民身份管辖
venue审判地
judicial circuit巡回审判区
Federal Circuit court 联邦巡回法院Court of Customs and Patent Appeals 海关和专利上诉法院
en banc法庭全体法官【出庭审理案件】certiorari 调卷令
barrister出庭律师solicitor初级律师prosecutor公诉人subpoena传票
inquisitional审问的、审问的magistrate地方法官、治安法官
Unit Three Constitutional Law vital role 重要的法条democracy 民主政体
bond 合约
popular sovereignty 人民主权checks and balance 制衡separation of powers 分权procedural safeguards 程序保障framer 制定者（尤指立宪者）suffrage选举权
Articles of Confederation 邦联条例amendments 修正案Constitutional 宪法
legislature立法机构
Senate 参议院
legislative power 立法权executive power 行政权
judicial power 司法权
necessary-and-proper clause of the Constitution 宪法中的必要性和合理性条款
United States Supreme Court ruling 美国联邦最高法院的裁决
powers and duties 权力和职责impeachment 弹劾
Supreme Court （美）最高法院discretion 自由裁量权
criminal cases 刑事案件
crime of treason 叛国罪
original jurisdiction 原审管辖appeal 上诉
ratify 批准
alteration 修改
submit 提交
representation 代表
approval 通过
resolution 决议
implementation执行
tyranny 专制
bail 保释金；保释；保证人enactment 制定（法律）；（制定的）法律
constitutional convention 宪法惯例;立宪大会
authority权力
due process 正当法律程序
full faith and credit 完全的信赖和尊重
privileges and immunities clause 特权和免责条款
process of amendments 宪法修正程序
national convention 全国性修宪会议judicial review 司法审查
Unit Three Ｂ
Jurisdiction n.司法管辖区
judicial review n.司法审查government structure 政府结构hierarchy n.等级制度
precedence n.先例
the Senate 参议院
commission n.委任状
mandate n./ vt.命令；授权
a writ of mandamus上级法院给下级法院的训令
appointment n.任命；约定；任命的职位
tenure n.任期；vt.授予…终身职位desegregation n.废止种族歧视nullify vt.使无效，作废；取消judiciary n. 司法部门、制
度
statute n.制定法；法律
vest v.授予；归于
cede vt.放弃、割让
rescind vi.废除；撤回；解除fraudulent adj.诈骗性的
thwart vt.妨碍、挫败
acquiesce vi.默认、默许
sidestep vt.回避
syllogism n.推论；诡计
supremacy clause 最高条款constitutional right 宪法权利constitutional crisis 宪法危机constitutional interpretation 宪法性解释
congressional enactment 议会颁布的法令
criminal proceeding 刑事诉讼程序the Judiciary Act 司法法
executive privilege行政特权
Unit Four Criminal Law restitution 返还原物；恢复原状；tort 侵权
civil/crime wrong 民事不法行为/刑事违法
press charges/bring charges 起诉prosecutor 公诉人
general/special/punitive/exemplary damages 一般/特别/惩罚性/惩戒性损害赔偿金
substantive/procedural law 实体法/程序法
statute/ordinance 制定法，成文法/条例，法令
apprehension 逮捕
Miranda warnings 米兰达警告felony/misdemeanor/infraction 重罪/轻罪/一般性违法
Incarceration 监禁，下狱
motive (犯罪) 动机
intent (犯罪/侵权)故意
mens rea 犯意
actus reus 犯罪行为
causation 因果关系
acquittal 无罪判决，宣告无罪justifiable 可证明是正当的commission 犯下（罪行）
legal concept 法律概念
strict liability 严格责任制度self-defense 正当防卫
criminal liability 刑事责任
a first degree murder 一级谋杀罪
capital punishment/death penalty 死刑the U.S Constitution 美国联邦宪法the Bill of Rights 人权宣言Amendment to Constitution宪法修正案
inflict on 使、、、遭受underprivileged 享有较少权利的、被剥夺基本权利的disproportionate 不相称、不成比例aggravating circumstance 加重情节a first degree murder 一级谋杀mitigating circumstance 减轻情节judicial review 司法审查sentencing discretion判决自由权irrevocable 不可撤销unconstitutional 违宪的deliberately 故意地
a bank robbery 银行抢劫
beyond a reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑
imprisonment 监禁
detention 拘留
fine 罚金
court costs 堂费
Equal Protection Clause 平等保护条款
be vested with wide discretion 被授予广泛的自由裁量权
legislative enactment 立法
statutory ceiling 法定上限forfeiture 没收；没收物; 罚金economic sanction 经济制裁contraband 违禁品
Uniform Controlled Substance Act 统一控制物质法
Unit Five Criminal Procedure
presumption of innocence 无罪推定self-incrimination 自证其罪adversary system 对抗制；inquisitorial system 纠问制preventive detention 防范性监禁double jeopardy 双重追诉的危险search and seizure 搜查和查封actus reus 犯罪行为mens Rea 犯意
bill of information起诉书complaint 诉状
the grand jury process 大陪审团程序booking 登记
arrest 拘留
in custody 被监管；被拘留contraband 违禁品
preliminary investigation 初步调查decision to prosecuted 提起指控的决定
the initial appearance 首次开庭formal indictment 正式起诉书preliminary hearing 预审
the arraignment 传讯
insanity 精神错乱
bench trial 无陪审团的庭审/法官审判
voir dire /selection of jury筛选陪审团opening statement 开庭陈述
the prosecutor’s case 公诉人举证motion for a directed verdict 直接裁决的动议
the defendant’s present ation辩护词closing arguments 结案陈词
jury instruction 陪审团指令jury deliberation 陪审团审议probation 缓刑
voluntary/involuntary manslaughter 故意/过失杀人
verdict 陪审团的判断、裁定sentence 宣判、判决
sentencing guide 量刑指南
capital punishment/capital sentence 死刑
appeal 控诉、上诉
search warrant 搜查令
breach the precedent 打破先例
good-faith exception 善意例外exclusionary rule 排除原则justiceships 大法官地位（职务、任期）chief justice 审判长、首席法官、法院院长
brutal physical force残酷的体罚
corporal/physical punishment体罚arbitration 仲裁
coerced confession 强迫认罪adjudication 判决、宣告Unit Six Civil Procedure
procedure 诉讼程序
action 诉讼(多指民事诉讼);行为，作为
wrong不法行为(侵犯个人的不法行为; 公共不法行为)
citation法院传票; 警方传讯; 引注ordinance （地方政府）条例,法令homicide 杀人
felony 重罪、misdemeanor 轻罪custody监管、监护；羁押；拘禁；监禁
custodian 监护人
applicable law适用的法律appellate courts 上诉法院
burden of proof 举证责任
cross-examinations 交叉质证
direct-examination 直接质证directed verdict 直接裁决
debtor 债务人
default 缺席
demurrer抗辩
execution 执行
federal courts 联邦法院motions 议案/动议
pleading theory辩护理论
personal injury人身伤害
property damage财产损害
personal jurisdiction属人管辖replead再辩护
the parties 当事人
sheriff 警长治安官
trial court 初审法院
trial stage 庭审阶段
Unit Eight Tort Law
warden 警卫；典狱长；监狱长confinement 限制；监禁；拘禁；关押
lawsuit 诉讼(尤指非刑事案件) tortfeasor 侵权行为者
arguably 可论证的
fallibility 不可靠，易混admonitory 警告的、劝诫的cautionary 警戒的
substantive 有实质的，独立的litigation 诉讼，起诉
sue （民事）起诉
punitive damage 惩罚性赔偿compensatory damages补偿性赔偿金circuit court of appeals 巡回上诉法院Unit 8
civil wrong 民事不法行为
damages赔偿金
act or omission 作为和不作为
tort liability/ contract liability 侵权责任／合同责任
intentional tort故意侵权
personal/property tort人身／财产侵权
compensatory/punitiv /exemplary damages 补偿／惩罚／惩戒性赔偿金
state of mind主观状态circumstantial evidence间接证据false imprisonment 非法监禁trespass to land/ chattels侵入领地／动产
right to exclusive use of land 土地的排他性使用权
ownership 所有权
charge 控罪
physical harm 身体伤害
standard of care/duty of care注意的标准／义务
contributory /comparative negligence 共同／相对过失
assumption of the risk 自我承担危险proximate cause近因foreseeablity可预见性
actionable 可诉的
tortuous/intervening act侵权行为／介入行为
strict liability 严格责任
privity of contract合同的私密条款deformation/ slander/libel 诽谤／口头／书面诽谤
Jury
(petty) jury 陪审团
grand jury 大陪审团jury trial 陪审团审判
right to jury 拥有陪审团审判的权利hung jury 悬案陪审团
dismiss a jury 解散陪审团challenge for cause 有因回避peremptory challenges无因回避
jury box 陪审团席位
jury oath 陪审团宣誓
jury selection 挑选陪审团
potential/perspective juror 潜在的陪审团成员
impartial jury 公正的陪审团
jury of one’s peers同阶陪审团（指陪审团成员必须是与被审判者有相同社会背景、处于同一阶层的人员）jury pool待选陪审员库
jury summon 陪审团传票
juror 陪审团成员
bailiff 法警
jury instruction/ jury charge（法官）对陪审团的指令
deliberation （陪审团）审议unanimous decision 全体一致的裁决simple majority 简单多数
Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 美国宪法第五修正案guilty decision 有罪裁决
verdict （陪审团）裁决
foreman of the jury 陪审团团长render the verdict （陪审团向法庭）提交裁决
speak the verdict （陪审团团长在法庭）宣读裁决
fact-finder 事实的发现者
jury box 陪审团席位
jury room 陪审团审议时
witness 证人
testimony 证词
common sense 常识
state attorney 检察官
true bill （大陪审团签发的）予以起诉书
no bill （大陪审团签发的）不予以起诉书
summary judgment 即决判决
Jurisdiction n.司法权，审判权，管辖权
under the jurisdiction of the trial court
The court has jurisdiction over this case.
territorial/hierarchy/inferior/general/specialized/appellate jurisdiction
地域/级别/有限/一般/特殊/上诉管辖权
adj. Judicial 法庭的，司法的，法官的
a judicial inquiry/review/system 法庭的审讯、复审、司法制度
judicial relief 司法救济
n. judiciary 一国的法官总称
Apply vi/vt实施，适用
apply a law/rule 执行法律、规则
apply local customs 适用当地的风俗习惯
The regulations and rules of local governments apply within respective jurisdiction. apply for a retrial/deferment 申请再审/延期
n. application 实施，生效
the strict application of the law 严明执法
adj. （作表语）applicable可适用
be applicable to sb/sth
Decision n.判决=judgment
Legislation n.[u]立法legislation of the People’s Congress 人大立法
make new legislation=enact a new law
vi. legislate legislate for/agist sth
adj. legislative legislative reform 立法改革
Procedure n.法律程序
civil procedure 民事诉讼程序（对比proceedings 诉讼过程：proceedings against sb/for sth）
adj. Procedural procedural rules 程序规则
Amend vt.修改
Amend the existing/current law 修改现行法=make amendments to the current law Subject n. 法律主体
Petition vt/vi 向。

提出请求；请求
petition sb (for sth) ;
petition for sth petition for a retrial请求重审
n.申请，起诉状
file a petition with the court (=petition the court)向法院起诉
petition for/against /about sth （to sb）支持/反对/关于…的诉状
bankruptcy petition 破产申请
Discretion n. 自由裁量权
act at one’s discretion 酌处；abuse of discretion 滥用自由裁量权
give the court wide discretion over sth.
adj. discretionary 任意的，自由裁量的
discretionary damages 酌定损害赔偿金
Equity n.衡平法；公平公正；股份股权
Draft vt.起草draft a contract
n. 草案 a draft for comments征求意见稿
Appeal 上诉n. abandonment of appeal放弃上诉；
acceptance of appeal 上诉的受理
vi. …may still be subject to appeal 仍有可能针对。

提出上诉
adj. appellate 上诉的appellate decisions 上诉裁定
n. appellant上诉人appellee被上诉人
Interpretation n. 解释amendment by interpretation 解释修正
amplified/confined/analogical interpretation 扩张/限制/类推解释
vt. interpret 解释interpret the law
Regulate=Govern vt. 规范,调整；适用
The contract is governed by this law.
governing law 适用的法律
Normative n.规范; adj.标准的规范的
Statute n.[c]成文法，法规，章程
enact numerous statutes 制定大量的成文法
decreed by statute 按照法规限定的
under the University’s statutes 根据该大学的章程
adj. statutory法定的
one’s statutory rights 自己享有的法定权利
statutory control 法定管制
Party n.[c] 当事人
parties to the lawsuit诉讼当事人
both parties to the contract 合同双方当事人
the losing party 败诉方
Plaintiff asserted 原告主张
Defendant contested 被告辩称
Contested amount 争议金额
Contested controversy 诉争
Disputed/Contested claim 诉求
Sue vt/vi 控告，提起诉讼；请求
sue sb (for damages) 控告某人（要求付损害赔偿金）
sue for peace/a divorce 请求和解/离婚
Suit/Lawsuit =litigation 诉讼
file/bring a suit against sb对某人提起诉讼
a criminal/civil suit 刑事/ 民事诉讼
Advocate辩护律师attorney律师（犹指有资格代表当事人出庭者）barrister讼务律师；有权在高等法院出庭辩论的律师
solicitor事务律师（处理法律文件，答复法律询问，在初等法院出庭辩护）Adjudication n.[u]裁断=heard and decide审理和裁判
v. adjudicate 裁断
adjudicate sb’s claim for damages裁定某人提出的对损害赔偿金的要求adjudicate on who should get the prize 评判谁应该得奖
Predictability n.[u]可预测性
predictability in adjudication 裁断的可预测性
Force and effect 效力
Precedent n.[C/U]先例=prior case——反义词subsequent case
create/set/establish a precedent for sth 为某事物开创先例
serve as a precedent for sth 为某事物提供范例
without precedent 没有先例
break with precedent 打破先例
Like adj.类似的like cases 相似的案例
Material adj.重要的
material facts 重要事实
material breach of contract重大违约
Pending adj.悬而未决的，正在审理的
accepted/concluded/pending cases 受理的/审结的/未结的案件
Reverse vt. 撤销或废除
reverse the decision of a lower court 撤销下级法院的判决
reverse a decree/judgment/verdict 撤销法令/判决/裁定
overrule vt.驳回，否决
overrule a claim/objection 驳回某项要求/异议
overrule the previous decision 撤销原判
Affirm the judgment 维持判决
胜诉 A wins the case.
=The decision is made in favor of A.
=The court decides in A’s favor.
Commit error in facts/law 事实/法律错误
=Reach an erroneous result on the facts/law in the case
commit error on the procedure程序错误
Hierarchy n.等级制度hierarchy jurisdiction 级别管辖
adj. hierarchical 等级制的
hierarchical structure/system 有等级之分的结构、体系
violation n.[C/U] 违反，侵犯
minor violation 轻微违法行为
act in open violation of a treaty 公然地违反条约
gross violations of human rights 对人权的严重侵犯
vt. Violate违反，侵犯
violate an agreement 违反协议
violate sb’s privacy/right to free speech 侵犯某人的隐私权/言论自由
The amount of money in dispute 争议金额
Fine 罚款n./v.
a heavy fine 罚款很重
fine sb. for sth./doing sth. fine sb some money
Claim n.索款[C] put in /make a claim for damages提出损害赔偿要求对某事物的权利[C/U] claim to sth ; claim on sb/sth
one’s claim to ownership 所有权
have no claim on sth 没有…权利
lay claim to sth 声称对某事物有权利
vt.要求claim diplomatic immunity/the protection of the law
要求外交豁免/法律保护
vi．索赔claim for damages 要求损害赔偿金
claim on the insurance 按保险索赔
Jail sentence刑期
5-year jail sentence is imposed on him. 他被判了五年刑。

Guilty adj.有罪的——反义词innocent无罪的
be found guilty of robbery 被判抢劫罪
plead guilty to a crime 认罪
the guilty party 有罪者
n. [U] guilt 有罪，罪状；罪责
establish sb’s guilt 认定某人有罪
find out where the guilt lies 找出罪责之所在
Charge vt.控告；声称（=claim、assert）
charge sb. with sth. 以某事指控某人；使某人承担责任
be charged with robbery/murder/neglecting one’s duty 被指控犯抢劫罪/谋杀罪/玩忽职守
It is charged that on 30 November, the accused…现指控被告于11月30日…
n.指控，控告[C]
arrested on a charge of murder /a murder charge 以谋杀罪被捕
bring a charge (of sth.) against sb. 正式控告某人（某罪）
Civil claim 民事请求
Criminal prosecution刑事控告
Exercise rights 行使权利
Perform obligation 履行义务
Merit n.事实
retry the case on the merits 对案件事实进行再审
judge a case on its own merits 按事实真相来审案
Procedural/Substantive law 程序法/实体法
Review n. 审查，复审，复议
appellate review上诉审查
application for a review 复审申请
judicial review 司法审查
administrative review 行政复议
Record of the proceedings 诉讼过程记录
Day in court 申辩的机会get one’s day in court
Docket n.备审案件目录表，诉讼摘录；vt.把…记入被审案件目录
The case was filed on dockets last week.立案
docket number 案号
Enter the judgement/decision 做出裁判
Provide for 规定=specify=prescribe
The contract provides for the time limit of performance and conditions of termination.合同规定了履行的时间限制和废止的条件。

Promulgate vt.公布,颁布
This measure will take effect/become effective since the date of promulgation.
Sit vi.开庭sit in the court 开庭审理
Prosecution n.[U/C](被)检举，告发，起诉
make sb. liable to prosecution 使某人很可能被起诉
prosecutions for violation of the criminal law 因违反刑法被检举立案
the prosecution 原告方面，控方
vt. prosecute检举、告发某人；对某人提起公诉
prosecute sb. for sth./doing sth.
The prosecuting lawyer 代表原告的律师
n. prosecutor 检举人，告发人，原告，公诉人
Adversarial system/Adversary system 对抗制
Inquisitorial system 究问式under~
panel of judges 合议庭
enforce a final decision 执行最终裁判
render/enter a decision 做出裁判render legal opinions 给出法律意见pursuant to = in pursuance of = under = according to根据，依照
arbitration agreements 仲裁协议pursuant to an arbitration agreement contempt of court 蔑视法庭
freedom and equality 自由和平等
fairly and justly ( adv.) Fairness and just ( n.) 公平公正
checks and balances 制衡
separation of powers 分权
limited government有限政府
impeachment and removal弹劾和免职
guarantee 保障，保证
（n.）legal guarantee 法律保障(vt.) freedoms guaranteed by the law 法律保障的自由
amendments 修正案，修正make amendments to the contract 修改合同approve the amendment支持通过修正案
ratify the amendment批准修正案ratification (n.) 批准
endorse the plan 支持、赞成计划
revise/amend/alter the articles of law 修改法律条款
delete/remove the provisions 删除条款rescinded provisions 被撤销的条款
the Bill of Right 权利法案
abolish/repeal slavery 废除奴隶制
due process 正当程序
under color of the government 以政府的名义
go into effect =take effect=become effective 生效
规定(v) provide for/specify/stipulate/prescribe/state/detail provide for a punishment for a crime对一项犯罪规定处罚
规范（vt.）regulate/standardize/govern
Legislative/executive/judicial power /branch/body立法/行政/司法权力/部门/机关Legislation (n.)立法legislature（n.）立法机关legislative（adj.）立法的Federal judiciary联邦司法
public acts 涉及公共利益的法案Judiciary Act法官法
Charge sb. with sth.让某人负责某事
Privileges and immunities 特权和豁免权
sb. be convicted of crimes 某人被判有罪
tougher penalties 更严重的惩罚
two-thirds majority vote 三分之二多数投票
simple majority vote 简单多数投票
establish the doctrine of judicial review 确定司法审查的原则
governmental regulation 政府的规制regulations 法律规范
have the final/word on sth. 对某事有最终决定权
授权grant（vt.）grant power to sb.= grant sb. power
= vest power in sb.= empower/impower/authorize sb. sb. be
empowered to do sth.
grant the court original jurisdiction 授予法院初审管辖权(n.) a grant of authority to do sth.
Original jurisdiction 原审管辖
constitutional review 宪法审议
Take precedence over = have priority over 优先于
Reach the decision in consensus 达成一致决定
Intrigue to go along with the law 钻法律空子
affix seal to sth. 盖章于…
sue for sth.为某事而起诉
a writ of mandamus 法院令
term of 4 years 任期四年terms and conditions 条款和条件legal terms法律术语
interested party 厉害关系人
be entitled to sth. 有权获得
assume（vt.）假定，以为assume guilt/innocence 认定某人有罪/无辜
取得，承担assume responsibility 承担责任assume power 掌权
assumption (n.) assumption of power 掌权the court’s assumption of authority 法院获权
assumption of the risk风险承担
sidestep the controversy 回避争议
conform to =comply with 遵守
the court’s holding 法院认定
（法院）认定hold=find=identify be found (to be ) guilty of…被认定有…罪Judicial remedy/relief 司法救济remedy under the law 法律救济
(n.)constitutionality 合宪性——(反义词)unconstitutionality
constitutionality/legality of legislation/a statute 立法/法规的合宪性
(adj.)constitutional 合宪的——（反义词）unconstitutional
constitutional scheme宪法的架构
constitutional interpretation宪法解释权
（adj.）无效的invalid = void——（反义词）valid合法的，有效的
（vt.）使无效invalidate——（反义词）validate 使有效
（n.）无效invalidity——（反义词）validity 合法性，有效性
a particular/individual case 个案
rescind/abolish title to land 取消对土地的所有权
title (n.) 所有权title to sth. 对某物的所有权
entitle (vt.) 给予权利be entitled to do sth. 有权做某事
contract clause/provision 合同条款
copy right/land dispute 版权/土地纠纷dispute resolution 争议解决
all disputes arising from the contract 由合同引发的所有纠纷
Rule (vt/vi) 裁判rule for one party 做出对一方有利得裁判
The court ruled to rescind the contract. =The court ruled that the
contract should be rescinded.裁定解除合同
Ruling(n.) 判决rend the ruling that…
administrative/final ruling 行政/最终裁决
case involving tort 侵权案件
enforcement of the decision 裁判的强制执行law enforcement agency 执法部门apply for enforcement 申请执行recognization and enforcement 承认和执行established practice of judicial review 已建立的司法审查惯例
statute成文法/code 法典/law 法律/bill ,act 法案/ordinance法令条例formalized codes 成文法典
act or omission 作为或不作为
sb. be found guilty of violating the law 某人被认定违法法律
typical forms of punishment 刑法的典型形式
imprisonment=confinement=incarceration=jail sentence监禁
death=execution=capital punishment(极刑) 死刑
removal 开除disqualification取消任职资格probation 缓刑restitution赔偿
civil wrongs =civil violations 民事违法行为
intentional/ negligent crime故意/过失犯罪commit a crime intentionally/negligently
negligent= involuntary 过失的
bring/press charges 起诉
process/deal with/handle the claim 处理诉讼请求
tort actions/suit/litigation 侵权诉讼
monetary restitution/compensation金钱赔偿
additional punishments 并处刑罚
The accused is sentenced to 2-year imprisonment, and is also subject to fine additionally.(并处罚金)
Damages 损害赔偿金punitive/exemplary damages 惩罚性损害赔偿
compensatory damages 赔偿性损害赔偿金
actor 行为人 a civil action 民事诉讼
criminal and tort liability 刑事和侵权责任strict liability 严格责任
sue to recover civil damages 起诉追索民事损害赔偿金
sue sb. for sth.=file a lawsuit against sb. for sth.
substantive and procedural criminal law 实体的和程序的刑法
define crimes 确定犯罪establish punishments 确立刑罚
investigation of crimes 犯罪调查
apprehension/arrest of offenders 罪犯的逮捕
proper methods for apprehension and adjudication 逮捕和裁判的适当方式
during the adjudication 审理期间
Miranda warnings 米兰达警告（讯问前宣告嫌疑犯的权利）
probable cause 正当理由
felony 重罪misdemeanor轻罪infraction 违法行为
hard labor 劳改
infamous crime 罪大恶极的犯罪
the term/length of imprisonment 刑期的长短
sentence the defendant to 5 months imprisonment 判处被告五个月监禁
the greatest maximum term imposed by law 法定最高刑期
commit a crime in/out of the officer’s presence 犯罪发生在警察在场/不在场时commit a violation of the law for profit 为了牟利从事违法行为
commit an intentional tort 实施故意侵权
be convicted of murder 被判谋杀罪
convicted defendant 已决犯
a first degree murder charge 一级谋杀指控
reasonable belief 合理相信
constitute a crime = make out a crime构成犯罪constitute the breach of the duty 构成违反职责义务
arrest warrant 逮捕令
petty offenses 小犯罪
motive and intent 犯罪动机和犯罪意图
state of mind 心理状态
commission of the unlawful act commit a unlawful act从事违法犯罪行为prosecutor 控方，公诉人defense counsel/attorney = advocate辩方律师
the party suing 起诉方the party sued 被诉方
the injured party 受损害方the injuring party 侵权方
the winning/losing party 胜诉方/败诉方
mens rea 犯意actus reus 犯罪行为
justify (vt.)给出….的正当理由The reason is not justified.理由不充分
justifiable (adj.) 正当的justifiable/proper reason 正当理由
justification(n.) legal justification 合法的正当理由
ascertain the evidence and facts 认定事实和证据
ascertain the guilt or innocence of the accused 认定被告有罪或无罪
acquittal and conviction 无罪判决和有罪判决
causation 因果关系=cause-effect relation
liable / accountable for …对…负责
assault (n.)意图伤害罪battery (n.)殴击罪
impose liability on sb. 判处某人责任
punishment inflicted/imposed on the defendant 判处被告的刑罚
the defendant receive penalties 获刑
威慑（n.）a deterrent to crime 对犯罪的威慑(vt.) deter the defendant 威慑被告人
burden of proof 举证责任
file complaints with the court against sth. 向法院投诉某事
维持判决affirm/uphold the judgment
推翻、撤销判决reverse/vacate/overturn/dismiss/displace the judgment statutory requirement/duties法定要求/职责
statutory aggravating/ mitigating circumstance 法定加重/减轻情节
statutory ceiling 法定上限
imposition of penalties 处刑
beyond a reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑
court costs 诉讼费
mete out punishment 给予惩罚
prison term 刑期
penal objectives 刑罚的目标
seize the property 扣押财产forfeiture 没收
on appeal to the court 上诉到法院时
confess one’s guilt=plead guilty 认罪 a plea of guilty=a guilty plea 认罪procedural violation 程序违法
accomplice （n.）共犯
self-incrimination (n.)自证其罪，自我归罪
preventive detention 预防性监禁
the criminal justice process 刑事司法程序
file/accept the bill of information提交/接受起诉书
complaint 起诉状issue a complaint 起诉
at one’s discretion=spontaneously 自行地
the defendant is bound over for trial 指令待审
the initial appearance 首次出庭
the amount of bail 保释金=bail money
the preliminary hearing 预审
pretrial motions 审前动议
presentation of the cases 案情陈述
arraignment 提审（n.）at the ~
enter/make/render a plea 做出答辩
bench trial 法官审理
opening statement 开案陈述
reversible error 逆转性错误，影响判决的错误
directed verdict 直接裁定
closing arguments 结案陈词
presumption of innocence 无罪推定
jury instruction/deliberations 陪审团解释/评议
civil actions/suit/lawsuit 民事诉讼conduct ~进行民事诉讼
bring /file/initiate an action against sb. litigate an issue起诉
recover damages for personal injuries获得损害赔偿金
conduct hearing of the case 进行案件审理
administration of justice 司法行政
body of rules 规则体系
resolve disputes 解决争议
applicable rules 使用的规则
legal norms 法律规范
a writ of habeas corpus 人身保护令
culpable behavior 应受惩罚的行为
challenge the validity of the judgment 质疑判决的合法性
challenge to jurisdiction 管辖权质疑
obtain/receive a release or retrial 获得释放或者再审
the court impose punishment on sb. 法院对某人判刑
compensate a party for losses 赔偿当事人的损失
administrative hearings 行政听证
exhaust the remedy 穷尽救济
schemes of administrative adjudication 行政审判的体系
job-related activities 职务行为job-related injury 工伤
exercise due care 承担必要的谨慎义务
enter into a contract 签订合同
wrongful death action 非正常死亡诉讼
contributory negligence 共同过失
tortfeasor 侵权人
subject-matter jurisdiction 标的物管辖权removal jurisdiction 移送管辖权have standing to bring a particular suit 有资格提起诉讼
ground rules of proof 基本证据规则
（vt.）execute执行enforce强制执行
（n.）execution执行enforcement 强制执行
the pleading/trial/appeal stage 起诉/审判/上诉阶段
ascertain the facts 确定事实
emotional distress 精神损害
not satisfied with the judgment =dissatisfied with the judgment 不服判决
satisfy the judgment服从判决satisfy the fines/debts 清偿罚款/债务
the amount of money involved 所涉金额
the states of residence 居住州place of residence 住所地
be subject to 受制于
serve a summons and complaint on the defendant 送达传票起诉状给被告
allege facts sufficien t to constitute a cause of action主张事实足以构成一个诉因allegation of facts 事实主张
the alleged facts 所主张的事实
serve a motion 提出一项动议
serve an answer 提交答辩状
an affirmative defense 确认性答辩
the statute of limitations 诉讼时效
cross-examinations 交叉询问
testimony(n.)证言testify (vi.\vt)证明，作证
the witnesses testify and are cross-examined by the advocate 证人作证并且被辩护人交叉询问
present/show/produce/offer evidence 提出、出示证据seize evidence 收集证据the sufficiency of the proof of facts 事实证据的充分性the evidence is sufficient证据是充分的
have objections to/refute the evidence 反驳证据rebuttal(n.)反证
on the grounds that…以…为由
admit the evidence 采信证据
the evidence is inadmissible as hearsay 作为传来证据不可采信
except to/challenge the court’s ruling 反对/质疑法院的裁判
judgment as a matter of law/facts 依据法律/事实作出的判决
find for defendant 认定被告胜诉
the judge gives /delivers instructions /charge to the jury 法官给陪审团以指导retire for deliberation 退庭评议
set aside/disregard the verdict 不予理会裁定
the weight of the evidence 证据力
grant a new trial 重新审理
res judicata 已决案件
oral argument 口头辩论
concurring /dissenting opinions 并存的/不同的意见
tort (n.)侵权tortious (adj.)侵权的 a tortious act 侵权行为
the award of damages for the injuries 判决给予损害赔偿金
societal wrongs 社会危害行为
criminal offenses 刑事犯罪=crimes
personal/property interest 人身/财产利益personal/property torts人身/财产侵
redress the wrongs 纠正违法行为
an intentional/negligent tort 故意侵权行为
circumstantial evidence 间接证据，旁证
make presumptions 作出推定
false imprisonment 非法拘禁
trespass（n.）to land 侵入土地unauthorized entry of sth./sb. 某物/人的非法侵入
exclusive possession of the land 独自（排他地）拥有土地exclusive right to use 专用权
standard of care 谨慎的标准due care 应有的谨慎have a duty of care 有注意义务
reasonable person 理性的人
physical harm 实际损害
proximate/intervening cause 直接/介入原因the intervening act 介入行为foreseeability(n.) 预见性foresee(vt.) 预见
contributory or comparative negligence 共同的或比较的过失
there is no fault on the part of the defendant 被告方没有错
a finding of no moral blame 道德谴责的认定
standard of conduct 行为模式
held responsible under strict liability 在严格责任的情况下承担责任defamation （n.）诽谤slander (n.)口头诽谤——（反）slander libel（n.）书面诽谤
prima facie case 初步证明的案件
detention 扣留
expected losses 预期的损失
products liability 产品责任defective products 瑕疵产品
know or should have known 明知或应知
上次的米兰达规则。

写的不全面。

they have the right to remain silent, that anything they say can be used against them,that they have a right to have an attorney present,and that the court will appoint an attorney if they can't afford one.。